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Title
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1917 Jones ReportED542635
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Tag
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Bulletin, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education, Negro education, United States, Phelps-Stokes Fund, Thomas Jesse Jones, private schools, higher schools, educational facilities, economic status, social status, public appropriations, private financial aid, school activities, attendance, elementary schools, secondary schools, college work, professional education, industrial training, agricultural training, supervision, public-school systems, state analysis, per capita expenditures, teachers' salaries, constructive purposes, school boards, officers, adaptation.
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Virginia
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Identifier
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1012740
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1012740_1917_Jones_ReportED542635.pdf
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68104e3c3c8338788acffdceffb9cab7a7231183516f5ce5c67e10ae1e9d4618
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/Volumes/T7 Shield/EWP/Elements/EWP_Files/Access Files/Upload temp/1012740_1917_Jones_ReportED542635.pdf
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Digitized by Edwin Washington Project
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Loudoun County Public Schools
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English
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S
,og
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF EDUCATION
BULLETIN, 1916, NO. 39
NEGRO EDUCATION
A STUDY OF THE PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS FOR
COLORED PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES
PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE PHELPS-STOKES FUND
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THOMAS JESSE JONES,
SPECIALIST IN THE EDUCATION OF RACIA,I.
GROUPS, BUREAU OF EDUCATION
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOLUME II
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1917
4
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OP THIS PIIRLICATION MAY BR FROCI7RUD FROM
THE SUPYROWTSWDILMT OV DOCUMENTS
ocs
GOVERNICENT,ILDnaNG
TV/MONCTON, D C.
AT
111.23 PER COPY
Volume I of this report has been published as Bulletin,
sgzO, No. 38. The price of Volume I is 8: oo per ccrpy
r
Er
CONTENTS.
Letter of transmittal
I. Methods and scope of the study
The need
The scope
Constructive purposes
Cooperation of school boards and officers
to of information
Içld work
Re
2
2
3
3
.
4
on individual school
Outline
II. Summary of educational 'facilities
Economic and social statusof Negroes
Public appropriations.
Private financial aid
School, activities and attendance
Elementary schools
Secondary schools
5
5
9
9
9
xx
.14
14
is
College work
Professional education.
16
Industrial training
Segricultural training
Supervision.
28
20
Needs of public-school systems
Recommendations for private schools
Adaptation to pupils and community
Accounts and records
'Supervision of buildings and grounds
Trustees and ownership of schools
21
92
22
24
25
25
27
.
III. Alabama
IV, Arkansas.
V. Delaware
VI. District of Columbia.
to7
139
147
VII. Florida
VIII. Georgia.
IX. Kentucky
X. Louisiana..
XI. Maryland
XII. Mississippi..
XIII. Missouri
XIV. North Carolina.
159
185
259
a
283
317
333
379
XV. Oklahoma.
XVI. South Carolina .
XVII. Tennessee.
XVI I I. Texas
XIX. Virginia,
387
461
471
527
567
.
X.X. West Virginia.
XXI. Northern States
Appeidix
Index
r
6°7
669
677
74:0
705
LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.
A. Location of the more important private and higher sclibalifizr Negroes.
2.. Percentage of Negroes in the population
. Per capita expenditures for white and colored children in Alabama on the basis of teachers'
salaries
Poe.
8
28
3. Private schools for Negroes in Alabama
4. Per capitt expenditures for white and colored children in Arkansas on the basis of teachers'
salaries
5. Private schools for Negroes in Arkansas.
6. Per capita expendittires for white and colored children in Delaware on the basis of teachers'
salaries
31
to8
121
14o
7. Private schools for Negroes in Delaware
8. Per capita expenditures for white ircL.colored children in Florida on the basis of teachers'
salaries
141
16o
9. Private schools for Negroes in Florida
to. Per capita expenditures for white and colored children in Georgia on the basis of teachers'
salaries.
Private schools for Negroes in Georgia.
163
186
189
t2. Per capita expenditures for white and colored children in Kentucky on the basis of teachers'
salaries
26o
13. Private schools for Negroes in Kentucky
24. Per capita expenditures for white and colored children in Louisiana on the basis of teachers'
262
salaries
15. Private schools for Negroes in Louisiana.
26. Per capita expenditures for white and colored children in Maryland on the basis of teachers'
284
a86
salaries
27. Private schools for Negroes in Maryland.
28. Per capita expenditures for white and colored children in Mississippi on the basis of teachers'
salaries
59. Private schools for Negroes in Mississippi..
20. Per capita expenditures for white and colored children in North Carolina on 'the basis of
teachers' salaries
22. Private schools for Negroes in North Carolina.
22. .Per capita expenditures for white and colored children in Oklahoma on the basis of teachers'
salaries
318
32o
334
337
388
392
463
23. Per capita expenditures for white and colored children in South Carolina on the basis of
teachers' salaries
24. Private schools for Negroes in South Carolina.
25. Per capita expenditures for white ..nd colored children in Tennessee on the basis of teachers'
salaries.
s6. Private schools for Negroes in Tennessee
27. Per capita expenditures for white apd colored children in Texas on the basis of teachers'
salaries.
28. Private schools for Negroes in eras
29. Per capita expenditures for white and colored children in Virginia on ths...lkasia of teachers'
salaries.
36, Private schools for Negroes in Virginia.
..
472
474
528
53o
568
570
6o8
61
DIAGRAM.
a. Annual appropriations for teachers' salaries in Southern StatesPer capita for white and
colored children;
10
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION,
Washington, D. C., September 20, 19r6.
SIR: The material in Volume II of the Report on Negro Education, transmitted
herewith, is arranged according to the geographical distribution of the private and
higher schools for colored people.
The facts in this volume have been obtained tivough
personal visits to the institutions described, from the reports of the State departments
of education, and from the United States census. Throughout the study the Bureau
of Education has received the hearty cooperatiotof State superintendents and local
school officers. The trustees of private institutions, 4heir administrative officers and
teachers, have also rendered every possible aid to the representatives of the bureau.
I recommend the publication of this section of the report as a bulletin of the Bureau
of Education.
Respectfully submitted.
P. P. CLAXTON,
Commissioner.
The SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
-
a
SOUTH DAKOTA
WYOMING
MICHIGAN
ti
IOWA
NEhRASKA
f
COLORADO
G
KA NeAS
0
MISSOURI
1
OKLAHOMA
*fr
Va.
Income of schools.
0
Un.'m $5 000.
0 $5,000 to $15,000.
Percentage Negro in the population.
EDUnder 10
a l10
SO
to SO
per cent.
S
Qo $15,000 to $30,000.
41) $30,000 and over.
d
per cent.
per cent or over.
40927°Bu1L 39-17. (To face page 1.)
MAP A.-LOCATION OP THE MORE IMPORTANT
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS
FOR NEGROES.
A
NEGRO EDUCATION.
I. METHODS AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY.
THE NEED.
Thoughtful people of the South and of the North, white and colored, have long
been puzzled as to the merits and demerits of the many appeals for money and sympathy in behalf of all sorts and conditions of institutions for the improvement of
Negroes. Letters from Southern State superintendents of education and urgent requests for knowledge from chambers of commerce in Northern cities emphasize tree
need of a complete survey of the whole field.
Ov Pr $3,000,000 is e.7_,)ended annually for
colored schools by denominational and private educational boards and by individuals
whose knowledge of educational conditions is necessarily limited. The accumulation of
gifts represta total valuation of $28,496,946 in plant and endowment.
The sch
receiving aid range all the way from institutions of the highest efficiency
to those whose work is of no value or whose so-called presidents or founders deliberately
play upon philanthropy for their own personal gain. Among the good schools are some
that have achieved international fame for pionee. r service in democratizing education.
Others and these comprise a majority of the institutionsare following the traditional
school curriculum with too exclusive emphasis upon bookish studies. There are a
number o( schools whose educational results do nqt merit the fast, failure being due
usually to poor management, inadequate support, or unfortunate Vication.
While actual frauds among Negro tchools are few in number, they are vgry active
in their appeals to the public. About 19°7 a Negro left Brunswick, Ga., to raise money
to found a "Naval and Industrial School for Colored Youth." For seven yesirs he
collected money throughout the Northern States, obtaining letters of introduction, rom
prominent men, until he was convicted in 1915 of " larceny by false pretenseg." A still
more flagrant case is that of the "founder and president" of the so-called Latta University, in Ralei4h, N. C. At one time Latta began the construction of a crude frame
school building; which was never completed, and it apper that he employed one
teacher and had a few pupils. In 1933, long after all school work had been abandoned,'
Latta publiohed.a goo page book in which he declared of his school: "It is one of the
largest schools of the South in every respect, having facilities to accommodate more than
goo student s. We have 23 buildings on the campus." Another ingenious "principal
and founder" who had been soliciting money for an alleged school and mid received
large sums from a philanthropic Northern woman bff_laiming hetad the endorSement
of two prominent Southern women, when forced to make good his claim as to these
women concocted the story that they had gone down .with the Titanic. The shrewd
character of these solicitors is shown in the selection of names for their so-called institutions. Most of them realize the interest of white donors in rural and indtigtrial education and accordingly make large use of these terms.
Some clf.411/e-m, knowing the strength
1
2
NEGRO EDUCATION.'
of the religious appeal, seize upon titles containing Inch words as "Bible school" and
"religious training." Others depend&n the well-known powers of such titles as "temperance," "orphanage," or "rescue borne." Usually a combination of these terms is
used, in drder to secure as wide a circle of appeal 7t possible. To create an impression
among the colored people, liberal use is made of such high-sounding terms as "college"
and "university."
TIIE SCOPE.4o
The scope of the study was determined by the extent of private aid contributed
for the education of colored people and by the important position which the private
schools hold in the development of a people peculiar!! situated in the social and
economic life of the Nation. While the original purpose
the study was the evaluation of the private schools, it was decided 'to includ
paratively few public
institutions offering courses above the elementary grades. The investigation comprehends within its scope the following groups, largely 'composed of the same schools:
I. All private schools for colored people, whether elementary or higher.
2. All schools above the elementary grades, whether public or private.
The number of schools describeck. is 747, of which 625 are private schools, 28
State institutions, 67 ' public high schools', and 27 county training schools. Of the 83,679
pupils attending the private schools, 70,564 are elementary, 11,527 secondary,-and 1,588
collegiate. In the public institutions there are 12,662 secondary pupils and 1,053 of
college grade. There are also 43 special institutions, such as hospitals, orphanages,
and reformatories, with some educational facilities. The public - school system has been
studied only as a background for the private and higher institutions. The principal
facts reported concerning public schools are the teachers' salaries and the population
of elementary-school age. While the institutions studied differ widely in the quality
of work and in their emphasis on industrial and agricultural training, the very large
majority are schools of elementary and secondary grade. The colored schools are not
separable into distinct groups such as colleges, industrial schools, secondary and elemen-
tary schsels, since each school does several kinds of work. The industrial schools
always have academic departments, while the colleges devote a large part of their energy
to elementary and secondary courses. It is apparent, therefore, that a quantitative
evaluation of these schools required a study of all the schools as one group.
CONSTRUCTIVE PURPOSE.
Throughout the investigation the purpose has been constructive. Effort as been
made to determine the ,real educational needs of the people and the extento which
the school 'work has been adapted to these needs. This has required a study of the
educational objectives of the school as indicated by the course of study, the training of
the teachers,.the vocational choke of the pupils, the condition of the school plant, the
attitude of the white anct'colored people of bhe community toward the school, andlhe
work of the former students. Serious attention has been given, to administrative
methods, including such elements as bookkeeping and records, supervision of teachers
and pupils; cleanliness and care of puildings and grounds, and economy in building
operations. The financial resources and the effectiveness of the trustee boards have
been carefully considered.' The possibilities of cooperation between individual schools
Includes three city normal schools.
METHODS AND SCOPE OF STADY.
3
and groups of schools have been constantly in mind. 4 In determining the status of
individual schools in all the phases enumerated, the study has not been indifferent
either to the serious financial limitdtions of the schools or. to the wide divergencies in
the ideals of those interested in the educ_ation'of colored people.
Au interesting evidence of the constructive purpose of this study has been the
changes which a number of the schools have already made as a result of the observations
and suggestions of the agents. Some schools have. installed good systems of records
and cost accounting. Others are simplifying their course tif study to suit their income
and the needs of their pupils.
Plans have been adopted by a number of schools to
emphasize cleanliness and order in the dormitories with a view to increasing the pupils'
appreciation of these qualities in their home life. Scientific gardening is being introduced
into some schools of secondary and collegiate grade.in an attempt to give first-hand
knowledge of soil culture as an important element in the progress of the rural majorities
of the colored people. Many institutions have for the first time understood the importance of well- considered plans for the buildings and grounds.
COOPERATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS AND OFFICERS.
Probably the most pleasing and satisfactory feature of the study has been the cooperation of all the agencies and officers concerned in the schools. Prom the State super-
intendents of education to the teachers in the one-room schools, school officers have
rendered to the survey every possible aid. The denominational boards have been especially helpful in arranging for the study of the schools under their control. The Slater
and Jeanes Funds and the General Education Board have cooperated through valuable
counsel- an4..frequent assistance on the part of their agents. Those iri charge of the '
study are especially indebted Co the officers of the schools visited. In the long and
ted;ous procest of questioning several hundred of these school officers the agents have
been received with remarkable cordiality.
DATE OF INFORMATION.
The study of such a large group of widely scattered institutions has necessarilV
required considerable time both for field work and compilation of the data collected.
Through constant work it was possible to complete the field study in the school years
1913-14 and 1914-15. The preparation of the report, together with some constructive
work and,m'uch careful verification, required somewhat more than a year.
Opportunity was given to practically every institution of any importance to verify
the report of its work. Where extensive improvements had been made, the institution
was visitecLagain or a footnote was added to indicate the chantes reported. It may
therefore be laid that while the dates of visit are chiefly between 1913 and .1915, the
facts are lirgtly as. of 1915-16.
The important consideration in determining the value of these sthoof reports is,
however, not the date of the detailed statistics, but the accuracy with which the permanent policies of the institutions are indicated. The attendance, number of teachers,
and financial resources may change from year to year, but the general policies, such as
adaptation to educational needs, administrative methods, Ind cooperation with other
agencies, change slowly. The real value of the report is in its statement of school conditions that have considerable permanency.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
FIELD WORK.
The outstanding element in the method of study has been the personal observation of each school: Every institution of any importance was visited by one or
moire agents. The larger schools were studied by three or four persons. These persons
Asked the Ilehoo ls et different seasons of the year, so as to note the variations.both in the
attendance and in the work. Furthermore, each' agent not only observed the generil
conditions of the institution, but also gave special attention to the phases in which he had
received'special training.
Under this plan three agents devoted two years to field work and one other spent over
a year in similar study. In addition there were six specialists who made tours of inspect
tion through the typical Institutions. The four regular agents were selected for their
acquaintance with conditions in the south. Through association and education, they
had acquired an appreciationof theneeds and hopes a the colored people,as well as the
'attitude of the South and the North. Their investigations were made with a sympathetic knowledge of,the peoples and conditions involved. The six specialists were men
and women who were experts in different lines of educational endeavor. The phases
of education,studied by them were agriculture, manual training, household arts, school
accounts, buildings, and grounds. Each of these' persons spent several weeks in the
investigation of 40 or 5o typical institutions.
The first step in the investigation was the filling of record cards for pupils and
teachers and aigeneral questionnaire for the school. The student's card and the teacher's card arereproduced in the Appendix (pages 703 and 7o4). The studentsrds were
filled by the,lpitipils above the, ixth grade. The pupils were assembled so that they
could write the answers under the personal direction of the agent and thus insure uniformity in the reports. The more important facts called for are the attendance by sex
and age, the program of study and work, and the geographical distribtitiog of the pupils.
The accuracy and simplicity of this card system have made it of great value in determining the status of the school. The important facts rerorted by the teachers on the
cards included education; experience, and program of, work. The comparison of the
pupils' and teachers' cards frequently furnished interesting views of the policies and
management of the institution.
The questionnaire passed through a series of changes, mostly in the direction of
brevity. The chief topics on which information *was obtained were ownership and trustees, teachers and attendance, organization-, financial management, plant, and community. The questionnaire was filled by one or more of the investigators. In the small
schools all the facts Were obtained in one visit. In the larger institutions more than
one visit was necessary. In a numbet of institutions with perplexing problems special
provisions were made for a comprehensive study of the difficulties. In some instances
tttive persons were asked to cooperate in determining the merits or demerits of
t*,401too1... 4 other instances experiments were tried in order to ascertain the possi14419.9t Improvement. It is ludortunate Shat it was not *possible to obtain satisfacimiSionition 49 to the length of school term in private schools.
r
rr.r
'
'
METHODS AND SCOPE OF SrUDY.
5
REPORT ON THE INDIVIDUAL SCHOOL.
A knowledge of the school community is essential to the trite evaluation of the
work of any institution. For this reason the 'arrangement of the reports on individual schools is geographical. Every school of any importance is discussed as a
part of its county or city. The cities appear under their respective counties, and
the counties, arranged alphabetically under their State, are described as regards the
number of white and colored people, the proportion rural, and the public-school
facilities. Each chapter begins with a summary of the State facilities and includes
a brief statement of the important facts concerning, the economic position, health, and
educational progress of the colored people. A slight departure from the geographical
.:er is made in the case of small and unimportant schools and special institutions;
these are placed at the end of each State chapter.
For the purpose of this study it was found that the best available measure of publicschool facilities was the relation between teachers' salaries, as given by the State super-
intendents, and the population 6 to 14 years of age, as reported by the United States
census. Salaries were selected as one measure of the sch
acilities for several reasons.
ts. They constitute the
major part of all expenditures, especially of those for colored ublic schools. They vary
much less as a result of local conditions than such expenses as the cost of building material and the maintenance of plant. 'The United States census enumeration of children
was chosen because of the uniformity of the national count as against the irregularities of
local school enumerations. The 6 to 14 year age group was used in order to obtain a
They are the most 'accurately reported of all the school
figure comParable with public-school attendance. The average or per capita figures
shown, both on the maps and in the text, are obtained by dividing the amount of the
salaries by the number of children between the ages of 6 and 14 years. The figures on
these maps make possible a comparison of the per capitasIqr white and colored children
in each county. The shading makes possible a comparison of per capita expenditures
with the proportion of Negroes in the total population. These maps are presented for
every State maintaining separate schools except West Virginia and Missouri. In these
two States the proportion of Negroes is negligible and figures for teachers' salaries o;uld
not be obtained by race. In Arkansas, Tennessee, and Mississippi, teachers' salaries
are not published by race.' They were obtainedas far as possible by correspondence
through the State departments of education. A second series of maps shows the location of the important private schoOls. The symbols for the schools indicate the annual
income and the county shading shows the proportion of Negroes in the total population.
OUTLINE.
However valuable ma%be the general summaries, tables, and maps in this report,
the first-hand vital information obtained through the study is in the 791 reports on
individual schools and institutions. While these reports are necessarily brief, the constant
effort has been to have them accurate, comprehensive and constructive. The following
outline indicates the main points on which information has been given wherever possible:
1. Characterisation of the school.Grades taught; emphasis on literary, industrial,
or rural education; neighborhood work; attitude of the community; and effectiveness
of administration.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
2. Ownership and control.--Date of founding; composition of trustee board; control
and supervision.
3.. Attendance.A count of the pupils on the day the school was visited, grouped
according to grades and sex. Since the count at the time of visit may not indicate the
full strength of the school, the reported enrollment for the year is also given. The
accuracy of enrollment varies Recording to the care with which the schools keep records
of their pupils.
4. Teachers and
'workers.Number, color, sex, division of work, training and
.
efficiency.
.
e
5. Organization.
School division; subjects taught;. entrance requirements; educational emphasis; supervision of pupils and teachers. As far as possible the curriculum
was indicated in units of subjects taught; since these were reported on the students'
cards. A unit is understood to represent five periods a week during the school year.
In curriculums complicated by many electives it was thought best to indicate the number
of students electing each subject rather than the number of units in the course."\
6. Financia/.Accounting system; income and expenditures for educational urposes; indebtedness; value of property and endowment. In summarizing the in me
and expenditures of each school, it was necessary
ry to eliminate all "noneducat oval
receipts." These receipts include those from boarding and other productive departments, as well as funds receive d for special purposes, such as buildings and endowment.
The exclusion of the noneducational receipts makes possible a comparison of the educational income of the schools reported.
In order to make the expe4ditures in each school comparable with the income, the
'noneducational receipts have also been deducted from the total expenditures. If the
productivei departments have been operated at a profit, this process not only deducts
the cost of maintaining the noneaucational departments, but also its profit. On the
contrary, if there has been a loss on the departments, the subtraction of the receipts
leaves the losses in the expenditures.
.
The financial condition of the institution is shown by the relationship of the income
and' expenditures rather than by the individual figures. It hai been necessary to resort
to this cumberSome method because the accountingrsysterns of all but a few of the schools
do noemake it possible to determine the cost of maintaining the different departments
of the school.
7. Plant trinnher and structure of buildings; amount of land; equipment; condition; and upkeep of plant. .
8. Recontntendations.Tge recommendations are of three kinds: Constructive suggestions for the improvement of the school by reorganization or by changes in courses
of study or in methods of administration; suggestions for cooperation or combination
with other schools, 'public or private; expressions of opinion as to the advisability of
giving outside help to the school. Sometimes, because of apparent lack of need for
the school, inefficient management, or dishonesty in use of funds, it is recommended
thai donations tie withheld by those who are interested in .,helping
forward the cause
..
of!IecIpeatiOn anions
theoplosed people.
.1.1 . t.t.t -.1,Arl,'
1
It.....,:' .
4034*,1ily3t., 11.114; :'
titt1,4 CV
{u .
.1,!:
*k
i
.
.
-,:,
4.
,
i
, ,..1,:li,1
,f
METHODS AND SCOPE OF STUDY.
7
In making 'these recommendations only the pray Aion of the cause of the best and
most practical education of all colc ed people for better living, civic righteousness, and
industrial and economic efficiency has been kept in mind. It is fully realized that not
all of these recommendations can be adopted at once. Some of theor'must wait.on a
general improvement of conditiotis, some may prove finally impracticable, and some
may be based on lack of sufficient information or on error of judgment, but a large
majority of them, it is believed, will prove to be both correct and practicable.
B
NEGRO
EDUCATION.
P.
r:
e1 A
gg
2
C.z
Z
38
II. SUMMARY OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES.
The three outstanding facts to be considered in a study of schools for colored people
are first, thelarge place which the Negroes occupy in the life of the American people and
especially of the South; second, the maintenance of a double system of schools in the
South, where the per capita wealth is considerably below the general average of the
country; and third, the importance of private schools in the education of the colored!
people.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STATUS OF NEGROES.
There are in the United States practically to,000,000 Negroes, a group rivaling the
immigrants in total number and far exceeding them in the problems of economic and
social adjustment. In the South they form 29.8 per cent of the total population, the
proportion in Mississippi and South Carolina being over 55 per cent and ranging in the
"black belt " counties from so to 90 per cent of the total population. Almost 3,000,oco
are engaged in agricultural pursuits. They form 40.4 per cent of all persons engaged in
these pursuits in the Southern States. The number of farms cultivated by them increased
20.3 per cent between 1900 and 1950. As farmers, renting and owning land, they cul-
tivate 41,5oo,oco acres, an area over twice the size of all the farm land in Virginia or
in the New England States. As farm laborers, they undoubtedly cultivate a much
larger area. Though the United States census shows a decrease in illiteracy, there are
still about 2,225,000 Negro illiterates in the South, or over 33 per cent of the Negro
populatidn to years tlf age and over. Likewise the death rate of the colored people is
still very high, though the vital statistics indicate a gradual improvement in health
conditions.
In view of these facts it is important to note the public-school facilities and educational needs of colored people in the States with a considerable proportion of Negroes.
These States are the 16 Southern States, trat District of Columbia, and Missouri. In
accordance with the explanations in the preceding chapter,' the following statement of
these facilities is presented from data selected for their availability and accuracy from
the reports of the United States census and the State superintendents of education:
white.
Total population..
Population 6 to 14 years of age
Population 6 to t4'
Teachers' salaries in public schools'
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14
Per cent of illiteracy
Per cent rural.
23, 6S2,.352
889, 762
3, 552, 431
$36, 649, 827
Cokwed.
8, 906, 879
2, 023, 108
7. 7
1,852,
is, 86o, 876
$2.89
33.3
7v. 9
7& 8
ix°. 32
PUBLIC APPROPRIATIONS.
A proper appreciation of the significance of these figures presupposes a knowledge
of the double system of schools and the comparatively limited resources of a section still
recovering from the heavy burdens of the Civil War. According to the United States
"Pest S.
I ILI g,023 counties.
9
NEGRO EDUCATION.
10
census report on nation,s.1 wealth in 1912, the per capita wealth in taxable property in
the Southern States was $1,175 as against $1,836 for the Unitzd States, and $2,052 for
the States ofPentisylvania, New Jersey, and New York. Herein is at least one important
explanation of the divergency in the appropriations for white and colored schools.
In the is States tpd the District of Columbia for which salaries by race could -.be
obtained, the public- school teachers received $42,510,7o3 in salaries. Of this sum
$36,649,827 was for the teachers of 3,552,431 white children and $5,860,876 for the
teachers of 1,852,181 colored children. On a per capita basis, this is $10.32 for each
white child and $2.89 for each colored child.
13
DIAGRAM I.ANNUAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR TEACHERS' SALARIES IN SOLTIrERN STATES.
PER CAPITA FOR WHITE AND COLORED CHILDREN.
warn. I-1
emoReD.
664434,6 7
Alabama
$9. 41
Arkansas
11.9$
Delaware
13.61
ID
D
ii1111
1.78
4.39
1
1
I
33.50
64
Georgia
SS
1.76
Yeatueky
S.35
1.0510110a
8.15
15.93
4
I
1
7.6$
Florida
P
NIP I
Oil
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
1
1
1
I
1
1
I
powwow,
1
3.51
Maryland
15- t9
6.38
10.60
011111111
I
I
1
1.
North Carolina
S.17
1
1.01
Oklahoma
14.11
J
5046
South Carolina
30 00
3.44
Tennessee
8. al
83
Texas
to, oe
5.74
VLIGWIM
9.64
0.74
amimmilL
it
111.1.11111
I
MPI
I
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
5
SUMMARY OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES.
II
It will be noted from the diagram herewith that the per capita expenditure for Negro
children is higher in the border States where the proportion of colored people is relatively
small and the provision for colored high schools is better. The divergencies in the county
expenditures are much more striking than those for the States. State school funds are
apportioned to counties and cities on the basis of population without reference to race.
The officers of the local units supplement the State apportionment by local tax- and
then divide both State and local taxes between the races according to their own interpretation of the needs of each group. The per capita salary figures for each county are
shown in a series of State maps.' The inequalities between the expenditures for white
and colored schools are greatest in the "black belt" counties, when the Negroes form
over 5o per cent of the population. In such counties, large numbers of colored children are grouped in shall one-teacher rural schools, while the more scattered white pupils
are provided with a proportionately larger number of schools. The per capita sums for
white children decrease and those for colored children increase with considerable regularity as the number of Negroes becomes smaller. The extent of this regularity for 15
Southern States appears in the following table, which shows the per capita expenditures
for counties grouped according to the percentage of Negroes in the total population:
County groups, percentage of Negroes In the popubdlon.
Counties under To per cent
Counties so to 25 per cent
Counties 25 to 5o per cent
Counties 50 to 75 per cent
Counties 75 per cent and over.
White school
population.
Negro school Per capita Per capita
population. for white. for Negro.
974, 289
oo8, 372
1, 132, 999
45, 039
215, 744
709, 259
87. 96
9.55
II. II
87. 23
5. 55
3. 19
364,990
66i, 329
40, 003
207, goo
12. 53
22. 22
1.77
I. 78
The smaller cost of schools for colored children is partly due to the lower wage scale
of colored teachers and partly to the very limited provision for high-school education.
It is apparent, however, that these explanations by no means account for the wide
divergencies in the " black belt" counties.
In addition to the sums appropriated for the maintenance of the common schools,
the Southern States appropriated $6;429,991 for secondary or higher schools for white
people and $355,720 for secondary and higher schools for colored people. The State
institutions for white people inelude county, agricultural, and industrial high schools,
normal schools, and State universities. For colored people practically all State appropriations are made to the agricultural and mechanical schools which, in the majority
of cases, are largely maintained by Federal funds. A small amount of State aid _for,
colored people is granted to normal schools. Such aid is given to one normal school i
Alabama, one in Maryland, three in North Carolina, and one in Virginia. In the Northe
and Western.States, secondary and higher schools are maintained in Kansas, Ohio, a d
New Jersey. Two private schools in Pennsylvania and one in Kansas also receiv^
State'appropriations.
PRIVATE FINANCIAL AID.
The deficiencies in the public expenditures for ,the education of colored people
largely explain the active campaign for private schools since the Civil War. A. a result
l Map a shows these per capita expenditures and the varying moportion of Negroes for all States containing a considerable
number d colored people.
46927*-13u11. 391-17 -2
NEGRO EDUCATION.
12
of this activity, the private schools now have a property valuation of $28,496,90, an
annual income of $3,026,460, and an attendance of 83,679, of whom 70,564 are in elementary grades. These schools have supplied and still supply tjle large majority of the
teachers fdr the elementary public schools, the religious leaders, and the physicians for
the race. With the exception of the State agricultural and mechanical schools, they
furnish the only facilities for industrial and agricultural training. Above all they have
been, and still are, the chief agencies for the development of sound ideas of life, physical,
mental, and moral. While the ultimate goil of educational effort should be the development of a comprehensive system of public education, the foregoing presentation of
public-school facilities indicates that private schools are still very much needed. It is
sometimes thought that the liberal private aid given to the colored private schools makes
up for the inequalities in the public appropriations for the education of white and colored
youth. The following table gives an approximate measure of the combined provisions
for each group in the South:
schoob,
Annual expenditures in privale schools.
Total of teachers' salaries and
private expenditures.
836, 649, 827
5, 860, 876
' 86, 000, 000
3, 026, 46°
$42,649,827
Teachers' Gals-
ries in public
White
Negro.
8,887,336
The combined expenditrares for the white schools is about $42,649,827 as against
$8,887,336 for the colored schools, or i8 per cent of the total. As the Negroes form 3o
per cent of the population in these States, and their schools receive but 18 per cent of
the total, it is apparent that even with the private aid their schools receive onlyiaboue
half as much as the white schools. A suatimary of the income and property value of
the private and higher schools is shown in the following table:
Ownership and control
(
Nunsher ci
Annual income.
625
$3, 026, 460
g28, 496, 946
507
118
1,927,236
28
963,611
16,127,5o5
12,369,441
5, 727,609
schools.
Total private schools
Denominational
Independent
State and Federal
OR
r, 099, 234
Value of
ProPerty.
According to this ti
the number of the denominational schools is four times as
great as the number of the independent schools, but their annual income is only about
twice as great and the property valuations of the twt., groups are almost equal. The
comparatively higher cost for the smaller number of independent schools is due to the
fact that this group includes a number of institutions which maintain expensive agricultural and industrial departments.
The denominational schools for colored puts may be divided into two groups,
those maintained by denominations whose membership is white or largely white, and
those supported entirely by colored denominations. The schools of the former group
have an income of $1,U6,3o3 and a property valuation of $13,822,451; the schools of
the latter group have an income of $380,933 and a property valuation of $2,305,054.
Some of the institutions in the former group receive considerable sums of money from
'Oreir colored members. Of the total income received by the State and Federal group,
$360,851 is from Federal appropriations and $481,991 from the States.
I Inc:hides 146 whoa, In Southern States remain hie to the Bureau d Edltattket
SUMMARY OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES.
13
In addition to the private aid reported in the table, about $150,000 is appropriated
by several private agencies for general supervision and special phases of education. Of
this sum, $33,414 is from the Jeanes Fund, $18,25b from the Slater Fund, $45,278 from
the General Education Board, $32,815 from the Rosenwald Rural School Building Fund,
and $2o,000 from the Phelps-Stokes Fund, Many of these appropriations are conditioned on the appropriation of similar amourits by the county or by local subscriptions;
a direct result of this giving, therefore, is the raising of considerable amounts of money
among the colored people for new school buildings, extension of school term, and increased teachers' salarie,s.1
The grade of work done by the private and State colored schools is indicated in the
following table:
Ownership d schools.
Num-
4V
Total private schools
Denominational
Independent
State and Federal
bef d
schools.
507N,
118
28
Meltary.
Secondary.
College.
83,679
68,828
70,564
11,527
1,588
58, 291
9, 686
14,851
12,273
1,841
851
737
8, 914
4, 061
3, 80o
' r, o53
wee.
625
.
Hie-
40Ad-
In view of the frequency of the terms "academy" and "college" and even " university" in the name of the private institutions, it is important to note that only 13.7
per cent of the pupils are of secondary grade and less than 2 per cent are in college
and professional subjects. In dealing with such a large group of institutions, it would
be confusing to consider all in the name class. 'It was therefore decided to separate
the important private schools from the comparatively- unimportant schools: Of the
625 private institutions, 266 form an important part of the educational system of their
respective States. These are described in connection with the counties in which they
are situated and their location is shown both on Map A, facing p. 9, and on the State
maps. The remaining 359 schools are classed as comparatively unimportant and
grouped at the end of each State according to ownership. Some of them are justified
only on denominational grounds; the majority, however, are so hampered by small income or poor management that the States receive little benefit from them. Many are
small parish schools of the Catholic, Episcopal, and Presbyterian churches/taught on
the cturch premises by the local pastor. A few schools were reported but not visited.
Where the existence of these schools cou:d be verified in any way they were fitted at
the end of the denominational summaries.
A further discussion ci this cooperation with public-school authorities will be found on p. to.
'Of the college students, t,00l were at Howard University.
dr'
14
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The distribution by States of both the important and unimportant private schools
`is as follows :
Number d
State.
Attend-
Tamil-
once,
era.
Income
Value of
tunPnct Y.
625
83, 679
4, 534
$3, 016, 460
$38, 496, 946
72
12,829
694
554, 556
36
3, 203
141
3
102
3
Sat
26
3, 345
22
22
148
5, 457, 375
376, 222
93, 600
, 78
2 1, 580
17
2,17o
9,210
I, 033
schools.
United States.
Alabama..
Arkansas
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia.
Kentucky.
Louisiana
Maryland
64
IV'
Mississippi.
Missouri
North Carolina.
Oklahoma....
South Carolina
)
.
4,
\
II, 813
77, 001
549
74
302
339,736
48, 549
132,031
42,564
478,411
2, 647, 541
667, 548
1, 126, 987
39
23. 45 4
99, 624
331
29
177, 435
1,282,902
3
7, 044
158
15, 84.1
72
7,828
453
262,032
117, 500
3, 282, 486
46
.
t
63, 337
28, 25o
4
2E4
14
6o
8,61
413,
'
4, 036
1114, 379
9, 300
2, 126, 434
I, 63o, 308
31
4, 04
311
220,934
Texas.
39
Virginia
West Virginia
3, 757
337
131, 508
2, 194, t60
55
6,368
579
536,181
6, 234, ..331
Northern States
25
1
110
23
17, 58T
222, 178
2, 517
.263
178,8,8
2,417, 549
SCHOOL ACTIVITIES AND ATTENDANCE.
It is apparent from the foregoing statements of financial support that the publicschool facilities for colored people in the t6 Southern States, District of Columbia, and
Missouri, are largely supplemented by private schools. The most satisfactory measure of
the total school attendance for both public and private institutions is the enumeration
of the United States census. According to the census for 1910 there were 2,023,108
colored children between 6 and 14years of age in the States maintaining separate school
systerim for white and colored children. Of this number only 1,175,457, or 58.1 per cent,
were reported by the census of 19 to as attending school. A study of the figures for
public and private schools shows that the large majority of colored elementary pupils are
in public schools. In the case of the secondary pupils, however, they are almost equally
divided between public and private sclools. The only exceptions are found in some of
the border State!, rhere the majority of secondary pupils are ispublic high schools. On
he other hand, the large majority of white elementary and secondary pupils are in
publicigh schools. Colored pupils of collegiate grade are about equally divided between
piablic and private institutions. There has recently been a very remarkable increase in
public high schools for white pupils.
ItIAMIINTARY SCHOOLS.
The inadequacy of the elementary school systems for colored children is indicated
both by the comparisons of public appropriations already given and by the fact that the
attendance in both public and private schools is only 58.1 per 'tent of the children
6 to 14 years of age. The average length of the public-school term is less than five
SUMMARY OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES.
15
months in practically all oftlthe States. MOst of the school buildings, especially those in
the rural district are in wretched condition. There is little supervision and little
effort to improve tIle schoOls or adapt their efforts to the needs of the community.
The reports of the State departinents of Georgia and Alabama indicate that 7o per cent
of the colored teachers have third-grade or temporary certificatps, representing a preparation less titian that usually given in the first eight eleme
grades. Investigations
made by supervisors of colored schools in other States indicate
t the percentage of
poorly prepared colored teachers is almost as high ;1:1 the other Southern States. The
supervisor of white elementary rural schools in one of the States recently wrote concerning the Negro schools: '
I never visit one of these [Negro? schools without feeling that we are wasting a large part of this
money and are neglecting a great opporetnity. The Negro schoolhouses are miserable beyond all
description. They are usually without comfort, equipment, proper lighting, or sanitation.
Nearly
all of the Negroes of school age in the district are crowded into these miserable structures during the
short term which the school runs. Most of the teachers are absolutely untrained and have been given
certificates by the county board, not because they have passed the examination, but because it is necessary to have some kind of a Negro teacher. Among the Negro rural schools which I have visited, I
have found only one in which the highest class knew the multiplication table.
A State superintendent writes:
There has never been any serious attempt in this State to offer adequate educational facilitiCs for
the colored race. The average length of the term for the State is only four months; practically all of the
schools are taught in dilapidated- churches, which, of course, are not equipped with suitable desks,
and the other essentials of a slool;
all of the
are incompetent, possessing little or no education and liaZ;sing had no professional training whatever, except a few week's
obtaibed in the summer schools; the schools are generally overcrowded, some of them having as many
as ice students to the teacher; no attempt is made io do more than teach the children to read, write, and
figure, and the,...r subjects are learned very imperfectly. There are six or eight industrial supervisors
financed in whole or in part bulie JeanesFund; most of these teachers are stimulating the Negro schools
to do very good work and are gradually inducing them to base their work upon the practical things of
life. A few wide-awake Negro teachers not connected with the Jeanes fluid
are doing the same thing.
It can probably be truthfully said that the Negro schools are gradually improving, but they are still
just about as poor and inadequate as they can be.
The difficulty presented by this situation is realized when it is remembered that the
wage scale for colored teachers flu rural districts is very low and the facilities for prepa-
ration of teachers are entirely inadequate.
The 70,564 elementary pupils in pivate
schools are fairly well taught, but they form only a small portion of the 1,175,457 colored
children attending school and a still smaller fraction of the 2,023,108 children between
the ages of 6 to 14' years.
SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
re
.
\
ttPublic provision for the
.econdary education of colored pupils is very limited
in the Southern States. The total number of public high schools for Negroes in
these States is only 64. Of these, 45 have four-year courses and i8 have three-year
courses. The city high schools of Washington, D. C., and St. Louis, Mo., are unusual
in extent of plant, ranging in value from $200,000 to $450,000. Charleston, S. C., and
Columbus, Ga., each provide an effective industrial school and some teacher training.
There ace also about zoo public schools which enroll pupils in subjects and classes above
the elementary grades. In addition to these City high schools, there are 28 State and
Federal institutions neatly half of whose pupils are of secondary grade.
16
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The majority of the public high schools are in, the border States of the South.
Over half of them are in Texas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia; 1 r are in OklaI;oma and Virginia. Florida has 2; South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia and Delaware
have.' each; and North Carolina and Louisiana have no public high schools for Negroes.
North Carolina, however, provides three well-nianaged State normal schools.
This statement of the distribution of public high schools shows the inadequacy
of the public provision in the States south of the border States. In the lower South the
secondary education of colored people is very largely dependent upon private schools.
There are 2,16 private institutions in all the Southern States offering secondary instruction to colored pupils. Of these, io6 schools maintain four-year courses and Ito schools
offer courses varying from a few subjects-above the elementary grades to a full threeyear high-schoG: course.
Of the 24,1891 colored secondary pupils in the Southern States, 11,527 are in private
schools, 8,707 are in public high schools and 3,800 are in State and Federal schools,
While scarcely a fourth of the secondary pupils of the border States are in private schools,
almost two-thirds of the pupils of the other Southern States are in private institutions.
The courses of study of most of these schools follow closely the college preparatory or
classical type. Many of them still require Greek and practically all make Latin j.lie central subject. The very limited laboratory equipment of a large majority seriously hampers the teaching of physical science and the introduction of civics and teacher-training
subjects has hardly begun. With all their limitations, however, th
schools have
been and still are among the chief agencies for the supply of public-schlbl teachers.
COLLEGE WORK.
Though a large number of the schools for colored people are called "colleges"
and even "universities," there are very few institutions that have equipment for
college work or pupils prepared to study college subjects. Most of the subjects
taught are those of the typical classical type. Latin, Greek, and mathematics occupy
a large place both in the entrance requirements and in the regular course. Very few
of the schools have laboratories or other provisions for the teaching of the physical
sciences. Teacher-training subjects and economics and sociology receive but scant recognition. The aim seems to be to copy the traditional college course rather than to adapt
the college work to the needs of the pupils'. In the reports on the individual schools
effort has been made to indicate the amount of college work done in each institution.
According to the characterization sentence in each school report, the institutions are
classified as follows.
College.
Secondary and college.
Schools offeii4 college subjects'
Total
..____,I,
In motessional
subjecta.
3
722
972
717
15
22
t s'
675
246
4, 789
4, 583
33
1, 643
994
_
ot
Students
subjects.
14wamer
Chamctarizatka.
All other
students.
0
.---10. 989
.
Under a liberal interpretation of college work, only 33-of the 653 private and State
schools for colored people are teaching any subjects of college grade. Of the 12,726
''there me isparcoodary moils is county training schools.
1501111 act Include Leland University, Irtikii had tonrudiege students et the time ot
SUMIARY OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES.
17
pupils in total attendance on these institutions, only 1,643 are
'ng college subjects
and 994 are in professional classes. The remaining 10,089 pupils are i the elementary
and secondary grades.
In reply to a questionnaire sent to all the northern colleges, 61 reported a total of
$90 Negro students of college grade. Of these 287 were in college oroper, 70 were in
medical courses, including dental and pharmaceutical; fo were in theological schools;
17 in law; and 7 in veterinary medicine. It is probable that the total number of students
in northern institutions is at least 500.
Only three institutionsHoward University, Fisk University, and Meharry Medical Collegehave student body, teachingjnrce, equipment, and income sufficient to
warrant the characterization of "college." Nearly lialf of the college students and
practically all of the professional students are in these institutions.
The 45 institutions characterized as "secondary and college" represent a wide
variation in the essentials of college work. They are thus grouped because they have a
comparatively small college enrollment and the mai2rity of them maintain elementary
and secondary classes forming coo per cent of their total. enrollment. With one or two
exceptions they are limited in both teaching force and equipment. With all their
limitations, however, a numbef of these institutions are maintaining satisfactory entrance requirements and insisting on thoroughness in work.
The r5 institutions offering college subjects are schools of elementary and
secondary grade whose teaching force make it possible to provide instruction in a
few college subjects. They have neither the equipment nor the teachers to maintain
college classes.
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION.
Howard University and Meharry Medical College are the only institutions for
colored people which over complete courses in medicine, dentistry, and 'pharmacy.
Shaw UniverSity provides two-year courses in these subjects. Xlie aggregate attendance in the medical schools 9f these in4itutions is 792, divided as follows: Medical,
400; dental, 260; pharipaceutiml, 132. According to the\ Carnegie report on medical
education, sound policy requires the adequate support of Howard and Meharry medical
schc,Is before any attempt is made to maintain others.
The only colo're institution offering a full law course is Howard University.
Howard's law depart4 ent, with to6 students, seems to make ample provision for colored
students desiring to enter the legal professidn. With the facilities available in the law
schools of the North, it is not likely that another law school will be required for some
time.
-
Many colored schools claim special courses for the training of ministers. A total
of 441 ministerial students were counted in the 14 institutions I having special teachers
and equipment for the course. Very few of the students have completed even a highschool education and the number of college graduates is negligible. A number of other
ochools claiming theological departments are offering Bible instruction to some of
These institutions and their attendance are: Gammon Theological Sembiary. 78; Tuskeiree Institute,77; Howard.
Versity, 73; Lincoln University, 54; Wilberforce University, so; Virginia Union University, Li; Stillman University, ti; YoreBishop Pine Divinity Ethos', Is: Livingstone College, sa; Talladega College. to; Shaw University, so; Paine
Caste, 9; Diddle University. 8.
-.house
lB
NEGRO EDUCATION.
their ,regular pupils and to a few special students.. The majority, however, are merely
providing talks on religion to ministeo attend irregularly. Six of these schools
have buildings devoted to the theologi
department.
TEACHER TRAINING.
.
The most urgent need of the colored schools is trained teachers. The supply now
depends almost entirely upon the secondary schools, most of which are private institutions. State normal schools are maintained only in
Virginia, .North Carolina, Alabama,
and Maryland. The State agricultural and mechanical schools, largely supported by
the Federal Government, offer some teacher-training courses, but in most cases these
courses are; not adequate. City normal schools are maintained in_ Louisville, Ky.,
Washington, D. C., and Baltimore, Md.. The cities of Richmond, Va., and Little Rock,
Ark., have teacher-training courses in the high schools.
Through the cooperation of the Slater Fund and the General Education Board with
the State departments of education, 27 counties maintained county training schools
in 1915,,aod several other counties were building or planning such schools.'
These
schools: aredesigned to,supplement the elementary-school facilities of the
county and
to make ,j,t possiblti fir: the more advanced pupils to be prepared to teach in rural
schools. As yet, howetrer, this work is almost
entirely of-elementary grade.
The majority of the trained colored teachers are from private schools. About 15
of these institutions have well-organized courses, with considerable provision for observation and practice teaching. At least 65. others offer courses with one year of pedagogy
and 4net.hods and some' provision for observation and practice. About 45 other schools
include one or two teacher-training subjects in their academic course.
The pupils in
the graduating classes of both the public and the private schools offering teacher-training
subjects. ininber only 2.,443, an annual output obviously inadequate to meet the educationaf heeds of io,000,000 colored people with 32,000 public- school teachers.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING.
.Through the pioneer influences of Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes, the industrial
phases of education have received considerable recognition not only in colored schools
but also inthose for white pupils. Because of the lack of funds and the indifference
9t; colored people to industrial training, the increase of industrial facilities in colored
schools has not been equal to that in the white institutions. It is unfortunate both
tat', the, colored people and for the South that the provision for the industrial education of the Negroes should be. so inadequate. The intellectual and even the spiritual
luelopment of a people is,0osely related to their economic condition. According
Wthtynited States censisilein occupations, the number of Negroes in skilled occupatiOtla hi negligible., If the race realized its low economic
status, the interest in industrial
Onitier, "944,1)! greatlyinc-rased. Likewise it is important to the South as a, whole
tOt,ittAkef labor,supply shall be efficient. The Southern States, with all their natural
resources;Will never compete with other sections of the country until they increase the
efficiency of their labor thrgUgh an effective system of industrial educatikn for the colored
people as welfas for the white people.
In sex 7 these were .4.
SUMMARY OF ADUCATIONAL FACILITIES.
The public facilities for indust,na: 1 education of Negroes are practically limited to the
16 agricultaral and mechanical sch6*, largely maintained by Federal funds. Most of
these institutions are fairly well equipped to teach the more important ,trades and to
train girls in household arts. Only A few of them, havever, teach trades effectively
and practically all Subordinate the industrial training to the literary instruction. There
are 13 State schools which also provide some instruction in industrial courses. Six of
these schools are located in Northern States. Washington; b. C., Charleston, S. C., and
Columbus, Ga., are the only cities which maintain industrial schools for Negroes.
There are zo6 private schools whitoffer some industrial instruction. In fully half
of these schools, however, the industrial training is ineffective and very limited in quantity. The work ranges from a little sewing or cooking in 56 of the schools to the numer-
ous trades effectively taught at Hampton and Tuskegte. The 3o smaller industrial
schools are endeavoring to fit their work to the economic as well as the literary needs
of their pupils. In these institutions industrial courses are as a rule accorded the same
standing as the literary subjects. The 73 literary schools doing some industrial work
allow alimited time for a formal course in manual training and household arts for girls.
The work in 34 of these schools is poorly done. In a third group of tor schools, the
industrial instruction is confined to household arts for girls. The home training in
most schools is much more effective than the industrial training for boys. Of the rot
schools offering girls' industries, 45 have been classified as doing fairly good work and
56 as doing poor work.
Considerable impetus has been given to industrial training in the public schools
through the State supervisors of colored schools in nine Southern States and county
industrial teachers in 163 counties in the South. The well-known efforts of the Slater
Fund have done much to extend industrial courses both in private and public institutions. Through the financial cooperation of the General Education Board a large number
of "home- makers clubs" have been organized in seven Southern States. These dubs
are effective in the development of an intelligent interest in home gardening, vegetable
and fruit canning, a. the proper care of the home.
AGRICULTURAL TRAINING.
To a people 73 per cent rural, agricultural instruction is of vital importance. Since
40 per cent of all persons engaged in southern agriculture are colored, it is apparent also
that effective education of these people for rural activities is essential to the welfare of
the South. Valuable as this phase of education is to the Negroes and to the South as a
whole, the facilities are entirely inadequate. The,public provision is almost entirely in
the r6 agricultural and mechanical schools largely maintained by It'edenil funds. Most
of these institutions have large farms and considerable equipment, but only a small
number of them are making adequate educational use of the farms or the equipment.
The 13 State schools also have some provision for teaching agriculture.
There are 56 private institutions with ample farm land on which instruction in
agriculture could be given. Observation of their work, however, shows that very few
of tber make effective use of their facilities. Hampton and Tuskegee are the only
institutions withlacilities comparable to those of the agncultural colleges for white
NBGk
.
linudArricw.
2' Both of 'these institutions have tarried on remarkable campaigns for the
htrprOvement
ilina conditions. Practically all the pupils in both schools receive
some instnrcticns in the theory and practice of soil culture. Those who speciarze devote
haff their time to farm practice. Of the smaller private institutions, 22 offer some class
theory and practice, r8 teach theory but cultivate their farms on a commercial basis,
aiadr4 schools cultivate their farms without any provision for agricultural instruction.
Instruction ingardening is offered in 43 of the public and private institutions included
in the groups mentioned above. The 26 county training schools, recently organized
through the cooperation of the public authorities and private boards, all teach gardening
and other activities necessary to rural life. Through the efforts of the Jeanes teachers,
the public schools in 163 Southern counties are beginning to provide instruction in
gardening and canning.
The 'limited progress of agricultural education in colored schools is explained not
only by.the inadequate facilities but also by the indifference of the colored people to
gay effort in behalf of rural life. Even though the masses of the race are making their
bestprogress on the farms, their educational leaders with few exceptions fail to consider
the needs of the colored farmers.. This. failure is partly explained by the belief that
agricultural instruction requires large farms and extensive equipment. Fortunately a
few. of the more progressive institutions realize the educational as well as the economic
value of the theory and-practice of gardening. Even the schools of strong literary
interest are including rural economics and gardening in their curriculum.
SUPERVISION.
In addition to the numerous private schools maintained by general donations
and appropriations from denominational boards, the officers of several eduCational
funds cooperate with the public-school authorities in the supervision of the
private
and public schools.' The principal agencies in this cooperation are the Slater and Jeanes
Funds, the General Education Board, the Phelps Stokes Fund, and the Rosenwald
Rural School Building Fund. The activities include State and county supervision of
schools, boys' and girls' club work, summer schools, and building rural schools, and
the
general improvement of private and higher schools for colored people.
,Through the cooperation of the State departments of education with the General
.Education Board, white supervisors of colored schools are maintained in Alabama,
ArkaIlkif, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee,
and
Virginia. These supervisors are doing excellent work
in interesting the southern white
pxopleln the education of colored people and in stimulating the local officers to improve
thaseboni plants and the teaching force and to introduce industrial gaining into the
schools.
The Jeanes Fund makes possible the employment of county supervising
industrial
teachers. These teachers are usually
young colored women who are directed by the
county superintendent in introducing simple industrial courses into the rural schools and
extending the influence f the school into the community.
In rfp6 these supervising
teachers were employed in 163 counties of the. Southern &atm, It is estimated
that
too,000 pupils attend the schools visited by them. The "homemakers' dubs, " organized
through the aid of the General Education Board, enroll a large number of colored
SUMMARY OF ';BDUCA'fIONAL FACILITIES.
women and colored girls who meet regularly to receive instruction in such subjects
home gardening, canning, and the proper care of the home. The payment of their
salaries is usually shared between the fund and the county, but a few of the supervisors
are paid entirely from public funds. Some of the Virginia supervisors are maintained
by funds controlled by Hampton Institute. The Jeanes Fund appropriated $33414
and the counties $12,234 in 1915. In addition the supervising teachers rai,s ed
lh'3,438 by appeals to the colored people. This sum was used to extend the school term,
improve equipment, and increase teachers' salaries. A part of this amount was contributed toward the county training schools, largely supported by the Slater Fund and
the General Education Board, and a part toward the rural school buildings erected
through the Rosenwald Fund.
The Rosenwald Fund for building better rural schools for colored' children was
established by Julius Rosenwald and is administered by the extension department of
Tuskegee Institute. So far its use -has been largely in Alabama Of the III schools
which had been erected up to 1915, 92 were in Alabama, 3 in Arkansas, 6in Georgia, 5
in North Carolina, 3 in Tennessee and 1 each in Mississippi and South Carolina. The
purpose of the fund is to duplicate amounts raised by colored people for rural school
buildings. For this purpose the Rosenwald Fund appropriated $32,8i5, public authorities gave $18,235, and $59,934 was raised in donations.
Fund, in cooperation with the United States Bureau of EducaThe Phelps S
the present survey of the private and higher schools for colored
tion, is not only
but is en .umging constructive efforts for the improvement of their educational
and administnitive organization, their plants, and their community activities.
NEEDS OF PUltIC-SCHOOL SYSTEMS.
In view of the large proportion which the Negroes form of the population in the
South and the vital place which they occupy in the economic, physical, and even moral
welfare of that section, the following summary of educational needs is presented as a
result of this study:
1. The improvement and increase of the e';.,Iners,tary schookTbe reports of the State
superintendents of education are practically unanimous In their presentation of the
poverty and inadequacy of the elementary schools for colored people. This is peculiarly
the responsibility of the public authorities.
Privates philanthropy may aid in the
support of the secondary and higher schools; but the public schools are the agencies to
supply the rudiments of an elementary school education. The improvement of the
rural and urban masses of the colored people in health, honesty, labor, and thrift is
directly dependent on the public elementary schools. If the States are to achieve this
improvement, systematic effort must be made to raise the standards of teaching. One
of the important steps in this effort is to amuse' the colored people themselves to a
thorough appreciation of the value of elementary schools.
2. Secondary schools and teacher
training.Though the developmen(the
ele-
mentary schools is of primary importance, it is well established that secondary schools
are essential to the maintenance and growth of an elementary school system. The
secondary schools are not only the principal source of teachers, but they are also the
inspiration which maintains the continued interest of the pupils in the upper elementary
22
NEGRO EpUCATION.
grades. Though there are
numerous private secondary schools there is a real necessity that the public-school system shall provide more schools
of this grade.
The large proportion of ignorant public-school teachers constitutes
an emphatic
demand for teacher-training classes. It is evident that each State
needs a well-equipped
State Anzgual school and smaller county schools offering
teacher-training courses to
local pupils. Much more help could be
obtained from the private schools if the States
would recognize the teacher-training work of these
schools on condition that each institution meet the State requirements.
3. industrial and agricultural training:Though
the educational value of industrial
and agricultural courses for white and colored children
is recognized by all the States,
the publiC provision for these courses in colored schools
is utterly inadequate. It is
unfortunate that important phases of education like this
should be so exclusively dependent on private initiative and support. There is emphatic need
that every county
realize the possibilities of the agricultural and industrial
supervising
teachers in the
introduction of gardening and simple industries.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRIVATE SCHOOLS.
The use of the recommendations at the end of each school
the statement of the needs of each institution in constructive report has made possible
suggestion rather than in a
series of destructive criticisms. The aim has been
to indicate the changes that are
possible and more immediately necessary rather than to summarize
ments that ideal conditions would require. While there is considerableall the improvevariety in the
form of the recommendations, they all relate to
some
fundamental
phase
of educational organization and endeavor. The important phases
underlying them are re...corded below.
ADAPTATION TO PUPILS AND COMMUNITY.
The most vital test of educational effort is in the
extent to which it provides for
the economic, intellectual, and spiritual needs of
the
individual
and community. The
principle of adaptation to pupil and community
needs requires decreasing emphasis
on educational courses whose chief claim to recognition is
founded on custom and
tradition. The recommendations
herewith made are based on such community
necessities as health, home comforts, civic responsibilities
and rights, and teachers with
knowledge and vision.
-,Teacirow-training courses.The large proportion of colored teachers
with less than
eighth-grade education is ample justification for recommending
the
introduction
of
teacher-training courses in every educational institution able
to
offer
any
or
all
of
the
subjects or activities usually given in such courses`
Sanitation, elementary science, history, and civics.The
high death rate of the
colored people, their ignorance and disregard of simple
physical
laws, their perplexing
economic and social status, establish the claim of
these
subjects
to
a large place in the
curriculum of these schools.
.
Theory and practice of
gardening.For a people 73 per cent rural, the theory and
practice of gardening are of first importance.
Only recently hive the schools of the
country begun to recognize the educational and economic
value of gardening. In too
many schools the garden has been merely a weak
adjunct of the boarding depart-
SUMMARY OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES.
23
ment, with practically no place assigned to it in the school curriculum. Even the few
institutions with a genuine interest in rural problems too often despised the garden in
their efforts to cultivate a large farm.
According to this -study the use of the farm as a'n educational factor has failed in
the large majority of instances. This is due to lack of skill on the part of the agricultural teachers and to the failure to convince pupils with scant knowledge of books that
farming is educational. In view of this failure, it is important to consider the possibility of gardening not only for its educational value and economic returns to the kitchen,
but also as a working laboratory for the agricultural course. Experiments made in
connection with this study indicate that agricultural courses illustrated by gardening are .
much more effective than those dependent upon a poorly cultivated farm.
Simple manual training.Modern educational practice recognizes without argument
not only the economic but also the educational value of hand training. The economic
value to the colored people is emphasized by the comparative poverty of the race, while
the educational result is even more necessary for the Negro than for the white, since the
Negro's highly emotional nature retires for balance as much as possible of the concrete
and definite.
Observation indicates the importance of simplicity in the manual courses and the
application of the lessons learned in the care of the school plant and in the necessary
activities of the institution. Lessons in woodwork increase in effectiveness when they
are applied to the repair of buildings. Domestic science becomes real when the school
kitchen is used as a laboratory and the dormitories are supervised according to the
classroom theory.
Neighborhood activities. No part of the school program is more important than the
neighborhood work. This includes not only the efforts in the immediate neighborhood
but in other communites to which the institution can extend its influence. Through
these activities the school not only enlarges its field, but also gains a knowledge of
actual conditions which enables it to adapt its curriculum to the needs of the pupils.
-
Domination of foreign languages.In view of the just demands of the activities
already recommended and the increasing recognition given to them in the best modern
schools, it is surprising to note the large proportion of time devoted to foreign languages, especially Latin and Greek. In this respect the colored schools are adhering to
a tradition fast vanishing elsewhere. It seems extraordinary, for example, that private
secondary schools for colored people should give more time to these languages than the
high schools of a progressive State like Massachusetts.
I
SCHOOL ORGANIZATION.
Effective organization of school activities requires a careful consideration of the
income, the plant, and the number and development of the pupils. Many of
the organizations studied have been formed without regard to any of these elements. The guiding principle of theless successful organizations seems to have been
the blind imitation of larger institutions or an unwarrantable hope for future development. In view of the very limited income of practically all the private schools, it is
strongly urged that the organization be simple; that the aim be to do a few things well.
0
24
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Secondary department hampered by college courses.A large number of institutions
are endeavoring to maintain college classes without adequate teaching force or equipment
or even a sufficient number of pupils to warrant the expense. Such efforts not only waste
the resources of the institution, but sacrifice ath the secondary pupils and those prepared to do college work. Owing to the small number of secondary schools, the number
of pupils prepared for college is very limited and the number of colleges needed is
correspondingly small. While there is real need for the adequate development of a falt of
the schools offering college courses, the majority should discontinue their efforts
to
II
maintain college classes, center their energy on secondary subjects and provide for
their college pupils at institutions equipped for college work.
Secondary department hampered by elementary classes.While the inadequate
public-school facilities in the neighborhood of many of the private schools practically
compel them to make large provision for elementary grades, there are some private
schools that maintain elementary grades in opposition to the public schools. Even
in the communities lacking in public-school accommodations, the, private schools of elementary grades
be regarded as temporary and persistent effort should be made to
prevail upon the public authorities to provide adequately for elementary colored
pupils
at 'public expense. It has therefore been recommended that a number of the smaller
schools be transferred to the public-school authorities or combined with some of the
larger private institutions.
.
Elaborate industrial and agricultural plant.A number of the smaller industrial
schools doing important work have acquired large plants and developed co mplicated
organizations that are beyond their financial resources or unsuited to the educational
needs of their pupils. Some have expensive equipment, such as heating and electric
ligfit plants, when the dining rooms and dormitories are in need of linen and
necessary
furniture. Some have extensive trade machinery
and numerous teachers of trades with
very little material for practice and very few pupils to a trade. Some have many more
hundreds of acres of land in their school farm than they can possibly use for educational
purposes. In a large majority of the smaller industrial
schools there is practically no
relation between the classroom instruction in agriculture and the farm operations.
.
It is quite apparent that the only course open to such institutions is to simplify their
plant and their organization. They should definitely decide to prepare their pupils up
to a certain point and depend upon larger schools to continue the work. As a working
basis for this simplification it is proposed that four industrial teachers be employed: (i)
A teacher of agriculture with practical farm training, business ability, and some knowledge of simple mechanical operations; (2) a carpenter with some experience in
blacksmithing and wagon repairing; (3) a teacher of cooking who will use the boarding deparzment for practical work; (4) a teacher of sewing, who will supervise the dormitories and
the houSekeeping of the school. If it is absolutely necessary that these industrial
teachers have other subjects, they should have assigned to them courses most nearly
related to their trades. The literary teachers of the institution
should be expected to
cooperate to the extent of their ability in the industrial and social life of the school
and in the neighborhood activities.
EduCational use of boarding department and dormitories. The use of the school
kitchen and dining room as part of the domestic-science department is in line
with good
SUMMARY OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES.
25
practice both in business and education. The maintenance of two independent cooking
departments in one institution is wasteful. There is probably no sounder principle than
"learning by doing. " Similarly the dormitories offer real o
*ties for imparting
many important lessons in neatness, order, and the , -open
of the home. The disregard of these opportunities in educational institution everywhere should be quickly
corrected.
ACCOUNTS AND itliCORDS.
A majority of the small private schools not controlled by church boards and
practically all the institutions owned by colored denominations are very deficient in
administration, general records, and accounts.
System of cost-accounting and records.Very few schools can present adequate anal-
yses of their expendives.
Very few realize the important economies that could be
attained Through good systems of accounts. There is a similar deficiency in the records
of student activities. Only a small number of the institutions keep accurate records of
enrollment, daily attendance, and class standing of pupils.
Annual audit by an accredsted accountant. In the case of institutions receiving
funds from philanthropic personS living at a distance, it is only reasonable to expect
that the school accounts will be examined by a reliable person trained to report on
accounting. It is taken for granted that the bookkeeping of institutions supported by
State or Federal funds should be regularly passed upon by expert accountants. This
study shows, however, that only about ro of even the large private institutions and
practically none of the State and Federal schools have proVided for reports by certified
accountants.
SUPERVISION OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS.
There is a real need for more economy and taste both in the construction of buildings and in the arrangement of the campus. Many of the buildings have been erected
in imitation of those in other institutions, with but little regard for income, adaptation
to use, climatic conditions, or location. Rules of sanitation and fire protection have
been disregarded and many pupils are in serious danger. Student labor has been used
without sufficient regard for cost. Heating and power plants have been installed
without regard for economy. More important even than economy and foresight in
building operations is continnittl care in the upkeep of the plant. The wise and
frequent use of whitewash and paint and the prompt repair of buildings and furniture
are important assets in business and education.
.TRUSTERS AND OWNERSHIP OF SCHOOLS.
In determining the status of a private institution, great importance necessarily
attaches to the composition of the trustee board and the extent of the control exercised
by them.
Nominal boards of trustees. Some schools have boards of trustees that exercise no
control over the affairs of the institution. A favorite method is to appoint colored men
as the legal trustees and ask prominent white men to act in an advisory capacity. The
usual result of this arrangement is to leave the management entirely to the school principal, who in a number of instances has wrecked the institution. It is evident that
no gifts should be made to this class of schools.
i6
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Title to property vested in school principal.Several schools are owned by individuals who spend a large part of their time soliciting funds. Others are maintained
for the tuition received. In all such cases the emphatic recommendation
is that dona7tions be withheld.
Large, unwieldy boards of trustees. Some of the colored denominations appoint
trustee boards numbering over a hundrrd, each member to pay a statue sum of money
annually. Such a plan invariably fails to provide any wise control over the institution.
Founding of small independent schools.A perplexing problem continually con-
fronting those interested in colored schools is the persistent effort to organize new
schools. Sometimes these efforts have the approval
of influential people both from
the locality and from distant places. Sometimes they represent the desires of wellmeaning but incompetent persons to help the colored race. And in a few cases they
are the selfish efforts of scheming persons who are willing to prey upon philanthropy
for financial gain. The following statement, prepared by the late Dr. Booker T. Washington shortly before his death, represents the attitude of an increasing number of
thoughtful people:
After considering the whole matter very carefully with prominent educators representing various
parts of the South, I am thoroughly convinced that it is a matter of doubtful wisdom to
encourage,
except, under peculiarly favorable circumstances, the starting of additional
and independent
schools in the South for our people. These schools, to accomplish any good, ought
to be well managed,
under a competent board of trustees, and not represent the mere personal ambition or activity of
any
one individual. In many cases the money given for such schools is
more than wasted, not only because
of improper organization and supervision, but also in large awls for traveling expenses.
It is the consensus of opinion of ati who. have studied the subject that the time has
come when
monly,ought to be concentrated upon the strengthening of existing institutions rather than the starting
of nili ones. In many. cases much harm has been done by
establishing additional schools in the same
locality. I know of special cases where persons
are striving to build schools within a few miles of other
and existing well-organized schools. It would, by far, be the better plan in the future,
rather than
to start additional small schools, to spend the money in strengthening the public schools. In many cases
these small, Poorly-organized schools not only accomplish little good, but are weakening the publicschool system. The public-school system, of course, is
permanent, and has the advantage of superviSion. Instead of starting new schools, I advise that the
old ones be strengthened or that the money
be given in a way to strengthen the work of the public schools in the various localit.,:s
of the South.
III. ALABAMA.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 908,282 colored people in Alabama, forming 43 per cent of the total
They constitute 52.9 per cent of all persons engaged in agricukural pursuits in the State. The number of farms cultivated by them increased 17.3 per cent
between Iwo and 19ro. As farmers, renting and owning land, they have complete
charge of 5.083,552 acres; as farm laborers, they undoubtedly cultivate a much larger
area. While the United States Census indicates hopeful progress in the decrease of
illiteracy and in the improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still 4ar per cent
of the colored persons so years of age and over and 27.5 per cent of the children so to
14 years of age, and the death rate is almost twice as high as that of the white people.
Such a degree of illiteracy and ill health is certain evidence of extensive waste of economic resources and human energy. In view of these facts, it is important to note the
following summary of the public-school facilities and educational needs of Alabama,
as tney are shown in the reports of the United States Census and the State superintendent of education.
population.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in State...
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Percentage living in rural communities
White.
2, 228,832
268, 283
$2, 523, 550
$372, 177
$9- 41
$r. 78
9.9
82.6
.
Negro
908, 282
208, 548
4o.
82. 8
Public appropriation c.The public-school teachers of Alabama received 42,895,727 in
salaries in 190. Of this sum, $2,523,550 was for the teachers of 268,283 white children
and $372,177 for the teachers of 208,548 colore children. On a per capita basis this
is $9.41 for each white child of school age and $ 78 for each colored child.' Map 2
presents these figures for each county in Alabam the proportion of Negroes being
indicated by the shading. The inequalities are greatest in the counties with the largest
proportion of Negroes. The per capita sums decrease for white and increase for colored
children with considerable regularity as the proportion of Negroes becomes smaller.
The extent of this regularity appears in the following tat*, Ohich shows the per capita
expenditures for county groups based on the percentage of Negro population:.
founty groups, percentage of of Negroes in the
Counties under roper cent..
Counties to to 25 per cent...
Counties 25 to so per cent ..
Counties so to 75 per cent..
Counties over 75 per cent
White school
Negro school
pupa lotion,
Per capita
white.
28, 151
12, 932
Negro.
$5. o8
St. 8t
4'55
12.53
2 15
I. 56
23. 42
1. 14
po6475:467ti(9.7
118,838
Per capita
1. 82
72, 984
48, 564
70, 336
'These averages nre computed by dividing the appropriation lot teachers' salaries in publkschools by the number of children
6.to 4 years of age enamerated by the United States Census The salaries we're obtained from the Report of the State Detain-
ment of Education, 1913. pp. Orris City systems are included.
46927*-11u11 39-17---3
27
28
NEGRO EIACATION.
i
JACKSON
4.86
..,1.55
....
)....."
FRANKLIN
i
iosoe
2.08
MARION
,.
fa.\3..01 iZ,, 1 ..--
I
.
WINS,Om
5.08 ! 6.32
1.99
CULLMAN
5.1.0 .....
/t
141NOKII
1
3.69/
,.''
5.19T
Percentage Negro in the population
EUnder 10 per tent.
10 to 25 per rent.
as to 50 per cent.
so to 7 5 per cent.
Mil71 Per cent and over.
4
MAP 2.Pale CAPITA EXPENDITURES POI WHITE AND COLORED CHILDREN IN ALABAMA ON TEE BASIS
OP TEACHERS' SALARIES.
The upper figure in each county is for white children, the lower for colored. The shading indicates the percentage of Negroes in the total population.
iLABAMA.
29
The high per capita cost for white children in the "black belt" counties is partly
.
explained by the fact that they are few in number and widely scattered. The smaller
cost of schools for colored children is partly due to the lower wage scale of colored teachers and partly to the very limited provision for high-school education. It is apparent,
however, that these explanations by no means account for the wide divergencies in the
"black belt" counties. In addition to the $2,523,550 appropriated for the publicschool teachers of white children, the State appropriated $379,000 to maintain 42
county high schools, 9 agricultural high schools, 6 normal schools, and 3 institutions of
college grade. To the $372,177 for the public-school teachers of colored children the
State added S2o,000 to maintain one normal school and to supplement the income of
the agricultural and mechanical school largely maintained by Federal funds.
Pri ) i) financial aidThe deficiencies in public expenditures for the educa-
ion of the colored people largely explain the active campaigns for private schools
As a result of this activity, t he private schools have a property valuation of $5,457,375, an animal income of $554,556, and an attendance of
since the Civil War.
12,819 pupils, of whom over five-sixths are in elementary grades.
It is sometimes thought
that the liberal private contributions to these schools make up for the inequalities in
the public appropriations for the education of white and colored youth. The total
sum appropriated far teachers' salaries in colored public schools in Alabama, however,
together with the income of all colorei4rivate schools, aggregates $926,733, or about a
million and a half dollars less than the expenditure for teachers' salaries in white public
ails alone. In addition, there are 5o white private schools which report to the State
s perintendent of education. The aggregate expenditure of these schools is practically
equal to the' expenditure for colored private schools. A summary of,the income and
property of the private and higher colored schools grouped according tto ownership is
1
given in the following table:
Number
at tehonla
Total private schools.
Independent
Denominational .
State and Federal ..
72
. ...
.
23
Annual
Value of
propenV 411
Income.
.$554,556 15,457,375
49
369, 544
185,012
2
50,709
4, 279, 566
1,177,809
'
252,500
According to this table, the annual income and property value of the independent
schools are higher than those for the denominational schools. The comparatively
larger cost of the independent schools is explained by the fact that Tuskegee Institute
and several smaller independent schools maintain expensive agricultural and industrial
departments. The annual income of the colored schools owned by denominations
whose membership is white or largely so aggregates $156,397, as against $28,615 for
those of the colored denominations. The property owned by the former group is
valued at $1,003,059 and that owned by the
at $174,750. Some of theschwis
owned by white denominations receive considerable sums of money from their colored
members. The statistics of the State and Fedsral group, with an income of $50,709 and
property valuation of $252,500, are in striking contrast with those for the private schools.
In addition to the private aid indicated in the table, $41,625 was appropriat?d or
general supervision and special phases of education by the Jeanes and Slater Fun , the
30
NEGRO EDUCATION.
-General Education. Board, and the Rosenwald Rural School Fund. The result of this
cooperation with public-school authorities is described later under "Supervision."
While the total number of private schools is 72, only 38 of these schools play any
important part in the educational activities of the State. Some of the remaining 34
are to be justified, if at all, on denominational grounds; the majority, however, are so
hiunpered by small income or poor management that the State receives little benefit
from them. The more important schools are described under their respective counties
and their location is shown on Map 3. The remaining schools are summarized according
to ownership and discussed at the end of this chapter.
The attendance of the private and higher colored schools, by ownership groups, is
indicated in the following, table:
Number
Total private schools.
Independent
Denominational
State and Federal.
Total
attend-
Sec-
once.
Elesnen
Lary.
72
12, 819
11, 554
231
4, 887
4, 4;5
49
7; 932
7, 139
978
754
ol school
2
1,
ary.
220
472
748
224
In view of the frequency of the terms academy "-and " college" in the names of these
private institutions, it is important to note that less than one;tehtli of their pupils are
oftsecondary grade, and only 45 pupils are in college classes.
Attendance.The United States census reported 208,548 colored children 6 to 14
years Of age, of whom to2,813 were attending school, in 1910. A study of the figures
for the public and private schools shows that while a majority of the elementary colored
pupils are in the public schools, a majority of the secondary pupils and all of the
college students are in private Ohools. The large majority of the white secondary pupils,
however, are in public schools, while those of collegiate grade are abdut equally divided
between public and private institutions.
Elementary. The inadequacy of the elementary school system for colored children is
indicated by the tact that the attendance in both public and private schools is less than
50 pet cent of the children of elementary school age. The average term of the public
school is less than 5 mouths. According_ to the report of the State superintendent,
70 per cent of the colored teachers have only third-grade certificates, representing a
'preparation less than that usually given in the eight elementary grades. The 11,554
elementary- pupils in the private schools receive fairly good initruction, but their number
is only a small part of the 102,813 children attending school, and a still smaller fraction
of the 208,548 children of elementary school age.
,,Secondary. There arc only three four-year public high schools for colored people in
Alabania. The high schools in Tuscumbia and Huntsville share their buildings with demeptaty classes, and the one in Birmingham has recently been compelled to move into
temporary .quarters front a building condemned as unsafe. One school offers a three-year
high-school course, and six or.seven.otheis have a few pupils above the eighth grade.
The State normal school at MontgoMery, supported by State funds, and the agricultural
and mechanical school at Huntsville, maintained largely by Federal funds, offer fouryear secondary courses.
' Includes 41 cgllete students in Talledens Collett
/
31
. ALABAMA.
LAUOIRCIAlt
'164?.:10.
JACKSON
4C,
COLBERT
y.
11 /1.L/
LAWRINCR
MARIIKALA. I ocKALIS
C.ULLMAN
MARION
/
/
\\
BLAINT
.1/
rcLcourm
PIANDOLPN
CLAY
LLAPOORAICNAMSIRII
.
?
PUSBILL
.04:41M:247e
Alb
Income or ghouls.
rerMILRee Negro in the
population.
O Under 1:,50o
O $3.5oo to $3.000.
.
Under zo per cent.
LAno to 50 per cent.
$ft
3o {MI cent or OVC1r.
0 -$3,000 to 815,0oo.
Q1r S.coo to $30,000.
Sponoo or over.
MAP 3.PRIVATE SCHOOLS FOR NHGRORS IV ALABAMA.
The circles show the location and the annual income of the more important
schools. The shading indicates the percentage of Negroes in the total population.
32
NEGRO EDUCATION
Of the 1,998 secondary colored pupils in Alabama, 1,220 are.in 22 private schools.
Four-year courses are maintained in it of these private schools, with
an enrollment of
970 pupils. The secondary work of the remaining
1-1 schools varies from a few subjects
above the elementary grades to a full three-year course. The courses of study of most
of these schools follow closely the college preparatory or classical type.
Some of them
still rtlquire Greek, and practically all make Latin the central subject.
Very few have
adequate provision for physical or social science.
Collcgc. Talladega College is the only institution offering work of college grade to
colored pupils, and its enrollment in college classes is only 45.
A theological course of
college grade is also offered in this institution. Most of the theological pupils are, however, of elementary or secondary grade of preparation. Other institutions claim "theelogical" coursF67but the work consists largely of lectures to local ministers,
who attend
irregularly, or a mixture of theological and academic subjects, taught to pupils of elementary and secondary grade.
Teacher training. The most urgent need of the colored schools in Alabama is trained
teachers. The supply now depends almost entirely upon the secondary schools, most of
which are private institutions. Of thpse only seven offer fairly adequate courses in t eache rtraining. Eleven others include one or two teacher-training
subjects in their general
course. To supplement these facilities, an effort has been made to develop county t raining
schools. Through the cooperation of the Slater Fund and the General Education Board
with the State department of education, four of these schools are now maintained. As
yet, however, their work is almost entirely of elementary character. They are county
centers at which, some secondary and industrial training may be supplied to those who
plan 'to teach in the rural schools. The pupils in the graduating clasies of all the schools
offering .teacher- training subjects in 1915 numbered only 270, an annual output obviously inadequate to meet the need for teachers in a State with over 9oo,000 colored
people and 2,35o colored public-school teachers, of whom 70 per cent are holding only
third-grade certificates:'
Industrial. Through the influence of Tuskegee Institute, industrial training has received considerable recognition in Alabama. The State Agricultural and Mechanical
College has long struggled, but 'with inadequate means,ath teach trades. Calhoun Colored School, in Lowndes County, is genuinely interested in trade education, but its work
is limited to. the elementary grades. Snow Hill Industrial Institute, in Wilcox
County,
has also endeavored to give trade training, but its work has been hampered in various
ways. Satisfactory industrial work is done in to private schools, and 7 others arc
attempting to give ma 1 training. A nu er of the private schools give good instruction in cooking an
vying.
Agriculture.The a cultural training of t e colored people of Alabama depends on
the extensive facilities of skegee Institute a a few smaller schools. Of the smaller
schools, Calhoun is doing especially effective work. Two others do fairly successful Work.
Nine other institutions have large farms, and some of their pupils are employed as
laborers, the educational value of this labor varying with the institution. The majority
of the schools, however, fail to provide for systematic training in agriculture. In the
I Many cd the thirderade certificates are given in emergencies,to teachers who can not pass the eiounisation.
IP"
ALABAMA.
33
effort to acquire large farms all but a few of the schools have overlooked the educational
possibilities of a well-planned course in gardening.
Supervision. Through the cooperation of the State Department of Education and the
General Education Board, a white supervisor is maintained for the colored rural schools.
This supervisor travels over the State observing educational conditions and encouraging
efforts for improvement. The more important agencies with which he cooperates are
the Jeanes and Slater Funds, the Rosenwald Rural School Building Fund, and the extension department of Tuskegee Institute. In the summer of 1915 the State department
cooperated with the summer schools for colored people at Tuskegee, Montgomery,"bd
Birtningham. Teachers' institutes %re also held in several places.
Seventeen counties in the State have Jeanes Fund supervisors traveling among
the rural schools introducing industrial training and extending the influence of the school
into the community. In 1915 the Jeanes Fund appropriated $4,290 and the counties
$2,128, while the county supervisors raised $19,171 by appeals to the people. A considerable portion of this sum was contributed to the Rosenw %ld rural schools and the
county training schools. With the financial help of the General Education Board, these
supervisors and other agents have organized home-makers clubs" whose member-
ship in 1915 numbered 5,111 colored girls and 3,408 mothers. These clubs put up
over 250,000 quarts of fruits and vegetables and contributed much to the development
of pride in home life. The campaign for building rural schoolhouses for colored children
was begun as the result of the offer of Julius Rosenwald to supplement the efforts of any
rural community to build a school for colored people. The Rosenwald Fund is managed'
by the extension department of Tuskegee Institute. So far the distribution has been
much larger in Alabama than elsewhere. The total sum expended to the end of the
school year 1916 w2093,31 2. Of this, $45,567 was contributed by the colored people,
$27 ,400 by the Rosenwald Fund, $3,795 by white people of the community, and $16,550
by the State.
SUMMARY OP EDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
1. The strengthening and extension of the elementary school system. The only
agencies able to supply this need are the State, the county, and the local public school
districts.
2. The increase of .teacher-training facilities. To this end secondary' schools
with teacher-training courses should be provided, more summer schools and teachers'
institutes should be maintained, and the private schools should cooperate with the
State department of education by placing more emphasis on teacher-training courses
in accordance with State standards.
3. More provision for instruction 01 gardening, household arts, and simple industries.
In developing this work, school authorities of the counties would do well to consider
the possibilities of the Jeanes Fund industrial supervisors.
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the problems of rural life, so that teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people 8o per cent rural.
5. Establishment of industrial high schools in cities.
34
NEGRO EDUCATION.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOL.
The private and higher schools are herewith described. Counties and cities in
which the more important institutions are located are presented as a backgroundfqr
the discussion of the individual schools. The counties are arranged in alphabetical
order.
BIBB COUNTY.
Population, 19io.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
15,081
Negro.
7, 710
3,457
1,720
$32, 599
$9. 42
9. 5
$4, 739
$2. 77
29. 2
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public school term is
6.3 months for white pupils and 6.5 months for colored. The number of teachers is 88
in white schools and 19 in colored schools. The average attendance is 2,248 white
pupils and 626 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. As the Centerville Industrial
School supplements the public schools, effort should be made to reorgaltize its work
so that it may offer better educational opportunities.
CENTERVILLE.
CENTERVILLE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: H. D. Davidson.
An elementary school with a few boarding pupils. The plant is inadequate and
the work has been handicapped by the indifference of local sentiment and by some
errors of administration.
The school was founded in isoo and is owned by an independent board of white
and colored trust
Allendance.The 13o pupils in to gradA were doing elementary work. A lit tle
instruction in sewing and cooking is provided for girls, but there is no industrial training
for4boys.
Teachers.Total, 3; all colored; male 1, female 2. The principal does a little teaching, but spends most of his time soliciting funds.
Financial, 1914-15.No records are kept other than the unsystematic memoranda
of the principal. As far as could be determined the more important items for the year
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Eapanditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness
Value of plant..
$949
937
75o
5, 200
Sources of income: Northern friends, $366; public funds, $225; tuition and fees,
$138; loan to the principal, $9o; local rallies, entertainments, and contributions, $85;
church conferences, $45. The noneducational receipts were from the farm and amounted
to $78. In addition, $1,025 was raised through donations and $175 was borrowed by
the principal to pay off the mortgage indebtedness amounting to ii,200.
35
ALABAMA.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $500; farm expenses, $115; household and school
equipment and supplies, $88; traveling expenses, $75; interest on debt, $60; rent of
house, $60; printing, $58; fuel and liglts, $45; other expenses, $14.
Indebtedness: Through poor management and exorbitant amounts paid for school'
supplies and merchandise a large mortgage indebtedness was accumulated. From 1913
to 1915 approximately $3,000 was raised through the efforts of the principal and this
indebtedness was liquidated, leaving the school property clear. Of the moneys raised,
however, $75o.represented loans to the principal, the larger part of which was paid on
the mortgage and the other part used for the current expenses of the school.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $2,000. The land comprises 85 acres on, the edge
of the town. A part of the land is cultivated on a commercial basis and the remainder
is still covered with trees and underbrush.
Buildings: Estimated value,' $2,000 The main building, a poorly constructed
two-story frame building, is used for classrooms and chapel; it also provides accommodations for a few boarding pupils. There are two other small structures on the
grounds, both old and of little value.
Movable equipnient: Estimated value, $1,200. Of this, $600 was in farm implements
and live stock, $400 in school furniture, and $2oo in books, household furniture, and
industrial apparatus.
made through.
Recommendation. That contributions other than public fu
agencies having facilities for studying schools.
Dates of visits: May, 1913; May, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
BULLOCK COUNTY;
Population, 1910..........
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
do Teachers' salaries in public schools. 1911-11
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
4: 833
Negro.
436
1,005
$03
1a8, 093
$67514
$27. 45
3. 5
So. 95
The rural population of Bullock County is 86.6 per cent of the total.
42.6
The average
length of the public school term is 8.2 months for white pupils and 4.2 months for
colored.
The number of teachers is 51 in white schools and 53 in colored schools.
The
average attendance is 784 white pupils and 2,279 colored pupils. Union Springs is
the only town of considerable size in the county. This town cares for the colored elementary pupils fairly well in a three-teacher school.with a nine months' term.
The function of a private school in the county should therefore be that of furnishing
secondary and industrial facilities for the town and better classroom work for such
pupils from rural districts as can attend. Located as it is in Union Springs, the Normal
School duplicates the work of the public school. Should the advantages of its location
at a railroad center demand that this school remain in the town, it should more and
more resign its elementary work to the city school, and. center its efforts on developing
a small boarding department so that it may serve as a central training school where the
colored pupils of the county may supplement the limited training received in the public
schools.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
36
UNION SPRINGS.
UNION SPRINGS NORMAL SCHOOL
Principal: J. H. L. Smith.
An elementary day school, with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It was founded
in 19oo by three local Baptist associations and is Owned and controlled by a lxyard of
colored trustees elected by the associations.
Attendance. Total, 365; elementary 33°, secondary 35. Some instruction in sewing
and basketry is provided.
Teachers and workers.Total," 5; all colored; male 1, female 4.
Financial, 1912-13.The income amounted to approximately $1,600, of which
about $1,200 was from the Baptist associations and $40o from tuition and fees. Practically all of the income was expended for salaries. The indebtedness amounted to $450.
Plant.Estimated value, $4,3o0. Of this, $1,5oo is in land, $2,500 in buildings,
and $30o in equipment. The land consists of a city block. The building is a one-story
frame structure. The equipment is poor. The premises are neglected and the building
is in bad repair.
Recommendations. i. That the Baptist associations endeavor to have the public
schools take care of the elementary pupils.
2. That provision. be made for teacher training, theory and practice of gardening,
and simple industrial work.'
,
Date of visit: May, 1913.
BUTLER COUNTY.
Population, isito
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public setools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
What.
tirgro.
13,654
15,373
3, 06o
3, 805
$31, 376
$4.973
St. 30
Sic). 25
8. 3
42. 1
The rural population is 88.4 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 5.9 months for white pupils and'4 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 102 in white schools and 44 in colored schools. The average attendance is
2,443 white pupils and 1,919 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additionalrucational facilities. Two private
institutions, both at Greenville, are endeavoring to meet this need. Only one of these,
the Lomax- Hannon School, shows possibilities as a central school for the county. The
other, a Baptist institution, is discussed in the summary of local Baptist schools. It
has very limited support and attendance, and would therefqre serve a more useful purpose
if it could be moved into a rural district or combined with some of the stronger Baptist
Schools of the State.
See recoourtendatioas isisuramary chapter, p. aa.
A
,a
ALABAMA.
37
GREENVILLE.
LOMAX-HANNON HIGH AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: J. R. Wingfield.
A good elementary school with a few pupils in the ninth and tenth grades.
The school was founded in 1898 by the African Methodist EpiscINpal Zion Church.
It is owned and controlled by a board of trustees, most of whom are members of that
denomination.
,4 ttendance Total, 137; elementary I 13, secondary 24; male 65, female 72; boarders
43. The reported enrollment for the year was 237.
T eac hers. Total, 8; all colored; male 3, female 5.
Organization.Elementary: The eight elementary grades are well taught.
Secondary: The secondary pupils are in the ninth and tenth grades; they have
the usual high-school subjects. The school claims a theological department, but the work
consists only of Bile study in all the grades. No regular teacher is assigned to this
departmert. There is no industrial work for boys, and the limited domestic science
equipment is not used.
Financial, 1913- r4. An honest effort is made to keep books, and a reasonably clear
statement of the financial transactions of the school was given. The more importarit
financial items were as follows:
Income
Expenditures
Value of plant
114, 074
3,815
, 25,450
Sources of income: Board of Eddcation of the A. M. E. Z. Church, $1,90o; tuition
and fees, $949; individual churches, $685; Julius Rosenwald, $500; rent of farm, $4o.
The Rosenwald gift was special and intended to be used for general improvement. The
boarding department.is conducted privately by the president, and figures fOr the department hre omitted.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $1,400; building principal's house, $1,200;
heat, light, and water, $800; repairs, $335; printing and advertising, $80. The unexpended balance amounted to $259.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $2,600. The school owns 26 acres of land. Two
or three acres are used for school campus and the remainder is rented out.
Buildings: Estimated value, $21,2oo. There are two brick buildings of two stories
each and one frame cottage.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,650. Of this, $1,000 is in furniture, $500
in library books, and $150 in domestic-science equipment.
The campus is fairly well kept. The fences are whitewashed, and the grounds
present a neat appearance, but they could be greatly improved by trees and shrubbery.
The buildings are in good repair, and the dormitories for both boys and girls are clean.
Recommendations. r. That the school work be better adapted to the needs of the
community.
2. That gardening and industrial training be made effective.'
Ste recommendations in summary chapter, p. is.
38
NEGRO EDUCATION.
3. That the ministerial training be limited to instruction suited to the needs of
local ministers.
Date of visit: January, 1915.
CALHOUN COUNTY.
There are no private schools for colored people in the county outside of the city of
A Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teacher travels in the county, helping
the rural-school teachers to introduce industrial work, and to extend the work of the
school into the community.
Anniston.
ANNISTON.
White.
Population, Ivo.
Children 6 to 14 years of age
Teachers' salaries in public schools, Toil- I 2
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city
Percentage illiterate
8,224
.
1,561
$16, 055
Sio. 28
6. 6
Negro.
4, 570
874
$2, 36o
52. 7o
24. 3
There are 4 public schools for white pupils and 2 for colored. The number of
teachers is 25 in white schools and 7 in colored schools. The average attendance is 872
white pupils and 266 colored pupils. One of the public schools does fairly good industrial
work and provides instruction in a few secondary subjects. Since the Baptist Normal
and Industrial College is of slig educational value and t he Barber Memorial Seminary
is for boarders only, effort sh
be made to increase the public-school facilities. The
BarberMemorial Seminary an
e small parochial school connkted with it are deseribed
herewith, and the Eaptist institution is described in the summary of local Baptist
schools for Alabama.
BARBER MEMORIAL SEMINARY.
President: Robert L. Alter.'
A girls' school of elementary and secondary grade. All pupils are required to
board at the institution. The school is successful in its classroom work and home
training.
tees.
The school was founded in 1896 and is owned by a corporation of so white trusIt is controlled and aided by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen.
Attendance.Total, 135; elementary 119, secondary 16. Of those reporting
home address only seven were from Anniston.
Teachers and workers.Total, 16; white 13, colored 3; male 2, female 14; grades
and academic 7, industrial 2, music 1, gardening r, administrative workers 3, other
workers 2.
Organization.Elementary: There are five "preparatory" and "grammar" grades,
corresponding roughly to the usual upper elementary grades, with a little algebra and
teacher training added in the last year. Physiology and a half year of classroom agriculture are included.
Secondary: Secondary work is done .in the. three-year seminary course. It
includes: Latin, 3 years; English, 2; mathematics, 3; history, 2; Bible, " ; psychology,
music, j4; education, t,. No provision is made for science.
I White.
39
ALABAMA.
Industrial: Excellent instruction in sewing is provided. The cooking is done
chiefly in connection with the boarding department, and couir be improved by the
addition of theoretical work.
Financial, I9r3r4.No systematic accounts are kept. As far as could be determined the more important items were:
$8, 791
8, 142
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant..
55,
000
Sources of income: Presbyterian Board of Missions, $8,620; donations, $95; other
sources, $76. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and
amounted to $5,841.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $5,264; supplies for boarding department, $4,841;
furniture and books, $972; repairs, $955; power, light, and fuel, $912; outside sales,
$553; other expenses, $486.
Plant.Land: Fotimated value, $1o,000. The school owns 75 acres of land on a
mountain side within the city limits. , The land is not adapted to cultivation and only
a small plat is used for gardening.
Building: estimated value, $4o,000. The one building is a substantial three -story
brick structure.. The Presbyterian Church building is also located on the school grounds.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,000. Practically all the equipment is
furniture for classroom and dormitories.
Recommendations.-1. That the curriculum be reorganized so as to make adequate
provision for teacher training, elerrientary science, hygiene and sanitation, and the
theory and practice of gardening.'
2. That the officers of the institution strive for more active cooperation with the
schools of the county and the State.
3. That the administration provide for adequate accounts and records and for
effective supervision of school activities.
Dates of visits: May, 1913, February, 1915.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: A. W. Rice, the local pastor.
A small elementary school held in the church on the Barber Memorial Seminary
grounds. The teachers are the pastor and one woman assistant. There ,*ere 8o pupils
enrolled, all of whom were below the seventh grade. The school receives no aid from
thr Tl'esbyterian Board but is supported by tuition.
Recommendation. That the work be brought into close connection with Barber
Memorial Seminary so that it may receive proper supervision and support and may
serve as a practice school for the teachers trained at the seminary.
Date of visit. February, 1915.
COLBERT COUNTY.
Whim.
Population, 10zo
Children 6 to ig years of age, 5910....
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 54 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
.........
.
See remenossndationa in summary chapter. D. ft,
a
Neg
$to. 25
9, 449
2, 2o5
$1, 460
$3. 38
10. 2
t 3'7.5
15,352-
3,234
$33,20°
40
NEGRO EDUCATION
The rural population is 85.! per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 6.6 months for white pupils and 5.5 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 7o in white schools and 26 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,469 white pupils and 749 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The only public high school
in the county isiat Tuscumbia. The colored people of the community raise about $1,000
, annually to supplement the public appropriation to this school.
TUSCUMBIA.
TUSCUMBIA COLORED HIGH SCHOOL
Principal: G. W. Trenholm.
A public high school doing three years.of work, including a limited amount of industrial training for girls. Elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance.Secondary, 32; male 7, female 25. The elementary enrollment was
200.
Teachers.Secondary 3; all colored; male 1, female 2.
for the elementary grades.
There were three teachers
Organization.Secondary: The secondary course includes: English, 4t2 years;
mathematics, 3; Latin, 2; Germdh, ; pedagogy and psychology,
physics, t ;
biology, ;;; history, r.
Industrial: Sewing is the only industrial subject in the high school.
The elemen-
tary pupils have sewing, shuck work, and raffia.
Plant Estimated value, $5,000. The plant consists of 13. acres of land, a twostory frame building, and equipment valued at $400.
COOSA COUNTY.
Population, 2910
Children 6 to 24 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910..
White.
Negro.
to, 378
2, 326
6, 25§
t, 722
$20, 624
$8. 86
8. 5
$3, 896
*2. 26
41. I
The entire population is rural. The average length, of the public school term is
6.2 months for white pupils and 4.8 months for colored. The number of tenchers is
65 in white schools and 24 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,498 white
pupils and 531 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities. The most important effort to meet, this need is the development of the county training school described
below. The work of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. A
Jeanet Fund supervising. industrial teacher travels in the county, helping the teachers
in rural schools to introduce industrial work and extend the influence of the school into
the community.
ALABAMA.
41
COTTAGE GROVE.
COOSA COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: R. W. Taylor.
A school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It has been
selected as a central institution to supplement the work of the public schools.
Attendance. Total, 189; elementary 176, secondary 13; boarders, 17.
Teachers.Total. 4; all colored; Tale t, female 3. In addition a teacher of agriculture is employed for two days each week.
Organization.An eight-grade course is provided, with good work in sewing and
cooking for girls and cobbling for boys. Practical work is done in farming and loultry
raising. The extension activities include a lecture course for the farmers of the county,
conducted with Smith-Lever funds, and canning dubs. A county supervising teacher .
makes her -headquarters at the school. The school term is seven months.
Financ4, r9r.4-75.The income ampuntcd to approximately $1,65o, of which
$750 was from the county, $5oo from the Slater Fund, $3oo from tuition, and $loo
from other sources. Of the income, pi,618 was expended for salaries and the balance
for general purposes.
PlantEstimated valor, $L1 ,000 Of this $2,500 was in land, $8,000 in building,
and about $5oo in equipment. X part of the land is used for farm, garden, and orchard.
There are two large buildings and three smaller structures. The premises are well kept.
R -ommendation.That the work be encouraged and additional facilities for
teacher-training and high-school subjects be supplied as needed.
DALLAS COUNTY.
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.... ..
White.
Q1890
1, 773
43, 511
9, 717
S45, 5002
S12 363
$25. 6
2. 4
Negro.
SI. 27
47. 1
The rural population is 74.4 per cent of the total. The average length of the pub -b
lie school term is 8 months for white pupi and 5 months for colored. The number
of teachers is 84 in white schools and 1 in colored schools. The average attendance
e
is 1.,18o white pupils and 3,112 col ed pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities.
This need would
be more apparent if the figures for the city of Selma were excluded. Since the rural
districts have a very large colored population, the work of the elementary schools should
be extended and strengthened. The two private schools outside of the city of Selma
are at Beloit and Richmond, where they supply the only school facilities. Special effort
should be made to reorganize these schools so that they may furnish better educational
opportunities to the pupils of rural districts.
42
NEGRO EDUCATION.
BELOIT.
THE INDUSTRIAL MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION SCHOOL.
President : C. B. Curtis.'
An elementary day school with insufficient equipment, operated as a department of
the Industrial Missionary Association.' It was founded in 1888 by Rev. C. B. Curtis,
who is president and general =Wager of the association.
Attendance.Total, 157. There were no pupils above the sixth grade. Industrial
training is limited to a little sewing.
Teachers and workers.Total, 6; white 1, colored 5; male
female( 4. The
teachers are fairly well trained.
Financial, 1912-13.According to the printed report of the association, which
tains the only available figures for the school, the income for the year was $4,067.
Practically all of the income was expended for salaries.
Plant.Estimated value, $4,000. The school plant consists of about 2 acres of land
and three frame buildings. One of the larger buildings contains six el srooms; the
other buildings are used for teachers' homes. The classrooms are well equipped.
Recommendations.t. That the association endeavor to sell the property and .se
the money as endowment for the school.
2. That simple manual training for boys be emphasized.'
3. That an active treasurer be appointed and more detailed accounts-kept.
Dates of visits: May, 191,3; April, 1914; February, 1915.
,
RICHMOND.
STREET MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: E. M. Brown.
An elementary day school in a rural community. It is the only school for colored
children in the district.
a.
The school was founded in 1904 by the principal and is owned by,an incorporated
board of trustees. It is supported by donations and receives a small appropriation from
the county.
Attendance.Total, it 8 ; all elementary. Although no pupils board at the school, a
few from surrounding towns ,board with families in the community. The reported
enrollment for the year was 184.
Teachers and workers. Total, 8; all colored; male 4, female 4; academic 3, agriculture 1, domestic science 1, other workers 3.
White.
* The Industrial kWh:nary Association is an organization claiming to ski colored people In maintaining schools and churches
in purchasing farms. The management is almost entirely in the hands of the president and his wife, who la the treasurer of
tie association. The board of directors is composed chiefly of local colored people who have but little authority in the affairs
the associaticm0 Operations were begun in an with 4.ece acres of land and small school building. About z ,cco acres of this
Lad have belgtiold to colored farmers. A large part of the remainder Is cultivated by tenants. The association also owns a
general merchandise store, a sawmill, cotton gin, and meal and grist mill, which are managed as private enterprises by a colored
man, who also acts as secretary of the association. The land and wares are sold at the regular market price, and the prevailing
fate of interest is charird on sums due the association.
Through defects in the management and lack of confidence on the part of the local people the plan at the association has
for the most part been unsuccessful.
Sea recommendations in summary chapter, p. 21.
43
ALABAMA.
Organization.The eight elementary grades are fairly well to ht. The manual
Instruction in elementary agriculture provided.
Financial, 1913-14.The more important financial items for'the year were:
training work is negligible.
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
_2, 300
2,30o
1.784
23,92o
Sources of income : General donations, $2 poo; 'public school funds, $200; tuition and
fees, $1oo. The non-educational receipts amounted to $800, of which $7oo was from
teachers' board and Sioo from products of the farm and shops.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $1,5oo; equipment, $800; supplies for
boarding department, $5oo; traveling expenses, $200; repairs and other expenses, $roo.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness consisted of unpaid accounts for building and
supplies.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $1,o5r:
The school OVMS 3o acres of land, of which
25 acres are cultivated as farm and garden.
Buildings: Estimated value, $1o,85o. There are two 2-story buildings, a five-room
cottage and a two-room house, all frame structures. The two main buildings are poorly
planned and of inferior construction.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $2,000. Of the equipment about $1.,000 is in
shop tools, farm implements and live stock, and the remainder in classroom and household furniture.
Recommendation:'. -1. That the institution be developed as a community school.
2. That special effort be made to establish manual training for boys.'
3. Thit the trustees make an effort to develop increased cooperation with the
county.'
4. That the trustees endeavor to provide the small income necessary for this purely
local school, thereby saving the disproportionately large amount of traveling expense
and enabling the principal to spend more of his time at the school.
Date of visit: January, 1915.
SELMA.
White.
Population, two.
Ctrildren 6 to 14 years of age, 19 to
T hers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
Nesto.
$19, 231
7,863
t, 281
$3, 564
Sic. 44
1.6
$2. 78
28. 5
5.786
937
There are 3 public schools for white pupils and 1 for colored. The number of teachers
is 24 in white schools and to in colored schools. The average attendance is 716 white
pupils and 384 colored pupils. While the, one public school for colored people is above
the average- in quality of work, it is entirely inadequate for the city, accommodating
only about one-third of the children 6 to 14. The existence of three private schools,
with elementary departments having an aggregate attendance of 1,196, has doubtless
relieved the public officiips ofja proper feeling of responsibility for developing an ade.
See recommendations In summary chapter. D.
46927°-Bull.
a-
44
NEGRO EDUCATION.
quate city school system; while the competition between the private schools and the
need-of elementary work in different sections oc the city have led private institutions to
extend their elementary departments unnecessarily. Effort should be 'made by the
city officials and the Reformed Presbyterian Mission board to develop cooperation between the Knox Academy with its branch institutions and the public school. These
institutions could
ately supply the need for elementary and secondary training in
the city. Selma Unive 'ty and Payne University should abandon the Attempt to do,
elementary work and ccnter their efforts on the secondary and teacher-training departments. As these schools are located near each other an 'exchange of teachers might
prove profitable.
KNOX ACADEMY.
,
IC'
Superint-mdent : George A. Edgar.'
A well-managed school with large elementary and small secondary enrollment.
The institution comprises a certral school and three branch schools. One branch is in
East Selma and two in outlying sections of Dallas County.
The school was founded in 1874 by the Central Board of Missions of the Reformed Presbyterian Church; it is'the only institution owned and supported by this
I
board.
S Attendance.Total in central school, 45o; elementary 422, secondary 28. Vie
total enrollment for the year in the central school. was 617. The three branch schools
enrolled 255. 1
'
Teachers and workers.Total, ri; white 7, colored- ror male 2, female 4 i.
Three teach industrial subjects. The leachers are earnest and effective in their work.
Organization.---Elementary: The elementary work covers theusual tight grades.
Secondary: The high-school course comprises the regular college preparatory
subjects, with limited work in wood and iron for boys and cooking and sewing for girls.
The industrial work, though limitel in equipment and time allotment,. is thorough.
Financial, 7913-14.The more important financial items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts..
Eipenditures, less noneducational receipts
$7, 300
7,300
52,500
Value of pla211.
Sources of income: Reformed Presbyterian Board and churches, $6,000; tuition
and fees, $1,2oo; donations, $loo.
1
Items of ocpenditure: Salaries, $6,000; other expenses, $1,3oo.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $1,500
The land comprises a large city lot..
Very little space is provided for recreation.
Buildings: EstimMedvalue, $48,000. There are three brick buildings, one of which\
its a three-story structure where all the academic work is done. The others are the domestic'.
science builditig and the bpys' industrial building. In addition, there are tr vo neat frame
cottages used by the principal and the teachers. and three buildings used for the
.
branch schools.
I White: elected since date et visit.
ALABAMA.
6
45
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $3,000. The industrial equipment is
meager. The school is furnished with patent desks and has an auditorium which seats
about 500. There is an excellent artesian well on the grounds.
Recommendation. that the city and county be urged to relieve this institution
of elementary pupils, so that efforts may be centered on secondary courses and teacher
training
Dates of visits: May, 1913; January, 1914; January, 1915.
PAYNE UNIVERSITY.
President : H. E. Archer.
A school of elementary and secondary grade. The organization is complicated,
and many of the courses are not adapted to the ueeds-of the pupils.
The school was founded in 1888, and is owned by the six Alabama-conferences of
the African Methodist Episcopal fehurch. There are 125 trustees. Each trtatee is
expected to contribute $io to the school annually. .
A ttendonce.Total,165; elementarAo8, secondary 5i ; boarders, 75. Of the pupils
above the sixth grade 33 were male and 54 female.
Teachers and workers.Total, 13, all colored; male 4, female 9; grades 4, academic
8, matron
Four of tt.le teachers taught in the first six grades. Above the sixth grade
there were 8 teachers.
Oryanization.Elementary: The,elementary work is done in the six grades and in
two additional years. In spite of the small teaching force and crowded conditions
some of the work is excellently done.,
Secondary: The pupils above the eklith year are designated as' "normar-151i
-lc lege." The course includes: Latin, 4 years; Greek, 1; 'German, i ; English, 4;
mathematics, 7; history, 2; economics, 1; psychology, t ; education, 1; physiology, 1; elementary science, 3. The empliaNis on mathematics and ancient languages is excessive.
The 6 "theological" students reported were taking varictis combinations of e_lementart, secondary, and simple theological subjects. Though the combination of subjects in both the secondary and the theological courses is unwise, some of the teaching is
firly effective. The coufse is too heavy for eight teachers to handle.
Financial, 1913-r4.The financial managewent is-divided between the president
and a nonresidenttrcasurer. Neither of these officers keeps systematic records of the
financial operations and only estimates could be given. According to estimates by the
president the more important items, excluding the boarding department. were:
Income
Expenditure.
Indebtedness.
Value of plant
'
,
$6, Soo
G
.6, 400
t, Soo
35, Om
Sources of income: A. M. E. conferencp and Sunday schools, $5,000; tuition and
fees, $1,500. Figures for the boarding de artment cony not be obtained.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' sala s, $5,400; cater expenses, Si boo°.
Indebttduess: The indebtedness of $i
is secured by a mortgage on part of the
school property.
'
46
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Plant. Land: EstimatIlli value, $ro,000. The land comprises a city block conveniently located for school purposes.
Building's: Estimated value, $24,00o. There .are two large buildings and several
Cottages on the.grounds. The academic building is a two-story brick structure and contains classrooms, chapel, and offices. The girls' dormitory is a three-story frame building. There are several one-story frame cottages used for teachers' homes and boys'
dormitories. The grounds are not well kept and the-buildings are poorly constructed
antis need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,600. It is chiefly furniture and classroom fixtures.
Recommendations. r. Tbat the work be simplified and confined to a few well-chosen
courses with a reasonable number of pupils.
2. That the large elementary and secondary departments be not neglected in the
effort to maintain college and theological departments with a few pupils.
3. Thdt the secondary department be limited to a course resembling the present
normal course.
4. That the courses in manual training and gardening be made effective.'
5. That the double financial management be abolished, a good accounting system
installed, and an annual audit made by an accredited accountant.
Dates of visits: May; 1913; January, 1915.
SELMA UNIVERSITY.
President: R. T. Pollard.'
A school of secondary grade with large elementary attendance. The organization
is unduly elaborate, the management is not effective, and the supervision of the
.
dormitories is inadequate.
The institution was founded in 1878 by the Negro. Baptist State Convention of
Alabama. It is controlled by a board of 15 colored trustees and is aided by the Ameri'can
Baptist Home Mission Society.
Attendance. Total, 268; elementary 161, secondary 107. Of the secondary pupils,
9 were reported in college classes. Of the pupils above the eighth grade, 48 were male
and 59 female; there were 73 boarders. The reported enrollment for the year was 45o.
Teachers and workers.---Total, 21 ; colored 2o, white r ; male 8, female 13; grades 3,
academic 9, girls' industries 2, theology 2, music 1, commercial 1, other workers 3.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work covers eight grades.
Secondary: The three secondary courses outlined in the catalogue are called "col-
lege preparatory," "scientific," and "normal." The pupils who reported in the
"coll
preparatory" and "scientific" courses were, however, taking practically' the
The subjects of these courses are: Latin, 4 years; Greek, 1; Eftglish, 4;
math
, 3; elementary science, 3; historf, r ; economics,
ethics,
Bible i
Some pupils elect two additional years of Greek.
The subjects of the "normal" course
axe: Latin, 2 years; English,.3; mathematics, 2; history,?; economic, X; elementary
science, ; psycology, ; education, 1; ethics, j4; agriculture, i,. There Was practically
l See recommendations in summary chapter, p .es,
'Elected since dated visit.
)
OP.
,
ALABAMA.
47
no laboratory equipment for science. The 9 pupils reported in college classes were
continuing the secondary work.
Theological: No theological pupils were present on the day the school was
visited. The theolcigical subjects are for preachers in service who desire to add to their
limited education.
Industrial: Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for arc girls of the
"normal" course. There is no industrial work for boys. The 36 acres of land are not
used for educational purposes.
Discipline: The condition of the dormitory rooms indicated lair discipline.
Financial, 1913-14.The books were kept in accordance with a system outlined
by the American Baptist Home Mission Society, but the transactions involving the
boarding department and student labor were not clearly shown. As far as could be
determined the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness
Value of plant.
Sc, 479
9, 403
,
-> 200
83, 000
Sources of income: Churches, individuals, and Sunday Schools, $5,776; tuition
and fees, $1,2f$; American Baptist Home Mission 'Societies, $1,000; other sources,
$1,445. The noneducational receipts amounted to $8,747, of which $7,681 was from the
-boarding department and $1.o66 from sale of books.
. Items of expenditure: Salaries, $6,883; supplies and materials for boarding department, $5,435; light, heat, and water, $1,2331 supplies for academic department, $1,117;
student labor, $889; repairs, $845; travel, $622; supplies and sundries, $486; outside
labor, $57; other expenses, $582.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $15,000. The land comprises 36 acres near the
city limits. Approximately 20 acres are rented out. The remaining land is used for
campus.
Buildings: Estimated value, $65,000. There are three brick buildings, one cottage,
and several small houses. The main building, three stories high, is used for classrooms,
chapel, offices, and boys' dormitory. One`of the girls' dormitories,is three stories high
and contains dining hall and classrooms on the first floor; the other is two stories
high and contains laundry and classrooms for the primary grades in the basement. The
cottages are used as residences by the principal and teachers. The buildings are
poorly kept add in need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,000. Of the equipment, $'1,5oo is in
furniture for classrooms and dormitories, $30o in farm equipment and live stock, and
$2oo in other movable property.
Recommendations.-1. That the elementary department be discontinued and the
energies of the institution centered on a secondary course designed to train teachers
and preachers for a people 8o per cent rural.
2. That college work be deferred until the secondary department is adequately
quipped
NEGRO EDUCATION.
48
3. That the theory and practice of gardening and simple manual training be made
part of the regular course.'
4. That the dormitories be so supervised as to impress the pupils with the importance of cleanliness and order.
Dates of visits: May, 1913; January, 1915; January, 1916.
ELMORE COUNTY.
Population, tgto
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-15
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
14, 999
Negro.
13, 246
3,3x,
3,138
$35, 183
$to. 62
$3, 68o
$1. 16
6. 3
39. 3
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
7.1 months for white pupils and 4.4 months for colored. The number of teachers is 97
in white' schools and 33 in colored schools. The average attendance is 2,106 white pupils
and 827 colored pupils. These statistics indicate the need of additional school facilities.
This need justifies the maintenance of the private school at Kowaliga, provided it
continued as a central training school for the county.
schools should be extended and strengthened.
is
The work of the public elementary
KOWALIGA.
KOWALIGA ACADEMIC AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. A. Dingus.'
An elementary day school in a small rural conunyttity. Some provision is made
for manual training and agricultural instruction. ,
The school was founded in i898 by William E. Benson, a colored man, native of
the community. It was a. part of a general enterprise which included, besides the
school, the Dixie Industrial Co.' The school is owned by a board of trustees of
prominent Northern men and women and local colored men.
Attendance.Total, 170. All the putts are in elementary grades..
Teachers.Total, I2 i all colored; male 8, female 4. The teachers are, for the most
part, graduates of good schools and competent to do the teaching assigned to them.
Organization..The classroom work is elementary. Manual training in wood and
iron is ;taught to boys and some instruction in agriculture is provided. Girls are taught
cooking, sewing, millinery, and basketry.
Financial, 1912-11.A good system of accounting has been installed at the.`sthool.
According to the auditor's statement for the year, the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less nonedticational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of property
$8, 076
7, 672
to, 6o1
33, 342
I Bea recommendations is summary chapter. p.
Elected sire date el vhit.
The Dixie Industrial Co. la a commerdal concern capitalized at Iltoo.000 and owning iocco acres of land, a atom, a turpen.
tine still, colt aseed-cil mill, Cotton gin, and go tenant farms aggregating 1.floo acrft. It recently borrowed lirs.coe in order to
construct a railroad connecting the Dixie industries with the railroad oration is miles away. The school and the company have
sups trustees in COMMOU, but are separate organizations.
49
ALABAMA.
Sources of income: General donations, $7,641 ; tuition and fees, $245; other sources,
$190. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,671; traveling expenses of treasurer, $1,816; office
e penses, $1,6o5; net cost of boarding department, $1,152; supplies for academic
department, $195; net cost of farm, $190; students' aid, $43.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness, $9,166 was in notes payable and $1,445 in
accounts payable to tradesmen, teachers, and others.
School property: The property consists of $25,511 in the school plant and $7,830
in endowment. Of the endowment $7,230 is in shares of stock in the Dixie Industrial Co.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $2,872. The land comprises '249 acres. About
5o acres have been under cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value, $18,447. There are three 2-story buildings, a 1-story
building, and ft large barn. The buildings are neat frame structures, fairly well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $4,192. The equipment consists of classroom, dormitory, and office furniture, some farm implements and shop tools.
Recommendation.That the trustees maintain the school as a community school
and endavor to develop cooperation with the county.
Dates of visits: May, 1913; May, 1914.
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
Population, :910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 3930
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911 -I
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in cohnty
Pefcentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Negro.
135,839
25,834
90,617
$442, 356
$x7. 12
$65,077
3.6
14, 391
$4. 52
25. 4
The rural population is 36.6 per cent of the total. The average length of the
public school term is 7.7 months for white pupils and 6.5 months for colored. The
number of teachers is 755 in white schools and 222 in colored schools. The average
attendance is 20,970 white pupils and 8,107 colored pupils. Though the schools of
Jefferson County are increasing in efficiency, the large mining population renders it
difficult for the schools to keep up with the growth of the community. Outside of the
city of Birmingham there are no strictly private schools' Some of the mining companies aid the public schools hy assessing each miner $1 per month. This sum is
deducted from the salary of the miner and paid to the school by the company. A
Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teacher travels in the county aiding the teachers in
rural schools to introdike industrial work and to extend the influence of the school into
the community.
BIRMINGHAM.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to x4 years of age
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 3911-x 2.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city.
Percentage illiterate, 19 xo.
White.
801369
13.557
$300, 719
$32. 17
2.3
Nen%
52,305
7,982
$41,692
$3. 22
22.
50
NEGRO EDUCATION.
There are 38 public schools for white pupils and 21 for colored. The number of
teachers is 455 in white schools and 122 in colored schools. The average attendance
is 11,735 white pupils and 4,603 colored pupils. The growth of the city of Birmingham
has been so rapid that it has been difficult to provide proper buildings for the school
children of either race. The colored schools have an aggregate attendance of 4,603,
or about 6o per cent of the number of children 6 to 14 years of age. The Thomas School
is modernkand well equipped, but most of the schools are housed in old frame buildings.
Only about half the buildings are owned by the city. In 1915 the colored high school
building was condemned and the school was temporarily moved to rented quarters.
There are five private schools within the city limits. Three are in the city proper and
two are in such sparsely settled suburbs that they really belong to the rural section
of the county. The three schools in the city have an attendance of 514 pupils, mostly
elementary. The two suburban schools have an attendance of 410, of whom 1o6 are
secondary. All these schools are evidently needed to supplement the city and county
/systems. Tuggle Institute, however, would serve a more useful purpose if moved to a
rural section and reorganized on a simpler basis. This school is described in the summary of small independent schools of Alabama.
Miles Memorial College is the only school in Alabama maintained by the Colored
Methodist Episcopal Church, and Central Alabama Institute serves as the State Methodist Episcopal school. With their denominational support both of these schools could
be developed as boarding schools serving a large territory. Their support would have to
be increased, however, and their secondary work strengthened before they could serve
this purpose adequately: In- view of the industrial opportunities in and around Birmingham it is unfortunate that neither of these schools places adequate emphasis on
industrial work.
BIRMINGHAM PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: A. H. Parker.
A large public high school doing good industrial work in spite of cramped quarters.
Attenclatue.Total, 387. The total annual eqrollment was 428, of whom 139 were
male and 289 female.
Teachers.Total, 9; all colored; male 3, female 6.
Organization.The course is commendably simple; it is modern in its prorision for
history and science. No foreign language is taught.
Industrial: All pupils take 5 hours a week of industrial work. The boys have carpentry and tailoring throughout the course; the girls, cooking and sewing. In addition
to the practical work in cooking and sewing, the girls have 2 years in the theory of
household arts.
Plant.--2-The plant has been neglected, and in 1915 the building was condemned by
the city authorities. The school has since been taught in a rented building.
Date of ,visit:' February, 1915:
ALABAMA.
51
MILFS MEMORIAL COLLEGE.
President: G. A. Payne.
A school of elementary and secondary grade which has become disorganized as a
result of frequent changes in administration and lax methods on th part of Previous
administrations.
The school was founded in 1907 and is owned and controlled b the Alabama conference of the Colored Methodist Episcopal. Church. Members of th board of trustees
are selected by the conference and the ,ishop has supervision over the school.
Attendance. Total, 2 20 ; elementary 165, secondary 55; boarders, 109. Of the
55 secondary pupils, 21 were male and 34 female. The reported enrollment for the year
was 246.
Teachers and workers. Total, 14,1 all colored; male 6, female 8; academic i t,
industrial teacher, matron, and president.
Organizatian.Elementary: The elementary work covers the usual eight eleinentary grades.
Secondary: The secondary work is divided into the college preparatory course with
16 pupils, and the "normal" course with 39. Subjects of the college preparatory
course are: Latin, 4 years; Greek, 2; English, 3; mathematics, 4; elementary.science, 2.
Physiology, physical geography, and history are also offered. The subjects of the
"normal" are: Latin, 2 years; English, 2; elementary science, t; physical geograAt
phy, 1; physiology,
; nstory, 1. Courses in psychology, school management, and
methods are also provided.
Financial, 1912I3.2-The school has suffered for a number of years from bad financial management. Only meager records allt kept and it is difficult to obtain accurate
figures. As far as could be determined, the more important items were:
1
Income, expluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness 2
Value of plant
$3, 094
2, 939
41300
58, 000
Sources of income: Tuition and fees, $1,589; church conferences and contributions,
$1,390; Other sources, $25. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding
department and amounted to $3,154.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $1,668; teachers' salaries,
$1,556; equipment and hardware supplies, $1,377; fuel, light, and water, $504; "general
expenses," $268; repairs and building material, $141; printing and advertising, $139;
old accounts, $104; domestic service, $92; other expenses, $244.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $3o,000. The land comprises 3o acres, beautifully
located on the Birmingham-Ensley car line. A small garden is cultivated on a commercial basis. The campus was fairly well kept.
puddings: Estimated. valfie, $25,000. There is a three-story brick building used
for general school purposes and as the girls' dormitory. The building is poorly con1, When the school was Waited in wog the teadiing force was reduced to nine in order to enable the school to save money to
meet its indebtedness.
t Indebtedness and value of plant are for sass. A large bulldog which was in cause of erection was burned in ista and the
Insurance manerapplied to the liquidatice of the indebtedness of the school. Which at that time amounted to more than 113.cos.
52
NEGRO EDUCATION.
structed, but the rooms were in fair condition. The other building is a small structure
used for industrial work.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,000. The equipment consists of dormitory, classroom, and office furniture.
Recommendation-v.-1. That the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church make special
effort to relieve the school of the financial embarrassment in which it has been involved
by the frequent changes of administration.
2. That the plans for the future provide for boys' dormitory, gardening course,
simple industrial training for boys and girls, and the strengthening of the teachertraining course.'
3. That a resident treasurer be appointed, a system of books installed, and an
annual audit made by an accredited accountant_
Dates of visits: May, 1913; January, 1914; February., '1915.
MILLER MEMORIAL SCHOOL.
_Principal: L. B. Ellerson.
4.A Presbyterian parochial school of elementary grade taught by the local pastor
in an annex to the church. It is owned and partially supported by the Presbyterian
Board of Missions for Freedmen.
Attendance.Total, 176; all elementary day pupils., The reported enrollment for
the year was 307.
Teachers.Total, 7; all colored; male 1, female 6.
Organization.Eight grades of elementary work are provided, with 2 hours a week
in sewing and basketry for-girls. The discipline and order are good.
Financial, 1912-1 3.The income was $1,325, of which $1,000 was from the Presbyterian board, and $325 from tuition. Expenditures included $1,2da for teachers' salaries
and $125 for other purposes.
Recommendation. That the school be continued-only so long as the public school
facilities of the neighborhood are inadequate
Date of visit: January, 1914.
Sr. MARK'S ACADEMIC AND ITA)USTRIA.L INSTITUTE:
Principal: C. W. Brooks.
A school of elementary grade with a few secondary pupils and a small hoarding
department. The local rector is in charge.
The school was founded in 1892, and is owned by the Protestant Episcopal
Diocese of Alabama.
The institution receives aid from the American Church Institute
for Negroes of the Episcopal Church.
Altendance.,---Total, 192; elementary 171, secondary 21. The reported annual
enrollment was 220.
Teachers and workers.Total, 7; the principal and 6 colored women.
Organization.The course includes eight elementary and three secondary` grades.
The subjects of the secondary classes are,English, 3 years; satin, 3; mathematics, 2;
I See recosnmendatIcas in summary chapter.
D.
.2.
53
ALABAMA.
elementary science, 1; history, 2 ; civics, X; and Bible, X. Some instruction in cooking
and sewing is provided for pupils above the fifth grade.
Financial, I9r3-14.The accounts are kept by a prominent white man of Birmingham. The more important items were
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant.
$4, 485
4, 404
6, 95o
52, 000
Sources of income: Episcopal Board of Missions, $1,820; tuition and fees, $1,234;
American Church Institute for Negroes, $1,175; donations, $35; other sources, $221.
The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to
$2,746.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $2,734; salaries, $2,163;
supplieS for academic department, $816; power, light, and fuel, $731; interest on debt,
$518; equipment, $160; insurance, $28.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness, $6,000 is secured by mortgage'on the school
property and $95o is in the form of unsecured notes,
PlantLand: Estimated value, $5,000. The land consists of a large city lot near
the center of Birmingham.
Building: Estimated value, $15,000. The school owns only one building, a large
brick structure with 23 rooms. A small shop building is rented. The school building
is poorly ventilated and badly in need of repairs.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $2,000. The equipment consists of classroom and dormitory furniture and a few tools in the shop.
Recommendation.That the school be continued only so long as the public-school
facilities are inadequate.
Dates of visits: Mav, 1913; December, 1914.
CENTRAL ALABAMA INSTITUTE.
President: J. B. F. Shaw.'
A 'School of elementary and secondary grade. It was founded in 1872, at Huntsville, Ala and moved to Birmingham in 19o4. A board of trustees selected largely
from the Central Alabama Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church cooperates
with the Freedmen's Aid Society in the Support and supervision of the school. It is
owned by the Freedmen's Aid Society.
A tiendance.Total, 19o; elementary 139, secondary 51; boarders, 60.
Teachers and warkers.Total, t; all colored; male 4, female 7; grades 3,
academic 3, music 2, matron 1, office 1, fanner 1.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work covers the regular eight grades:
Secondary : The secondary work is divided into two courses, "college preparatory"
With 18 pupils augl " normal" with 33.
The courses follow the work outlined by the Freed-
men's Aid Society. The college preparatory subjects are:Latin or modem language, 2
years; mathematics, 3; science, 2X; history and civics, 2; Bible, 1; music, 1; physical
culture, T. The "normal" course covers: Latin, 2 years; English, 2 ; mathematics, 3;
I alerted since date el visit.
_
54
NEGRO EDUCATION.
physiology, ;; science,
agriculture,
methods, 1; psychology and education, i;
domestic science, I ; practice teaching and reviews, 2.
Industrial: A little'sewing is taught by one of the matrons. Boarding pupils are
.required to give anilour of labor a day to the school. There is some practice work .in
gardening.
I
Financicil, 1913 -14. --The finances of the school arc controlled by the Freedmen's
Aid Society. The more important items for the year were:
Incorn6, excluding noneducational receipts'
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$5, 657
5,'45
.
42, 500
Sources of income: Freedmen's Aid Society, $2,900; tuition and fees, $1,:.;4 2 ; general
I
donations, $148; other sources, $1 ,367. The -noneducational receipts were from the
boarding department and amounted to $3,718.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,746; supplies, ,41,643; other expenses, $31474.
Plan.Land: Estimated value, S15,000. The school owns 4o acres of valuable
land at Mason City, a few miles from Birmingham. Much of the land is still uncleared.
The appearance of the campus reveals the absence of a general plan of improvement.
Buildings: Estimated value, $25,000. There are six buildings on the grounds.
Two of these are large brick structures. The buildings are new and in good repair and
the dormitories are well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,500. The movable equipment consists
of furniture for classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendations.I. That the training o'f teachers fo
ral districts be made the
main object of the school. To this end larger:provision sho ld be made for teachertraining subjects, theory and practice of gardening, and simple
nual ttaining
'2. That the school authorities discourage the attendance of elementary pupils for.
whom the public schools provide.
Date of visit: May, 1913. Facts verified, December, 1915.
LAUDERDALE COUNTY.
Population, 1910 .
Children 6 to 14 years of age, I9T0...
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 19 z 1-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
............
The rural population is
White.
23, 840
Negro.
7,096
I, 593
5,397
$34, 83o
$2, xoo
$6.45
$1.31
ii..6
35.9
78.4 per cent of the total. The average length of the
months for white pupils and 3.5 months for colored. , The number of teachers is ioo in white schools and 25 in colored. schools. The average attendance is 2,946 white pupils and 774 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the- need for additional school facilities. The presence
of the Burrell Normal School is justified by this need and the school should be
'encouraged in furnishing secondary and industrial school facilities. The work of the
'elemen
schools should be extended and strengthened.
public school term Is
5
I Set rtaxamendations in summary chapter, p. as..
I
ALABAMA.
55
FLORENCE.
BURRELL NORMAL SCHOOL.
Principal: George N. White.
A day school of elementary grade with small secondary enrollment. It was established by the Congregational Church in Selma, Ala., as the Burrell Academy, and was
moved to its present site in 19o4. It is owned and supported by the American
Missionary Association of the Congregational Church.
Attendahce.Total, 160; elementary 142, secondary i 8. The reported mainment for the year was 225.
Teachers.Total, 8; the principal and 7 colored women.
Organization. The eight elementary grades are fairly well taught. The four-year
secondary course includes Latin, English, practice teaching, mathematics, physics,
physical geography, and a half year of geology and astronomy. Music has a large
place in the activities of the school. Industrial training is limited to a little plain
sewing.
Financial, 19r3-14.Very simple records are kept at the school. The financial
management is under the supervision of the American Missionary Association and
periodic reports are made to the association. The more important items for the year
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts....
Value of plant
s..
391
3, 391
1o, 300
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $2,496; tuition and fees,
$752; donations, $128; other sources, $15. The noneducational receipts amounted
to $193, of which $140 was from outside sales and $53 from room rent.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,969; supplies for teachers' dining room, $422;
equipment, $248; student aid and labor, $220; academic supplies, $198; heat, light,
and water, $192; repairs, $92; outside labor, $40; other expenses, $303.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $2,000. The land comprises 4 acres of city
property.
800. A two-story 10-room brick building is
Buildings: Estimated value,
owned, Two buildings are rented and used for teachers' home..
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $I ,Soo. The movable equipment consists of office and classroom furniture and a piano.
Recommendations. -1. That the school authorities endeavor to obtain the cooperation of public authorities in developing this institution into a county training school.
2. That provision be made for teacher training and gardening .for all pupils and
manual training for boys.'
Date of visit: May, 1913' Facts verified: December, 1915.
.
LIMESTONE COUNTY.
.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to .ris years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-13
Teachers' salaries per chilli 6 to i4 in county.
Percentage illiterate, zsgo.
t
See recommendations in summary chapter.:.
t
.
3:
Neva
White.
16, 625
ro,.255
3,696
41, 454
$36, 000
$325
So. 13
54.7
=7.03
12.5
4
NEGRO EDUCATION.
56
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
6.7 months for white pupils and 2.4 months for colored. The number of teachers
is 73 in white schools and 5 in colored schools.
pupils and 15o colored pupils.
The average attendance is 2,202 white
The striking inadequacy of the public schools for colored people indicates a real
need for the facilities furnished by the Trinity School.
This school is worthy of support,
and should be encouraged in the addition of manual training and a small boarding
department, so that children of the surrounding country may have a better educational
opportunity than is provided in the ordinary rural schools.
ATHENS.
TRINITY SCHOOL
Principal: Miss Louise H. Allyn.'
A good elementary day school with small secondary enrollment. It was founded
in r866 in the center of an old fort which was the scene of several battles during the
Civil War. It is owned and supported by the American Missionary Association of
the Congregational Church.
Attendance.Total, 225. The enrollment' of the school has fluctuated in the past
two years between 25o and 35o. The high-school enrollment has varied from lo to 3o.
All are day pupils from Athens and the surrounding country districts.
4*achers.Total, 8; white 4, colored 4 ; all women. The teachers are well trained.
rganization.The course covers ro grades. Although the school is well supplied
with teachers, there is little industrial work (tone. The girls have sewing. The
commodious new building which has just been erected is used solely for acadeinic
purposes. The basement, which was to accommodate the industrial kpartment,
left unfinished owing to lack of funds.
Financial, 1913-14.The financial management is under the supervision of the
American Missionary Association. Very few books or records were kept at the school,
but a ,simple system of.accounts has been installed recently. The more important
items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
$4, 537
4. 537
Value of plant ...
12,200
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $1,385; donations, $1,925;
tuition and fees, $1,095; other sources, $132. The noneducational receipts were from
outside sales and amounted to $102.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,888; supplies for teachers' dining room, $689;
poWer, light, and heat, $264; student aid and labor, $241; equipment, $163; repairs,
$131; outside labor, $12o .supplies, $65; other expenses, $1,078.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $7o0. The land comprises 6 acres on the edge
of the town.
Buildings: Estimated value, Sto,000.
The school building is of brick, with steam
It
is
substantially
constructed with well-lighted classheat and sanitary appliances.
There
are
two
floors complete. The teachers,
The
basement
is
unfinished.
rooms.
I White.
V
ALABAMA.
home is a two-story brick house.
57
The shop, a small frame building worth about $3oor
is not in .use.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, ST,54:3o. The equipment consists of good
school desks and plain, neat, furniture in the teachers' home.
Recommendations. t. That. the school authorities endeavor to have the county
increase the facilities for elementary grades so. that this
may be devoted to
secondary and teacher-training courses.
2. That provision be made for simple manual training and the theory and practice
of gardening)
Date of visit: February, 1915.
LOWN DE'S COUNTY.
White.
3, 769
8o8
Population, 19to
Cpdren 6 to14 years of age, icoo
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 191 r-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county, 1.910
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
528, 356
$35. 09
3. 7
Negro.
a8, 125
6, 786
$8, 6o6
Si. 26
51. I
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public school term is 7.3
months for white pupils and /I months for colored. The number of teachers is 54
in White schools and 73 in colored schools. The average attendance is 646 white pupils
and 2,930 colored pupils.
Effort has been made 'to correct the inadequacy of public schools for colored people
as revealed in these statistics. The county, ia cooperation with the Slater Fund and
the General Education Board, is providing a central training school at Charity, and
improvements are being made in the public schools. A Jeanes Fund supervising
industrial teacher travels in the community helping the teachers in rural schools to
introduce industrial work and extend the influence of the school into the community.
There is, however, evident need of better elementary, secondary, and industrial work
in ..the county. The Calhoun Colored SChool, at Calhoun, is efficient in all of its
departments. Through its extension work it is accomplishing gc;od results in the
community. With reorganization, the Alabama Christian Institute, at Lum, would
also serve as a helpful supplementary agency to the public schools.
CHARITY.
LOWNDES COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. E. E. Edwards.
An elementary school selected as a central institution to supplement the work of the
public schools.
Attendance. Total, 15o; all elementary.
Teachers and workers.Total, 5; all colored.
Organization. An eight-grade course is provided. Simple courses in cooking,
sewing, and laundering, together with manual worli, are planned, but adequate provision
has not yet been made for this work, since the school was only recently (1916) made a
county training school. The school term is 7 months.
/
I See recommendations in stunAaary chapter, p.
RI.
58
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Financial,' 194-15.--The income amounted to $1,250, of which $750 was from the
' county and $50o from the Slater Fund. In addition $5oo was appropriated by the Slater
Fund for building. The expenditures for school purposes amounted to $1,250, of which
$1,050 was for salaries.
PlantEstimated value, $4,700. Of this, $3,200 was in building, $1,000 in land,
and $50o in equipment. The building is a fairly good frame structure. The land comprises ro acres, a large part of which is used for instruction in gardening and farming.
The equipment consists of classroom furniture, farm implements, and simple induNtrial
apparatus.
Repmmendation.That the work be encouraged and additional facilities supplied
for the boarding department, secondary work, and teacher training.
CALHOUN.
CALHOUN COLORED SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Charlotte R. Thorn.'
An excellent community school of elementary grade with some secondary pupils.
The school is located in a "black belt"- rural county. Its work is highly effective in
character development. The simple industrial and agricultural training is adapted to
the needs of the people. The land-purchasing companies organized and conducted
by the school have been remarkably successful. Through them many colored tenants
have purchased land and built comfortable homes.
The institution was founded in 1892 by Miss Thorn and Miss Dillingham, who
formerly taught at Hampton Institute. It is owned and controlled by a board of
trustees composed of influential men.
Attendance. Total, 275; male 124, female 15 boarders, 90.
Teacher; and workers.Total, 27; white
colored 15; 'pale 8, female 19; grades
ro, girls' industries 5, boys' industries 3, agriculture 1, extension work 2, executive work
4, others 2. All are graduates of good schools and devoted to their work.
Organization.The classroom work consists of eight elementary grades and one
secondary grade. A night school is provided for pupils who are employed during the
day. All p 'ils are required to board at the school for one year before graduating.
;
pecia atten o is given to preparing teachers for rival schools. The subjects and
methods
ing are in accord with the best thought in education.
All pupils beyond the fourth grade have manual training and trade instruction in
shops and workrooms. Carpentry, blacksmithing, and shoe repairing are taught in a
practical way, some of the pupils working all day in the shops and assisting in the
erection. and repair of buildings on the school grounds as well as in the community.
Institute: The girls begin sewing in the second grade and continue it throughout all
the classes with the exception of the fifth and seventh grades. Instruction in cooking
is given two hours a week in all grades above the third, with the exception of
the sixth grade. The home training of the girls who board.at the school is especially
thorough. 'this training includes practice in the sewing and crafts rooms, laundry,
kitchen, and teachers' homes.
1 White.
59
ALABAMA.
Agriculture: The theory and practice of agriculture are made a part of the regular
Practically all the pupils receive some instruction in the cultivation of the
soil. In the ninth grade special attention is given to farm crops and animal husbandry.
The instruction, is adapted to the farming conditions of the county. The influence of
the school farm on the methods of local farmers is quite apparent.
Community work : The most significant community work undertaken is the organization and management of land-purchasing companies. The first effort in this direction was the purchase of a small amount of land in 1895 for reselling in farms ranging
in size from 4o to 6o aries. Since that date about 4,000 acres of land have been purchased in large tracts and-sold in small sections to colored farmers. To the purchase
of land there has been added a plan to erect better houses. The total sum paid by the
course.
people on land and housi through the school agency has been nearly $50,000.
The other neighborhood activities are parents' meetings, farmers' conference and
agricultural fair, county teachers' meeting, and various clubs for the purpose of improving the farms and homes of the community. Two "outpost" schools are maintained at
some distance from the institution. These are typical one-room rural schools taught
by Calhoun graduates who are trying out effective methods of rural work. The school
nurse.menders valuable aid to the people in many ways.
Financial, 1913-14.The hooks are carefully kept and a printed report is made
annually to the trustees. The financial management is good. The more important
items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational recc
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts Oa
Indebtedness
Value of property
.
$31,698
31, oo6
4, 450
isa, 494
Sources of income: Donations, $24,993; endowment, $4,559; tuition and fees,
$1,470; interest on bank deposits, $32; other sources, $644. The noneducationa,
receipts amounted to $2,133. Of this $1,005 was from the boarding department,
$1,014 from shop sales, and $114 from sales of stationery and supplies.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $16,001 ; subsistence of teachers and students,
$4,264; heating and lighting, $2,721; traveling expenses, $1,85o; farm expenses, $1,455
industrial supplies, $1,063; labor, $1,003; repairs to buildings, $829; office supplies,
$599; furniture and equipment, $543; insurance and taxes, $542; care of grounds, $502;
extension work, fairs, conferences, and missions, $484; academic supplies an4stationery,
$266; medical expenses, $206; publicity, $205 ; textbooks, $146; interest on loan, $135;
library expenses, $99; chapel expenses, $$9; auditing, $5o; other expenses, $117.
Indebtedness: Of the indAatedness, $4,1oo was in current bills payable and $356 in
salaries due teachers.
Property: Of the schOol property, $93,999 was in endowment and $88,495 in the
school plant. The endowment funds are carefully adthinistered by the investment
committee in New York.
0
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $5,650. The school owns 109 acres of land and
rents 20 acres for farm purposes. The school cultivates 6o acres in connection with
instruction in practical agriculture. The campus comprises about to acres. It is well
kept, has trees and shrubbery, and presents a neat appearance.
46927.Bull.
60
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Buildings: Estimated value, $41,950.
There are 18 buildings, including 6 teac.hetsk
cottages, 4 industrial buildings, 3 classroom buildings, 2 dormitories, the executive
building, the commissary, and the sdoctor's office. The buildings are dean and well
cared fort'
Movable equiith: Estimated, value, $40,895. The equipment includes furniture,
engine house and shohinery, pumping-station apparatus, farm, implements, and
live stock.
Recommendations.-1. That the financial aid necessary to continue the school work
be provided.
2. That funds be supplied to continue land purchasing and home building for the
community.
Dates of visits: May, 1913; February, 1914; January, 19(5.
Lin( .
ALABAMA CHRISTIAN INSTITUTE.
Principal: I. C. Franklin.
A school of elementary grade with a' few pupils in secondary subjects. A small
amount of industrial work is done.
The school, was founded by the colored men of the local Christian Church in 19oo.
It is owned by a local board of trustees and aided by the Christian Woman's Board of
Missions.
Attenclanc. e.Total, 93; elementary 85, secondary 8; boarders, la
Teachers. Total, 6, all colored; male 2, female 4; classroom teachers 4, industrial 1,
matron 1.
Financial, 1973-14.The financial records are meager. As far as could be determined the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plait
,
.
.
$2, 512
7, 51.2
8, 875
Sources of income: Christian Woman's Board of Missions, $2,441; general donations,
The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and the farm and
amounted to $1,037.
$71.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,330; boarding department supplies, $768; farm
expenses, $650; repairs, $592; other expenses, $209.
Plant. Land : Estimated value, $975. The school owns 65 acres of land about 8
miles from the railroad, with 35 acres under Cultivation. A large part of the land is
used for campus. Apparently very little effort has been made Lq beautify the grounds.
Buildings: Estimated value, $6,500. There are two poorly built frame buildings
two stories high, a frame residence, and several wooden structures. The first floor of
each of the two larger buildings is used for classrooms; the second floor of one of them is
used for girls' dormitory, and that of the other for chapel. The dormitories for the few
boarding students were dirty and lacked heating facaities.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,400. The equipment consists of rough
furniture for classrooms and dormitories and a small amount of farm equipment.
See recommendaticas in summary chapter. p. ss.
ALABAMA.
61
Reconsinendatiors.I. That the institution be developed Asa teacher;- training school.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course.
3. That a simple system of book*eeping be installed.
Date of visit: January, 1915
MACON COUNTY.
'White.
Population, into.
Negro.
22, 039
5, 465
$9, 968
$1, 82
36. 3
4,007
Children 6 to 14 'years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1921-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county .
.
....
811
$17,485
$21.55
.
44
The rural population is 89.2 per Cent of the total. The average length of the
publicschool term is 7.2 months for white pupils and 5.3 months for Colored. The
number of teachers is 41 in white schools and 64 in colored schools. The average attend.
ance is 702 white pupils and 2,970 colored pupils.
Percentage illiterate, igio
Considerable effort has been made by the State department of education and Tuske..
gee
Institute to increase the efficiency of Macon County schools.' The effort has
the hearty cooperation of the county superintendent of schools. ,Several schools have
been erected with the aid of the Rosenwald Fund and the extension department of
Tuskegee Institute exercises a stimidating influence on the teachers.
The Cotton Valley School at Fort Davis serves as a central institution where
-
pupils of the southern part of the county may supplement the training received in
the public schools.
FORT DAVIS.
COTTON VALLEY SCHOOL
Principal: M. S. Jones.
An elementary day school doing a needed work in a rural community. It was
founded in 1877 by the Congregational Church and is owned and supported by the
American Missionary Association of that body.
Atiendance.Total, 200_; all elementary.
Total, 5; all colored; the principal and 4 women.
Organitaticm.Regular elementary work of eight grades is offered, though only one
pupil was enrolled in the eighth grade. The industrial work consisted of simple manual
Teachers.
training for boys and plain sewing and basketry for girls.
Financial, 1913-14.Few records or books were, kept, but a simple system has
recently been installed. The financial management is controlled by the American Missionary Association. The more important items were:
Income. excluding noneducational receipts....
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts...
VIdue of plant
,
$2, 071
3,071
s, tiso
Sources of income:, Donations, $1,759; American Missionary Association, $89;
tuition and fees; $223. The noneducational- receipts were from garden and other
sales, and amounted to $315.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,o9t ; supplies for teachers' dining room, $286;
student aid and labor, $208; academic supplies, $129; equipment, $62; power, light, and
heat, $61; other expenses, $549
62
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $500. The land comprises about 8 acres.
small plat is used for garden.
A
Buildings: Estimated value, $4,100. There are two frame buildings. The academic
building contains five rooms and the teachers' home eight.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,050. The equipment consists of simple
furniture for classrooms and the teachers' home.
Recommendation.That cooperation with the public-school system be developed
and greater emphasis be placed upon the simple industries suited to the rural community.'
Date of visit: May, 1913. Facts verified, February, 1916.
TUSKEG E E.
TUSKEGEE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: Robert R. Moton.'
A vocational school of secondary grade, preparing teachers of academic, industrial,
and agricultural subjects and supervisors of county industrial-school work. The
genius of Booker T. Washington gave to the institution world-wide fame as the ex-
ponent both of the educational value of manual labor and the correlation of academic
subjects with industrial training. Its community and extension work is worthy to be
ranked among the important educational activities of the times. The institution,
officered and taught from the beginning by colored men and women, is to that extent
the most striking achievement of the Negro race and undoubtedly the greatest factor
in overcoming prejudice against the education of the race.
The school was established by an act of the Alabama Legislature, session of 1880,
as the Tuskegee State Normal School. Two thousand dollars was appropriated to pay
salaries. The first session, July 4, 1881, opened in a rented shanty chneh, with 30 _
pupils and one teacher. The first principal of the institution, Booker T. Washington,
brought to the work his own creative ability and the educational ideals of his friend
and teacher, Samuel Chapman Armstrong, he founder of Hampton Institute. He
continued as principal until his death in November, 1915. Through his tact arid
energy the plant and endowment have been increcsed to an aggregate value of almost
4,000,000. In 1893 the institution was incorporated under its present name. In
1899 the United States Congress gave the school 25,000 acres of mineral land. Of
this, 5,1oo acres have been sold and the proceeds applied to the endowment fund. The
remaining 19,900 acres are valued at $250,000. The ownership and control of the
institution are vested in a board of trustees composed of influential white and colored
men from the North and from the South.
Atlendance.Total, 1,338; elementary goo, secondary 366, special students 72;
male 825, female 513. Practically all the pupils board at the school. About lalf of
them are from Alabama and the remainder from 32 States and 19 foreign countries.
-la addition 23o pupils are enrolled in the Children's House, which is used as a practice
Wal.
Teachers and workers.Total, 184; all colored; male 122, female 62; administrative
so, academic 32, boys' industries 23, girls' industries 9, agriculture 15, hospital workers
See recosamendatjips in summary chaptet, p. cc.
I Elected slate date of visit.
ALABAMA.
63
5; Bble school 3, extension 12, matrons and militaiy tr, office 3o, bookkeepers 1.5,
other workers 9. There were also 8 teachers in the Children's House. The teachers
are well trained and some excellent teaching is done.
Organization. The pupils are classified into the following vocational groups: "Work
class," mechanical trades, agriculture, household arts, nursd training,, Bible training,
and teacher training. Both day and evening instruction is provided. .
The day school pupils spend three days a week in academic studies and three days
in the trades. Each academic day alternates with a trade day. About two-thirds of
the total enrollment of the institution are day pupils.
The night school is attended by the " Work class" pupils and a few others from
the trades and agriculture who are unable to meet the necessary expenses of the day
school., About a third of all the pupils are enrolled in this department.
Elementary: The elementary work consists of the night-school classes, three preparatory grades, and the "junior normal" class. English, including spelling and reading, is emphasized throughout the course.
.
Secondary: The secondary subjects are taught three periods a week and the course
extends over the last three years of the " normal" department. The subjects taught a
full year are: Algebra, geometry, ancient history, physics, chemistry, modem history,
commercial geography, economics, bookkeeping, and solid geometry. The subitcts that
are taught only half a year are: Botany, civics, education, psychology, Negro history,
and a combiaed course in methods, management, and practice-teaching.
.
Teacher training: The teacher-training course includes psychology, history Of education, methods, management, school administration, reviews and methods in elementary subjects, drawing, physical training, nature study, and i o weeks of practice teaching
at the Children's House. The Children's House is a large seven-grade school maintained
cooperatively by Tuskegee and the county. It has facilities for manual work, household arts and school garden. It is an excellent laboratory for observation and practice
teaching. Arrangements have also been made with the county superintendent whereby
a limited number of seniors in the course teach six weeks in the county schools. Some
pay is received for this teaching. The work outlined covers two years for graduate
students.- If, however, the teacher-training subjects of the last two undergraduate
years are elected, the,course may be completed in one year of graduate work.
Mechanical trades: The mechanical department offers instruction in 14 trades, The
architectural and mechanical drawing courses require four years and the trades three
years. Shop work is done three full days a week. The trades are: Blacksmithing,
brickmasonry, carpentry, electrical engineering,-shoemaking, harness making, machine
work, machinery, plumbing, painting, printing, tailoring, tinsmi thing , and wheelwrighting.
The total number of. pupils connected with the mechanical department is 447. This
number includes not only pupils who are taking regular trades but also a considerable
number of work pupils employed by the department.
Girls' industries: The department of girls' industries offers instructions in plain
sewing, dressmaking, ladies' tailoring, millinery, cooking, laundering, mattress snaking,
basketry, and broom making. Three days a week are spent in practical work and four
ours a week are devoted to the theory of the industry. The courses cover from two to
1 years. All girls except those in nurse training take some of these industries.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
64
Agriculture: Two courses in agriculture are offered, a four-year course for under-
graduates and a two-year course for graduates. The four-year course includes the
following agricultural subjects: Soils, drainage, insects, farm crops, garden crops, orchard
cropAolletany, animal husbandry, chemistry, and farm management. This course is
supplemented by a selection of subjects from the academic course.
The postgraduate course includes chemistry, soils, animal husbandry, 'fertilizers,
seed and seed testing, farm engineering, bacteriology, farm management, farm sanitation, crops,feeds and feeding, dairying, plant breeding, poultry, farm insects, agricultural economics, and research work.
The field practice covers three alternate days each week. The total ntimber of pupils
connected with the agricultural department is 281. This number includes not only
pupils who are taking the regular agricultural course, but also a considerable number
f-work pupils employed by the department.
Bible Training School: The Bible Training School was established to afford ministers of the surrounding community an opportunity to. improVe themselves. The aim
is to give the pupils a knowledge of the English Bible and to fit them to work as preachels and missionaries among the colored people. Pupils are admitted to a certificate
curse if hey can read and write. The diploma course requires the completion of
1eight elementary grades. The Bible school pupils are enrolled in the academic
rtment and devote considerable time to academic subjects and work in agriculture
The special training given includes Bible study, preparation of sermons,
and study of church and neighborhood work. 'The enrollment fOr the year was 77.
' Nurse training: A three-year nurse training course is given in a well equipped hospital! It is directed by a superintendent, two internes, a head nurse, matron and pharmaca t. The enrollment was 55.
Work class:" The pupils in this group are employed throughout the day in the
'tari ' departments of the institution and attend school at night.. As much as possible
the work is directed so that it may be of educational value to the pupils.
Music: All pupils receive some training in vocal music. Special attention is given
to the
tation melodies, which are taught not only for their musical value, but as
on of the spiritual life and moral struggles of the Negroes in America.
an Om
Instructi on the piano' is provided for those who are able to pay the special fee.
d
or \trades.
I)isci
young m
ne and physical training: The military system is maintained among the
to cultiviite habits of order, neatness, and obedience. The rooms are
inspected a the grounds are policed through the military system. Physical training is
provided for the young women under the direction of a woman mined
in gymnastics.
t
The young
Os rooms are inspected by the matrons in charge of the dormitories.
..-''
Religioas raining: C,orisidemble provision is made for religious services. z%The
activities includ Sunday school classes and dailychapel services which tire attended
by all pupils. he voluntary religious organizations are the Young Men's Christian
Miticiaticm, the Voung Women's Christian Association, Christian Endeavor Society,
'reillpenune 'Union,\ and Missionary Society.
s
) '')' Library: The Carnegie Library contains a stock room, reading room, librarian's
bffiee, and two rooms for magazines and newspapers. Three workers have charge of
the library department:
ALABAMA.
65
Research and record department : This department has charge of all pupils' records and collects statistics concerning the progress of the Negro race. The pupils'
fecords include facts concerning their parentage and home, their standing in school,
and their activities after leaving Tuskegee. Effort is made to keep in close touch with
the graduates and former students and to help them in their work. Th&research work
consists of the compilation of valuable information concerning the educational, religious,
and economic progress of the Negro.
The results are published in the Negro Year
Book.
Extension: The extension department provides a large. number of activities for
the improvement of the educational, agricultural, business, home, health, and religious
life of the colored people of the United States. These "activities vary from those limited
to the needs of the institute community' to those of national significance. The local
organizations include the building and loan association, home building ,society,
women's clubs, health and, religious organizations. In Tuskegee town a night school
is maintained and other activities are carried on for the improvement of the colored
people. County-wide movements include the supervision and building of rural schools,
farm demonstration work, and health campaigns. The State-wide and national activities are largely the result of Dr. Washington's influence over the colored people and
the esteem with which he was regarded by white people North and South. The most
important of these are the National Business League, with its State and local organiza-
tions, and the State educational tours which Dr. Washington conducted in almost
every Southern State.
Probably the most influential of the extension efforts is the Negro Farmers' Conference, held annually at the institute. This conference brings together thousands of
colored farmers from neighboring counties and hundreds from other parts of the State
and neighboring States. In addition, many influential white and colored people from
every part of the country have gone to Tuskegee to see the assembly guided by,Dr.
Washington. On the day following the large meeting a "workers' conference" is held.
This is composed of persons who are directing all forms of endeavor for the improvement
of the Negro race. Closely connected with this farmers' conference are the farme's' in-
stitute and the short course in agriculture. The farmers' institute is a monthly experience meeting of local farmers, with simple talks on improved methods by Tuskegee
teachers. The short course, consisting of two 'weeks of study and observation at the
institute, isvidely attended by farmers of surrounding counties during the idle seasons
on the farm
The experiment farm established at Tuskegee in 1896 by the State legislature is
conducting experiments in ,soil cultivation for the benefit of the colored farmers of
the State.
Th'e school publications include three regular papers and many valuable pamphlets.
The Tuskegee Student is a bimonthly devoted to the interests of the pupils, teachers,
and graduates. The Southern Letter, a record of the graduates and former pupils,
is issued monthly and sent to persons interested in Tuskegee. he Negro Farmer
and Messenger is a monthly paper devoted to the agricultural and ucational inter-
66
NEGRO 'EDUCATION.
ests of the colored race. The Negro Year nook is a compendium of valuable facts
concerning the Negro in the United States.
summer school, with a wk-month's session, wa,diattended in 195 by 437 perlona who had been teaching in every section of Alabama and in many neighboring States.
The curse includes review of elementary school subjects, industrial 'training, methods,
observation, and practice teaching. About 4o teachers were employed.
Anianciu/, 1913-14.Thefihancial records are kept in accordance with an approved
systenk of accounting by a competent force of .bookkeepers. The books are audited
annually by expert accountants:and a comprehensive report is published, which contains a complete statement of the financial condition of the institution, together with
a list of donors. According to the report for the year, the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of property
$265, 960
277,914
182,178
3;814099
Sources of income: General donations, $134,o94; endowment funds, $91,598; students' entrance fees, $15,055; General Educativ Board,. $io,000; Slater Fund, $9,000;
State of Alabama, $4,5o0; proceeds of land sold, $1,713. The noneducational receipts
are not shown, since only the'net cost of each department is given under items ' of
expenditure.
. Items of expenditure (net cost, including salaries): Academic and normal, $40,234;
traveling expenses, printing, and publicity, $35,748; administration, ,$35,103; boarding department, $31,066; agricultural instruction and maintenance of farm, $36,510;
repairs, care of grounds, and insurance,p$27,4392; mechanical indilstriesit$25,71ogeneral
operations, including stores, superintendent of industries, and. business agent's office,
$16,545; extension work, $9,371; students' WO', $5,718; religious work, $1.514; physical'
and military training, $5,438; hospital and health department, $5,251; girls' indus-'
tries, $2,949; agricultural experiment station, $1,658. In addition to these expenditures for current expenses, $76,392 was expended for permanentimprovements from
the special funds collected and provided for that purpose.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness on May 31, 1914, was $182,178, of which $1,50,095
was in loans payable, $25,581 in accounts payable, and $6,502 in student credit balances..
School_ property: The school property consists of $1,942,112 in endowment funds,
$1,413,173 in plant, $250,000 in mineral lands granted to the institution by Congress
in 1899, $98,801 in undesignated legacies, $55,241 in supplies and matarial on hand,
$42,192 in accounts receivable, cash in bank, students' debit balances, prepaid insurance and ot4erpurrent assets, and $9,580 in permanent Improverhent funds. . .
Plaht.Land:Estimated value, $150,2891 The school owns 2,110 acres of land in
Macon County and a large tract of mineral land held as endowment in another part
the State. Vie land in Macon County about 1,00o acres are cultivated. The
campus comp
bout too acres. The other land is in pasture and woodland. The
pampus shows evidence of great care in its planning and upkeep.
Buildings: Estimated value, $1,012,187. There are 38 main buildings, 26 cottages,
and numerous small structures on the grounds. Of the main buildings 29 are of brick
and 9 are of frame construction. The buildings include: The new steam plant, brick and
,
67
ALABAMA.
cement, used for central heating and lighting plant, value $204,737; dining hall, brick,
value, $151,872; 9 girls' dormitories, 5 of brick and 4 frame, aggregate value,
$146,209; 12 boys' dormitories, to of brick and 2 frame, aggregate value, $111,274;
2 brick buildings and 22 frame structures of varying sizes, including barns, used for
agrictiltural department, aggregate value, $70,982; 2 brick buildings and 3 small frame
structures, used for boys' industries, aggregate value, $54,090; John A. Andrew Hospital, brick, value, $50,241; Collis P. Huntington memorial building, brick, used for
classrooms, value, $50,053; chapel, brick, value, $40,968; girls' industries building,.
brick, value, $30,150; office building, brick, value, $18,000; Carnegie Library, value,
$16,000; commissary building, brick, value, $14,201; Phelps Hall, frame, used for
Bible traiding department, value, $9,600; Children's House, frame, used as practice
school, value, $3,800; practice cottage, frame, used for practice in housekeeping, valUe,
$2,oro. The 26 cottages used for teachers' and officers' homes are of varying sizes
and material and have an aggregate value of $38,000. Most of the buildings are well
adapted to their purpose, attractive in appearance, and in good repair. A few, however, are poorly planned and subject to rapid depreciation on account of inferior material and workmanship. The dormitories end other buildings are carefully supervised
and kept in good condition.
Movable; equipment : Estimated value, $250,697. Of this $99,168 was in agricultural equipment and live stodk, $56,245 in industrial apparatus, $2,686 in equipment
for girls' industries, and $92,598 in dormitory and classroom furniture, books in library,
and other equipment.
Recommendations. -1. That the institution follow the policy outlined by Dr. Wash-
ington in one of his last reports, providing that in the future the energy of the school
be dsvoted to internal improvements rather than to the 'increase of the enrollment or
enlargement of the Plant.
2. That the entrance requirements be raised and arrangements made with smaller
industrial schools for preparing _worthy pupils unable to meekthe standards.
3. That.the regular- academic ;York be differentiated so that pupils desiring to become
teachers may have a befter preparation Or their grocatiod.
Dates of visits: May, 1913; February, i914; February, 1915.
MADISON COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 Years of age, 1910Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12 .
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, z
.
Whitt.
28, 146
Negro.
$8.41
18, 894
41273
$7, 696
$1- 78
11. 7
40.0
5, 989
........... .................. tso, 414'
The rural, population is 83.8 per cent of the total. The avelage length of the public
school term is 7.3 months for white pupils and 4.6 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 118 in white schools and 52 in colored schools. The average attendance is
3,096 white pupils and 1,767 colored'pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. This need would
be more dearly apparent if the figures for the city of Huntsville were excluded. Better
elementary, secondary, and industrial work is greatly needed in the county.. The
NEGRO EDUCATION.
practice school of the State Normal supplies elementary
work for one section of the
county, and ,the Oakwood Manual Training School could be
developed into a strong
educational, center. The Sherman Industrial Institute in
Huntsville is of little educational value. 14fhis school is described in the summary of small
independent schools
of Alabama.
,
hUNTSVILLE.
HUNTSVILLE PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: H. C. I3inford..
A public high school offering four years of secondary
work with some industrial
training. Large elementary grades are taught in the
same building. Two colored
teachers do the secondary work. The plant consists of a city lot and
a two-story frame
building val4ed at $4,5oo.
HUNTSVILLE, R F. D.
OAKWOOD MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: C. J. Boyd.'
An elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects.
Tuition is free
and the institution provides employment and instruction for
most of the pupils in
a number of commercial enterprises. The officers are energetic, hard-working
men and
women who insist upon thoroughness in all Tprk. Religious
training is emphasized.
The institution is owned and controlled by the Negro department
of the North
American Division Cotiference of the Seventh Day Adventist Church.
Atiendance.TOtal, 1o6; elementary 76, secondary 3o. Of the secondary pupils
14 were' male and 16 female.
reachers..--Total, to; all white; male 6, female 4. These workers
are selected for
their missionary interest in the Adventist Church.
Organization.Pupils who pay board attend school in the morning and do manual
work in the afternoon. Those working all day to earn board attend school
in the
early morning. (7 to 8.45) and at night.
The elementary work is done in the regular eight grades. The
secondary course
includes English, 4 years; history and civics, 2%; elementary science,
3; mathematics, 2. The Bible is taught in all classes.
The industrial activities are tentmaking, printing, blacksmithing,
sawmilling,
farming, and canning. The boys are employed in these industries
according to the
school-needs. The girls are instructed in cooking and sewing, with ample
practice in
the boarding departrrrent. The nurse-training department is small. While much
good
training is given to the pupils, there is a lack of system in the educational
phases of
the work.
Financial, 1.94-15.The financial management is supervised by the
Seventh Day
4dveitite. General Conference of Washington, D. C. The more important financial
fteiiitt8iitii' year were :
Income, excluding noneducational receipts..
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
1.44
vas ot*int
$12, 284
10, 341
42,765
White.
ALABAMA.
69
4s
Sources of income: Seventh Day Adventist Conference, $8,950; general donations,
$2,006; other sources, $1,328. The noneducational receipts amounted to $17,736, of
which $7,995 was from the shops, $7,693 from board and room rent, and $2,048 from
the farm.
Items of expenditure: Student labor for farm and shops, $6,344; supplies and
labor for boarding department, $4,839; teachers' salaries, $4,796; supplies and material
for farm and shops, $3,782 ; fuel, light, and water, $3,331; equipment, $812; traveling
expenses, $472; repairs, $229; other expenses, $3,472.
Plant.Land : Estimated value, $7,000. The school' site comprises 358 acres of
land, of which 200 are cultivated. The campus is in .need of walks and other improve.
ments. The farm is well cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $23,626. TRere are r is buildings, including 3
cottages. All the buildings are of frame construction except the administration and
chapel building, which is a two -story cement-block structure.
Most of the frame buildings
are of two stories. The buildings are in good repair and fairly weiLkept, but they are
not provided with adequate fire protection.
Movable equipmAt: Estimated value, $12,139. A large part of the ectipment
is in shop tools and farm implements.
Recommendations. r. That the industrial and agricultural work be organized on
an educational basis and correlated with the academic classes."
2. That more emphasis be placed on the training of teachers.
of visits :
1915.
NORMAL.
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE.'
President: W. S. Buchanan.
A school of secondary grade, enrolling. over 150 elementary pupils.
The industrial
equipment is fairly extensive, but the instruction in industrial subjects is poorly organized. Little educational use is made of the agricultural equipment.
-The land, buildings, and fixed equipment belong to the State, but much of the movable equipment is owned br the heirs of the former principal. The school was founded
in 1875 by the Alabama Legislature. It receives the Federal land-grant appropriation
for agricultural and mechanical education; It is controlled by a board of white
trustees, the Governor of the State and the State superintendent of schools being
ex officio members. The three other members are appointed by the Governor as vacancies occur. The school has also an advisory board of colored men.
Attendance.Total, 264; elementary 179, secondary 73; nurse training 8, special 4.
Practically all the students board at the school. Of those reporting sex, 51 were Male,
45 female; of those reporting home address, 77 were from Alabama and 19 from 'other
States; 4o were from farm homes. The reported enrollment for the year was 331.
Teachers and workers.Totitl, 27; all colored; male 15, female 12; grades 6, academic 9, boys' industries 5, girls' industries 2, commercial 2, nursetraining 2, matron 1.
Two of the academic teachers give part time to industrial work and one gives part time
to agriculture.
See recanuncndationa in summery chapter. p. a.,
70
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Organization.The school day is divided between classroom recitation in the morning and three hours of trade work in the afternoon. The academic teachers have very
small classes and a complicated list of subjects. One teacher reports six classes, of which
four have 3 pupils each, one 6, and one 22.
Elementary: The elementary work is done in the seven grades and the first-year
high school.
Secondary: The pupils in the last three years of the high-school course and in the
so-called teachers' college are doing secondary work. The subjects of the high-sChool
course include: Latin, 2 years; English, 2%; mathematics, 2; elementary science, 2;
history, 2%; music, %. The "teachers' college" continues the secondary work, offering
Latin, mathematics, physiology, English, history, and several teacher-tfaining subjects.
This attempt to extend the secondary course limits the work which should be done in
elementary science, history, civics, and hygiene.
Industrial: The time required for trades is three hours-daily for three years, the
handwork for boys and the commercial course being classed as trade work. The attendance of pupils above the seventh grade in the tkdes.was: Carpentry, 7 pupils; blacksmitlaing, 4; masonry, 6; printing, 9; machine work, 4; shoemaking, r ; painting, 3;
and tailoring, 6. Good work is done in the carpenter shop and fair work in the blacksmith shop. The work in both shops consists largely of ordinary repairing. Instruction
in the other trades is", little value. The whole industrial system seems to lack organization and force.
Much good work is done by the girls in sewieg, millinery, and cooking; the school
dining room is in no way connected with the training in ddmestic science, however. In
equipment and method of handling its example is poor. Nurse training is given to eight
young women, in a well-equipped hospital under the direction of a competent physicians
A few young women_are in commercial courses and printing.
Agriculture: The physical equipment for teaching agriculture is fair. The teaching
force is limited to one trained man and one laborer. Above the seventh grade six
pupils report agriculture as their chosen " trade."
is, given in the grades.
Some classroom work in agriculture
Financial, 1913-L4.Few records are kept. Federal and State funds, the chief
source of revenue, were disbursed through the treasurer, who is a lawyer in Huntsville. The treasurer kept no records except the check book. No requisition or voucher
form was used. At the school the system was also inadequate. Original entries
had been made of the transactions, but there were no ledger postings. The boarding
department is conducted independently by the president, and figures for the department
are not included in the books and financial statements of the school. According to the
president, the more important financial items for the year were:
Income,bexcluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness.
.,,..
Value of plait
$39, 209
30, 906
13, 229
182, 500
Sources at income Federal land-grant funds, $22,500; State appropriations, $4,000;
tuition and fees, $1,660; rent of land, $704; Smith-Lever Fund (Fedrral), $195; cotinty,
ALABAMA.
.
71
$15o. The noneducational receipts amounted to $967, of which $503 was from the farm
and $464 from the trade school.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $18,842; eqUipment, $4,732; student labor, $2,987
(trade school, $2,131; farm, $640; academic department, $216); povirer, light, and heat,
$2,006; repairs, $1,003; outside labor, $217 (trades, $144; farm, $73); supplies and
sundry expenses, $2,080.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $13,229 was reported as accounts payable for
equipment and supplies.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $35,000. Of the land, $25,000 is in the .school
grounds and $1o,000 in the farm. The school owns 182 acres, of which 90 are under cultivation. Much of the land is on a rocky hillside and can not be used for agricultural
purpoSes. The campus is fairly well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $125,000. There are 16 principal buildings, 9 cif which
are of brick4 In addition there are several small structures, used for teachers' homes,
shops, farmhouses, and other purposes. Palmer Hall, a large three-story brick building,
is used for academic purposes, chapel, and girls' dormitory. The domestic science building
and the Carnegie Library are neat two-story brick structures of colonial design. The Virginia McCormick Hcispital, a new two-story brick building, with its equipment, is the result
of a special gift to the school. Three large frame buildings are used for dormitories and
dining room. The pumping station and reservoir furnish power and water to the various
..
buildings.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $22,500.
Of this $1o,000 is in shop machin-
ery and tools, $4,000 in library books and fixtures, $4,000 in furniture for dormitories
and classrooms, $2,500 in farm implements and live stock, $r,000 in scientific apparatus, and $1,000 in other equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That the organization be simplified in order that the school
may fulfill the requirements of the land -grant fund for .agricultural and mechanical education. The agricultural departmen
be made effective and trade instruction
should be better organized.
2. That the secondary department and teacher. training be strengthened before
work of higher grade is attempted.
3. That the theory and practice of gai-dening be made a part of the regular course.'
4. That the supervision of boys' dormitories be improved so as to develop habits
of neatness and order, and that suitable dormitmies for boys he erected.
5. That the boarding department 'be conducted by t
ool, adequate diningroom facilities furnished, and the department conduct:. in a operation with the
domestic science department.
.
...
6. That the movable equipment, now owned by the heirs of t former principal,
be acquired by the State.
.
7. That an adequate accounting system be installed and the books audited annually
by an accredited accountant.
Dates of visits: Mays 1913; February, 1915_
See recommendations in summary chapter, p. n.
q
,.
.
72
NEGRO EDUCATION.
MPRILE COUNTY.
/
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to i4 years of age, 1910
.. Teachers' salaries in,public schools, 1911-12.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, ,i9 to.
-
White.
Netro.
46,111
34, 4 719
8,305
5,833
$114, 798
$13.82
$19, 149
$3. 28
3. 0
28. 9
The rural population is 36.3 per cent ofithe total. The average lengtlit3f the publicschool' term is 9 months for, white pupils and 7.2 months for colored. The number of
teachers'is 245 in white schools and 86 in colored schools. The average attendance, is
5,430 white pupils and 2,533.solored pupilS. The county training school described
below is an effort to improve the educational facilities of the' county. A Jeanes Fund
supervising industrial teacher travels in the county aiding the teachers in aural schools
to introduce industrial ve o r k and to extend the influence of the school into the community.
PLATEAU.
MOBILE COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: I. J. Whitley.
A school of elementary grade offering some industrial work. It has been selected
as a central institution to supplement the work of the public schools.
Attendance. Total, 241; all elementary.
Teachers and workers.Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female 4. A Jeanes Fund
supervising teacher makes her headquarters at the school and teaches industrier
Organization. The work covers the regular eight elementdry grades. lnstructi
in cooking and sewing is provided, for girls. The boys cultivate the school garden, b
the educational possibilities of this work are not developed.
Financial, 1914-15.The income was approximately $2,500, of which $1,360 was
s'fkom the county, $5oo from the Slater Fund, $320 froth the Jeanes Fund, and $320 from
the colored people of the community. Of the income $1,800 was expended in salaries
and $7oo in repairs and other expenses.
Plant. Estimated value, $1,5oo. The plant consists of about one-fourth of an
acre of land, a frame building, and a little etmipment ,for classrooms and simple industrial work.
Recommendations.-1. That increased provision be made for industrial work.'
2.' That additional facilities be provided for secondary work and teacher training.'
Date of visit: January, 1914.. Facts verified, 1916.
MOBILE.
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to ta yearrof age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teaches' salaries per child 6 to za in city
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
White.
Metro.
28,737
4,725
$81,403
$17.22
1.2
.22, 763
3,431
$11,997
$3.47
25. 9
There are io public schools for white pupils and 4 for colored. The nirnber of
teachers is r i8 in white schools and 33 in colored dchools. The average attendance is
1 ace reo2inspendolicas 1y summary chapter, P.
Of.
ALABAMA.
73
2,732 white pupils and 1,277 colored pupils.
The four public schools for colored people
are doing good work, but the attendance of Attie over a third of the number of children
6 to 14 years of age crowds their capacity. To meet the need for additional elementary
schools three Catholic schools and two independent institutions have been established.
They are described in the summaries of small schools at the end of this chapter.
In addition the Emerson Normal and Industrial Institute offers secondary and teacher
training work. The city is in need of the secondary facilities provided by this school
and by the public high school, but care should be taken that the two schools do not
duplicate. The Emerson School should develop a boarding department so that it will
serve as a central teacher- training institution for the city and surrounding counties.
MOBILE PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: Wm. A. Caldwell.
A city high school with three years of secondary work and some provision for
teaching industries. Large elementary grades are taught in the same building.
A item:lance . Secondary, 86; male 17, female 69. The elementary enrollment was
516.
Teachers. Secondary, 5.
.
There were also 14 teachers for the elementary' grades.
Organization.Secondary: The 3 years of secondary work include: Algebra, 3
years; Latin, 3; English, 3; history, 2; physics, 1; physical geography, 1.
Industrial: Cooking and sewing are provided for girls and manual training for
boys; 5 periods per week are given to this work. The equipment is fairly good.
P/ant.-Estimated value, $1o,000. The plant consists of a city lot, a large framebuilding, and classroom equipment valued at $500.
EMERSON NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
l'rincipal: Frank B. Stevens.'
A day school of elementary and secondary grade. The work is being reorganized
*on modern principles. Considerable emphasis is given to community activities and
industrial training.
The original site was purchased in 1867 by Ralph Emerson, of Rockford, Ill. The
institution, under the name of Emerson College, was conducted at this location until
destroyed by an incendiary fire in 1876! Another site was purchased in 1877, when the
institution was rebuilt and the present name adopted. .The school is owned and supported by the American Missionaiky Association of the Congregational Church.
A itendance . Total, 298; elementary 258, secondary 4o; male Ito, female 188. The
reported enrollment. for the year was 325.
Teacher s Total, 11 ; white 9, colored 2; male 2,Aemale 9.
Organization.-Elementary: The elementary work covers the regular eight elementary grades.
,
Secondary: The secondary course is so arranged that pupils may eletst one of five
groupi of subjects: College preparatory, which enrolled 15 pupils; domestic science, 8;
manual training, 5; teacher training, 3; and commercial, 9. Teisecondary pupils were
WlsiU; appointed since date al visit.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
74
taking a combination bf the manual training or domestic science course with one of the
other courser: In addition to the special subjects in the five courses, each course
net:111.1mi: Eng flab, 4 years; mathematics, 3 ; elementary science, 2; history, 2.34; civics, 54.
Industrial: Instruction in sewing is provided from the third grade through the tenth
grade and in cooking from the seventh through the tenth. Manual training for boys is
given in the elementary and secondary grades. In the upper grades industrial training
is partly elective. The equipment in these courses is ample. A limited amount of
gardening is also taught in the eightand ninth grades.
Financial, r9r3-14.The financial management is supervised by the American
Missionary Association. A simple and effectivz system of accounts has recently been
installed. The more important items for the'year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
S6, 437
6, 437
Nrititte of plant
33, ow
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $3,795; tuition and
$2,295; general donations, $9o; other sources, $257. The noneducational receipts
amounted.to $6o8, of which $313 was from the boarding department, $273 from sale of
'bOoks, and $22 from other sales.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,186; supplies for boarding departnent,' $825;
equipment, $489; student aid and labor, $45o; light, -heat, and water, $383; outside
labor, $282; repairs, $257; other expenses, $173.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $3,500. The land comprises 4 acres of valuable
city property. The grounds are fairly well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $24,1oo. The buildings include one large brick
building and four frame structures. The buildings are clean, lout in need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated vaiiie, $5,400. Of the movable equiPthent, $800
is in librai'y books and the remainder in furniture and apparatus.
Recommendations.---i. That the efforts of the school in behalf of reorganization
be encouraged.
2. That the elementary grades be continuetiPonly -so long as the city schools are
inadequate.
3. That a boarding department be provided for out-of-tbwn pupils, so that the
benefits of the plant may be available to other communities.
Dates of visits: May, 1913; 'February, 1914.
'
Pacts verified in 1916.
MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Populition, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910 .
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-I
'NeChelle salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
,Pereentage
nun
.4,
$.
White.
Nara
25,299
4,271
56, 867
15, 113
SIC*, 572
$as, 002
$23.54
2.7
to. co
35.4
The runt population is 53.6 per cent of the' total. The average length of the
public-schoolterm is 9 months for white pupils and 5 months for colored. The number
of teachers is 171 in white schools and 121 in colored schools. The average attendance
is 3,583 white pupils and 4,400 colored pupils.
ALAMA.
75
Effort is being made to improve the inadequate public-school facilities for colored
people by providing better schoolhouses and introducing industrial work. Several
very creditable rural sc.. el buildings have recently been erected through the combined
efforts of the county, the - .411e, and the Rosenwald Fund. A jeans Fund supervising
industrial teacher travels in t
unty, helping the teachers in rural schools to introduce
industrial work and to extend the fluence of the school into the community. As the
population, is large, however, much remains to be done. Three private schools are
supplementing the work of the public schools in the county. All are located in rural
communities and are endeavoring to adapt their work to the needs of the people.
I
MONTGOMERY R. F. D.
STJOSEPH'S COLLEGE.
President : Father St. Lawrence.'
An elementary school doing good work in a rural district.
It is owned and sup-
ported by a Catholic Order. The 5o boys in attcrdance were all boarding at the
school.
Under the direction of three priests and three lay teachers the pupils do elementary classroom work 9 months in the year and industrial work all the year.
Financial, 1913 --r4. The income was said to amount to about $8,000. No details
of sources of income or items of expenditure ars available.
Plant.--.Estimated value, $2 5 ,000. The 17111nt consists of a farm of 30o acres, an
old plantation house, four temporary frame buildings with meager household furniture,
classroom equipment, and shop toots and farm implements. The farm is cultivated with
student labor, and the simple industrial work is fairly well done.
Recommendation. The income and equipment of this school are such as to justify
a more advanced type of work and a larger attendance.
Dates of visits: May, 1913; March, 1 91 5. Facts Verified, 1916.
,
MOUNT MEIGS.
PEOPLE'S, VILLAGE SCHOOL
Principal: Miss Georgia Washington.
A rural school of elementary grade. Though the teaching force and equipment
are limited, good work is done. The neighborhood activities are effective.
The school is owned and controlled by e board of nine trustees.
A ttentimste.Total, 197; male 82, female z 1 5. The reported annual enrollment
was 279, There were 1s boarders.
Teachers. 't atal; 5, all colored; male r, female 4.
Orgonization.The classroom work is fairly well done. A feW high-school subjects
are taught in the ninth grade. Practical work in cooking and sewing is provided for
the girls and gardening for the boys.
Financial, 19:3-74.The financial affairs are cakfully administered and a printed
statement is issued each year. According to the statement for the year the more
important items were:
Income, excluding rioniducatioaal receipts
Expenditure., less noneducational receipts......
Indebte4dneark i...) 441,.?4/:t111 1.
. 1.12
1 ...YalAT .9,4,t1 t .0ntrrirp. , f`! ' trr.;r t....
-
.
4067*--Bn11.45-1?-141:
'4
r~
04.09t
1..
ft...,
.
i.
31951
;01i ..* .
:,,gasd.
,
...
. o ii% 4 pfirte )...,300
1 :. ,::-!, .t:--4.'i
NEGRO. EDUCATION.
76
Sources of income: Donations, $2,733; tuition Sad fees,.$1,i21; other sources, $236.
noneducational receipts amounted to $645, of which $538 was from farm sales, and
from sewing room and other sales.
Items of
Teachers' salaries, $3.054; farm supplies, $740; repairs to
exile, .: and insurance, $250; sewing-room supplies, $105; fuel, $67.
of the indebtedness was for current bills slid back salaries.
Indebtedness.
ted value, $2,750. The land comprises2754 acres, of which
PlantLand:
he campus is well kept.
about 25 are cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $9,000. There are three frame buildings. The main
building is a large two-story structure. An eight-room cottage is used for teachers'
homes and girls' dormitbry. The other building, containing five .rooms, is used for
dining room, laundry, and' domestic science. The buildings ire dean and in fairly
good repair.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $1,5oo. The equipment consists of approximately $80o in farm implements, live stock and industrial apparatus, and $70o in class-
room and dormitory furniture.
Reconunendations.-4. That the equipment and teaching force be increased.
.2. That simple dranual training work in wood be introduced.
3. That i,re trustees endeavor to develop cooperation with the county authorities
sripport o the work.
4
5. Facts verified, 1916.
Dates of visits: January, 1914; March,
WAUGH.
MOUNT MEIGS COLORED INSTITUEE.
Principal: Miss Cornelia Bowen.
./ A rural school of elementary' grade. Though its plant and teaching force are
inadequate, the school has exerted considerable influence on the neighborhood. It is
owned and controlled by a board of trustees, most of whom live ,in the North.
Attendance.Total, 169; male 81, female 88. There were 15 pupils boarding at
the school., ,Tbe reported enrollment for the year was 206.
Teachers.Total, 3, all colored; male 1, female 4.
Oiganisation.The to grades are doing elementary work. The program of the
highest dimolucluditt geography, arithmetic, story of the Revolution, grammar, spelling algein17writing, reading, and drawing, together with a few secondary subjects. A
amount oftimatis allotted to cooking, sewing, and manual training for all classes
above the fourth grade. The agricultural work is of little edu4tional value.
Financial,. x912 -13. -- Complete financial records are not kept at the school and
,
questions relating to income and expenditure were referred to the treasurer, who lives
in Newiklaven,,Conn,,, As far as could be-determined the more important items were:
$3, boo
Incania, caolitadiet aalledacational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipti
Value of plant.
0,
20, 0941
i14:es of income;. General donations, $3,odo; tuition: and Lees, $60o. The noon
ki4:
ecknolLiong receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to $221.
"!
Amp of expenditure: Salaries, J1,792; matatil and supplies, $15o; other our
P0liar$1111.
"hew.
ik4---11.--ck. awl --.'1101
p
ALABAMA:
t
)
77
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $5,500. The school owns 15 acres of land tibout
About one-half of the land is cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $12,500. There are four frame buildings: The main
building, containing classrooms on the first floor and auditorium on the second floor;
the boys' dormitory, a small two-story dwelling; the shi5p; and a small cottage used by
the principal and teachers
17 miles from Montgomery.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,000. The equipment consists of approximately $1,200 in furniture and shop tools and $800 in live stock and farm implements.
Recaittmendations.-1. That more teachers be employed and better classroom
facilities be provided.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course
and the work in manual training be strengthened.'
3. That a book'keeping system be installed at the school and a treasurer appointed
who lives sufficiently near to exercise supervision.
Dates of visits: May, 1913; January, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
MONTGOMERY.
Populat ion
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachergr salaries in public schools, 1971 -13.'
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city
Percentage illiterate, 1910
?MIR-
Negro.
111, 8o2
19, 322
2, 968
$62, 153
$12, 029
ho. 94
63. 87
1. 1
25. I
3, 105
There are to public schools for white pupils and 4 for colored in Montgomery
city. The number of teachers is 88 in white schools and 35 in colored schools. The
average attendance is 2,306 white pupils and 1,24,5,eoletrecl pupils. The four public
schools for colored people offer elementary trainingionly. The attendance is a little over
one-third of the pupils 6 to 14 years of age, indicating clearly the need for low-eased
elementary school facilities. The two. private schools and the State normal school all
enroll elementary pupils. The Montgomery Industrial School for Girls gives excellent
elementary and industrial training, but the$tokes Institute is of slight educational value.
This school is described in the summary of small Baptist schools for the State. The
State normal school serves largely as a city high drool enrolling large elementary grades.
Effort should be made to have the city piovide,for the pupils from Montgomery, so that
the State school may center its energies on teacher training and secondary and
industrial work.
To this end a boarding department should be established.
MONTGOMERY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS..
Principals: Miss Alice L., White,' Miss H. Margaret Beard.'
A well-managed elementary day school. for girls. The literary 4nd industrial
courses are thorough and well adapted to the needs of the pupils.
The school was foundedin 1886 by its present principals and its growth is largely
due to their devotion and ability. It is owned and controlled by an incorporated board
of trustees.
I See recoounextatioos
imsoalory chaPter. 11. 2j.
7t4itV b )11.l. etIV2 P.1.1444/
.
,
NEGRO EDUCATION.
'Attendatice.--'113tal, 325; all girls; all elementary. The regularity of attendance
is far above that of the average colored school.
Teachers.Total, to, all white; all women. The teaching corps is efficient.Organizassint.The course begins with the kindergarten and includes all classes
through the eighth grade. Subjects are well selected and adequate time is given
to both literary and industrial subjects.
The industrial courses include cooking, sewing, and basketry, and emphasize both
the theoretical and practical phases*of the work. Provision is'also made for a simile
course in nurse training, with practical instruction in hygiene and care of the sick.
Financial, I913-14.The business management is economical and the school
funds are carefully handled. The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Itmenditnres, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$7, Soo
7, Soo
26, 000
Sources of income: General donations, $6,000; tuition and fees, $1,500.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,65o; other. expenses, $3,850.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $3,000. The school is located on a large city lot
near the State capitol.
Buildings: Estimated value, $18,000. There are two frame buildings, one of
which is the school building and the other the teachers' home. The school building
is a two-story structure, simple, substantial, and well adapted to its purpose. The
teachers' home is a renovated antebellum residence. The buildings and grounds are
in excellent condition.
"Go
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,000. Of this $4,000 was in furniture
and $1,000 in domestice science equipment.
Reconswiencla;ion.That liberal support be provided.
Dates of visits: December, 1914; February, 1915.
STATE NORMAL SCHOOL FOR COLORED STUDENTS.
President: J. W. Beverly.'
A day school of secondary grade, with a large elementary enrollment. Some provision is made fot industrial work and teacher training.
The institution was established as Lincoln Normal University at Marion, Perry
County, by act of the Alabama Legislature in 1873. It was moved to Montgomery in
1889
and the name changed to its present title. The State appropriations have been supplemented by the Peabody and Slater funds. Title tQ.the property is vested in a board
of white trustees appointed by the .Governor. The former president, William B Pattenon, a -white man, was in charge of the school for over 4o years al pi did much for
itb development. '
Alletnionc4.Total, 714.; elementary 575, secondary 139. Of the 227 pupils re.
porting ma and home address, 85 were male and 142 female; 141 were from Montgomery and 86 from other parts of Alabama. There were 63 from farm homes.
Tetniservi-trotill, 31; white 2, colored 29; male! Si female 23; elementary 13, secondary to, boys' industries 3, girls' industries 3, others 2.
Octal sloos date of .rue
ALABAMA.
79
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work covers eight grades. The
eighth grade is taught on the departmental Plan. Some of the classrooms
are overcrowded.
The teaching is fairly effective.
Secondary: The four-year secondary course includes: English, 3 years; Latin,
3;
Mathematics, 4; elementary science, t; history, 2q ; education, 1; drawing and
modeling, 2;4; bookkeeping, r. A limited amount of time is given
to Observation and practice teaching.
Industrial: Good manual training courses are provided in carpentry, wheelwrighting, and blacksmithing. Instruction in sewing is provided for
the girls. At the time'
of visit there was no instruction in cooking. A course in art drawing is offered
'to both
boys and girls of the upper classes.
Financial, 191.3-14.Apparently no books were kept and details of expenditure
were not obtainable. As far as could be determined the
more important items were:
"Income..
Cxpenditures
$35
2.1, 500
Value of plant
7o,000
.
Sources of inconui: State appropriation, $16,000; tuition, $4,000; Slater Fund,
$1,503.
Items of expenditure: SalarieS, $15',000.
Plant. Land : Estimated value, $i,000. The school grounds comprise
5 acres.
The campus is fairly well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $65,000. The buildings include a large two-story
brick structure used for administration and classroom .purposes, an industrial build;
ing, and several smaller structures used for library and other purposes.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,000. Of this about $1,000 is in classroom furniture and $2,00o in shop equipment.
Recommendations.i. That the institution be relieved of the large elementary
enrollment so that it may devote its energies to the preparatiOn of
teachers.
2. That adequate provision be made for teacher-training subjects, elementary
science, tpeory and -practice of gardening, and hygiene and sanitation.
3. That a system of accounting be installed and an annualaudit made by an accredfted accountant.
Dates of visits: May, 1913; January, 191.4. Facts verified, r915.
PERRY COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schciols, tot t-12 .
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to r4 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
White.
Negro.
6,727
24, 49444,,
1, 447
5,835
$24, 531
87. 872
St& ns
5! 8
Sr. 114
43. 6
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public school term is
7-4
months for white pupils and 4.7 months for colored.
The number of teachers is 63 ia
white schools and 59 in colored schools. The average attendance is 877 white
pupils.and
2,089 colored pupils.,
80-
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work
of the elemg.ntary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeanes Fund
supervising industrial teacher travels in the county and helps the teachers in rural
schools to introduce industrial work and extend the influence of the school into the
community.
The Lincoln Normal and Itftlustrial School, in Marion, is endeavoring to
meet the evident need for better schools. An excellent boarding department enables
pupils from country districts to take advantage of its opportunities. The Marion Baptist Academy is of little educational value to the town. It would be more useful if
Moved to a rural district or combined with one of the stronger Baptist schools of the
State. This school is described in the summary of local Baptist schools for Alahanra.
MARION.
LINCOLN NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss M. E. Phillips.'
A school of elementary and secondary grade with a small boarding department. The
classroom work and management are effective.
The school was founded in 1869 by the American Missionary Association of the
Congregational Church and is owned and operated by that body. For a number of years
the institution was the State Normal School. It has the interest of the prominent white
and colored citizens of Marion.
Attendance. Total, 270; elementary 248, secondary 22; boarders, 71. Of the pupils
above the sixth grade, 19 were boys and 20 girls. Practically all were from Marion or
the immediate vicinity. The reported enrollment for the year was 342.
Teachers and workers.Total, 16; white 15, colored i; male r female 15', grade and
academic 12, industrial 3, and the treasurer.
Organization.The eight elementary grades are well taught. The secondary course
includes: English, 3 y., years; elementary science, 2; mathematics, 1; history, 3; Bible,
3; spelling, 2; writing, 1. The more advaneed pupils take a year of child study and
class management.
The girls have two hours daily in cookwg and sewing. The boys receive instruction in manta training. The shop equipment is limited. , Agriculture, consistingsimple gardening, is re ported by 17 pupils above the sixth grade. slthe boarding pups
assist in the farm labor and care of farm animals.
Financial, 1913-14.A simple and effective system of accounts has been installed
recently. The financial management is controlled by the American Missionary Associatiort. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.....
gxpenditures, lea noneducational receipts
:it
Value of plant
$i, 294
71294
27, boo
.,SOurces. of income: American Missionary Association, $4,364; ,tuition and fees,
$1,617;. donations, $1,224; other sources, $89. The noneducational receipts amounted
to $34869, of which $2,207, was from the braiding department and $662 from farm and
other sales.
wrote.
ALABAMA.
81
Items of expenditure: Salaries,,$4,329; supplies for boarding department, $2-,443;
equipment, $9581 student aidand labor, $55o; light, heat, and water, $530; repairs,
$323; academic supplielb$146; other expenses, $884.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $2,050. The land comprises 35 acres, of which
5 acres are used for school campus and 3o acres are under cultivation. The campus is
well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $21,900.
There are three large brick buildings, two
large frame buildings, and iwo small frame structures. The buildings are clean and in
good repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,650. Of the movable equipment about
$2,000 is in furniture for classrooms and dormitories and $1,000 in shop and farm equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That effort be made by the trustees to obtain the cooperation
of the public authorities in developing the institution into a county training school.'
2. That manual training equipment be provided.
Date of visit: December, 1914. Eacts verified, 1916.
PICKENS COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911 -12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
12, 104
Negro.
12, 957
3,683
$20, 896
$7. 77
3, 243
$4, 641
$1. 43
&9
59.0
........
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public school term is 5.5
months for white pupils and 4 months for colored. The number of teachers.is 89 in
white schools and 43 in colored schools'. The average attendance is 1,882 white pupils
end 1,557 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. In order to provide a central
institution where the, training given in the rural schools
be supplemented, 'the
county, in cooperation with the Sliter Fund and the General Education Board, is,developing the school at Carrollton. A Jeanes Fund
rvising industrial; teacher
travels in the county and ,aids the teachers in
l sch
introduce industrial work
and extend the influence of the school into the 41. ',unity.
CARROLLTON.
PICKENS COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Elizabeth Gulley.
A school of elementary grade selected as a central institution tcr supplement the
work of the public schools.
Attetdance.Total, 114; boarders, 6.
teachers.Total, 4; till colored; male 2, female 2; academic z,. agriculture and
manual training 1, domestic science
1.
I en recitikekesdadoos
satonnty doom, p.
-11.1
) .nw
Lft..)4 >1
lo Us
4
82
NEGRO EDUCATION.
1
Organization.An eight-grade course is provided.
The industrial work consists
The school term is
months.
Financial, 1914-15.The income amounted ,to approximately $1,250, of which
$75o was from the county and $500 from the Slater Fund. Of the
income $1,155 was
expended for Salaries and the remainder for general expenses.
Plant. Estimated value, $3,700. The plant consists of the building,
value $2,350;
land, value $1,000; and equipment, valued at $35o.
There are to acres of land and a
new frame building toward which the colored people of the community have
contributed about $1,200.
of sewing, basketry, and agriculture.
Recommendation.That the work be encouraged and additional facilities for teachertraining and high-school subjects be supplied as needed.
SUMTER COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in publie.schools, 1911 -I 2
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910........
White.
Nerto.
5) 377
I, 102
$28,830
826. r6
8
23,322
5,931
$3,960
$0. 66
53. 3
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public
school term is 8.3
months for white pupils and 4.9 months for colored.
The number.of teachers is 55 in
white schools and 4o in colored schools. The average attendance is
995 white pupils
and 2,144 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased public school facilities.
The work of
the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. An attempt was made
to found a private school at Geiger, but the project was abandoned when the
building
burned in 1915. The town of Livingston provides
no public school for Negroes and
the Livingston Normal and Industrial Institute thereCre deserves
encouragement from
the county authorities. Effort should be made to give
a higher grade of work at this
private school, sp that pupils of the surrounding rural districts may have an opportunity for more advanced training.
LIVINGSTON.
LIVINGSTON COLORED NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: A. S. Plump.
A small elementary day school with limited boarding accommodations.
It is
-located in a town which has no public school for Negroes
and receives the public afipropriations.
The school was founded in 1908 by the local Baptist association and
is owned by
a board of trustees elected by the association.
Attendance.Total, ro6; all elementary; boarders, 7 O. The reported enrollment
for the year was 125. The work covers seven .elementary
grades, with three periods a
week of cooking and sewing. '
Teacisers.Total, .3; all colored; male r, female 2.
Financial, 1912-r3.The income amounted to $875, of Which $35o came from the
local Baptist association, $425 from donations, and Sic* from the county.
Practically
all of the income was expended for teacher& salaries.
ALABAMA.
83
Plant. Estimated value, $3,000. There are two buildings, one new frame building
and the principal's residence. No educational use is made of the 4o acres of land. The
premises are well kept. There is an indebtedness of $800 on the building.
Recommendation. That the school authorities endeavor to have the county take
over the work as a county training school.'
Date of visit : January, 1914.
TALLADEGA COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to r4 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911 -12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county...
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Negro.
19,645.
4,375
18,265
4, 703
$46, 526
$9. 16
11.3
$8, 582
Sr. 82
37. 6
The rural population is 84.6 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 6.8 months for white pupils and 5.2 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 95 in white gchools and 55 in Colored hools. The average attendance is
-2,508 white pupils and 4,358 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional hoot facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extend6d and stren honed. Talladega College should
not be burdened with the necessity of maintaining large elementary department. It
should he developed to meet the larger needs of the w le State fpr teachers and ministers.
TALLADEGA COLLEGE.
TALLADEGA,
Dean: F. A. Sumner.'
A school of secondary and collegiate grade with rge elementary enrollment and a.
theological department. It is the only institution in Alabama equipped to give educa-
tion of college grade to colored people. It maintains a boarding department with
dormitories efficiently supervised. The reorganization of courses now being effected is
in aceordivice with the policy of progressive colleges.
The school was founded in 1867 by the American Missionary Association of the
Congregational Church and it is owned and supported by that association.
A ttendancc.Total, 561; elementary 382, secondary 124, collegiate 45, theological
so; male 264, female 297. Of the pupils above elementary grades 129 were boarders;
36 were from Talladega, 86 from other places in Alabama, and 57 from other States
Forty-two were from farm homes. The reported enrollment for the year was 668.
Teachers and workers.Total, 41; white 29, colored s 2; male 12, female 29; grades
9, academic is, theological 2, music 3, boys' industries 2, girls' industries 4, executive
and office workers 5, matrons 4, night school 1.
Organization. The courses of study have recently been reorganized to give more
recognition to science, history, and new movements in education.
Elementary: The first five grades and kindergerten are taught in the Cassedy
School of Observation and Practice under the direction of the teacher-training.dePartment. The three higher grades are taught on the departmental basis,
The college has
'1 Bee reecautseadatices le seminary chapter, p.
White: elected able: date of viaft.
it
84
NEGRO EDUCATION.
offered Talladega city a site for a public school for colored children. If this offer is
accepted, the Cassedy school will then be conducted strictly as a practice school for
teacher - training.
Secondary: The secondary work is so arranged that one of three courses may be
\ taken. The courses are the classical, which enrolled 45 pupils; the mechanic arts,
with 28; and household economics, with 32. The teacher training is done in connection
with the mechanic-arts and the household-economics courses. The subjects common
to all three courses are: English, 4 years; mathematics, 3; elementary science, 1; history, 1; civics, 1. The classical course adds three years of Latin; the mechanic-arts
and the household economics courses include some industrial work and 'a half year of
methods. The simple arrangement of courses, as printed in the 1913-14 catalogue, is
worthy of imitation. The electives offered are grouped about
Latin, agriculture and
mechanic arts, or home economics and teacher training. Teaching methods may also
be combined with mechanic arts. Pupils electing Latin are required to take the
subject
five periods a week for four years; they must also take one of the following:
Greek,
modern language, or physics. Electives in manual arts, including agriculture and
household arts, require ro,or 15 periods a week, with physics or methods and practice
teaching in addition.
Collegiate: The college subjects and attendance on day of visit were: English,
142 pupils; biology, 32; history, 26; mathematics, 20; German, 22; Latin, 6; Greek, 3;
chemistry, 6; economics and Sociology, 8; religion, 9; psychology, 12; education, 15;
logic; 12; and art, 8. There were also a few students in physiology. The Course outlined in the catalogue for 1915-16 is intended to prepare pupils for active service in
teaching or for further study in progressive professional schools. The entrance requirememts are noteworthy in the amount of credit allowed in manual arts and in the
freedom from overemphasis on foreign languages.
Theological: The theological department, with a special building and two welltrained teachers, iseqpipped to do good work. Only a few of the pupils had more
than an elementary education, however, and the grade of work done was necessarily
low. Hereafter two years of college work will be required
for entrance.
Musical: The facilities for teaching music.are ample. The courses include pipe
organ, piano, violin, and voice culture.
AlkOustrial: The manual-training courses in wood al td iron are well organized and
well equipped. Much good work is done by the boys and girls of the seventh, eighth,
and ninth grades.. In the secondary glades the work is elective. A few pupils receive
instruction in printing.
Ample provision is ms de for instruction in sewing and cooking; there are two
teachers of sewing and one of cooking. The instruction is given throughout most of
the elementary grades and in some of the secondary classes. The home training in
the dormitories contributes much to the education of the students. The work in Foy
. Cottage, the home of the senior young women, is done entirely by the students in
residence.
,
_Sis.lraturg--trostrit-siete-in the nursetraining4Npartment. The instruction is given
in the school hooltittky the superintendent and a local.physician.
.
a
.
ALABAMA.
is
85
Agriculture: While the large, well-cultivated farm serves as an example of good
farming to the county, its cultivation forms only a small parl of the educational program
for the students. Only the students who work on the farm to earn school expenses have
an opportunity to obtain farm expeitnce. Some instruction in gardening is provided
for the elementary pupils. Plans have been made to make the theory and practice of
gardening a part of the regular course.
Extension work: The extension department is spreading its Influence over the
Among the activities are a teachers' institute association, meeting three
times a year; a fair; a corn prize contest ; and people's day, with practical demonstrations in home activities and in farming. Through theSe .meetings the institution is
not only giving the county the benefit of its own equipment but is enlisting the aid of
county.
the State and National Governments.
.
Financial, 1913-14.The business affairs are well 'managed, but the accounting
system is inadequate. Old- fashioned methods of bookkeeping have been followed and
the extensive operations of the boarding department, jann, dairy, and hospital are not
sh,pwn in such a way that the net cost or income from these departments can be obtained.
The budget system was adopted for 1914-15. As far as could be determined, the more
important items were
Income, excluding nuneducational receipts.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of properly
$39,823
39,286
458, 019
Sources of income: American Missionary Association and endowment funds,
$25,575 ; tuition and fees, $5,965 ; general donations, $5,871; donations for scholarship,
$1,411; Slater Fund, $900; Phelps-Stokes Fund, $too. The noneducational receipts
amounted to $10,830, of which $6,515 was from the boarding department, $3,353 from
the farm and dairy; $8t 1 from the hospital, and $451 from the trade school. lif'addi-.
tion to these receipts from outside sources, the farm products used by the school amounted
to $7,o68,-while the boarding department furnished student labor amountin to $6,411
teachers' board amounting to $2,700, and hospital board amounting to $946
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $21,575; equipment and material` or boarding
department and farm, $16,495: power, light, heat, and water, $6,1o4 repairs, $2,457;
administrative offices and traieling expenses, $1,142; outside latIor for boarding department and farm, $981 ; advertising and soliciting funds, $845; supplies for academic.
departments, $517.
School property:' The property consists of -$289,091 'in the school plant, $117,724
in general endowments, and $51,204 in special endowments. Of the special endowments
$20,600 is,in scholarship funds, $2o,000 is endowment of the president's chair, an
,coo
in the nurse training school fund. The endowment funds are handled and inv
by.
the American Missionary Association.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $45,000.
The school owns 815 acres of land.
The campus and athletic fields comprise about 5o acres; approximately 400 acres are
under citItivation and the reniainder is in pasture and wood land. Thes,campus, is
unusually attractive. It is well kept and shaded by large trees.
Buildings: Estimated value, $197,125. There are over 20 buildings on the grounds,
including several large brick structures, a number of neat cottages, and a large model
AK
86
NEGRO EDUCATION.
barn. A good sewerage system is provided. Most of the buildings are in good repair.
The school buildings and dormitories are clean.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $46,966. 01 the movable equipment,
$25,043 was in furniture in classrooms, dormitories, and teachers' homes, $14,563
in farm
equipment and live stock, $6,684 in shop equipment and machinery, and $676 in scientific apparatus'.
Recommendations.-1. That the efforts to reorganize the departments with increased
emphasis on teacher training, science, and history be encouraged.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the secondary
course.'
3. That the plan to cooperate with Talladega city in building a city school receive
financial aid.
Date of visit: February, 1915.
TUSCALOOSA COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19ro
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 191112
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 19io
,
I
Negro.
28,533
9, 020
5, 865
$5r, oso
4, 083
Sit 7, 604
$8. 70
E4.31
tr.9
41.6
The rural population is 82.3 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 5.4 months for white joupils,and 5.2 months for colored. The number of
is 157 in white schools and 63 in colored schools. The average attendance is
3,710 white pupils and 1,820 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should- be extended and strengthened. The Stillman Institute,
designed to trait! Presbyterian ministers of the colored race, is the only colored school
maintained by the Southern Presbyterian Church, and should be strengthened anddeveloped. The small reform school maintained in the county is ,llescribed in the summary of special institutions. A Jeanes Feu
rvising industrial teacher travels in
the county and aids the teachers in rural'
. to introduce industrial work and
extend the influence of the school into the community.
STILLMAN INSTITUTE.
TUSCALOOSA.
.
Superintendent:. J. H. Davis.'
A religious training school with elementary classes and farm practice for boarding
pupils. It is one of two institutions for colored people
operated by southern deno.minations and taught byysouthern white people.' ..The institution was founded in 1876
by Dr. C. A. Stillman, the pastorglif the local Presbyterian Church. It is owned and
supported by the executive committee on home missions of the Southern Presbyterian
chttrel)..4Effort is being' made to move the school from its present location to a site in
.!,
the .titoen country.
,
Attendance.fotal, s1; elenlentary and secondary 3o, theology 21.
I See reoaasseadations in summary chapter, p. as.
t White.
'See Pule College, Augur.. Ca.
ALABAMA.
87
Teachers.Total, 5; all southern white men.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work-is done in the first' three years
of the academic department. In the third academic year the subjects are arithmetic, grammar, United States history, agriculture, physiology, and Bible.
i Secondary: The fourth-year academic and theological pupils were doing secondary
work.
In the fourth year of the academic course rhetoric, literature, history, psychology,
and Bible are the subjects offered.
Theological: The three-year theological course includes systematic theology, New
Testament exegeSis, pastoral theology, homiletics, and general history.
Agriculture: Classroom instruction in agriculture is given to pupils in the third
.academic class and all pupils boarding at the school are required to work on the farm.
Financial, z913 -14.The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Rxpenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
+7, 300
6, 325
51,0q0
Sources of income: Home mission board' of the Presbyterian Church, $4,000; general donations, $3,000; tuition and fees, $300. The noneducational receipts were from
sale of farm products and live stock and amounted to $1,000. Board and room rent
are paid for by work on the farm.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,000; supplies for boarding department, $2,5oo;
equipment, $400; traveling expenses, $3oo; fuel, light, and water, $125.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $40,000. The school site comprises 4o acres on
the western edge of 'the town. The location is high and grounds are well shaded' and
attractive. About 3o acres are under cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value, $8,000. The main building is an 'old-fashioned brick
mansion of colonial design with massive Corinthian columns. A two-story frame building contains assembly hall, recitation rooms, and dormitory. Two neat frame cottages
are used as the homes of the dean and teachers. There are several other frame houses
and a barn.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,000. Of this $I,2oo is in library books
and fixtures, $1,000 in farm implements and live stock, and $800 in furnitur
Recommendations. That the plan to move the institution out of town he encouraged.
2. That effort be made to extend the benefit of the institution to a larger tinmCer
of pupils.
3. That the instruction be broadened to include' training for 'al service and that
increased contact with the actual conditi
of colored people bedeVeloped.
Dates of 'visits: February, 1914; Febru ry, 1915.
WALKER COUNTY.
Population, t9 to.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o..
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911I2..
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910..
White.
So, 475
s
7, 0.4
.842, 598
Nemo.
6, 538
1, 166
$3,
$6.04
1s.8
30.4
88
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The rural population is-93.2 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 4.62 Months for white pupils and 513 months for colored. The number
of teachers is 165 in white schools and ro in colored schools:. The
average attendance
is 4,283 WI :lite pupils and 577 colored pupils. The colored people of Walker
County are
mostly in Jasper and the mining districts around Corona. The Corona Normal and
Industrial Institute, supported cooperatively by the county and the mining company,
offers good opportunities for secondary and industrial training for colored people.
With-some extension it could supply the need for teachers in this section of Alabama.
CORONA.
CORONA NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: M. H. Griffin.
A well-managed school of elementary and secAhdary grade supplying the needs of
a large mining community. A limited amount of industrial and agricultural
training
is given.
e school was founded in 1903 by the officers of the Corona Coal & Iron Co.
for its miners. It is supported by assessments upon the salaries of the
miners and a small appropriation from the county. The officers of the mining
corporation serve
trustees.
A tlendante.Total, 373; elementary 343, secondary 3o; male 152, female 2 2 I ;
boarders, 5o.
Teachers and warkers.Total 8, all colored; male 4, female 4.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work covers eight grades.
Secondary: The secondary course includes: Latin, X years; English, 2; mathematics, 4; physics,
history, 1; physical geography, X; agriculture, X; physiology,
as a sch
X; psychology,'.; theory and practice teaching, 3.
Industrial: Good industrial training it provided for girls. The work comprise3
plain sewing, cooking, and a short course in millinery. In the cooking course girls of
the two upper classes are required to serve as vsistants441 the school kitchen.
Boys
are required to give some time to agriculture. While the farrii is well equipped and
the
cultivation successful, the educational phases of the work are not sufficiently
emphasized.
Night school: Special night classes in elementary subjects are held for the miners
and bulletins from the United States Bureau of Mines are studied and explained.
Financial, .19f3 -r4. The bookkeeping is inadequate, but the financial affairs are
well managed. No books are kept for the boardiAg department and farm,
but the
principal stated that these departments were self-supporting. They are omitted from
the statement below. Each colored miner is assessed $1 per month by the Corona
Coal & Iron Co. for the support of the school, and these assessment's constitute
the chief
source of revenue. The more important items were:
Income.
ptpandit ALM
Value of plant
$4,675
4,210
23, 000
Sources of income: Assessment from colored miners, $4,000; county funds, $675.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,410; current expenses, $948. The surplus
income and special fund, $483, were expended on new buildings.
ALABAMA.
89
Plant Land: Estimated value, $1o,000. The school owns too. acres of land, 5o
acres of which are cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $1o,4o0. There are five fra'me buildingsthe school
building, twc dormitories, the laundry, and a cottage. Ti e buildings are well kept
and in good repair'.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,600. Of this $1,000 was in furniture,
$r ,000 in live stock, and $600 in farm implements.
Recommendation.That provision be made for manual training in wood and iron,
and increased emphasis be given to the educational value of agriculture.'
Date of visit : January, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
WILCOX COUNTY.
White.
Population 1910
Childrent6 to 14 years of age, 1930.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per chiid 6 to 14 in county....
Percentage illiterate, Toro
6,208
217
Negro.
27, 6o3
6, 88o
$30, 129
$a. 75
$3, 75o
3. 5
44. 5
to 54
The entire population is rural. The average 'length of the public school term is
6.7 months for white pupils and 3.9 months for-colored. The number of teachers is 82
in white schools'and 54 in colored schools. The average attendance is 836 white pupils
and 1,340 colored pupils.
The statistics indicate the inadequacy
public-Allool facilities
There is need for increased elementary, secondary, and industrial instruction. Several
of the public schools are supported in part by local subscriptions and many of them
are taught in privately owned buildings. One of these is the Rosebud Industrial
School at Neenah. The six United Presbyterian schools and the Snow Hill Institute
deserve encouragement. Effort should be made to coordinate the work of these schools
so that they may continue to offer opportunities for better training without duplication.
The Baptist school at Prairie, described in the summary of local Baptist schools for
Alabama, is of slight educational value.
ANNEMANIE.
ARLINGTON LITERARY AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
Principal: J. T. Arter.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with crude equipment. It is doing
a much needed work in a rural community.
Th\*hool was founded in 1902 and is owned and supervised by the Board of treedmen's Missions of the United Presbyterian Church.
Attendance.Total, i5o; elementary 122, secondary 28; male 54, female 96;
bo4rders, 87.
The reported enrollment for the year was 318.
Teachers and workers.Total, 14; all colored; 'male 7, female 7; grades and
academic 6, boys' industries 4, girls' industries and matrons 3, farm worker z.
Set recommendations in summary chaPete, p. es.
90
NEGRO EDUCATION.
.
Organization.The eight elementary grades are taught in crowded
rooms. The secondary course covers three years.
The industrial classes are small.
The sewing and
cooking are of a practical nature, including the
making of garments and work in
the dining hall. Industrial training for
boys consists of a little work in wood and
the more advanced pupils repair
iron;
wagons and fences. The work on the
farm is directed
by a farmer whose chief interest is raising
crops rather than giving instruction in agriculture.
Financial, 1913-14.The financial management
is good, but the accounts are not
kept in such manner as, to indicate the
exact cost of operating the farm and boarding
department. As far as could be
determined the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
.
.
.
$5, 723
5, 723
28, 000
Sources of income: United Presbyterian
Board,
$5,223;
tuition
and
fees,
$5oo.
The noneducational receipts were front the
farm and boarding departnients, both of
which, according to the principal, were self-supporting
and involved the expenditure of
about $5,000 a year.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $4,500;
expenses, $1,223.
Plata.Land: Estimated value, $7,200. The landrunning
comprises
36o acres, of which
220 are in woodland and 120 in the farm.
Buildings: Estimated value, $14,5oo. All the buildings
are frame structures,
located at some distance from each other; several
of them are nearly a mile from the
main school building. The two dormitories
substantial structures, each with accommodations for about roo pupils. The mainare
school building contains
seven recitation
moms and a chapel. The other buildings comprise
a laundry and several small rough
structures used for shops, barns, and other
purposes. The dormitories are clean and
well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $6,3oo.
Of this, $3,500 is in farm implements and live stock, $2,000 in furniture, and
$800 in shop equipment.
Re.cotninendations.-1. That the work of this school
2. That teacher training and neighborhood activitiesbe encouraged. 4
3. That the buildings be improved and rearranged be strengthened.
under the direction of an
architect.
Date of visit: February, 1915.
CAMDEN ACADEMY.
CAMDEN.
/Principal: W. G. Wilson.
An elementary school with a small secondary
enrollment. Thorough work is done,
despite the limited equipment.
The school was founded in 1895 by the Board
of Freedmen's Missions of the United
Presbyterian Church. It is owned and
supported
jointly by the Freedmen's Board
and the Woman's Board of the Church.
Attendance.Total, 233; elementary 215, secondag,y,
18; boarders, 3a The reported enrollment for the year was 330.
ALABAMA.
91
Teacherr.Total, 9; all colored; male 2, female 7; grades and academic 7, girls' in-
dustries 2.
Organizatton.There are ro grades, 8 elementary and 2 secondary. The teaching
is good. The secondary coprse includes English, 2 years.; Latin, 1; mathematics, 2;
history, 1; physical geography, 1; ethics, 1; pedagogy, r ; Bible, 2. The girls have
training in cooking and sewing. The gardening work is of little educational value.
Financial, .ro73-14.Meager records are kept. As far as could be determined the
more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$4, 075
3, 075
9, 500
Sources of income: United Presbyterian Board, $3,000; tuition and fees, $75.
The noneducational receipts. were .from the boarding department and amounted to
about $1,000.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,000; Supplies for boarding department, $1,000;
supplies for other departments, $65; other expenses, $1o.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $1,000.
A garden plat of about 2 acres is cul-
tivated and several acres are used for campus.
Buildings: Estimated value, $8,000. There are six frame buildings, including two
dormitbries, the teachers' home, the school building, and two small structures used for
sewing room and laundry. The dormitories were clean and well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value', $5oo. The movable equipment consists
of simple furniture for classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendations.-1. That the United Presbyterian Board endeavor to develop
cooperation with the county in maintaining the school.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening and simple manual training be made
a part of the regular course.'
3. That teacher training and neighborhood activity be strengthened.
Dates of visits: May, 1913; February, 1915.
CANTON BEND.
CANTON BEND MISSION SCI100L.
Principal: Rev. J. N. Cotton.
A small elementary day school doing a needed work for a rural community. It
was founded in 1896 by the Board of Freedmen's Missions of the United Presbyterian
Church and is owned and supported by that board. A local board of colored trustees
acts in an advisory capacity.
Attendance. Total, r94; all elementary; male 87, female 107.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female 4. Two teachers give part time
tc industrifl work.
Organization. The regular eight-grade work'is fairly well done. The girls receive
some instruction in cooking and sewing. No industrial work is provided for boys.
See reoonuneadatIona to summary chapter, p. aa.
413027.Bull. 39-17- 7
92
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Financial, 1913 -14. The income of the school was $2,550, of which $2,500 was
from the United Presbyterian Board and $50 from tuition. Of this sum $2,500 was
expended for teachers' salaries.
Plant.Estimated value, $5550. Of this $150 is in land, $5,000 in buildings and
1.400 in movable equipment. The land comprises seven acres, none of which is cultivated. There are three frame buildingsthe school building, teachers' home and principal's residence. Two small frame structures are used for shops. The buildings aw,
in good repair and neat in appeaPance. The movable equipment consists of furniture
for classrooms and the teachers' home.
Recommendalions.That the United Presbyterian Board endeavor to develop
cooperation with the county in maintaining the school.
\
2. That the theory and practice of gardening and ninal training for boys be
made a part of the regular course.'
3. That the neighbor,bood activities be increased.
Dates of visits: May, 1913, February, 1915.
MILLERS FERRY.
MILLERS FERRY NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: I. H. Bonner.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with limited equipment. It is doing
a much needed work in a rural community.
The school was founded in 1884 by the Board of Freedmen's Missions of the United
Presbyterian Church, and is controlled and supported by that board.
Attenelance.Total, 233; elementary 211, secondary 2 2 ; boarders, 65. Of the pupils above the sixth grade, 16 were boys and 28 girls. The reported enrollment for the
year was 350.
Teachers and workers.Total, 18; all colored; male 6, female 12; grades and academic ro, boys' industries 3, girls' industries 4, nurse training I. One of the academic
teachers gives part time to agriculture and another to bookkeeping.
Organization.Elementary: The eight elementary grades are well taught.
Secondary; The secondary work is done in the three-year normal course, which
includes English, 1
years; mathematics, 2%; Latin, i %; education, i. Some pupils
elect a year of physics and some a year of history. The provision for history, science,
and teacher-training is inadequate.
Industrial: The industrial course comprises cooking and sewing for the girls and
manual training in wood and iron and printing for the boys. There is a two-year course
in nurse tztjit g with io girls in attendance.
Firm
, 19r3 -r4. Effort is made to keep books, but the accounts do not afford
a dear idea of the cost of the boarding department. It was claimed that the departmen was self-supporting. The more important items for the year, excluding the
boarding department, were:
N
Income.
Expenditures
Value of plant
$66::
17, Soo
Z1 See let
eadatIons I Ituantary chapter, p. e 2.
ALABAMA.
93
-Sources of income: United Presbyterian Board, $4,7oo; donations, $1,3oo.
Items of expenditures: Salaries, $4,700; miscellaneous expenses, $1,3oo.
PlanLand: Estimated value,
$500.
The land comprises to acres, all
of
which is used for school campus. The grounds are fairly well kept and neat in appearance.
Buildings: Estimated value, $14,000. All of the buildings are frame structures.
The larger buildings are the classroom buildings, hospital, and four dormitories.
Thee
are four small cottages used for teachers' homes and four small houses used for laundry,
carpenter shop, printing office, and blacksmith shop.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,300. The equipment is largely furniture for classrooms and dormitories and the snip hospital. Some patent desks are
used. There is a small library valued at S300.
Recommendaknor.-1. That the United Presbyterian Board endeavor to develop
cooperation with the county in maintaining the school.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening he made a part of the regular course
and the wort in wood and iron be extended.'
3. That teacher training and neighborhood activities be increased and strengthened.
Dates of visits: May, 19.13; February, 1915.
PRAIRIE.
MIDWAY MISSION.
Principal: T. P. Marsh.
A well-managed elementary day. school taught by the principal and tw"ornen
assistants. It is located in a rural community and is owned and maintained by the
United Presbyterian Board of Freedmen's Missions. The ioo pupils were in eight
grades. Instruction in sewing is provided. The income amounted to approximately
$600, of which about $300 was from tuition and $30o from the United Presbyterian
Board. Practically all of the income was used for teachers' salaries.
The plant,
estimated value $1,000, consists of four acres of land, a four-room frame building and
equipment valued at $300.
Recomr.endation.That the United Presbyterian Board endeavor to develop cooperation with the county in maintaining the school.
Dates alfisits: May, 1913; February, 1915.
PRAIRIE INSTITUTE.
Principal: T. M. Elliott.
An elementary school with small boarding and industrial departments. It is doing
a needed work in a rota] community.
The school was founded in 1895 and is owned and supported by the Board of Freedmen's Missions of the United Presbyterian Church. t,
Attendance. Total, 1 1 2 ; male 5o, female 62; boarders, 29. Over half the pupils
are below the fourth grade.
Teachers and workers.Total, 8; all colored; male 4, female 4; academic 6, blacksmith 1, domestic science and matron 1. There is also a farm manager.
'See recommendations in summary chapter. p. or.
94
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Organization.There are time grades of elementary work and the teaching is good.
A fair type of sewing instruction is offered. The dormitories are used to a lanited extent
for home training A small blacksmith shop is maintained, and the boys do sonic work
.
on the farm.
Financial, sa 3- r4.--Some records of the finances of the school are kept, but they
do not give a clear idea of the operations of the farm
arding departments. As
far as could be determined the more important items we
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, leSs noneducational receipts
Value of plant
4
Sz, 700
2, 700
I I, 800
Sources of income: United Presbyterian Board, $2,471; tuition and fees, $229.
The noneducational receipts amounted to $1,321 and were from the boarding department,
farm, and shop.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,353; maintenance of farm, boarding department,
and shop, $1,32 t ; other expenses, $347.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $5,000. The school owns Goo acres of fertile farm
land, with about 45o acres under cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value, $5,800. There are four frame buildings used for school
purpoSes, dormitories and teachers' home. There are several barns and tenant houses
on the farm.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,000.- About $600 is in classroom and
dormitory furniture and $400 in farm equipment and live stock.
Recommendations.I. That the United Presbyterian Board endeavor to develop
cooperation with the county in maintaining the school.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening he made a part of the regular course.'
Dates of Visits: May, 1913, and February, 1915,
SNO%V HILL.
SNOW HILL NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: W. J. Falwards.
An elementary school with some mills in secondary subjects. Located in a rural
§ection, it exerts much influence on e mmunity. and has won the friendship of its
white neighbors. Though the scho.1
a large acreage of land and considerable industrial equipment, its work has been s nously handicapped by poor organization and
ineffective administration.
The institution was founded in 1894
the principal, a graduate of Tuskegee Institote.) It is owned and cbritrolled by a boa 1 of capable Northern and Southern men.
Attendance. Total, 293; male 145, fern e 148. A large proportion of the pupils
are boarders.
Teachers and workers.Total 29; all colore
, female 4; academic14, boys'
industries 5, girls' industries .2, matron 1, executi
ce worktrs 6, agriculture 1.
One Of the instructors is the principal of a neigh 1111F1.' ool.
I Seiresommandatioas In summary elm%
ALABAMA.
95
Organization. Elementary: The elementary work covers eight years, divided into
**the primary school of six years, and the preparatory and junior classes of one year
each; Much of the work hi* the four classes aboVe these grades is also elementary.
A night school is provided for pup.ls who work during the day.
Secondary: The four upper classes, which include 4ome elementary subjects, are
called "B middle," "A middle," "senior preparatory," and "senior." The secondary
subjects are English, chethistry, physics, biology, agriculture, geometry, algebra, civil
government, moral philosophy, school management, and psychology.' The work is
hampered by the inadequate preparation of the teachers and the insufficient preparation
of the pupils for the work they arc tndeavoring to do.
Industrial: The industrial subjects and the number of boys above the eighth grade
taking them were: Carpentry, 5; blacksmithing, 2; printing, 13; leatfier work, 1;
masonry, 4; tailoring, 2; commercial, 2. A few of the night pppils are permitted to
spend the entire day at their trades. The day pupils devote one day a week to the trades.
Considerable provision is made for instruction in cooking and sewing. It is unfortunate
that so much of the energy and equipment of this rural school is devoted to city trades
while work in wood and iron occupies only seven of the secondary pupils.
Agriculture: Though the school has extensive acreage of land, little educational use
is made of it: One teacher gives practically all the classroom instruction.
Financial, 19 1 3- r 4.--The books are kept accurately in accordance with an approved
system of accounting, and an annual audit is made by an accredited accountant. The
more important financial items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Ipdcbtedness
Value of property
$25, 356
3o,639
23,304
101,382
Sources of income: Donations, $12,883; legacies, $9,064; tuition and fees, $2,069;
rents from land held as endowment, $S63; rents from other lands, $347; interest on
endowment funds, $130. The noneducational receipts amounted to $3.946. Of this
$3,566 was funds received for the "Bedford Memorial Building" and $38t, was the net
' gain of the boarding department. The net deficit for the year was $5,332.
Items of expenditure: Net cost of boys' industries, $5,484; salaries of administrative
workers, $4,889;. salaries and expense of 'academic department, $4,761; new building,
$3,828; office expenses, $3,263; equipment, $2,557; traveling expenses, $1,446; net
loss on faun operations, $1,356; repairs and care of ground, $1,246; net cost of girls'
industries, $1,29o; interest and insurance, $t,005; fuel and light, $644; postage, $627;
aid to students, $344; printing school paper, $316; other expenses, $1,578.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness $1o,476 was due tradesmen, $7,472' was on
loans, $2,686 was back salaries of teachers, and $2,670 was for sundries.
School property : Of the school property $57,809 was in the school plant, $30,760 in,
land endowment, $5,i 79 in endowment investments, $4,129 in notes and accounts receiv-'
able, $1,870 supplies on hand, and $1,635 in cash and alter current assets.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $7,437. The school land comprises, about 402
acres, a large part, of which is rented out. The school grounds are fairly well kept but
could be greatly improved by shade trees and regular_ walks.
t.
96
,NEGRO EDUCATION.
Buildings: Estimated value, $31,o93. There are Ave large frame buildings. A
three-story brick building is in course of erection. The building is too high for school
purposes and too expensive for the income of the institution. There are several small
wood structures used for shops, stores, and other purposes. Thew are also six frame
cottages used for teachers' homes. The buildings are old but most of them are in
fairly good condition. The dormitories and classrooms are well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $19,279. The equipment consists of furniture, machinery, farm implements, and live stock.
Recommendations.t. That the administration be strengthened and better-trained
teachers employed.
2. That the enlargement and improvement of the pram bj not allowed to interfere with simple educational activities whether in books or industries.
3. That a committee of the trustees, in cooperation with the principal, simplify the
educational organization, study carefully the building operations, and reorganize the
business management, including the purchase c f equipment and supplies, to effect
greater economy.
4. That a small amount of land be used tot-Instruction in agriculture and the
remainder sold or leased.'
Dates of visits : May, 191 3 ; l'Airuary and March,
191 5.
BA PT IST SCHOOLS.
BeMdes Selma University, which is supported in part by the American Baptist
Home Mission Society, there are 19 small Baptist schools reported in Alabama.
Of these
two were considered important enough to be discussed in the county summaries above;
12 others were visited and are discussed below. the other five are listed at the end of
thissummary. They are small schools of local significance. Some of them are intsession
one year and closed the next. The Baptist work 'would be strengthened if the money
spent on the smaller schools were ap6liedstrengtheiling the three
more important
schools: Selma University, Livingstone AcaWiy, mid Union Springs Normal School.
1.
BUTLER COUNTYGREENVILLE.
SOUTH ALABAMA. BAPTIST COLLEGE.
President: L. tlawthorn.
A poorly managed elementary day school controlled by an unwieldy hoard of 40 trustees elected
by thelbcal Baptist association. The 48 pupils were in eight grades and
were taught by the local pastor
and his wife. The income of $578 was derived from tuition and from the association and
was expended
mostly for salaries. The plant, estimated value 82,800, consists of
a large town lot, two poorly kept
frame buildings, and meager equipment. A farm of 20 acres outside the town limits is
owned by the
school but is not used for school
purposes.
Recommendation. That
the school he moved to the farm and industrial work and gardening be
developed.'
Date of visit: January, 1915.
See reeoentuendatious in 91/011:1211r y chapter, p. aa.
4,
ci
ALABAMA.
97
CALHOUN COUNT VANNISTON.d.
ANNISTON NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
President: Charles H. Haynes.
A small elementary school, with LI few boarders. It was founded in 1893 by the neighboring Baptist
associations and is controlled by 15 colored truitees.
Attendance. Total, 29. The reported enrollment was 85. Two grades above the seventh were
claimed.
teachers. Total, 4; all colored; male 1, female 3. The teachers are poorly trained.
Financial, 1912-13.As far as could be determined, the income amounted to approximately .$1,800,
of which $440 was from Baptist associations, $479 from tuition, $410 from donations, and $3;t from
churches, entertainments, and other sources. The expenditures amounted to 31,765, as follows:
Teachers' salaries, $395; supplies for boarding department, $389; payment on debt, $343; other expenses,
$138. The indebtedness amounted to $1,408
Plant. Estimated value, $5,5oo. The school plant consists of eight city lots and three frame
buildings, two of the buildings being dormitories. The equipment is poor, consisting chiefly of benches
in the one large room where most of the teaching is done.
Reconmendafion.That the school be combined with some of the other Baptise schools of the State.
Date of visit: February, 1915.
CLARK E COUNTY THOMASVILLE.
THONIASVILLE NORMAL SC11001...
President: M. C. Cleveland.
A poorly taught elementary school, with a small boarding department. The school is owned by
the local Baptist association.
.
Aifendance.Total, 95; all elementary; boarders. 26. Some instruction
in cooking and sewing is
claimed!
Teachers.Total, 4; all colored; male 2, female a.
Financial, 1912-13.The income amounted to about Et,2oo, of which ir,000 was from the Baptist
association and $aoo from tuition and fees. About Er, too was expended for salaries and time remainder
for running expenses.
Plant. Estimated value. $4,000. The plant resists of 6 acres of land, three frame buildings, and
very limited equipment. The school building has never been finished; it is dirty', dingy, and so poorly
constructed as to seem unsafe.
Recommendation-T.That the Baptist Association endeavor to secure aid so that this institution
may be developed into a county training school.
`.
Date of visit: January, 1915.
HOUSTON COUNTYDOTHAN.
DOTHAN NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: B. F. Hunt.
An erementary day school founded in r000 by the local Baptist association to supplement the
public-school facilities. The too pupils were all below the fifth grade. The teaching was done by
the principal and three colored women. Some instruction was provided in sewing, cooking, and
woodwork, bt t little value was derived from these subjects.
The intone of $ir,soo was from the local Baptist association and from tuition. The indebtedness
was over $3,cao. The plant, estimated value $6,000, consists of an acre of city land, 8c acres of farm
land, and a frame building.
Recommendation. That the school- be reorganized and continued as long as public-school facilities
are inadequate.'
Date of visit: May, 1503.
Facts verified, 1915.
I Ste rezonunaklations in iummary Chars, p.
,
IE.
98
NEGRO' DUCATION.
LAWRENCE CO
TYCOURTLAND.
MOTH-ALABAMA BAPTIST ACADEMY.
Principal: E. Z. Matthews.
An elementary day school, with a few pupils in secondary subjects.. It was founded by the local
Hainist association to supplement the limited public-school fad_ 'es. Of the 150 pupils, all were elementary except 3 reported in the tenth grade. The teachers, consisting of the principal and three colored
women, were doing fairly good work. The income of $1,500 was derived from Lie Baptist association
and from tuitia.p. About $1,200 of Ole income was used for salaries and $300 for running expenses.
The plant, estimated value $4,000, consists of 121,5., acres of unused land, two frame buildings, and
equipment valued at $300.
Recommendation. There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become a part of the pu'olic-school system or be united with one of the larger institutions.
0111Lar.,
Date of visit: May, 1913.
LIT COUNTYOPELIKA.
EAST ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOT).
Principal: D. M. Ely.
A small elementary (lay school, with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It was founded 111 1903
and is owned by the Auburn Baptist Association. The 148 pupils arc in io grades, and the teaching
done by the principal and two colored women. The income of about $1,000 is from tuitionand donations from the members of the association. Practically all of the income 4.expended for salaries. The
plant, estimated value $3,000, consists of 12 acres of land, two rough frame buildings, and a little equip-9
went. No usis made of the land for teaching agriculture.
Recommendation.That the school be combined with one of the larger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: May, 1913.
MARENGO COUNTYTHOMASTON.
THOMASTON COLORED INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. C. Pennington.
An elementary day school, with a seven months' term. It was founded by the local Baptist association to supplement the limited public-school facilities. The 125 pupils are taught by the principal
and two colored women. The teaching is poor. The income of $375 is derived from the association
and from tuition. The plant, estimated value $5,000, consists of a 2-acre lot, a two-story brick building,
and meager equipment.
Recommendation.That the Baptist Association endeavor to have the county take over the school
and combine it with the county school near by.
Date of visit: January, 1914.
MONROE COUNTYMONROEVILLE.
MONROEVILLE BAPTIST INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
Principal: A. L. Megginson.
111/
A small elementary day school with a six months' term. It was founded in 1903 by the Bethlehem
Association of Baptist churches and is controlled by. a board of nine colored trustees elected by the
association.
Alltsdact.Total, 84; all elementary; boarders, 4. Although only eight gra.sles are reported, algebra
is attempted in the higher classes. Some instruction in cooking and seyring is"provided.
Teachers.Total, 4; all colored; male 2, female 2.
.
Financial, tw3-14.The income of $975 was from the association and from tuition and was expended
chiefly for salaries The plant, estimated value $3,000, consists of 35 acres of land, two 2-story frame
buildings, and equipment valued at $250.
ALABAMA.
99.
Recommendation. There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become a part of the public-school system or be united with one pf the larger institut ion s.1
Date of visit: January, 19r5.
MONTGOMERY COUNTY M ONTGOM E RY.
MONTGOMERY INSTITUTE.
Principal: A. J. Stokes.
A poorly managed elementary day school enrolling 20 pupils. The teaching is done by a colored
woman, the principalspending his time preaching and SOI icitintnioney fof the school. No statement
of income and expenditure could boobtained. The school has a Hoard of colored trustees elected by
the local Baptist association, but the property N controlled by the principal. The property, valued at
$5,000, consists of a large city lot, a to-story frame building, and equipment worth approximately $200.
Recommendation. In view of the condition and management of this school it can not be recommended as worthy of aid.
bate of visit: February, 1915.
PERRY COUNTYMARION.
4...
MVION BAPTIST ACADEMY.
Principal: J. N. Brown.
An elementary clay school owned and supported by a local association of Baptist churches. Though
a secondary course is outlined, all the work was elementary . The 113 pupils were taught t y 5 teachers
with limited training. The income of $784 was from the association and 4rom tuition and donations;
it was expended chiefly for salaries. The plant, estimated value $3,,000, consists of 8 acmi of land,
an old frame building, and very crude equipment.
Rccommendation.That the school be combined with one of the largeBaptist schools of the State.
Dates of visits: May, 5913; January, r914.
PIKE COUNTYTROY.
LAKE STREET III011 SCHOOL,
Principal: J. 4.. Johnson. An elementary days school founded in rgo5 by the local Baptist association. The I25 pupils were
taught by the piincipal and two coloied women.
Financial, ,tot2-13.-As far as could be determined the income amounted to &Soo, of which Sboo
was from the Baptist association and isoo from tuition. Practically all of the income was expended
for salaries.
Plant.Estimated value, $3,000. The plant consists of 2 acres of land, a one-try frame building.
and a little classroom equipment. The premises are poorly kept.
Recgiimcnilation.That the school be combined with one of the larger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: May, 1913.
LCOX COUNTYPRAIRIE.
PRAIRIE BAPTIST SCHOOL.
Principal: U. S. Stratman.
A badly managed elementary school with so boarding pupils. The school was originally a Wilcox
County public school, taught in a building owned by the1Baptist association, but public aid has been
-
withdrawn and the school isnow maintained by the association. The los pupils were taught by 6 poorly
traibed colored teachers.
Organisation. Ten grades are reported, covering so years, but the work is all elementary. A little
sewing is provided for girls. The classrooms and dormitory were dirty and disorderly.
Financial, 1914-15.No books are kept. The income was estimated at $r,oco, exclusive of the
receipts of the boarding department, which was said to be self-supporting. Of the income, *Soo was
from the Baptist association and Coo from tuition. All of the income, except about Coo, was expended
for teachers' salaries.
I See
recommendations In summary chapter, p. 21.
100
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Plant.Estimated value, 14,700. Of this $150 was in land, $1,300 in buildings, and $350 in movable
equipment. The land comprises to acres, about a miles from the railroad. There are two buildings,
one a poorly built tv,o-story frame structure, the other a four-room house, used as the teachers'.horne.
The movable equipment consists of a little furniture for the dormitory, classrooms, and teachers' home.
Recommendation.In view of the condition and management of this school, it can not be recom-
4
mended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: February, 1015.
ADDITIONAL BAPT4IST SCHOOLS.
The following schools were also reported, but evidence indicates that they are
not of sufficient importance to justify description in this report.
empty,.
Town.
Hale.
Jefferson.
School.
Mobile.
Greensboro.
Birmingham.
obile.
Pickens.
Randolph.
Pickensville.
Roanoke.
Stephens Memorial Institute.
Baptist College.
Cedar Grove Baptist Academy.
Mount Lebanon Baptist Academy.
Bowen East Baptist Academy.
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
In addition to the St. Joseph's School for Colored Boys described under Mont-,
gomery County, there are eight Catholic parish schools in Alabama. The denominational interest is strong in all of these schools. They are as follows:
SchooL t
Immaculate Conception School.
St. Anthonys School.
St.
St. Peter Clavers Saki.
St. James School.
St. Peters School.
St. John Baptist School.
St. Stephens School.
Town.
County.
Birmingham.
Jefferson.
Mobile.
Mobile.
Attendance. Teachers.
134
3
120
3
138
Do.
Pritchard.
Chastang.
lifontguiuery.
Fairford.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Montgomery.
Washington.
3
go
2
90
2
58
129
68
.)
1
4
i
COLORED METHODIST EPISCOPAL SCHOOLS.
In addition to Miles MemorialCollege, described in Jefferson County, the Colored
Methodist Episcopal Church supports the Thomasville High School. In view of the
need of more adequafe support for Miles Memorial College, the effort to maintainthe
small school at Thotnasville seems unwise.
CLARKE COUNTYTHONIASVILLE.
THOMASVILLE HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: T. P. Ashford.
An elementary school with a small number of boarders and iimited teaching force and equipment.
It is owned by trustees selected by the'tonference of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church. The
school is practically unsupervised.
Attencianc..Total, 8o; all elementary: male 3o, female so; boarders, Is. An enrollment of 155
was reportedfor the year.
Teachers.Total, 3; all colored; male z, female a. The teachers had only limited preparation
and the classroom work was poor.
Financial, 1913-lg.The income for the year amounted to $950. Of this $650 was from the church
and too from tuition and entertainments. The main item of expenditure was teachers' salaries,
which amounted to $750.
ALABAMA.
101
A
Plant. Estimated value, $2,40o. The land comprises about an acre of town property, valued at
There are two buildings. An old frame structure used for classrooms is valued at Si moo. A
small frame residence, value ii,coo,,is used for dormitory. The buildings are in poor condition, and
&too.
the dormitory is badly kept.
Recommendation. That the support now given this school be transferred to Miles Memorial College.
Date of visit: February, 1915.
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.
In addition to the schools discussed in the county summaries, there were 12 small
independent schools in Alabama. These schools are described below. They include
6 semipublic schools and 6 small private institutions. Many of these schools were
organized to supplement inadequate public-school facilities, but as they are often
dependent on individual initiative, and as they are poorly supervised, they fall far
short of meeting the needs of their communities. Where there appears to be a real need
for one of these schools, however, effort should be made to merge it with the pgblicschool system. In no case should these schools endeavor to extend their activities
beyond the immediate needs of the community. In order that ellitient use of funds
may be assured, donations from outside sources should be limited and should be made
through public authorities or through an agency acquainted with educational activities
in the locality.
Of the semipublic schools, two are entirely supported by the county but taught in
privately owned buildings. The others are largely supported by private funds and
receive small contributions from the counties.' Effort should be made to prevail upon
the counties to increase their appropriations to these schools. The five private schools
are located in cities. Of these, three are supported by tuition.
CALHOUN COUNTY JACKSONVILLE.
PROFILE FARM SCHOOL
Principal: E. J. Murdock.
A small venture started by the
work has practically no equipment
Recommendation. In view of
need for this institution.
CHs
dts
pal in opposition to the local public school is rota. The
assured support. A one-room lodge ball is used for the school.
creasing efficiency of the public schoot there seems to be little
AW COUNTYWEST BUTLER.
ARMSTRONG AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: A. W. Mitchell.
An elementary school opei*d late in lois. The principal has started schools of short duration in
various other places. The school is owned by the colored people%f the community and controlled by
an independent board of colored trustees. The county appropriates about tuao and &Soo is raised in
donations. tjhe property is reported to be worth Si 5,000.
Recommendations That the trustees endeavor to have the county assume control of the school.
a. That outside donations be given only through the county.
Date of visit: November, z9r5.
CONECUH COUNTY -- CHINA.
UNION AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: N. E. Henry.
A small elementary day school in a rural community. The classes are ungraded and the work is
crude.
air
102
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The school was founded in !got by its ptesent principal and is owned by an independent board of
trustees. All the ieaching is done by the principal and his wife.
Attendance. Total, 35; all elementary. An enrollment of so was reportedi. The industrial training
is negligible; a few boys work on the principal's farm.
Financial, 1914-,15.The incorde amounted to $505, of which $2iso was from the students, $165
from contributions, and $14o from the county. Practically all of the income was expended for salaries.
The indebtedness amounted to $300, of which $25o was secured by mortgage on part of the school property
and $5o was in back salaries.
Plant.Estimated value, $3,500. The plant consists of a two-story frame building, poorly constructed; a small plat of land, not including the principal's farm, and meager classroom equipment.
Recoininenclation.That contributions other than public funds be made through agencies having
-
facilities for studying schools.
Date of visit : February, 1915.
HALE COUNTYGREENSBORO.
MRS. CHRISTIAN'S SCHOOL
Principal: Mrs. Christian.
small elementaryschool held in a church. The 74 pupils are taught by the principal. The school
is a private enterprise supported by tuition, which amounts to approximately $400 a year.
Recommendation.That the school continue on its present basis.
Date of visit : January, 1914.
JEFFERSON COUNTYBIRMINGHAM.
THE TUGGLE INSTITUTE.
President: Mrs. C. A. Tuggle.
A loosely organized elementary school -aith a few secondary pupils. The school was founded about
5910 by the...women composing the "Court of Calanthe " and the "Daughters of the Rising Sun." A
boarding department is maintained for the orphans of the members of these two secret orders.
Attendance. Total, 146; elementary 142, secondary 4; boarders, 120.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 4, female 2. The teaching was poorly done and the rooms
were crowded. The industrial work consists of printing, a little woodworking, and soine sewing.
Financial, 1912-13.As far as could be determined the income amounted to $1,827. Of this $r,141
was from students, $490 from the two secret orders, and $196 from the trustees. The income was inade
quate to meet the expenses of the school. The indebtedness amounted to 15935. a part of which_ was
secured by a mortgage on the entire property.
Plant.Estimated value, $11,000. The plant tdrgists of three city lots and three frame buildings,
with meager equipment for classrooms and dormitories. The buildings were in bad repair and the
dormitories crowded, poorly supervised, and dirty.
ReconswiendatiorieIn view of the condition and management of this school, as outlined above, no .
recommendation can be made in regard to it.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
MADISON COUNTYHUNTSVILLE.
SHERMAN INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: F. R. Davis.
A small elementary day school operated as a private enterprise. About 78 pupils are enrolled.
The principal is assisted by three women teachers.
The school was founded in 1904 and occupies a site owned by the Freedman's Aid Society and
I formerly used for the Central Alabama academy. The principal has been attempting to purchase
the property, but only a little more than the interest has been paid.
The financial management is entirely in the hands of the principal. As far as could be determined
the income amounted to approximately li,soo, of which $1,300 was from donations, $128 from tuition,
ALABAMA.
103
and $72 from other sources. Of this $1,300 was expended for salaries, and the remainder for general
expenses of the school. The indebtedness amounted to $6,275.
The plant, estimated value $8,700, consists o. a large city lot, a two-story brick building, two !name
buildings, and equipment valued at $2oo. The buildings are in byi repair and the premises poorly kept.
Recommendation
view of the condition and management of this school, no favorable recommendation can be made in regard to it.
Date of visit: May, 1913.
MARENGO COUNTYDEMOPOLIS.
BLACK BELT NORMAL
Principal: U. S. Jodes.
A city school doing a little secondary work. It is owned by a private board of trustees, but
operated by the city. There were 7 teachers and an enrollment of 450. The income amounts to approximately $a, Soo, and the plant is valued at $5,000.
Recommendation. That the trustees .endeavor to have the cot :nty assume fulte charge of the
work and develop the school.
MARENGO COUNTYFAUNSDALE.
FAUNSDALE UNION ACADEMY.
Principal: J. H. Martin.
An elementary school in a rural section. Although doing the public-school work for
colored
children of the community, it is taught in a building owned by a private board of trustees. The plant
is valued at $1,5o3 and consists of a two-story building and three-quarters of an acre of land. There
are 3 teachers and about go pupils. The income amounted to $,Soo, of which *lac was from the county
and $loo was raised by the colored people of the community. Of this, $600 was expended for salaries
and $2oo for other purposes.
Recommendation. That the county assume full control of the work and develop the school.
Date of visit: May, 1913.
MOBILE COUNTYMOBILE.
COOPER GRADED SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. Alice I,. Cooper.
An elementary day school founded in 1913 by a former teac
of Emerson Institute. It is operated
by the principal as a private enterprise.
ttendo we.Total, 138. The reported enrollment for the year was 144. The work covers To
grades. The teachers arc three colored women.
Financial, 1913-14.The income, amounting to approximately 890o, was from tuition and was
used chiefly for salaries. The school building is rented.
Recommendation. That the school continue on its present basis.
Date of visit: January, 19.14.
MISS A. E. EUROPE'S SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss A. E. Europe.
An eletucytary day school operated by the principal as a private enterprise.
The 156 pupils were taught by three colored women in a rented lodge hall. The income of approximately $800 was frain tuition and was used chiefly for salaries. The school makes no appeal for donations,
Recommendation . That provision be made for industrial work.
Date of visit: January. 1914.
WIL,60X COUNTVFURMAN.
HOPEWELL RURA...1414NUAL TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: J. P. Thomas.
A small elementary school operated for six months in the year. The principal is also a teacher in
Snow Hill Institute.
.
104
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The school was founded by the
principal in 1953. It is owned by a board of
trustees and receives
some aid from the county. There are approximately 5o
pupils and one young woman teacher. The
\ income amounts to $5oo, of which $290 is from the county and Salo
from tuition. The principal
solicits aid for the school by
correspondence with many people in the North. The small plat of ground,
rough two-room building, and plain board seats are worth about
$200. There is no industrial or Linn
equipment.
Recommendation. That contributions other than public funds be made
through agencies having
facilities for studying schools.
...Date of visit: March, 191 5.
WILCOX COUNTYNEENAH.
ROSEBUD INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Rosa J. Young.
An elementary public school with a six months' term.
frame building by three colored women and enrolls 125 pupils. It is taught in a small privately owned
The income amounted to approximately
$5oo. of which $3oo was froth contributions, $125 from tuition, and
$75 from county appropriation. The
plant, estimated value Sr,ozo, consists of a small plat of land,
a three-room frame building, a log house,
and equipment valued at $300.
Recommendatsod.That the school term be lengthened.
Dates of visit: May, 1913; February, 1916,
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS.
With the exception of the nurse training class
at the john A. Andrew Memorial
Hospital at Tuskegee and the small hospital connected
the Negroes of Alabama have no special nurse-training with the Millers Ferry School,
facilities. A colored ward is
maintained in some of the white hospitals, notably the Catholic
Hospital in Montgomery.
There is no systematic attempt to care for the colored
orphans
of the State. The
small orphanage of Tuggle Institute in Birmingham is
poorly
managed
and is open
only to orphans of the members of the secret societies
which
support
the
school.
An
excellent State reformatory has been provided for
delinquent
boys,
but
no
provision
has been made for delinquent girls. In view of the fact that
children are committed to
the Daly Reformatory by the county courts, effort
should be made to have the counties
provide adequate support for the institution.
MONTGOMERY COUNTYMOUNT MEIGS.
ALABAMA REFORM SCHOOL FOR JUVENILE NEGRO
LAWBREAKERS.
Superintendent: A. Simms.
A well-managed reform school for boys, organized according
to modem ideas of treating juvenile
delinquents. It is owned and controlled
by the State of Alabama and receives the delinquents
committed by the courts of the State.
A tiewlance.Total, 180; all male. The courts commit
to the institution boys from 6 to to years
W Moos .Total, 6; all colored; male 4, female a.
Organisation.Half a day is given to schoolroom instruction and half
a day to manual work. The
agricultural work is especially well done. Effort is made to surround
the
boys
with wholesome influences.
Financial, zor5.An allowance of 17 per month is made for each
boy by the State. In 59i5 this
amounted to about $15,000. Considerable revenue is also derkyed
from the cultivation of the farm and
the sale of timber. The salaries of workers amounted
to $a,81 r. The remainder of the income was
applied to the bolirding department, clothing for the boys,
and incidentals.
of age.
ALABAMA.
105
Plant.The plant, estimated value $34,966, consists of 281 acres of excellent land and nine substantial buildings in good condition. The farm comprises 125 acres. Three of the buildings are concrete and six are frame.
Recommendation. That the work of this institution be encouraged.
TUSCA LOOSA COUNT Y TUSCA LOOSA.
DALY REFORMATORY.
President: /Ars. Rachel S. Daly.
A reform school established by Sam Daly to care for the incorrigible boys of Jefferson and Tuscaloosa Counties. Children are committed by the court to the reformatory, but no provision is made for
their maintenance. Since the founder's death his wife, who inherited the property, has endeavored,
with very limited means, to carry on the work. About 20 boys are cared for by two colored workers,
one male aid one female. The school receives about Si ,000 a year. A part of this is from the farm and
the balance from donations. All of the income is expended for running expenses. About $2,000 is
still due on the purchase price of the property. The plant, estimated value $5,000, consists of 300 acres
of land, one large frame building, four old farmhouses. and very crude equipment.
pr
Recommendation.That the counties care for this necessary- work out of public funds.
Date of visit: February, 1915.
IV. ARKANSAS.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 442,891 colored people in Arkansas, forming 28.1 per cent of the total
population. They constitute 37.5 per cent of all persons engaged in agricultural pur-
suits in the State.
The number of farms cultivated by them increased 35.3 per cent
betweett.19oo and 1910. This increase was exceeded only by that of Oklahoma and
Georgia. As farmers renting and owning land they have charge of 2,652,684
acres of
land; as farm laborers they undoubtedly cultivate a much larger area of Arkansas
soil.,
While the United sates census indicates hopeful progres; in the decrease
of illiteracy
and the improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still 26.4 per cent of the
colored
people to years of age and over and 16.8-per cent of the children io to 14 years of age,
and the death rate is very high. Such a degree of illiteracy and ill health is certain evidence of extensive waste of economic resources and human energy. In view of these
facts, it is important to note the follOwing summary of the public school facilities and
educational needs of Arkansas as they are shown in the United States census and in
reports made to the State department of public instruction:'
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age in State, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age in 63 counties, 191o.
Teachers' statics in public schools of 63 counties, 1912-13.......
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 years in 63 counties
Percentage illiterate, 1910..
Percentage living in rural communities, 1910..
Wiute.
r, 131, 026
345. 790
Negro.
442, 891
99,383
99,310
199, 717
82, 587, 462
1455, 938
S12.95
84 59
7. o
26.4
87.3
86.6
Public approprighons.The public school teachers in 63 counties of Arkansas
received $3,043,400 in salaries in 1912-13. Of this sum $2,587,462 was for the teachers
of 199,717 whit children and $455,938 for the teachers of 99,310 colored children. On a
per capita basis this is $12.95 for each white chitd and $4.59 for each colored child.' As
one of the border States Arkansas shows a per capita expenditure that is considerably
higher than States whose Negro population forms a larger per cent of the total. Map 4
presents these per capita figures for each county in Arkansas, the proportion of Negroes
being indicated by the shading. The inequalities between the figures for white, children
and those for colored children are greatest in the counties along the Mississippi River
and
the .Louisiana border, where the proportion of Negroes in the total population is largest.
The per capita sums decrease for white and necrease for colored children with considerable regularity as the propoLtion of Negroes becomes smaller. The extent of this reguExpenditures in white and colored schools are not publishedaeparatela in the reports of the superintendent cri public instruc.
Lion but were obtained by correspondence through the office of the,. superintendc it.
The a counties not included have very
few Negroes and report no expenditure for colored schools.
These figures were computed by dividing the total amount of teachers' salaries in public schools by the number of
chile. ren
0 to 14 years of age enumerated by the United States census.
46927 ° Bull. 39-17-----8
107
NEGRO EDUCATION.
108
8.05
27.61
1
i
I
.--.-+
.
i
.82
.rtz,5
.-r
li.
12.93 f-
1
1
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rj
I
°T:gr'-inzt9a-,
.65
...s 4.35 1 "g7r6 - 1 gvoer
tt
l'"
6, 0,4.
" -i-
,... 5:o8ag.
4.37
1
12.19
,
s,
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'1783-:: : 7-77- Ir7-I
2.17,
7.67
6.48
S".14§`
i_ _ - _ _
-' 10.9
,,ftptnNOINCI
--
I
2.4c
=12
4vp
`L"U".' .1J
..,_I=,. _ -I,
5.66
9 . 0,I5,,
5.74
2.95
I
5 71..."7,1-
11
7
9Q
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ut.Tote
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7.84
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....,
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1.00.4. I ....0.14c.
.._ _,_ -.-.,
5.67
li
r
I
9.15
4v!93
i
is?
.01
76
6 26
Pout
i
9.46
8. a
Percentage Negro in the PoPtslation-
t----
Les* than 10 per cent.
Mrto ss per cent.
per cent.
75 per cent.
1111111.1 s to too per cent.
3 to so
num so to
MAY 4. PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES POR WHITE AND COLORED CHILDREN IN ARKANSAS ON THE
BASIS OP TEACHERS SALARIES.
The upper figure in each county is for white children, the lower for colored. The shading
indicates the percentage of Negroes in the total population.
ARKANSAS. '
109
larity appears in the following table, which shows the per capita
:,xpenditures for
county groups based on the percentage of Negro population:
County groups, percentage of Negroes in the population.
Counties under to per cent
Counties to to 25 per cent
Counties 25 to 5o per cent.
Counties so to 75 per cent
Counties 75 to too per cent
White school Negro school
population. population.
91,965
32,879
54,637
26,483
3,753
Per capita
white.
Per capi to
Negro.
$8.91
9.27
$5.08
19. 57
4.78
4.26
4.22
3, 717
5,702
39,439
30,443
20,006
16.25
33. 69
The high per capita for white children in the " black belt" counties is
6. o6
by the fact that in these counties the children are few and widely partly explained
scattered. The
smkller cost of schools for colored children is partly due to the lower
wage scale for
colored teachtfrs and partly to thetriimparatively Edited provision for high school educa-
tion. It is apparent, however, that these
explanations by no means account for the
divergencies in the "black belt" counties. In addition to the $2,587,462 appropriated
for the public school teachers of white children, the State appropriated
$240,908 to maintain four agricultural high schools, one normal school and the State university.
To the
$455,938 for public school teachers of colored children, the State added liao,000
to supplement the income of the agricultural and mechanical school largely
maintained by
Federal funds.
Private financial aid.The deficiencies in secondary and higher schools
for colored
people largely explain the existence of the private schools in the State.
These schools
have a property valuation of $376,222', an annual income of $62,337, and
an attendance of .
3,103 pupils, of whom 2,586 are in elementary grades. A summary of the income and
property of the private and higher colored schools in Arkansas grouped according
to ownership is given in the following table :
Number of
Total private schools
Independent
Denominational
State and Federal
schools.
..
Annual
income.
26
$62, 337
2
1,100
61,237
24
24, 003
Value of
property.
1376, 222
3, 700
372,522
241,456
According to this table the private schools are almost entirely suplerted
by denomi -.
nations. The annual income of the colored
schools owned .by denominations whose
membership is white or largely so aggregates $40,848 as against $20,389 for
those of the
colored denominations. The property owned by the former
group is valued at $296,350
and that owned by the later at $76,172. Some of the schools controlled by
white denominations receive considerable sums of money from their colored members.
The statistics
of the State and Federal school with an income of $24,003 and
$141,456 are in striking'contrast with those for the private schools. property valued at
In addition to the
private aid reported in the above
table $11,576 was appropriated for general supervision
and special phases of education by the Jeanes and Slater Funds, the
General Education
Board; and the Rosenwald Rural School Kind.
While the total number of private schools is 26, only it nlay any
important part in
the educational activities of the State. Some of the remaining 15 may be justified on
denominational grounds; the majority, however, are so hampered by small
income or
poor management that the State receives but little benefit from them. The
schools
of the first group are described under their respective counties and
their
location
shown,
on Map 5. The schools of the second
group are summarized. according to ownership
NEGRO EDUCATION.
110
and discussed at the end of this chapter.
The attendance of the private and higher
colored schools by ownership groups is indicated in the following statement :
Number
of schoola
Total private schools
Independent
Denominational
State and Federal
26
Total
Ekmenattendance. tary.
'3,103
2, 586
2
70
70
24
'3, o33
2, 5r6
170
,2.30
_
Secondary.
465
465
40
In view of the frequency of ,the terms "academy" and "college" in the names of
these private institutions, it is important to note that only about one-tenth of their
pupils are of secondary grade and only 52 are in college classes.
Attendance.The United States Census reported 99,383 colored children 6 to- 14
years of age, of whom o(ily 57.872 were attending school. A study of the figures for the
public and private schools shows that while a majority of the elementary colored pupils
are in the public schools, 13.1most half the secondary pupils and all the college pupils are
in private schools. The large 'majority of the white secondary and college pupils,
however, are in public schools. It
o
Elementary.The inadequacy of the elementary school system for colored children is indicated by the fact that the attendance in both public and private schools is
only 58 per cent of the children of elementary school age. The average length of term
in white and colored public schools is under 6 months. The 2,586 ptipiIs in private
schools are fairly well taught, but their number is only a small part of the 57,872 chil-,
dren attending school and a still smaller fraction of the 99,383 children of elementary
school age.
Secondary. There are five public high schools for colored youth in Arkansas.
Three offer four-year courses and two offer three-year courses.
All but the Gibbs I light
School in Little Rock share their buildings with the elementary grades. In addition
to these schools there are probably to or 15 public schools with a few pupils above the
elementary grades.
Of the 825 secondary colored pupils in Arkansas 465 are in 1 2 private schools.
Four-year courses are maintained in eight of the private schools. The secondary work
of the remaining four varies from a few subjects above the elementary grades to a full
three-year course. The courses of study in most of these schools follow closely the
'college preparatory or classical type. Mans gf them still require Greek and practically
all make Latin the central subject. Very few have adequate provision for 171ysical or
social science.
Colle.-Pe.College classes are maintained at Philander Smith' College and Arkansas
Baptist College, but the combined college attendance is only 52. 'Neither institution
is adequately equipped to do college work.
Teacher training. The most urgent need of the colored schools in Arkansas is
trained teachers. The supply now depends almost entirely upon the secondary schools,
many of which ate private institutions. Of the private schools, hoWever, only four offer
even fair preparation for teaching, while two others do some teacher-training work. 'To
supplement these facilities, an effort is now being made to develop county training
schools. These schools are count.), centers at which some secondary and industrial
training may be .given to those' who plan to teach in rural sections. Through the co"- hubbies 23 pupils in colle ge classes at Artansu Baptist College and $ in Philander Smith Wier.
-
1
ARKANSAS.
111
operaiion of the Slater Fund and the General
Education Board with the State department of education, four of these institutions are now maintained. As yet, however,
their work is almost entirely of elementary grade. They have
probably been more
successful in Arkansas than elsewhere because of their location in small
towns rather
than in remote rural districts. The small town has made possible
the combination of
rural interests with the larger school income, better traveling facilities,
and more boarding accommodations for pupils from a distance. The pupils in the graduating
classes
of all the schools offering teacher-training subjects it. 1915
numbered only 125, an annual
output obviously inadequate to meet the need for teachers in a State with over 44o,000
colored people and I ,000 colored public-school teachers.
1
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4003l01
MAACA.111
: .. ::*41,:%/1
or'
°A" M. %.*:$
Wl.I.: k: AXON, %
%
Percentage Negro in the population:
EDUnder to per amt.
EE
.
Income o foam
0 Under 11.2,500.
0 $2.soo to Smoo.
so to so Per cent.
0
so per emit and over.
$30,000 and Over.
MAP 5.7,-PlUVATIt SCHOOLS FOR dECIIORS IN ARKANSAS.
The circles show the location and the annual income of the more important
schools.
The shading indicates the percentage of Negroes 'n the total population.
12151111111.014
//
112
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Industrial. The facilities for industrial 'training are very limited. No colored
school in the State is able to teach a trade effectively. Though a reorganization is
-being effected, the State Agricultural and Mechanical College at Pine Bluff has been
little more than a city school with fair facilities for manual training. Seven of the
private schools offer satisfactory Industrial work in one or two lines and two other
schools provide a small amount of industrial training.
Agriculture.The facilities for teaching agriculture are also very limited. The
majority of the schools fail to provide systematic training in this branch. Six of the
private schools have-tracts of land wtiich`their pupils cultivate as laborers, the educational value of this labor varying with the institution, Two schools have courses in gardening. In the effort to acquire large tarns the remaining schools have overlooked the
educational possibilities of a well planned course in gardening.
Supervision.Through the cooperation of the State department of education and
the General Education Board a white supervisor is maintained for the colored rural
schools! This supervisor travels over the State observing educational conditions and
encopraging efforts for improvement. The more. important agencies with which he
cooperates are the Jeanes and Slater Funds, and the Rosenwald Rural School Building
Fund.
Eleven counties in the State have Jeanes Fund supervisors traveling among the
rural schools, introducing industrial training and extending the.iinfluence of the school.
into thecommunity. In lois the Jeanes Fund approariated $2,799, the counties gave
$1,520, and the county supervisors raised $1,256 by a
is to the people. With the
financial help of the General Education Board these supervisors and oQier agents have
organized "home-makers' clubs" 'composed of colored girls and women.
SUMMARY OF' RDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
1. The strengthening and extension of the elementary school system. The only
agencies able to supply this need are the State, the county, and.the local public school
districts.
2. The increase of teacher-training facilities. To this end secondary school; with
teacher-training courses should be provided, more summer schools and teachers' insti-.
tutes slioutd be maintained, and the private schools should cooperate with the State
department of education' by placing more emphasis on teacher-training courses in
accordance with state standards. Special effort should be made to reorgan*,e the
State school so that it may supply the need for teachers of industry and agriculture.
3. More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple industries.
In developing this work, counties should realize the possibilities of the Jeanes Fund
industrial supervisors.
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the problenis of rural life, so that teachers
'and lead may be developed for a people 86.6 per cent rural.
5. The
in the number of industrial high schools in towns.
11.
.
ARKANSAS.
113
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
Ir
The private and higher schools of Arkansas are"-iteceigith4eseribed. Counties and
cities in which the more important institutions are located are presented as a background
for the discussion of the individual schools. The counties are arranged in alphabetical
order.
ARKANSAS COUNTY.
Whi%e
Population, 1610
Children, 6 to 14 years of age, 1610
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 16 r 2-
.1,821
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in county
Percentage illiterate, tater
Nero.
4,169
2, 122
1,1605
$25,393
$11.67
$3,326
$3.31
3. 7
23. 7
The rural population is 83 per ccfit of the total. .The average attendance, according
to the census of 1910, is 1,672 white 'pupils and 479 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
eleMentary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeanes Fund county super-
vising industrial teacher travels irt the county and aids the teachers in rural schools to
introduce industrial work and extend the influence of the school into the community.
The Imthanuel Institute, located in a rural district 8 miles from Almyra, series as a central school where pupils may board and supplement the training received in the rural
schools of the county.
IMMANUEL iNSTFI'UTE.
ALMYRA.
Principal: I). B. Marshall.
A school of elementary grade, located in the open country. There area few pupils
in secondary subjects. The good wink in industries is hampered by poor equipment.
The school was founded and is owned by the local Baptist Association, but receives
aid and supervision from the county.
Attendance.Total, 126; elementary 120, secondary 6; boarders, 39.
Teacherf.Tota1,4; all colored; male 1, female 3. The teachers are well trained.
Orgutij4ation.The course include's 12 grades of work. Though pupils are assigned
to the industrial work according to age rather than by classes, gardening, broom making,
and cooking are done with reasonable success.
Financial, 1912-13.As far as could be determined the income amounted to $1,675,
of which $1 o5 was from board and tuition, $255 from the Baptist Association, $200 from
the county, and $115 from other sources. Of the income, $975 was expended for salaries,
$5oo fo: supplies for the boarding and academic departments, and $200 for the farm.
Plant.Estimated value, $5,000. The plant cons.,ts of 4o acres of land; a frame
school building used for classrooms and boys' dormitory, a small building for primary
grades, an unfinished boys' dormitory, and a little furniture for classrooms and
dormitories.
Recommendations. r. That the Baptist Association endeavor to have this school
developed as a county training school.'
2. That gardening and simple manual training be required subjects.'
See recammendatione In summary chapter, p.
a.
e
114
NEGRO EDUCATION.
3. That the boarding department and classrooms be so conducted as to create
habits of order ancielanliness.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
BRADLEY COUNTY.
Population, Iwo
.
Children, 6 to z4 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in puplic schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
The entire population is rural.
.
_
Whitt.
9, 877
3, 188
Neva
$29, 905
$4, 687
$13.67
S.4. 23
5.6
3 z. 6
4,641
1, 107
The average attendance, according to the census
of 1910, is 1,670 white pupils and 568 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. Even in the town of Warren
the school term is short, though A new and commodious building has been erected.
It
is reasonable to expect, however, that Warren town will soon be able to care for the
elementary pupils, so that Walters Institute may develop as a central training school
and provide more advanced secondary and industrial education for the pupils of
surrounding districts.
WALTERS INSTITUTE.
WARR EN.
President : J. W. Eichelberger.
An elementary school with a fewiiigh-school--pupils.__ The boarding department
is
well regulated. The school was founded in 1906 and is owned
.and-e-ontrolled by the
General Board of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. It has a boathof 62
trustees acting in an advisory capacity.
Attendance. Total, -77; elementary 68, secondary 9; boarders, 37. The reported
enrollment for the year was 13o.,
Teachers. Total, 5; all colored; male 3, female 2. Two part-time teachers are
also employed.
Organization. The elementary grades are well taught. The secondary pupils are
in a four-year high-school course, three of them doing practice teaching.
Instruction
in sewing is provided for girls and all pupils Have gardening.
Financial, 1911-13.:--The accounts are carefully kept. The more important items
for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
Si, ,-)47
1, 093
400
6, 200
Sources of income: A. M. E. Z. Church, $600; tuition and fees, $447. The noneduational receipts were front the boarding department and amounted to $900.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $74o; building, $700;
salaries, $553
The indebtedness of kco represents for the most part back salary
of teachers and sums owing for running expenses.
`Indebtedness:
ARKANSAS.
115
Plant:' Estimated value, $6,200. The plant consists of 535 acres of land, one
frame building, and about $20o in movable equipment. The grounds and buildings are
clean and the dormitory rooms well kept.
Recommendations. -1. That the school continue its lower grades only so long as the
public school is overcrowded.
2. That in order to develop as a teacher- training school the industrial work and
gardening be strengthened.'
Date of visit: March, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
CHICOT COUNTY.
Population, 19 ro.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1 ro
Teachers' salaries in public schools, r9r2-13
Teachers'.salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
White.
288
Negro.
17, 682
56o
3,829
$2a, ooh
$11, 271
$39. 30
5. 8
$2.94
34
The entire population is rural. The attendance, according to the census ofioio,
was 376 white pupils and 2,095 colored pupils. Effort is being made to furnish additional school facilities in Chicot County by developing a central training institution at
Dermott. A Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teacher travels in the county and
helps the teacherrural schools to introduce industrial work and extend the influence
of the school intortle community. Since there is little probability that the Baptist
school will move to another section of the county, effort should be made to coordinate
its work with the county training school, so that duplication may be avoided. This
school is one of the larger local Baptist schools of the State. If it were reorganized, its
boarding department would enable it to serve several surrounding counties as well as
Chicot. Dupree Academy, located in Dermott, is
an excellent private school with one
teacher.
This school is described in the summary of small private schools for Arkansas.
DERMOTT.
ONICOT COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: J. H\Vickers.
A public school of elementary grade selected as a central institution to provide
more advanced training for the colored pupils of the county.
Attendance. Total, 245; all elementary.
Teachers.Total, 4; all colored; male 1 , female 3.
Organization. The work covers the usual eight elementary grades. In order to
provide some training for thoseNho go out to teach in ninil schools a course in methods
is given in the eighth grade. The industrial training consists of cooking, sewing, chair
caning, and shuck work. The school term is six months.
Financial, 1914-13.The income amounted to $1,804, of which $1,304 was from
State funds and $50o front the Slater Fund. Of the income, $1,300 was expended !or
salaries and $504 for other expenses.
Plant. Estimated value, $5,000. Of this, $5oo is in land, $4,000 in the building,
and $5oo in equipment.
l The schoolhouse was destroyed by fire in iota and new buildings valued at $74co have since been erected.
Incurred an indebtedness of about $3,eco in rebuilding.
'See rexanmendiiti on in summary chapter, p. 2 3.
L
The school
116
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Recommendations. -1. That facilities be provided for .gardening and manual training' for boys.
2. That, in order to make the teacher training of more value., secondary work and
practice teaching be introduced.
SOUTH EAST BAPTIST ACADEMY.
Principal: J. R. Burdett.
A poorly managed elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It
was founded by the local Baptist association and is owned by a board of trustees elected
by the association.
Attendance. Total, toy; elementary 97, secondary 8; boarders, 35. The reported
annual enrollment was 157.
Teachers and workers.Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female 4.
Organization.Twelve grades were claimed, but the majority of the pupils were
below the fourth grade. No industrial work is done and the land is not used for educational purposes.
Financial, 1913-4.AS far as could be determined, the income amounted to
$2,136, of which $1,447 was from board and tuition and $689 from the Baptist Association. Of the income, $1,664 was expended for salaries and $472 for the boarding depart.
ment and general expenses.
Plant.Estimated value, $7,000. The plant consists of 4o acres of land, two large
frame buildings, and school furniture. The buildings were dirty and the lighting and
ventilation poor. The dormitory rooms were crowded.
Recommendations.-1. That the trustees endeavor to reorganize this school so that
it may supplement rather than duplicate the public-school work.
2. That provision be made for teacher training, gardening, and simple industrial
work.'
3. That the boarding department be enlarged and used for the home training of
the pupils.
Date of visit : March, ic :4.
CLARK COUNTY.
Population, Iwo.
Children 6 to i4 years of age, tom..
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1913-13.
Teathers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
PerCentage illiterate, zoo..
white
Negro.
16,3N
3,63o
7,367
1,855
$41,421
$7, 475
$c 1.41
5.2
$4 03
26.1
The rural population is 88.4 per cent of the total. The average attendance, according to the census of 191o, was 2,607 white pupils and 985 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Presbyterian Board should
make special effort to reorganize the Arkadelphia Academy, so that it will furnish
secorttlary, industrial, and teacher training facilities to supplement the training in the
county schools. With its limited equipment and support, the Baptist school would be
of more value if it *ere moved to some section of the State where it is more needed
I See necommendatlopo In summary chapter. p. is.
ARKANSAS.
117
or combined with one of the larger Baptist schools. This school is describe0 in the
summary of small Baptist schools for Arkansas.
A Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teacher travels in the county and aids the
teachers in the coral schools to introduce industrial work and extend the influence of
the school into the community.
PRESBYTERIAN ACADEMY.
ARKADELPHIA.
Principal: W. D. Feaster.
An elemental-5.: school with a few secondary pupils. The management is not effecttive. A few pupils board at the school
The school was founded about 1894 and is owned and controlled by the Presbyterian
Board of Missions for Freedmen.
A tfrndanc. Total, 200 ; elementary 195, secondary 5. The reported enrollment
for the year was 377.
Teachers.Total, 6; aN colored ; male 2, female 4
Orvanization.The it grades are taught by four teachers with occasional assistance from the principal and his wife. The large majority of the pupils are in. the
primary classes.
The industrial training is limited to a little sewing and cooking. A few boys work
on the farm and grounds to help pay their expenses. Conctete work is done in a small
shop and two or three pupils are permitted to help.
Financial, 1922-13.--No systematic books are kept. As far as could be determined
the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$1,425
I, 200
8,300
,.;0)2ces of incom.Presbyterian board, $1,225; tuition, $2o0.
The noneducaOf this $1,200 was from the boarding department
tioual(receipts amounted to $1,400.
and SiMrf-mm the farm.
/tents of expenditure. Salaries, $1,225; other expenses, $1,375.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $3,800. The school owns 38 acres of land, of which
only a small portion is cultivated. Little or no effort has been made to beautify the
grounds.
Buildings: Estimated value, $3,500. There is a large two-story frame structure,
used for classrooms and dormitories, besides a small shop and a barn.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, St ,000. The equipment consists chiefly of
crude furniture for classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendation.That the work be reorganized and the administration
strengthened.
Dates of visits: March, 1914; March, 1915.
-
GARLAND COUNTY.
White.
Population,. two.
Children, 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13..
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, toto.
Nert
22, 457
4, 665
3,934
$52, 026
$13. 22
662
$5, 505
$8. 32
5.6
25.7
118
NEGRO EDUCATION.
.
rural population is 47.1 per cent of the total. The average attendance, according to the census of 1910, is 2,679 white pupils and 538 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate fairly good public school facilities. The effort 'to develop
a private school in Hot Springs is hardly worth while, especially since the public school
of the town is doing secondary work.
HOT SPRINGS.
LANGSTON HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: F. C. Long.
A public school offering four years of Secondary work. Owing to the destruction
of the building by fire, the school has been taught in rented
quarters and the industrial
courses have been discontinued. The eight elementary grades
are taught in the same
building.
Attendance.Secondary, 39; male 18, female 2I. The elementary enrollment for
the year was 405.
Teachers.Secondary, 4; male', female 3.
Organization.Secondary: The secondary work includes English, geometry, algebra,
history, physics, biology, civics, and half-year courses in classroom agriculture,
physiology, and physical geography. It is planned to provide industrial
training when the
new building is completed.
Plant.A new building was being erected to replace the czle burned in
1913.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
HEMPSTEAD COUNTY.
'Population, 19I0.
Children 6 to 14 yea's of age, 1910
Teachers' sal arie3 in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o..
White
14, 184
3, 155
$39, 65o
$12. 57
$16, 675
$4. 26
2. 6
26. 4
Negro.
14, 100
3,914
The rural population is 87.1 per cent of the total. ll'he average attendance, according to the census of 1910, is 2,215 white pupils and 2,169 colored
pupils.
In the effort to improve the public schools, the county, in cooperation
with the
Slater Fund and the General Education Board, is developing the central training
school
at Hope. A Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teacher travels among the rural schools
and aids the teachers in introducing industrial work and extending the
influence of the
school into the community.
HOPE.
HEMPSTEAD COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: H. C. Verger.
A public school of elementary grade with a few secondary. pupils.
It has been
selected as a central institution to provide more advanced training for
the
colored
pupils
of the county.
Attendance.Total, 300; elementary 258, secondary 42; boarders, 20.
Teachers.Total, 8; all colored; male 3, female 5; academic 5, industrial 3.
Two of the industrial teachers receive such small salaries that they are obliged to earn
money by using the shop equipment.for outside repair work.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work is done in the first seven grades.
Secondary: The eighth and ninth grades have secondary work, together with some
elementary subjects. The teacher training in these grades consists of rudimentary
work in psychology, child study, methods, and practice teaching.
Industrial: Cooking and sewing are provided fdr girls, and shoemaking, painting,
woodwork, and blacksmithing for boys The work is well planned and practical.
Financial, 1914-15.The income amounted to $2,662, of which $1,512 was from
the State, $65o from district taxes,on colored property, and $500 from the Slater Fund.
Of the income, $2,183 was expended for salaries and $479 for other purposes.
Plant.Estimated value, $9,000. Of this, $5oo is in land, $7,000 in the building,
and $1,500 in equipment.
Recoinmendatias..-1. That the boarding department be extended so that more
pupils from the stiWunding rural districts may attend.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made part of the regplar course.'
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1012-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to r4 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Negro.
15,038
.
..
37,692
2, 502
8,063
$46,939
$37, 525
$4. 65
25. 9
$03. 76
22.0
The rural population is 71.4 per cent of the total. The average attendance, according to the census of 1910, is 1,947 white pupils and 5,168 colored pupils.
PINE BLUFF.
It is apparent from the figures that the colored schools of the county enroll only
about two-thirds of the children of school age. In the town of Pine Bluff, however,
conditions are better. In addition to fairly good elementary facilities, a four-year
high school course is provided. At present the State Agricultural and Mechanical
College is little more than a supplement to the city public school system. Special
effort should be made to move the school to a rural section and develop a boarding
department, so that it may fulfill the purposes for which it was designed. The 4hief
justification for the Catholic and Presbyterian schools is their denominational affiliation. These to schools are described in the summaries of small Catholic and small
Presbyterian schools for Arkansas.
A Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teacher travels in the county encouraging the
teachers in rural schools to introduce industrial work and extending the influence of the
school into the coutmlinity.
See recommendations in summary chapter, p. as.
11,
120' /
NEGRO EDUCATION.
MERRILL HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: William Townsend.
A city high school doing three years of secondary work with no facilities for industrial training. Eight elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance. .Secondary, 25; male 5, female zo. The elementary enrollment was
384.
Teachers.Secondary, 3; all colored; male 2, female i. There were 7 teachers
for the elementary grades.
Organization.Secondary : Though only the first seven grades are called elementary,
the first year of the high school is also doing elementary work. The third year high
school enrolled no pupils at the time of visit. The work of the other two classes covered
2 years each of ',English and music, and i year each of Latin, ancient history, algebra,
geometry, civics, "mental science and moral science." There is no industrial training.
PlantEstimated value, $18,000. The plant consists of a city block and a new
well-equipped brick building.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
BRANCH NORMAL COLLEGE.
Superintendent : J. G. Ish, jr.'
A school of elementary and secondary grade with good industrial equipment.
Administrative difficulties, combined with lack of dormitories, have made it almost
impossible to fulfill the aims of agricultural and Mechanical training for the State.
The school was founded in 1872 by the State of Arkansas and has a nominal connection with the University of Arkansas, being controlled by the same board of trustees. The school receives the Federal
appropriations for agricultural and mechanical
education.
A ttendance.Total,i7o; elementary 130, secondary 4o. Of the pupils reporting sex,
5o were male and 73 female. Of those reporting home address, 44 were from Pine
Bluff and 78 from other places in the State; 4o were from cities and 72 from farm homes.
A small boarding department has been added since the date of visit.
-Teachers and workers.Total,
industrial 3.
12;
all colored; male 7, female 5; academic 9,
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work covers the upper four grades.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the four:year "normal" courss,,,, This
course includes the usual secondary subjects without foreign languages, two years of
classroom agriculture, and some teacher training in the senior year. The State of
Arkansas grants a teacher's certificate to those who complete the course.
Industrial: The shop is well equipped to give manual training in wood and iron.
One woman teacher gives instruction in sewing.
Agriculture: The teacher of agriculture gives almost all of his time to classroom
work. A small part of the campus is used for teaching gardening.
The school has
recently rented a farm, but it is too far away to be used for instructional purposes.
Sixtem special pupils in agriculture are reported.
Financial, 1913ht.Financial management is vested in the superintendent, who
keeps all accounts.' The management has been such that funds appropriated by the
Elected since date c4
I Since date al visit the management of school finances has bees transferred to the State superintendent of education.
ARKANSAS.
121
State and Federal Government could not be expended within the limitations of the
law and a surplus amounting to over $27,
accumulated. The more important
financial items were:
Income, not including receipts from. garden
Expenditures, less receipts from garden
Value of property .
$24, 003
18, 350
141, 456
Sources of income: Federal Government, $13,636; Stat government, $ro,000;
entrance fees, $335. The receipts from the truck garden amounted to $32.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $16,776; wages of janitor and engineer, $495;
fuel, light, and watt_r, $271; repairs, $190; equipment, $162; student labor, $53; other
expenses, $401.
School property: The property consists of $111,5oo in the plant and $29,956 in
cash funds on hand.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $6o,000. The school site comprises 20 acres of
city land, which is used for campus and truck garden. A farm of 5o acres is rented for
use by the school.
Buildings: Estimated value, $28,000. There are three brick structuresthe twostory school building, containing classrooms and chapel, a dormitory building which is
not in'use, and a one-story mechanical building which contains shops. '
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $23,500. Scientific apparatus, shop equipment, and furniture, $2o,000; books and library equipment, $3,5oo
Recommendations.-1. That the plant be sold and the school moved to a site in the
open country:
2. That the new school plant have sufficien' land and equipment to fulfill the
agricultural and mechanical requirements of the Federal land-grant act.
3. That the financial management be vested in a treasurer and business manager
who shall be an officer of the school.
4. That a simple accounting system be installed and the books audited annually
by an accredited accountant.
Date of visit : March 1S, 1914.
LEE COUNTY.
5,219
Neva
19, 03
1, 017
$19, 711
4, 172
$16, 533
$19.38
$3.96
4. 5
17.1
White.
Population, i9lo
Children 6 to 34 years of age. 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
'Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910..
The rural population is 80.2 per cent of the total. The average attendance, according to the census of 19ro, is 813 white pupils and 3,240 colored pupils.
The public schools of the county enroll a large percentage of the pupils 6 to 14 years
of age, according to the figures given. There is need, however, for increased secondary
and industrial facilities. To meet this need, the county, in cooperation with the Slater
Fund and General Education Board, is developing 'a central training institution at
Marianna.
122
NEGRO E,DUCATION.
MARIANNA.
LEE COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: D. W. Hughes.
A public school of elementary grade selected,as a central institution to supplement
the work of the colored public schools of the county.
Attendance.Total, 35o; all elementary ; boarders, io.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female
4.
Organization.--The work covers the regular eight elementary grades. In order that
the pupils who go out to teach in rural schools may have some training, a course in
methods is given in the eighth grade. The industrial work consists of sewing and cooking for girls above the sixth grade and for older girls in the lower grades. Gardening is
taught to pupils of both sexes.
Financial, 19.r4 -15.The income amounted to $3,740, of which $2,468 was from
State funds, $572 from district tax on property of colored people, $5oo from the Slater
Fund, and $2oo from the county. Of the income $2,700 was expended for salaries and
$1,040 for other purposes.
Plant.Estimated value, $1o,000. Of this, $2,000 is in land, $7,000 in the
building, and $1,000 in equipment.
Recotninendation.That the work be encouraged and, as the need appears, increased
facilities be provided for the boarding department, secondary work, and teacher training.
:10NROE COUNTY.
Population, foto
Children 6 to 54 years of age, igio
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 912 -13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14
aunty..
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Negro.
7,38r
1,438
12,526
2, goo
$249569
$17. co
$12, 151
67
$4. 19
27. 7
The entire population is rural. The average attendance, according to the census
of 191e, is 1,071 white pupils and 1,627 colored pupils.
These figures indicate the need for additional school facilities. A Jeanes Fund
supervising industrial teacher travels through the county and aids the teachers in rural
schools to introduce industrial work and extend the influence of their schools into the
community. The Consolidated White River Aclidenty serves as a goo4i central institution where pupils may board and supplement the training received
rural schools.
The Presbyterian parochial school, which is duplicating the work of t public school, is
of slight educational value to the community. This, school is describe in the summary
of small Presbyterian schools for the State.
BRINKLEY.
CONSOLIDATED WHITE RIVER ACADEMY.
Principal: J. F. Clarke.
A school of elementary and secondary grade. It was founded in 1893 by, the
principal and is owned by an incorporated board of trustees and supported by two Baptist associations.
ARKANSAS.
123
Aitendance.Total, 87; elementary 65, seccitodary 22 ; boarders,
Teachers.Total, 4; all colored; male I, female 3.
5o.
Organization.No pupa are admitted below the fourth grade. A four-year secondary course is maintained. Good work is done in sewing and the boarding department
and dormitories are used fpr home training.
1913-14.As far
were:
as
could be determined the more important items
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness . ..........
Value of plant
12, 390
2, 390
5, 000
20, 000
.
$75.
Sources of income: Baptist associations, $2,015; tuition and fees, $3oo; donations,
The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted
to $1,5oo.
(
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,2oo; boarding department and other supplies,
$2,69o.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $5,000 was in the form of mortgage and represented balance due on the building.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $1,2oo. The land consists of about 12 acres on
the edge of town. A part of the land is used for teaching agriculture.
Buildings: Estimated value, $17,000. The main building is a neat, two-story
brick structure. A two-story frame building is used for boys' dormitory. The grounds
and buildings are well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,800. The equipment consists chiefly
of classroom and dormitory furniture. There is little agricultural equipment..
Recommendation. That the school be developed as a teacher training school by
the addition of practice teaching, gardening, and simple manual training.'
Date of visit: March,
UACHITA COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in
perc en tag e illiterate, 1910.
White.
9, 441
It 948
'$30, 543
815.68
3.6
Negro.
12, 333
3, 283
$13, 567
$4.13
21.4
The rural population is 81.7 per cent of the total. The average attendance, accordto the census of 1910, is1,39i white pupils and 1,807 colored pupils.
Efforts have been made to supplement the limited school facilities of the county
schools by developing a small boarding departs it at the Camden town high school,
so that rural pupils may be accomodated. This central institution is being aided by
ing
the county, the Slater Fund, and the General Educatipn Board. The two private schools
in Camden are of minor importance. They are described in the summaries of Baptist
and Presbyterian schools for Arkansas.
I See recommendations In summary chapter, p. ss.
443927°---Bull. 39-17
9
NEGRO EDUCATION.
124
CAMDEN.
OUACHITA COUNTY TRAMING SCHOOL.
Principal: P. H. Foster.
A public school of elementary and secondai y grade selected as a central institution
to provide more advanced training for the colored pupils of the county.
A ttenclance . Total, 347; elementary 322, secondary 25; boarders, 9.
Teacher s . Total, 7; all colored; male 2, female 5.
Organization. The elementary work is done in the regular seven grades.
Besides the
usual secondary subjects, the eighth and *nth grades have some work in psychology,
methods, and practice teaching. The indistrial training includes cooking, sewing, mat
work, and basketry for girls; carpentry, repair work, and gardening for boys. The
gardening is exceptionally well conducted.
Financial, 1913r 4. The income amounted to $2,751, of 'which $1,779 was from
the State, $5oo from the Slater Fund, and $472 from district tax on property owned by
colored peOple. Of-the income, $2,340 was expended for salaries and $411 for other
purposes.
P/ant.Estimated value, $3,500. Of this, $1,8co is in land, $1,2oo in the building, and $500 in equipment.
plats for gardening.
A piece of ground containing 2 acres is divided into small
Recommendation. That the work be encouraged and, as the need appears, additional facilities be provided for the boarding department and secondary work.
PHILLIPS COUNTY.
Population, Iwo
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1922-.13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White
Negro.
7,
26, 354
1, 42
5,3"
$41, 318
$36. 18
$16, 163
$3. 04
23. 4
1.
\
The rural population is 73.8 per cent of tht! total. The average attendance, a(cording to the census of 19ro, is 86o white pupils and 3,700 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for more elementary schools and stronger work.
In the city of Helena the schools are crowded, but fairly good facilities ar furnished by
the city high school. The Southland College at SOuthland is a well-managed institution, at which pupils of the surrounding counties may board and supplement the training
received in the rural schools. The county should relieve this school of the burden of
the large elementary grades now enrolled.
HELENA.
GLARED HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: J. H. Blount.
A city high scho91 offering three years of secondary work.' Thy eight elementary
grades are taught in the smile building.
A Uendance . Secondary, 29. The elementary enrollent Was 786.
It Is rnsatsd that fourth Year has been added since date of
ARKANSAS.
125
Teachers.Secondary, 3; all colored; male 2, female 1. There were 9 elementary
teachers.
Organization.Emphasis is placed on English and mathematics. Latin is also
taught. No industrial training is offered. The classroom work is well done.
Plant. Estimated value, $7,000. The plant consists of a city lot, Et frame
building, and fairly good equipment.
SOUTHLAND.
SOUTHLAND COLLEGE.
President: H. C. Wolford.'
A ,well-managed school of elementary and secondary grade with a large boarding
department. It is located in a rural district with a large Negro population.
The institution was founded in 1864 at Helena, Ark., to care for colored orphan
children. In 1866 it was moved into the country and in 1872 it was organized as
Southland College. It is owned and supported by the Indiana Yearly Meeting of the
Religious Society of Friends, Incorporated.
Attendance. Total, 352 'w elementary 324, secondary 28, boarders 2(x).
Of the pupils
above the seventh grade 26 were male and 30 fenile. The reported enrollment for the
year was 408.
Teachers and workers.Total, 16; white 6, colored 1 o ; male 5, female It ; academic 8,
boys' industries 1, girls' industries 2, music 1, commercial 1, librarian I, matrons 2.
Oryanization.Elementary: The elementary work is done in the eight grades and
in the first year of the "normal" course.
Secondary: Secondary subjects are taught in the second year of the "normal"
course and in the three years of the "college" coarse. The work for the four years
includes: English, 3 years; Latin, 3; mathematics, 4; history, 2; chemistry 1; Bible, 2;
psychology, 1 business, t ; music, 3; and elocution, 1;4.
Industrial: Fairly good instruction in cooking and sewing is ovided for girls and.
manual training for boys. These subjects are required in the seventh grade te$ the
;
two " normal" classes.
Agriculture: Class instruction in agriculture is given in the eighth grade and a few
boys assist on the farm, but there is insufficient educational emphasis on the work.
Financial, 1912-13.The accounts are carefully kept, but separate departmental
figut es can'not be obtained without difficulty. The business manageinent is economical.
The more important financial items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of property.
=4,115
4, 018
Sources of income: Endowment funds, $3,012; tuition and fees, $563;79,;eral
donations, $540. The noneducational receipts amounted to $6,2o0, of which $5,000 was
from the boarding department, $75o from the farm, and $45o from sale of books.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,680; supplies for boarding department, $3,o17;
agriCultural supplies, $1,o99; books, $712; outside labor, $571; *ght and heat, $447;
repairs, $382; interest and taxes, $17o; other expenses, St 4o.
I White.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
126
School property: The property consists of $44,400 in the school plant and $35,000
in endowment.
Plant.Land: F,Atimated value, $7,700. The school owns 167 acres of land, of
which about too acres are cultivated and 20 acres used for campus. The campus is
neatly kept.
Buildings:. Estimated value, $31,700. There are four large freme buildings and
several smaller structures. The main building and the two dormitory buildings are threeSto ly structures; the principal's home is a two-story building. The smaller buildings
are used for laundry and shops. All of the buildings are supplied with steam heat and
water by the school plant. They are well built and neatly kept, butiere not provided
with adequate fire protection.
Movable equipMent: Estimated value $5,000, of which $2,zoo is in furniture,
$1,200 in farm equipment and live stock, $1,000 in library books, and $600 in shOp
equipment.
Recommendations. r. That the classroom work and industrial courses be correlated.
2. That theory and practice of gardening and manual training in wood and iron
receive greater emphasis.'
3. That the work be organized and classes designated in accordance with progressive school standaids.
Date of visit :14o rch, 1 91 3.
PULASK I COUNTY.
Population-, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of Er, 1910..
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 2912-13 .
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate; 191o..
White.
Nevo.
51,267
74
7: :99
35, 463
$67.49
$7.96
2. 8
91.2
6:1847
The rural-population is 34.2 per cent of the total. The average attendance, acctrding to the census bf x 9,1 ), is 5,895 white pupils and 4,780 colored pupils. A Jeanes
Fund supervising industrial teacher travels among the rural schools in the county and
helps the teachers to introduce industrial work and extend the influence of the school
into the community. A two-year high gthool is maintained at Argenta, a separately
incorporated town just across the river from the business section of Little Rock. shorter
College is the only African Methodist Episcopal school in the State and effort should be
made to move it to some section where secondary work is more needed.
ARGENTA (LITTLE ROCK).
SHORTER COLLEGE.
President: William Bird.'
An institution of secondary grade with an elementary department and some pupils
taking college and theological subjects.
I See recommendations in summary chapter. p. S3.
Sleeted 'done date of visit.
ARKANSAS.
127
The school was founded in 1886 by the Arkansas Conference of the African Methodist
Episcopal Churc and incorporated in 1894. It is controlled by a board of 65 trustees
elected by the nference.
A tteecicnce. Total, 219; elementary 128, secondary 76, theological 15; boarders, 75.
Of the pupils above the eighth grade, 33 were male and 58 female; 14 wereAom Little
Rock, 73 from other places in Arkansas, and 4 from other States.
Teachers . Total, 14; all colored; male 8, female 6. The teachers are graduates
of Shorter College and schools of similar grade.
Organization.Eleniervry: The elementary work comprises eight grades. The
work is in charge of three regular teachers and an instructor in sewing.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the "normal," "college preparatory,"
and "college" courses. The subjects included in the "norlai" and ''college preparatory" are practically the same. They are: Latin, 3 years; English, 1; mathematics, 4;
elementary sciences, 4; history, 1; civics, 1; economics, 1, ; Bible, I; music, t; logic,
1; and ethics, 1,. The pupils have not had sufficient preliminary education to profit
by these courses.
The "college" continues the secondary studies, as follows: Latin, 4 years; German, 1;
English, 2; mathematics, 4. Slight attention is paid to history and social science. A
class of ministers taking some secondary subjects constitutes the theological department.
Printing for boys and sewing for girls are the only industrial subjects. This work
is not required, and an extra fee of 5o cents per month is charged. ,
Financial, 4t 2-1 3. An effort is made fo keep accounts of the financial operations, but the bookkeeping is inadequate. As'far as can be determined, the more important financial items for 1912-13 were as follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure, less nonedcational receipts.
Indebtedness.
Value of plant..
$8, 416
6,166
5, 000
'3(), 622
Sources of income: Donations, $5,000; tuition and fees, $2,516; educational department of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, $9oo. The receipts from board and
mom rent amounted to $3,822. In addition, $1,00o was raised during the year by
collections for improvements. It appears that part of this money was used for current
expenses.
-
-
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $4;960; material and supplies, $2,557;
labor, $335; other items, $2,136.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $5,00..) is said by the president to represent
amount owed on the operating expenses of the school in 1911.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $16,50o: The school site comprises a city block.
Buildings: Estimated value, $11,o5o. There are three buildings. A three-story
brick structure is used for chapel, library, and classrooms on the first floor and girls' dormitory on the second and third floors. The boys' dormitory is a two-story frame building and contains dining room, kitchen, and classrooms on the first floor. The priatin
department occupies the first floor of another two-story building, the u
slew of
which is used for boys' dormitory. The buildings are in need of repair and Ilk Owmitory rooms are not well cared for.
.e.
128
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,072. The movable equipment consists
of furniture for elossroorns and dormitories, a little scientific apparatus, and some library
books.
Reconniendatrons.-1. That a system of accounting adapted to the needs of the
school be installed and the books audited annually by an accredited accountant.
2. That the work be simplified and the energies of the school be centered upon
teacher traiuing.'
3. That the tuition charge for sewing and printing be removed and gardening and
Ir
industrial work made part of the regular school work.
Date of visit: March, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
LITTLE ROCK.
With some increase in facilities the public schools of the city.of Little Rock would be
able to care for the 2,000 children of school age. Besides the elementary schools an
excellent public thigh school is provided. Arkansas Baptist College and Philander
Smith College should give fuller recognition to the training of teachers and ministers for
rural communities. The Arkansas Baptist College would serve this need more
effectively if it were moved to the outskirts of town, while Philander Smith College
should place more emphasis on teacher training and industrial work.
GIBBS HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: M. P. Carry.
A well-equipped city high school giving four years of secondary work with good
industrial training.
Attendance. Total, 100; male 24, female 76.
Teachers.Total 8; all colored; male 3, female 5.
Organizaiwn.Good classroom work is done in mathematics, English, and history.
Elementary science 'is offered, with fairly good equipment. A postgraduate year of
teacher training is maintained for 17
Plant.7Estimated value, $4o,00o. The plant consists of a large city lot, a twostory brick building, small shop, and good equipment.
Date of visit: March, 1914. Facts yerified, 1916.
ARKANSAS BAPTIST COLLEGE.
President: J. A. Booker.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with a few pupils in college subjects.
Industrial training is attempted, but the equipment is inadequate. The management
has.been seriously handicapped by lack of funds.
The school was incorporated in 1885 by the Negro Baptist State Convention of
Arkansas and is controlled by a board of 15 colored trustees. The school is aided by
the American Baptist Home Mission Society.
18es rscreauscodatioas ha summary chapter, D. aa.
ARKANSAS.
129
Attendance.Total, 3 13; elementary 181, secondary 132. Thirteen of the secondary
pupils reportd college subjects. Of the secondary pupils 72 were male and 6o female;
74 were boarders; 18 were from Little Rock, jot from other places in Arkansas; and 13
from other States. There were 55 from farm homes. The reported enrollment for the
year was 353.
Teachers and workers.Total, 18; all colored; male 8, female ro; grades 4, academic 7, girls' industries 2, boys' industries 2, theology 1, music 1, matron 1.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work covers in a fairly satisfactory
way the usual lkht grades.
Secondary: The secondary, or "preparatory," course includes: Latin, 4 years;
English, 4; mathematics, 4; Greek or German, 2 elementary science, 2%; history, i;
psychology, 1; Bible, 3%. The so-called "college" continues the secondary work in
English, mathematics, and history; adding three years of Latin, three years of Greek, and
a year and a half of philosophy. Undtte emphasis is placed on ancient languages;
although German is offered as elective for Greek in the preparatory course, 28 pupils
take Creek while 18 take German. Only one year of history is offered; there is no
allowance for civics, and practically no attention is given to the natural sciences, sociology, and teacher-training subjects. A theological department with one teacher is
claimed, but there were no students in attendance at the time the institution was
visited.
Industrial: The girls have fairly satisfactory instruction in cooking and sewing.
The industrial instruction for boys is chiefly manual training; some good work in making brackets, tie racks, and chairsis done. The two industrial teachers conduct their
classes in a dilapidated building. A few pupils work on the farm, which is located
7 miles from the school; little educational importance attaches to this activity.
Recently an attempt has been made to add gardening to the course of study, with practice on the school grounds; in 1914-15, however, this was of little value.
Financial, 19r2-13.---The financial management is almost entirely in the hands of
the president, and while the accounts are kept in accordance with the requirements of
the American Baptist Home Mission Society, the system is not adequate to the needs of
the school. As far as could be determined the more important items for the year were:
.
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant .
$15,109
17, 509
17,900
oo, coo
Sources of income: Colored Baptist State Convention, $8,125; tuition and fees,
$3,380; American Baptist Home Mission Society, $1, too; Slater Fund, $750; Women's
Baptist Home Mission Society, $600; Julius Rosenwald Fund, $400; other sources,
$754 The noneducational receipts amounted to $6,o4o, of which $5,765 was from the
boarding department-, $225 from sale of books, and $5o from the farm.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $8,376; supplies for boarding department, $4,047;
repairs and renewals, $2,603; power, light, and heat, $t,o98; student labor, $7o4; boOks
for sale, $519; advertising and soliciting, $363; supplies and sundry expenses, $312;
other expenses, $5,527.
130
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness $15,5oo is in the form of mortgage, representing
money borrowed to meet previous annual deficits, while $2,40 o is in current bills due
and represents the deficit in running expenses for the year.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $5o,000. The land consists of 4 acres of valuable
city property and the farm of ioo acres. Little effort has been made to beautify the
campus.
Buildings: Estimated value, $35,000. The administration building is a four-story
brick structure containing classrooms, office, dining room, and girls' dormitory. The
boys' dormitory is a three-story brick structure. A one-story frame building is used for
the shops. The president's house is a neat two-story cottage, part concrete and part
frame.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,000. Of this, $2,00o is in furniture,
,800 in shop equipment and printing outfit, $5oo in library books, $50o in farm implements and live stock, and $200 in scientific apparatus.
Recommendatsons.t. That the plant be moved to the site already purchased on
the outskirts of Little Rock.
2. That the course of instruction be reorganized and provision made for teacher
training, including practice teaching, gardening, and simple industrial training.'
Dates of visits: March, 1914; March, 1915.
PHILANDER SMITH COLLEGE.
President: J. M. Cox.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with a few pupils in college subjects.
The teaching force and equipment are too limited for college work. Adeline Smith
Home for Girls is maintained in connection with the institution.
The school was founded in 1883\ a donation from Philander Smith of Oak Park..
Ill. It is owned and controlled by the
en's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
Attendance. Total, 439; elementary 268, secondary 132, in college studies 39;
male 199, female 24.o. Of the 171 pupils above the elementary grades,_ 90 were
boarders; of those reporting home address, 62 were from Little Rock, 85 from other
places in Arkansas, and 24 from other States. The reported enrollment for the year
was 491.
Teachers and workers.' Total, xs; all colored; male 8, female 7; grades 4,
academic 6, music 1, printer 1, secretary 1, matrons .2. Six of the teachers and two
matrons received part or all of their education at Philander Smith.
Organisation.Elementary: Four large elementary grades are taught by four
regular teachers and student helpers. Some work in cooking and sewing is provided
for these pupils at Adeline Smith Home.
Secondary: The course is based largely on the Freedmen's Aid Society course, with
strong emphasis on the classical languages. The work is done in the college preparatory
course, with 31 pupils, and the "normal" course, with tor pupils. The college preparatory course includes Latin, 4 years; Greek (elective), 2 ; English, 35i; mathematics,
4; chemistry, ig; history and civics, ; Bible, y6. The "normal" course includes
Sa nocaenneadatioas in sunenery (lupus. p.
Three teseben in Adeline Smith some an not included.
ARKANSAS.
131
Latin, i years; English, 3; mathematics, 3; elementary science, 2 ; history, 2 ; teacher
training, 2; and several minor subjects. The industrial work is limited to cooking
and sewing taught to about 5o girls who live at the Adeline Smith Home.
College subjects: The college subjects are mainly foreign languages and elementary
sciences.
The teachers available are too few in number and are lacking in prepa-
ration for college work.
The laboratory facilities are inadequate.
Financial, 1912-13.The more important financial items for the year were as
follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
f.
$9, 226
9,195
72,390
Sources cif income: Tuition and fees, $4,349 igeneral donations. $1,883; Freedmen's
Aid Society for current expenses, $1,558; annual conference, $1,194; Board of Education
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, $242. The noneducational receipts were from the
boarding department and amounted to $3,778.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $7,70o; material and supplies for boarding depart-.
ment, $2,591; labor, $694; repairs, $501; miscellaneous, $1,487.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $15,000. The lafid is in two separate lots. The
main building is locked on a lot which compkVabout half a city 'block. The girls'
dormitory is on a large city lot some distan
m the main building. At the time
the school was visited the general appearance of the grounds was bare.
.Buildings: Estimated value, $50,000, as follows: Main building, four-story, brick,
value about $20,000, used for offices, classrooms and boys' dormitory; girl's dormitory.
three-story, brick, value $25,000, a new building well constructed; and two frame structures, value $5,000, used for grade classes and shops. The frame buildings were in bad
repair and.the boys' rooms in the main building were poorly kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $7,300, as follows: Furniture, $5,000; library
books and fixtures, $1,000; scientific apparatus, $800; shop equipment45oo.
lions. -1. That the energy and money now spent in the effort to main-.
Recomtne
tain a colle department be used to improve the secondary courses and provide training
0
for ministers for rural communities.
2. That the curriculum be strengthened in teacher-training subjects.
3. That neighborhood gardening and manual training be introduced.'
4. That the buildings be repaired and the equipment improved.
5. That the books be audited annually by an accredited accountant.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
71
ADELINE SMITH HOME OF PHILANDER SMITH COLLEGE.
Superintendent: Mrs. H. M. Nasmyth.'
A home school for girls, maintained and managed by the Woman's Home Missionary
Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The work is a part of the educational activities of Philander SMith College. While much effective work is done, the"home is
hampered by inadequate equipment.
See reconameadatko in rummary chapter, p. aa.
132
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Attendance. Total, 119; boarders, 75.
Teachers.Total, 3, white 1, colored 2.
Organization.The girls boarding in the home receive training in household care
and attend classes at Philander Smith. Instruction in cooking and sewing is also provided for the girls in PhilanderSmith College.
Financial, 1913-14.The finanr,-- are carefully supervised by the home office in
Cincinnati and the management is economical. The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
82, 257
2, 2.57
14,300
Sources of income: Woman's Home Missionary Society, $2,257. The noneducational receipts were from board and room rent and amounted to 153,448.
Items of expenditure: Supplies and general expenses, $4,805; salaries, $900.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $8,000. The land comprises three city lots. The
grounds are well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $3,8g.. The building is a large frame structure in
need of repair. It is fairly well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,500. The equipment consists of furniture and fairly good domestic science equipment.
Recommendation. That the building and equipinent be improved and a more
vital relationship established with the college.
Date of visit: March, 1915.
SEBASTIAN COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to ig years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 19:2-13
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
The rural population is 54. 1 per cent of the total.
White.
Negro.
46, 856
8; 145
5, 410
$40,601
$5.6o
$9, 505
4. 2
:7. 8
959
*9.91
.
The average attendance, according to the census of 1910, is 7,368 white pupils and 731 colored pupils.
The city of Fort
Smith maintains a good four -yef high school.
FORT SMITH.
LINCOLN COLORED HIGH SCHOOL.'
Principal: E. 0 Trent.
A city high school giving three years of secondary work with industrial training.
The sixth, seventh, and eighth grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance. Secondary, 6o; male 19, female 4r.
Teachers.Total, 44, all colored; male 3, female 1. Three of the teachers give a
small part of their time to the elementary grades. There are allp two full-time teachers
for the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades.
Organization.Secondary: The subjects _are: English, 2 r 2 years; mathematics,
'3; Latin, 604; elementary science, 1%; history, 2 ;
manual training, 3; domestic
science ani domestic art, 3. All pupils in the last two high school years study Latin.
ARKANSAS.
133
Industrial: All students above the seventh grade devote five and one-hglf hours a
week to industrial subjects. The work is of practical value and is well done.
PlantEstimated value, $20,000. The plant consists of a city block, value $6,00o;
buildings worth $12,000, and equipment valued at $2,000.
WOODRUFF COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13 .
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Negro.
81, 37044
4
2, 739
7°5
$11, 013
$36, 499
$21. 42
c. 5
$4.02
25. 8
The entire population is rural. The average attendance, according to the census of
8910, is 1,141 white pupils and 1,325 colored pupils.
These figures indicate a need for additional school facilities. The work of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. In order to meet this need
more efficiently the term of the private academy at Cotton Plant should be lengthened,
better boarding facilities for boys should be provided, and greater emphasis should be
placed on indeStrial course4-and teacher training.
COTTON PLANT.
COTTON PLANT ACADEMY.
Principal: H. M. Stinson.
A good school of elementary and secondary grade offering a limited amount of
The school term is short.
The school was founded in 1890 and is owned and controlled by the Presbyterian
industrial work.
*Board of Missions for Freedmen.
Attendance.Total, 175; elementary 146, secondary 29; boarders, 27.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female 4.. The principal and his wife
are genuinely devoted to the work.
Organization.The organization provides for II grades. Most of the secondary
subjects are of the college-preparatory type, and they are thoroughly taught. The
instruction in sewing and cooking is adequate. There is no industrial work for boys.
The dormitory rooms are used for home training.
The land is farmed for profit.
Financial, 1p12 r3.The accounts are honestly kept, but the system is poor.
The following are the essential items:
Income, excluding non-educational receipts
Expenditure, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$1,318
1,498
t8, 550
Sources of income: Presbyterian Board, $1,085; tuition, $2oo; other sources, $33.
The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to
$592.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,145; supplies, $449; repairs and other expenses,
$406.
Plan1.Land: Estimated value, $1,500. The land consists of 13 acres near the
city limits. Part of the land is cultivated by the school.
134
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Buildings: Estimated value, $16,000. There are three buildings; the girls'
dormitory
is of brick, while the main school building and the laundry are frame.
The
buildings
are well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimatedvalue, $1,o5o. The equipment is chiefly furniture
and farm implements.
Recommendations. -1. That the Presbyterian Board endeavor to increase
financial support of the institution so that the school term may be lengthened the
and
the teacher-training courses improved.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made part of the regular
course.'
Date of visit : March, 1914.
BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
Besides the Arkansas Baptist College, supported in part by the American
Baptist
Home Mission Society, there are 14 Baptist schools reported in Arkansas.
Of
these
three were considered important enough to be treated in the
county summaries above and
four others were visited and found to be of local significance.
These four are discussed
below, while the seven which were not visited are listed at the end of this. summary
In
view of the financial aid needed to carry out the plan of moving
Arkansas Baptist College
to a rural community arid the need of developing the schools at
Brinkley, Dermott, and
Almy ra,
obvious that 14 schools is too large a number for the Baptists of Arkansas
to atteni
o support.
.
CLARK COUNTYARKADELPHIA.
ARKADELPHIA BAPTIST ACADEMY.
Principal: S. P. Nelson.
An elementary school with some pupils in secondary subjects. A few
pupils board at the school.
Because of inadequate support the work
is ineffective.
The school was founded about 1900. It is owned by the local Baptist
Association and controlled by
a board of trustees selected from association members.
Attendance. Total, 95; elementary 85, secondary io.
Some instruction in sewing is provided.
The garden is cultivated, but without regard for educational values.
Teachers. Total, 4; all colored; male 1, female 3.
Financial, 1914-15.The income, amounting to approximately Si,
iso, was from the Baptist
Association and tuition.
Plant.Estimated value, $3,200. The plant consists of to acres of land, a rough frame building and
meager equipment. The building was poorly kept and in need of repair.
Recommendation.That the school be combined with one of the larger Baptist schools
of the State.
Date of visit: March, 19t4; March, 1915.
CROSS COUNTYWYNNE.
WYNNE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: W. F. Lovelace.
An elementary school duplicating, to a large extent, the wor
done by the public schools. It was
founded in 16o1 by the local Baptist Association.
Attendance. Total, 114; elementary sob, secondary 6.
The course covers 1.2 grades. There is
no provision for industrial work or agriculture.
Teachers.Total, 4; all colored; male 1, female 3.
I See secounzonadatica In summary Chapter, p. ii.
ARKANSAS.
135
Financial, 1912-13.The income amounted to $r,soo, of which $1,000 was from the Baptist Association, $350 from tuition, and $150 from donations. Of the income, $1,000 was expended for salaries and
$500 for other purposes.
Plant.Estimated value, $3,000. The plant consists of 20 acres of land on the edge of town, a twostory frame building, and meager equipment.
Recommendation.That the school be moved to some other part of Arkansas olcombined with one of
the larger Baptist schools 'f the State.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
.5
DALLAS COUNTYFORDN'CE.
BRADLEY DISTRICT ACADEMY.
Principal: William J. Murray.
A low-grade elementary school with 45 pupils in attendance. Six pupils were reported above the
eighth grade, but none of the work could be classed as higher than fifth grade. The teaching was done
by the principal and his wife. Much better school facilities are furnished in the new public school for
colored people.
Financial, 1912-13.The income amounted to approximately $800, of which $5oo was from tuition
and too from the Baptist Association. Of the income. $500 was expended for salaries and $3oo for other
purposes. The indebtedness was Si ,coo.
Plant Estimated value, $1,200. The plant consists of a town lot, a poorly constructed two-story
frame building, and meager equipment.
RecommendationsThat this school he combined with one of the larger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
OUACHITA COUNTYCAMDEN.
OUACHITA INDUSTRIAL ACADEMY
Principal: J. M. ,Bankhead.
An elementary day school owned by a board of trustees elected by the local Baptist Association.
Only 34 pupils of the 83 claimed were present; of these, 11 were taking some secondary subjects. The
principal and two graduates of the school were doing the teaching. Much better secondary and industrial work is done in the public school.
Financial, 1013-14.Fairly good accounts are kept. The income amounted to $1,275, of which $875
was from the Baptist Association, $3oo from tuition, and $too from sales of cotton. The expenditures
amounted to $1,272, of which $88o was for salaries and $392 for other purposes.
Plant.Estimated value, $1,992. The plant consists of 6 acres of land, a neat frame building, and
limited equipment for classrooms. The land is effectively used as a demonstration patch, but is not cultivated by the students.
Recommendation.In view of the good public school in this place. the funds given to this work might
better be used in the support of one of the larger Baptist schools elsewhere in the State.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
ADDITIONAL BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
The following schools were also reported, but evidence indicates that they are not
of sufficient importance to justify description in this report.
County.
Town.
Chicot.
Columbia.
Eudora.
Ctitten.
Jericho.
Texarkana.
Htlena.
El Dorado.
Junction City.
Miller.
Phillips.
Union.
Do.
Magnolia,
Name of school.
Carmal Baptist Academy.
Columbia BaptIlIt Academy.
Jericho Industrial Academy.
Union Industrial Ataderny.
Inter-State Academy.
Friendship Academy.
junction City Industrial Academy.
136
NEGRO EDUCATION.
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS..
There are in Arkansas three Catholic parish schpols. They are small elementary
schools in which the religious interest is strong. The principal facts reported concerning them are as follows:
CountY.
Town.
Jefferson.
Pulaski.
Pine Bluff.
Little Rock.
Do.
Do.
School.
St. Peter's School.
St. Bartholomew 's School.
St. Francis Mission School.
Attendance.
too
153
Teachers.
6
5
2
PRESBYTERIAN SCHOOLS.
The Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen reports nine schools in Arkansas.
Only Cotton Plant Academy and Arkadelphia Academy were considered important
enough to enter into zhe county summaries above. With the e.,..:eption of the Morniltown parochial school, which was not visited, these schools are described below. With
reorganization the Monticello Academy could be developed to serve useful ends in its
community. The Presbyterian work would be strengthened iL the support now given to
the weaker schools were concentrated on Cotton Plant Academy, Arkadelphia Academy,
and Monticello Academy.
DREW COUNTYMONTICELLO.
MONTICELLO ACADEMY.
Principal: 0. C. Wallace.
A school of elementary grade doing some secondary work. It is located in a rutal community.
The institution is owned and supported by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen.
A ttendance.Total, oo.
Teachers.Total, 4; all colored; male 2, female 3.
Financial, 1914-15.The books are kept in accordance with the requirements of the Board of
Missions for Freedmen. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$1, 482
1, 524
6, 500
Sources of income: Board of Missions fo
edmen, $1.321; tuition and fees, Si,,; entertainments
and other sources, to. The noneducatio al tec ipts were from the boarding department and amounted
to $302.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $884; suppli s for. boarding department, $428; plumbing, $3 2 1 ;
paymenton debts for current expenses, $zo6; othe expenses, $97.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $2,coo. The sc col owns a acres of land on the edge of the town.
Buildings: Estimated value, $5,00o. There is One large frame building used for dormitory purposes and a small frame house.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $9,3. The equipment consists of a limited amount of
furniture for classrooms and dormitory.
Reconintosdation.That gardening and simple manual training be made required subjects.'
See reemonseudationr In summary chapter, v. ti.
ARKANSAS.
137
GARLAND COUNTYHOT SPRINGS.
HOT SPRINGS NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. C. S. Mebane.
A parochial school of elementary grade. It is taught in a building privately owned and is sup
ported by appropriations from the.Presbyterian Board of Miisions and by tuition. There were 70 pupils
in attendance, all below the seventh grade; is were boarders.
The teachers were three colored women. The income was estimated at $800 and was offset by an
equal expenditure, chiefly for salaries. The I er part of the income was from the Presbyterian Board
of Missions, the remainder from tuition.
Plant: Estimated value, $3,000; the plant nsists of a city lot and a two-story frame building.
Three rooms are used for recitations and the others as living quarters fey the principal and boarding
students. The recitation rooms are poorly equipped.
Recommendation. In view of the good public-school system of Hot Springs, there seems to ue no
need of a school of this type. Appropriations to the school might better be made to one of the larger
schools.'
Date of visit: March, 1910.
JEFFERSON COUNTY PINE BLUFF.
RICHARD ALLEN INSTITUTE.
Principal: George M. Elliott.
A Prayteekin parochial school of elementary grade. It is owned by the Presbyterian Board of
Missions for Freedmen. It was closed during the school year 1913-14, but opened again in the fall
of 1914.
A lienciance.---Total , 8o, all in the first seven grades.
ing was provided.
Teachers.
There were two boarders. No manual train-
Total, 4; all colored; male 2, female 2. The principal is the minister of the Presby-
terian Chun h.
Financial, 1914-15.The income amounted to $791, of which $691 was from the Presbyterian
Board and Sioo from tuition. Of this stun $66o was expended for salaries, $35 for repairs, and $too for
other purposes.
Plant. Estimated value, $4,000. The plant consists of a otty block of land, a poorly constructed
two-story frame building, and meager classroom equipment. MT building was in bad repair and the
rooms were poorly kept.
Recommendation.Since school facilities in Pine Bluff are reasonably adequate, there appears to be
no need for this school.
do
Date of visit: March, 1
MONROE COUNTY-BRINKLEY.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Teacher: T. C. Boyd.
An elementary day school taught in the church. The school has a six- months term.
The reported enrollment was 26, all below the sixth grade. The Presbyterian board pays the
pastor's salary and he operates the school on tuition, amounting to about $25 a year.
Recommendation.In view of the proximity of a private school and a good public school, there
appears to be no need for a school of this type in Brinkley.
Date of visit: March, 1014.
I See p. 136.
138
NEGRO EDUCATION.
OUACHITA COUNTYCAMDEN.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Teacher: V. McDonald.
A very disorderly elementary school. At io o'clock on the day of visit the school had not opened.
At to.3o seven pupils assembled. The reported ennitment was 26. The school is taught in a cabin
adjoining the church. The Presbyterian Board of Missions pays the paStor's salary, and he operates
the school on the tuition collected to supplement his'salary.
Recommendation. In view of the zood public schools in the town , there appears to be little need
for this school.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
PULASKI COUNTYLITTLE ROCK.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: E. A. Mitchell.
An elementary day school taught in a Presbyterian Church by the pastor and his two daughters.
Enrollment, 98. The Presbyterian Board of Missions pays the pastor; in addition about $70 is collected
in tuition.
Recommendation.In view of the good public schools there appeals to be 710 need of a school of
this type in Little Rock.'
Date of visit: March, 1914.
0
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.
Besides the schools described in the county summaries above, there are two small
independent schools in Arkansas. The Dupree Academy in Dermott is an excellent
small school, but on account of the other private and public schools of the town its field
is very limited. The Canfield Normal and Industrial Institute is of little, educational
value.
CHICOT COUNTVDERMOTT.
DUPREE ACADEMY.
Principal: Mrs. Eliza Robinzine.
An elementary school owned and taught by the principal. The work covers the first seven grades
and is well planned and thorologh. Of the 70 pupils enrolled 6o were in attendance on the day of visit.
The iryome, amounting to approximately $450, is from tuition. The plant, estimated value $2,600,
consists of an acre of land, a two-story frame building, and equipment valued at $loo. The building
is clean and in good repair. An indebtedness of $5oo is balance due on the building.
Recommendation. That the principal endeavor to have this school combine with the public school.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
LAFAYETTE COUNTYCANFIELD.
CANFIELD NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
President: B. T. Crawford.
A disorderly elementary school with to pupils. The term is eight months. The school is owned
by an independent board of trustees. The income amounted to approximately .$65o, of which $575
was from donations and $75 from tuition.
Practically all of this amount was spent as salaries for the principal and his wife. The principal allows his wife $15 per month for "care of boarding department";
there were no boarders at the time of visit, however. In addition $875 was raised and applied to the
debt on the building. A public appropriation of $5co was made to the school in 1912-13, but was not
continued. The plant, estimated value $1,1oo, consists of ao acres of land, a rough, poorly constructed
frame building, and equipment valued at $too.
Recommendation.In view of the condition and management of this school, it can not be recommended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
I See u. .36.
V. DELAWARE.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 31,181 Negroes in Delaware, forming 15.4 per cent of the total population. They constitute 23 per cent of all persons. engaged in agricultural pursuits
in the State. The number of farms cultivated by them increased 12.7 per,gent between
two and 191o. As farmers renting and owning land they have charge of 56,973 acres.
While the United States Census indicates hopeful progress in the decrease of illiteracy
and the improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still 25.6 per cent of the colored
population over to years of age and 6.3 per cent of children to to 14 years of age, and
the death rate is high. In view of these facts, it is important to note the following
summary of the public school facilities and educational needs of Delaware as they are
shown in the United States Census and in reports made to the State department of
public instruction.
Population, 1910..
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1909-io
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Percentage living in rural communities. ioxo
white.
171,102
28,314
'8357,071
Sias 6i
5.0
49, 8
Negro.
31,181
6, 172
$47, 415
$7. 68
25. 6
64. 2
Public appropriations.The public school teachers of Delaware received $404,486 ill
salaries in 1909 to. Of this sum, $357,071 was for the teachers of 28,314 white-children,
and $47,415 was for the teachers of 6,172 colored children. On a per capita basis this
is $12.61 for each white child and $7.68 for each colored child. The per capita figure
for the State is increased by the relatively large amount of money spent in New Casile
County, including the city of Wilmington. The per capita for the other two counties
is $9.87 for white children and $4.13 for colored children. Map 6 presents these per
capita figures for each of the three counties in the State. In addition the State
appropriates $12,000 for whites and $3,0ootenr4Tegroes to supplement the appropriations of the Federal Government for maintaining one school for each race.
Private schools.Private aid in. this State is limited 'to the support of three schools
and one orphanage. The St. Joseph Industrial School is the only .ituatitution worthy
to be considered an important part of the, educational system of the State. This school
and the State institution are shown on Map 7. The small independent school and
the two orphanages are discussed with the less important special institutions of the
State.
Attendance.The United States Census reported 6,172 coltred children 6 to 14
years of age in Delaware, of whom 4,689, or 76 per cent, were attending school. According to the report of the State board of education the school term is seven months and
many of the buildings are in poor repair. All obtainable evidence indicates that there
is practically no effort on the part of the rural schools to adapt their work to the needs
;' of the communities. Many of the teachers are poorly prepared and the supervision is
A Reports Sinee rpoo-zo do not show salaries separately for white and colored teachers.
48927°Bull. 38-17-1.0
139
-
a
NEGRO EDUCATION.
140
entirely inadequate. The Howard High School at Wilmington is the only colored fouryear secondary school in the State. The so-callec, "State College for Colored Youth,"
largely maintained by Federal funds, Az) offers secondary courses. Industrial courses and teacher training for colored people are limited to the work of these
two institutions. Though the colored population of
the State is 64.2 per cent rural, there is practically no
training in agriculture. The "State College," largely
maintained for this purpose, has failed to make educational use of its large farm.
SUMMARY OR EDUCATIONAL NEEDS
8
1. The strengthening and extension of the elementary school system. The only agencies able to meet
this need are the State, the county, and the local publicschool districts.
2. The increase of teacher-training facilities.
The
State school should direct its energies toward teacher
training. At least one school doing secondary and
teacher-training work should be developed as a part
of the public-school system of each county.
76
3. More provision for instruction in gardening,
household arts, and simple industries. In addition
to supplying, more trained teachers, c ilt ral schools
developed as a part of the public-school stem should
provide instruction in gardening, household arts, and
industries. In introducing this work the counties
4.
maw
should avail themselves of the possibilities of the
Jeanes Fund industrial supervisors.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
,
The private and higher schools for Negroes in Del-
IN DELAWARE ON THE BASIS OP
aware are herewith described. Counties and cities
in which the more important institutions are located
are presented as a background for the discussion of
individual schools. The counties are arranged in
TEACHERS' SALARIES.
alphabeiical order.
MAP
6.PER
CAPITA EIXPENDITUltati
VOA WHITS AND .COLORED CHILDREN
The upper figure in each county is
KENT COUNT\
White.
for white children, the lower for col- Population, iota
25, 152
ored. TI.: shading indicates that all Children 6 to 14 years ()Mtge, 1910
4,368
three counties fall in the gimp "to Teachers' salaries in public schools, t000-to $38, a68
to 25 per cent Negro in the popula- Teachers' salarjEs per child 6 to 14 in county. $8. 76
tion."
Percentage il terate, 1910..
2
The rural population is 85' per cent
to the census of 1910, is 3,472 white pupils
Negro.
7,561
1.731
$5, 652
$3. 26
28.4
the total. 'the attendance, according
d 1,265 colored pupils.
42
DELAWARE.
141
The statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The State institution at
Dover is under obligation to give instruction in agriculture and industry. Its course of
study should also provide training for teachers and
leaders for the rural sections of the State.
DOVER.
STATE COLLEGE FOR COLORED YOUTH.
President: William C. Jason.
A poorly managed school of secondary grade, lax
in entrance requirements and scholarship standards.
The industrial wor'is inadequate.
The school is owned by the State, but its support
mainly comes from theAederal funds for agricultural
and mechanical education. It was established in 1892,
by the General Assembly of the State of Delaware.
Control is vested in a board of trustees, consisting of
six white men and the pr,Ocat of the institution.
.4 tiendance.Total, 71; rill secondary ; male 39, female 32; boarders, 51. The reported enrollment for
the year was 83.
Teachers.Total, 8; all colored; male 6, female 2.
The teachers spend the forenoon in the classroom and
the afternoon in industrial work.
Organization. Secondary :1 The school claims four
4-year courses of secondary workacademic, agricul-
Income ol whooW.
O11.000 to 815.000.
Q$t 5.000
to foo,oco.
tural, mechanic arts, and domestic science. The neces-
sary teaching force equipment, and students for this
program are not available, however. The one course
offered includes the usual secondary subjects with four
i
years of Latin, which practically all the pupils take.
Because of the lax entrance requirements many of the
pupils are unable to do the work outlined. Pupils in
a number of departments were working without adequate direction.
MAP 7.PitivAti scuocn.s POE
NEGROES IN DELAWARE.
Industrial: The boys do some work in wood. iron,
and printing. The girls spend some time in sewing,
The circlet, show the location and
cooking, and laundering. While all industrial classes the annual income pf the more
scheduled for 15 hours a week, in practice the portant schools. For percentage of
Negroes in the population ace Map 6.
time varies from 5 to 15 hours.
Agriculture: One teacher giVes both classroom and practical work in agriculture.
Only three pupils are reported in "farm practice." The school has a good farm of
go
acres, with valuable agricultural equipment, but little educational use is made of it.
Siam date of visit the Kiscol has added
preparatory class of about is pupils doing advanced elementary work.
142
%
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Financial, r913-14.The president keeps the books of the school, and makes a
monthly report to the treasurer. There is no adequate system of aficounts. Figures
for the year were:
(
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$13, 159
14, cio2
42, 'So
Sources of income: Federal Government, $1o,000; State, $3,000; tuition and fees,
The noneducational receipts amounted to $7,449, of which $6,716 was from
the boarding department, $653 from the farth, and Po from.the industrial department.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $8,544; boarding department, $4,659; farm, $1,690;
domestic science department, $1,225; industrial depart-I:I:Lent, $591; president's traveling
$159.
expenses, 874; miscellaneous, $4,769.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $1o,000. The property comprises about too
acres of land 2 miles north of Dover, with coo acres under cultivation. The school
campus, comprising most of .the remaining land, is bare, and little or no effort has been
made to beautify it.
Buildings: Estimated value, $28,00o. The main building, an okfarm mansion of
imported brick, contains the dining room, kitchen, and 22 sleeping roods. The girls'
dormitory, also a brick building, contains the library, reception room, and 22 sleeping
rooms.
The boys' dormitory is a frame structure of 15 rooms.
Other buildings include
a chapel, a frame cottage for the president, consisting of eight rooms and an office,
a two-story frame workshop, and six farm buildings of various sizes. The rooms in
the boys' dormitory were dirty.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $4,15o. Furniture, $1,000; shop equipment,
$600; farm equipment and live stock,' $2,50o; library, $5o.
Raziramendations.--1. That more competent management be provided.
2. That the school be made genuinely agricultural and mechanical in accordance
with the provisions of the Federal appropriation.
3. That an adequate bookkeeping system be installed and the books audited annually by an accredited accountant.
Date:1°f visits: October, 1914; May, 1915. Facts verified, 1916.
NEWCASTLE COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children, 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1909-10
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
107, 477
16,577
$241, 224 00
$14 SS
4.5
Negro..
15, 682
2, 572
$32,547. 00
$12. 65
22. 4
The rural population is 26.3 per cent of the total The average attendance, according to the census of 191o, is 14,o57 white pupils, and 2,041 colored pupils. A fairly
good city high school is maintained in Wilmington. The " High Educational College'
of Glory" and one of the orphanages are maintained for the financial profit of their
coinmancipils and their work is of little value. The other orphanage is maintained by the
Catholic Church. AU. three institutions se .iescribed at the end of the chapter.
1
DELAWARE.
143
CLAYTON.
ST. JOSEPH'S INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
Rector: John O'Connell.'
An elementary school willrgood_agricultural and industrial equipment. The school
was founded in 1895 by Rev. John A. deRcryte4a _Catholic priest, and is owned and supported by Mother Catherine Drexel.
.
-----
Attendance.
Total, 8o; all below the sixth grade.
Teachers.Total, 18; white 15, colored 3; male 14, female 4; grades-.2, boys' industries 5, girls industries 4, agriculture 2, other workers 5. ,
Financial, 1913-14.The income amounted to approximately .$23,000, all of" liich
was from donations and tuition. In addition about $5,400 was received from the farrii-,
and dairy. Of the total received about $15,o0-.) was expended for salaries and $1o,000
for running expenses.
Plant.Estimated value, $75,000. The plant consists of 393 acres of land valued
at $25,000, io frame buildings valued at $36,000, and equipment and furniture valued at
$9,000. A large part of the land is cultivated with student lab%
The buildings are in
good condition.
Recommendation. That the school authorities endeavor to raise the grade of work
and increase the attendance.
Date of visit : October, 1914.
.
HOWARD HIGH SCHOOL.
WILMINGTON.
Principal: Miss Edwina B. Kruse.
A city high school offering four years of secondary work with industrial training.
The eight elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attenziance.Secondary, 6o; male 16, ( emale 44. The elementary enrollment
was 425.
Teachers.Secondary, ; all colored; male 3, female 8. The three industrial
teachers divide their time between the grades and the high school. There were 12 teachers for the elementary grades.
Organization.Secondary: The work is arran ell to correspond with that of the
other high schools of the city. The teaching is good. Sewing and cooking are provided
for girls and manual training for boys.
Plant.Estimated value, $33,800 The plant consists of a large frame building,
fairly good furniture for classrooms, and limited industrial. tquipment.
Date of visit : October, 1914.
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.
The two small independent schools in Delaware, described below, are of doubtful
management and unworthy to be considered as important parts of the educational system.
'What.
ti
144
NEGRO EDUCATION.
NEWCASTLE_ COUNTYNEW CASTLE,
DELAWARE ORPHAN'S HOME AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
President: W. C. Ellis.
A badly managed private elementary school with a large farm maintained on a commercial basis.
It is supported by general donations.
The school was founded in 'goo by W. C. Ellis and is controlled largely by him. Title to the
property is vested in the " Delaware Orphan's Home and Industrial School, W. C. Ellis, president."
There is a board of seven trustees who exercise practically no supervision over the work.
Attenclance.Total, 22; the enrollment claimed was 120. Some of the pupils are orphans and
dependents. The few pupils present the day the school was visited were dirty and tiisorderly and were
running about the place at will. The school was not in session.
Teachers and Workers.Total, 4; all colored; male 3, female 1. Only one teacher gives any time
to teaching. The principal spends most of his time soliciting funds; the other two workers devote most
of their time to farm work that is of no instructional value.
Financial, .r913-14.The president receives and disburses all money donated for the school. No
records are kept. Only offhand statements were given. According to these statements the income
of the school for the year 1913-14 was $5,250, of which $5,o5o was from donations and $200 from tuition
and fees. Of the expenditures $963 was for salaries and $400 for supplies for the boarding department.
The expenditure of other funds was not shown.
__Plant.Land: Estimated value, ito,000. The land comprises 102 acres well adapted to farm
purposes. A large'part of the land is under cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value, $4,000. There is one brick building of 18 rooms besides two small
structures and a barn. The buildings are poorly kept and in need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,600. Of this about $40o was in furniture and $2,20o in
farm implements and live stock.
Recommendation.In view of the condition and management of this school it can not be recommended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: October, 1914(-4. Facts verified, 1915._
THE HIGH EDUCATIONAL COLLEGE OF GLORY.
President: Justus J. Evans.
An.institution without pupils and of extremely doubtful management. The principal claims to
have powerto stop wars and crimes by an "all -wise system." Appeals for aid are sent out to the public
and the principal spends all ciehis time soliciting fundl. No statement of income or expenditures could
be obtained. The plant consists of a large poorly constructed fraine building in bad condition. There
was an Indebtedness of $2,000 on the building.
Recontisesdation.That all donations be withheld.
Date of visit: October, 1914.
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS.
a ,.
Besides the schools for colored people there is one special institution in the State,
maintained by the Catholic church.
NEW CASTLE COUNTY WILMINGTON.
ST. JOSEPH'S HOME FOR CATHOLIC COLORED ORPHAN BOYS.
Rector: Father John A. Glancy.'
An orphanage for colored boys under 12 years of age. It was founded in 1890 and is owned and
managed by the St. Joseph's Society for Colored Missions of Delaware.
A Ustulance.Tbtal , 65; all male; all in lower elementary grades.
Teachers Gild workers.Thstal, 14; white 12, colored 2; male 2, female 12.
1 V/bite.
DELAWARE.
145
Organisation. Besides the usual elementary work some manual training is provided. Boys are
sent to St. Joseph's Industrial School upon reaching the age of 12.
Financial, 191'3-N.Practically no account of the financial operations could be obtained. The
income of about Sio,000 was derived from donations to the order maintaining the institution.
Plant.The plant, estimated value $55,000, consists of a large city lot, a two-story brick building,
and some furniture.
Recommendation.That additional provision be made for manual training.
Date of visit: October, 1914.
VI. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
SCHOOL' FACILITIES IN THE DISTRICT.
There are 94,446 colored people in the District of Columbia, forming 28.5 per cent
of the total population. Washington has the largest number of colored people of any
city in the United States. While the census indicates that the illiterates formed 13.5
per cent,of all colored people over to years of age in 1910, the effectiveness of the schools
is shown by the fact that the illiterates were less than r per cent of the colored children to to 14 years of age. The death rate is, however, almost twice as high as that of
white people. The principal facts concerning the public school facilities of the District
of Columbia according to the United States Census and the District Board of Education
are as follows: Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 2910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1913-14
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14
Percentage illiterate, 1910
..
White.
236, x28
31, 781
Negro.
44,446
12,910
$1,324, 545 1544, 968
$38. st
SO. al
s. 5
13. 5
Public appropriations.The public school teachers in the colored schools of the
District receive $544,968 fol the education of 12,910 colored children. On a per capita
basis this is $42.21 for each child 6 to 14 years of age. This sum is relatively higher
than that expended for teachers in any of the States having separate schools. The
resulting effectiveness of the colored schools is reflected in the large attendance and the
low percentage of illiteracy. The difference in the per capita expenditure in the schools
of the District and in those of the Southern States is partly explained by the fact that
the District public school system for colored people includes two high schools and a
teacher-training school, while the public-school systems of the Southern States make
but little provision for secondary and teacher-training work for colored people. 4'4
Private financial aid.There are four schools receiving private aid in the District
of Columbia.
Howard University, owned by an incorporated board of trustees, receives
about $roo,000 from Federal funds and $70,000 from tuition, endowment, and other
sources. The National Training School for Colored Girls is a Baptist institution which
receives girls from many States. The other two institutions are small Catholic parish
schools.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
ARMSTRONG MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: Arthur C. Newman.1
A public high school doing four years of secondary industrial work.
A wel-
quipped plant and good teaching force are provided.
A ilendance.Total, 529; all secondary; male ifio, female 349.
'Appointed since dAte of visit.
147
148
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Teachers and workers.Total 33; all colored; male 19, female
14. There are also
two teachers of physical training and two of music who give
part
of
their time to the
Dunbar High School.
Organization.-A-The academic and industrial subjects of the four-year
arranged on a liberal elective system. English is required in the first three course are
years and is
elective with civics and economics in the fourth year.
Mathematics and free-hand
drawing are required in the first two years. All other subjects are elective.
The industrial work includes domestic science, dressmaking, tailoring,
millinery, woodworking,
wood turning, pattern making, forge work, machine shop, automobile
repairing, art
metal work, and mechanical drawing. About a fourth of the pupils'
time
is given to
industrial courses.
Plant Estimated value, $240,000. The plant consists of a large city lot, a threestory brick building, and equipment valued at $12,500.
Date of visit: June, 1916.
DUNBAR HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: G. C. Wilkinson.'
A public high school offering four years of secondary work.
The teachir force
and equipment are good, but the plant is inadequate.'
Attendance.Total, 731; all secondary; male 249, female 482.
Teachers and workers.Total, 48; all colored; male 25, female 23.
There are also
two teachers of music and two of physical training who give part of
their
time to the
Armstrong High School.
Orgazazation.The regular four-year high - school' course is offered with a lib "ral
system of electives. The following
program indicates the number of classes in each
of the major subjects: English, 34 classes; rigithematics, 25; Latin,
21 ; elementary
science, 25; history, 21; modern languages, 16. The absence of classes, in civics,
economics, physiology, or sociology is striking.
The chief emphasis is placed upon preparation for the professions, as indicated by the following report of the
future careers of
the graduates of 1915: Teacher-training, 37; entering college, 32; entering
legal, dental,
medical, or theological schools, 17; entering engineering school, 4.
Business departmentThe business department of the school, with 6
teachers and
137 pupils, is located at the Phelps School and conducted separately.
Plant.The old plant was abandoned in September, 1916. The new plant,
estimated value $500,000, includes half a city block and a modern three-story brick
building.
Date of visit: June, 1916.
MYRTILLA MINER NORMAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Lucy E. Moten.
tt
A public teacher-training school offering two years, of work above the high school.
The methods and equipment are thoroughly modern.
Attendance.Total, 115; all above the secondary grade; male 2, female 113.
Appointed since date al visit.
I A new buildint has been erected.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA .
149
Teachers and workers.Total, 15; all colored; male 4, female 11; academic 8, critic
teachers 4, principal, clerk, janitor, and 4 laborers.
Organization.The equivalent of graduation from one of the four-year high schools
of the District of Columbia is required for entrance. A choice of 4 two-year courses is
offered, but the large majority of the pupils are enrolled in the regular " primary grade"
course. The other courses are for the preparation of teachers of domestic art, domestic
science, and kindergarten. A year and a half is devoted to theory and observation,
and a half year to practice teaching, in each course.
years;
The "primary grade" course embraces the following subjects: English,
hygiene, Y, ;
household arts,
biology,
psychology,
history of education,
principles of
physical education, %; music, %; drawing, %; school management,
and methods of teaching special subteaching, Y, ; nature study, Yt ; child study,
jects, 0/. With the exception of the methods of teaching special subjects, the other
three courses are practically the same as those of the primary grade course.
The practice school is composed of children in the first four elementary grades.
These grades are divided into two sections and constitute eight practice divisions. In
addition 37 other classes or sections in the city schools are selected and pupils from the
normal school sent out to teach in them. The practice work is supervised by the critic
teachers and the special methods by the theory teachers.
Plant.The plant, estimated value, $244,753, consists of a large lot, a new, modern,
brick building, and equipment for classrooms, office, laboratories, and gymnasium. The
equipment is valued at $20,000.
Date of visit : May, 1916.
HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
President: Stephen M. Newman.'
An.institution of college grade with several professional and secondary departments.
In variety and quality of professional training and in number of college students Howard
stands first among educational institutions for colored people. About half of the current income is provided by an appropriation from the United States Government and its
work is National in scope and influence.
The university was founded in 1867 by an act of Congress. Gen. 0. 0. Howard,
who was very active in the Freedmen's Bureau, served as first president. It is controlled by a self-perpetuating board of trustees of white and colored men. The Federal
appropriation is administered through the Department of Interior. The theological
department is undenominational and is maintained through, endowment funds, donations, and an appropriation from the Amer'can Missionary Association.
Attendance.Total, t,4oi ; male, 1,082, felhale, 319; secondary; including commercial, 373; college, including arts and sciences, teacher-training and engineering, 534;
'Music, 27; theological, 73; medical, 288; law, rob. There were also 14 special students
in music and 37 night students in theological eburses.
Teachers and workers.Total, io6; white 33, colored 73; male 77, female 29; secondary lo, college of arts and sciences 2 1 , teachers' college 8, manual arts 7, commerWhite.
150
NEGRO EDUCATION.
cial 6, music 5, theology 4, law 8, medical 9, library workers 4, executive officers 5, clerks
and bookkeepers i i, other employees 8. There were also 32 part-time teachers in
the
medical school, 7 part-time teachers in other departments, and 16 laborers, including
janitors and firemen in the various departments.
Organization.The university organization includes nine divisions: (1) secondary,
(2) arts and sciences, (3) teacher-training, (4) manual arts and engineering, (5) commercial, (6) music, (7) theology, (8) law, and (9) medicine, including dentistry and
pharmacy. The first seven divisions occupy the main buildings and there is close administrative relationship between them; many of the students elect subjects in more than
one division and all unite regularly in the general activities of the university. The
medical and law divisions which occupy separate plants; and the theological division,
are administered by the university as separate units.
Secondary : Secondary work is done in the "Acaderny," or preparatory department.
Four 4-year courses are offered: Classical, scientific, domestic science, and domestic
art. The classical and scientific courses are very similar.
The subjects required in
both are: Latin, rlt years; mathematics, 1f; English, 3}; history,
II; elementary
science, if , and manual training, If. The classical course adds a year and a half of
Latin, a year and a half of Greek, and a year of mathematics or Cerra: : n. The scientific
course adds a half year of history and one year each of chemistry, biology, and mathematics or psychology. All the pupils in the academy
are required to take 4 periods a
week in manual arts during the first two years of their course. Vocational courses in
domestic science and domestic art, outlined in the catalogue, were not elected by any
pupils and are therefore to be discontinued.
Applicants for admission to the academy must pave completed eight elementary
grades or pass an entrance examination. The attendince was 293, of whom
220 were
male and 73 female. There are to teachers, 2 white and 8
colored; 6 were men and
4 women.
Arts and sciences: Courses leading to the degrees of A. B. and S. B. are offered,with a
wide range of subjects. The A. B. course is arranged so that considerable time must be
spent on ancient and modern languages. The S. B. course requires one foreign language.
Good courses in physical sciences are offered. The provision for history and social
sciences is inadequate. Combination courses are offered in connection
with the professional departments, so that a saving of one year may be effected by those preparing
for the professions.
Applicants for admission to the arts and science courses must have completed 15
units of secondary work, and some of the units must be in two foreign languages.
The
attendance in 1915 was 323, of whom 255 were male and 68 female. There are 21
teachers, 4 white and 17 colored; 20 men and 1 woman. There are also two part-time
teachers.
Teachers' college: The diploma course for teachers consists of two years of college
work in the study of elementary or kindergarten education. The course leading to
the degree of A. B. in education requires four years of college work. The first two years
consist largely of the usual college subjects, taught with special regard for teaching
methods. In the last two years each student is expected to specialize in the teaching
of such subjects as psychology, English, history, mathematics, and sciences. The
\
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
151
professional work includes principles of education, school administration, history of
education, observation and practice teaching, psychology, ar.d the sociological bases of
education, The work is well done, and effort is made to adapt the. courses to the
future needs of the student. The entrance requirements are the same as those
for the A. B. and S. B. courses. The attendance was 199, of whom 75 were male and
124 female. The teachers are 8 in number, of whom 2 are white acid 6 colored ; 7 male
and I female.
Manual arts and applied science: The work in manual arts includes courses in
manual training, home economics, and engineering. Most of the courses are correlated
with those of the Academy and Teachers' College. Engineering courses have been
arranged jointly with the college department of the university. Only 12 students
have elected this higher work, however. The number of students receiving some
instruction in manual training was 220, and in home economics 73. There are 7 teachers, 3 white and 4 colored; 4 are men and 3 wpmen.
Commercial college : The commercial college offers a four-year course of secondary
grade. The course includes stenography, typewriting, bookkeeping, commercial law,
business organization, history, English, political economy, commercial geography, and
arithmetic. Applicants for admission are required to have only an elementary school
education. The attendance was 8o, of whom 57 were male and 23 female. There
are 6 teachers, 2 white and 4 colored ; 3 are men and 3 women.
Conservatory of music : Pupils of all grades are admitted to the conservatory of
music. During 1914-15 there were 41 pupils who received instruction in one or more
of the courses. Fourteen were local students, who took a few music limns each week,
while 27 were taking the regular work leading to a diploma. There are 5 teachers,
white and 4 colored; 2 are men and 3 women.
School of theology: Two three-year courses are offered, the " English" course, without foreign languages, and the "classical" course, requiring Hebrew and Greek. The
courses include the usual theological subjects, with some provision for social science
and the psychology of religion.
Applicants for admission to the diploma or " English" course are required to "bring
certificates of graduation from reputable high schools or to pass a satisfactory entrance
examination." The degree or "classical " course is open only to college graduates.
Those who lack these requirements are admitted as unclassified students.
The attendance was 73, all men. There are 4 teachers, of whom 3 are white and I
colored; all are men.
While the school of theology is located in the main buildings, in its financial support
and admintstration it is distinct from the other divisions. The income amounted to
$5,338, of which $2 ,000 was from the American Missionary Association, $1,842 from
endowment funds, $1,039 from donations, and $477 from tuition.
School of Law: The law school occupies its own building, a three-story structure,
located near the District courthouse. Applicants for admission must be graduates of a
recognized high school or college. The regular course for the degree of LL. B. covers
a period of three years.
The attendance was Io6, of whom 104 were male and 2 female. There were 8 teachers, 5 white and 3 colored; all are men.-
152
NEGRO EDUCATION.
the income of the
department amounted to $9,43x, of which $4,811 was from
tuition and fees and $4,620 from Government appropriations.
School of Medicine (including Medical, Dental, and Pharmaceutical Colleges):
The
plant, consisting of a large brick building and one frame structure, is located
near the
well-equipped Government hospital, which furnishes clinical facilities for the
medical
school. Whenever possible, funds have been
expended for laboratory facilities rather
*ban buildings, with the result that the laboratories are far superior to the external
plant.
The income of the department for 1913-14 was $35,295 and the expenditures
$38,016.
Of the income $27,318 was from tuition, $7,000 from Government
appropriations, $860 from endowment funds, and $117 from other sources.
The teaching staff of the School of Medicine numbers 41, all male; full-time
9, parttime 32; white 22, colored 19. Seven of the part-time teachers
receive no compensation.
There are 7 full-time teachers in the medical division, 1 in dentistry,
and
in
pharmacy.
The Medical College requires for admission graduation from
an approved high school
and two years of college work, including physics, chemistry, and biology,
together with
a reading knowledge of French or German. The regular course for the degree of
M. D.
covers a period of four years. The attendance was ioo, all male.
The Dental College requires for admission graduation from an accredited high school.
1
The degree of D. D. S. is granted upon the satisfactory completion of the three-year
course. The attendance was 161, all male.
The Pharmaceutical College requires for admission four years of high-school work
including one year of Latin. Three years are required for graduation.
The attendance was 65, of whom 59 were male and 6 female.
Finansid, 1913-14.All funds except those derived from Government appropriations are disbursed through the treasurer of the institution.
Excellent financial records
of the institution are kept in the treasurer's office in accordance with an approved system
of accounting and the books are audited annually by chartered accountants.
According to the report of the treasurer for the year the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness.
Value of property.
1172, 257
174, 337
35.498
2,756,920
Sources of income: Federal appropriations, $ioi,000; tuition and fees, $51,983;
income from endowment, $13,559; donations, $3,694; rents, $5oo; interest, V356;
other
sources, $1,165. The noneducational receipts amounted to $28,873, of which $16,684
was frorkthe boarding department, $7,343 from dormitories, . it4,434 from athletics,
$384 from bookstore, and $28 from gymnasium.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $125,792; educational and laboratory supplies and
expenses, $20,726; supplies and expenses of dining hall and dormitories, $20,427;
repairs and additions to buildings, $10,566;. equipment, $8,952; athletics, $4,416;
care
and improvement of grounds, $3,222; scholarships and gratuities to students, $2,r19;
heat0i,;ht, and power, $1,748; "publication expenses," $978; printing and stationery,
DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA.
153
$836; telephone and telegraph, $522; bookstore, $469; advertising, $447; insure,
$291; traveling expenses, $273; 'postage, $235; other expenses, $1,191.
Indebtedness:- The indebtedness on June 3o, 1914, amounted to $35,498, of which
$26,500 was in mortgages oft productive real estate' $4,542 was in accounts payable,
$4,0oo in notes payable, and $456 in student credit balances.
School property: The property consists of $1,302,326 in the plant, $177739 in productive real estate, $152,296 in investment securities, $105,436 in unproductive land,
and $19,123 in cash on hand, accounts receivable, supplies, and other current assets.
Plant. Land : Estimated value, $615,692. The main campus comprises 20 acres
on a high elevation in the northwest section of the city. The medical school site, which
comprises about 4 acres, is near the main campus. The law school owns a valuable
lot near the city hall in the business section of the city.
Buildings: Estimated value, $550,867. All the buildings are of brick except the
dental school building and the residences of four professors. The principal buildings
on the campus are: The main building, four stories high, valued at $140,000, containing
academic classrooms and secretary's and treasurer's offices; Thirkield Science Hall, three
stories, valued at $83,000, containing chemical, physical, and biological laboratories and
auditorium4lark Hall, a four story building valued at $54,152," the dormitory for
young men, Miner Hall, four stories high and valued at $50,000, the dormitory for
young women; Carnegie library, usrdstories with basement, valued at $49,589; the Manual Arts Building, three stories high, valued at $23,000, containing engineering laboratories and wood-working shops; the chapel, valued at $22,000, used for daily devotions,
church services, and lectures; Spaulding Hall, a two story house, valued at $io,000,used
for domestic science; and King Hall, two stories high, valued at $1,626, used for boys'
dormitory. Other buildings on the grounds include the president's house, valued at
$20, 500, and the cottages of four professors, valued at $14,00o. The medical building is
a large four-story structure, valued at $7o,000. The dental building is a two-story frame
structure, valued at $5,000... The law-school building is a three-story and basement
structure, valued at $8,000.
The main building, the medical building, and the two dormitories are old, -poorly
planned structures. Most of the other buildinis are comparatively new and modem.
The buildings are well kept and in good repair.
Mova',1e equipment: Estimated value, $135,767. Of this $34774 was in medical
laboratories, $32,700 in the general library, $22,912 in manual arts and applied science
equipment, $11,457 in college and academy,laboratories, $9,233 in academic equipment,
$8,000 in the law library, $4,722 in dormitorylurniture and equipment, $3,136 in equipment for the music department, $2,100 in medical classroom furnitttre, $500 in law classroom furniture, and $6,250 in other equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That
general administration be strengthened by the
provision of additional help for thee president, in order to develop proper correlation
between the departments and irecrease the supervision of students.
2. That the organization of the instruction be simplified and as soon as practicable
admission be limited to graduates of recognized secondary schools. .
The toortiree on real estate here beep veld since date d report.
.
154
NEGRO EDUCATION.
3. That in the entrance requirements to college courses recognition be given to such
important subjects as social studies, teacher-training, scientific agriculture, manual
arts,
and household economics.
4. That teacher training receive increasing emphasis in the plans of the University.
5. That courses in history and social science be strengthened and provision made
for the study and observation of rural and urban conditions of colored people.
6. That provision he made for presenting the theory and practice of gardening in_
tht preparation for teachers.
7. That more provision be made for the administrative management of the medical
and law schools.
8. That increased funds be obtained for the medical school so that the standards
of teaching may be maintained.
Dates of visits: January and May, 1915.
NATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS.
Yrincipal: Miss Nannie E. Burroughs.
A well-managed girls' school of elementary#%ind secondary grade devoted to
training for borne life and social service. All the pupils live at the school.
The school was founded in 1907 by the Women's Auxiliary of the National
Convention of Colored Baptist Churches. It is owned and controlled by a selfperpetuating board of 5o trustees.
A llendance.Total, 71'; all girls; elementary 42, secondary 29. The reported
enrollment for the year was 105.
,
Teachers and workers.Total, 11; white 2, colored 9; all female.
Organization.Pupils atcesnd classes three days a week and do industrial work
two days.
Elementary: The elementary work is done in the " primary " and " preparatory"
divisions and covers the four upper grades.
Secondary: The secondaty work is done in the four-year normal course. Some of
the subjects of the course are elementary. The course is arranged with but
little regard
.
for formal class standards. English is emphasized and special
provision made for
commercial work and missionary training. A social settlement is maintained in
city of Washington to provide practical work for the missionary training
students.
the
Industrial: The courses are practical and the equipment simple. Pupils are
permitted to specialize in printing, laundering, or household arts. The work of the
boarding department and dormitories is made to contributeto the training
for home life.
The model home on the campus furnishes practibal experience in housekeeping
in
connection with the domestic science course. Considerable attention is given
to
instruction in gardening.
Financial, 1914 -15. The financial records are carefully kept and the business
management is excellent. The more important items for the year were:
income. excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness.
Value of plant
-
$8, 981
8, 311
6, soa
42, 500
41
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
155
Sources of income: General donations, $4,996; tuition and fees, $3,000; speciid
gifts, $724; other sources, $261. The noneducational receipts amounted to $7,032, of
which $6,424 was from the boarding department and $6o8 from productive departments
of the school.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,5o5; boarding department, $2,505; repairs and
additions to buildings, $1,777; equipment and furniture, $1,427; heat and lights,
$1,005; notes and interest, $955; social settlement work, $794; expenses of garden
yard, and stable, $520; printing, $512; stationery, books, and supplies, $315; postage
and office supplies, $244, traveling expenses, $242; field and poultry yard, $238;
sewing department, $107; other expenses, $197.
indebtedness:
indebtedness: The indebtedness of $6,5oo represents the balance due on buildings.
Estimated value, $9,000. The school owns six acres of .land in the
suburb.; of Washington. A part of the land is used for teaching school gardening and
the other for campus.
Buildings: Estimated value, $30,000. There are four neat frame buildings, a barn,
and several smaller structures. The buildings are clean and the premises are well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,500. Of this, $2,000 is in furniture and
$1,5oo in industrial equipment..
..
Recommendations.r. That the Baptist conventions combine in
i an effort to increase
the support and attendance of this school.
2. That more adequate provision be made for teacher-training and theory and
practice of gardening.
Date of visit: May, 1915.
QATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
There are two Catholic parish schools in Washington taught by ,colored Sisters of
The principal facts reported concerning them are as follows:
Providence.
SchooL
Pupils. Teachers. laconic.
iso
6
Si, goo
St. Augustine's School.
St. Cyprian's..
360
5
1,332
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS.
Besides the schools already described, there are seen special educational institutions for the Colored race in the District of Columbia. These include five institutions
for the care of children, the Freedmen's Hospital, and an industrial school with an
employinenAbureau. The institutions for the care of children are under the supervision of the District of Columbia Board of Charities, and are maintained by appropriations from Congress. The courts of. the District of Columbia and the Federal courts
commit delinquents, incorrigibles, and orphans to these .institutions. Unfortunately,
adequate provision is not made for separating the feeble-minde4children from the others.
It is possible in the case of white children for the District of Columbia to arrange with
State institutions to care for the feeble-minded. These institutions, however, do not
take feeble-minded colored children and no special institution is maintained in the
District for them. Consequently all of the institutions are hampered in the work of
relief and reformation by the presence of feeble-minded children among the inmates.
469279Bull. 39-17-11
4
NEGRO EDUCATION.
156
FREEDMEN'S HOSPITAL NURSE TRAINING SCHOOL
,Superintendent of Nurses: Laura R. Mac Hale.
A nurse-training school operated as a pait of Freedmen's Hospital and Howard University Medical
School. The hospital is one of the most modern and well-equipped hospitals in the country admitting
-11E/1151917-'Most of its patients are admitted without charge. The hospital and school are maintained
by appropriations from Congress administered by the Departlfnent of the Interior.
Attendance.Nurses in training, 48; graduate nurses, 6.
StaffTotal, ix. In addition, three members of the Howard University medical faculty instruct
the nurses. .
Organization. The nurse-training course requires three years for graduation.
Financial, 1914.The income of $102,6o5 for the maintenance of the hospital and school was
appropriated by Congress as follows: For: support, $28,00s; for salaries, $32,640; for special repairs,
$6,000; appropriation by District of Columbia under contract with the Board of Charities, $34,965
In addition, $5,750 was received from pay patients.
Plant. The plant consists of a large city lot and a modern, well-lighted brick building, with
excellent equipment.
HOME OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR DESTITUTE COLORED WOMEN AND'
CHILDREN.
..kuperintendent: Mrs. Eva Hood Smith.
An brpban home maintained by an incorporated association. Though it was incorporated in 1864
as an orphan home, it is used by the Board of Children's Guardians and the Board of Charities of the
District of Columbia as a home for orphans, incorrigibles, and in some cases delinquents. Childrenare committed by the courts of the District and assigned to the home by the Board of Children's Guardians. The Board of Education conducts a public school in the building for the inmates.
Attendance. Total, 82; about two-thirds of the pupils are boys.
Workers.Total, 14; all colored. The principal and one of the teachers of the public school are
paid by the Board of Education.
Organization.The charter allows the institution to receive children from 3 to 18 years of age.
The majority of the children are 12, 13, and 14. A. kindergarten and seven grades are taught in the
school. Sewing is also taught.
Financial, 1914. The income is derived chiefly from the appropriation of $9,900 frorii Congress
and $1,125 from endowment. Small amounts are derived from the board of pay children and from
donations. Of the expenditure $3,706 was for salaries, about $1,000 for fuel and light, and the remainder for clothing and supplies.
Plant.The plant consists of a large city lot and a well-lighted brick building. Adequate play
space is provided, Init play apparattis is needed.
INDUSTRIAL HOME SCHOOL FOR COLORED CHILDREN.
Superintendent: Leon L. Perry.
A home school for dependentcolored boys. The institution is organized on the cottage plan and
is conducted in accordance with modern ideas of treatment of juvenile delinquents.
The schoolis owned and managed by the Commissioners of the District of Columbia.
Attendance. Total, 93; all colored boys.
Teacher: and workers.Total, x8; all colored; male 6, female 12; superintendent r, matron 1, teachers 2, industrial teachers 3, farmer x, caretakers 5, others 5.
Organisation.Dependent children are sent to the institution by the Board of Children's Guardians. Two teachers handle the classroom work and all boys receive instruction. Some of the boys
ire allowed to attend the regular city schools. The industrial work consists of manual training, blacksmithing, And the mending of clothes. Boys also do the work on the farm and in the dairy.
Financial, .rpr4-r5.The income of $22,897 was derived front an appropriation by Congress to
the District Commissioners for the institution. Of this sum $7,44o was "expended for salaries, $9,000
for maintenance, and the balance for equipment and other purposes..
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
157
NATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL FOR, GIRLS.
Superintendegt: Mrs. Jennie A. Griffith)
A school for delinquent girls. In its reorganization the modern policies for caring
for juvenile
delinquents are being adopted.
The institution is governed by a board of trustees under the direction of the Attorney General
of the United States.
Attendance. Total 79, all female; practically all the pupils are colored. There are also about 7o
girls who are on parole under the care of the institution.
Teachers and workers.Total 20; white 16, colored 4; male 5, female .11 5; superintendent 1, matron 1,
parole officer 1, classroom teachers 3, industrial teachers 6, others 8.
.
Organization. -Girls are committed to the institution by the Federal courts and by the Juvenile
and Supreme Courts of the District of Columbia. They are paroled by tlo: board of trustees
on recommendation of the superintendent. One officer has charge of the girls whb
are on parole under care
of the institution. The girls in the institution have classroom work for half a day and industrial work
for hal( a day. The industrial work consists of laundering, cooking, sewing,
and agriculture. .The
recreational facilities are being increased. The organization is hampered by the necessity ofearing for
feeble-minded girls who can not be committed to any other institutions.
Financial, 1914-15.The income of $24,720 is derived from an appropriation by Congress. Of
this amount, $10,672 was expended for salaries and $1,46o for maintenance.
Plant The plant consists of 19 acres of land, excellently located, three brick buildings, two of
which are old, and fluniture for classrooms and dormitories.
NATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL FOR BOYS,
Superintendent. G. A. Stirling)
'
A reform school for boys organized on the cottage system. The force of workers and the equipment are ample.
The institution is controlled by a board of trustees under the direction of the Attorney General
of the United States.
.4ttendance.Total 381, all male. About two-thirds of the boys are colored. In addition, about
16o boys are on parole under the care of the institution.
Teachers and workers.Total 63; all white ;-superintendent, assistant superintendent, clerks
3, classroom teachers and assistants 14, industrial teachers and assistants 5, parole officer 1, matrons 6, others 28.
Oroanization.Boys between the ages of 14 and at are committed to the institution by the Federal
courts and the Juvenile and Supreme Courts of the District of Columbia. They are paroled by the
trustees on recommendation of the superintendent. A half day is spent in school work and a half day
in industrial work. The institution does excellent agricultural work with student labor.
Financial, 19171-15.The income of $128,o65 was derived from appropriations from Congress directly
to the institution and through the District of Columbia. Of this sum, $33.835 was for salaries, $54.127
for support of inmates and current expenses, $85o for transportation, and the remainder for repairs and
permanent improvement.
PlantThe plant Consists of a large farm, excellently located, and ample buildings. Most of the
buildings are of brick.
THE CHILDREN'S TEMPORARY HOME.
Superintendent: ,Miss Susan B. Cook.
A home caring tempo;arily for children of dependent and delinquent classes. Children are sent
'to thehome by the Board of Children's Guardians of the ,District. The home is owned by the superintendent.
.4 ueniance.Total &a, of whom about three-fourths are boys. The population fluctuates continually. The children arc in most cases committed to the home to stay only until their exact place in
other institutions an be determined.
I White.
158
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Workers.-,Total 9; all colored; male 2. female 7.
Organisation.An ungraded school is maintained in order that children may keep up with their
lessons while in the home, and in order to preserve discipline. Sewing and chair caning are taught.
Fisoncial.The institution is maintained by a per capita allowance from the District of Columbia
for each child committed.
Plant. The work is conducted in a plant leased from Howard University. It consistsof a city lot
on a good elevation and two buildings.
CLARKE'S TRAINING SCHOOL AND EMPLOYMENT BUREAU.
Owner: Mrs. Addie R. Clarke.
An employment agency with some facilities for instruction in domestic seryice. It is owned and
taught by the principal.
Unakince.Total 27; all girls. There were IS boarders.
Organization.Sewing. and laundering are sometimes taught. Instructio n in cooking is also
provided to a limited extent.
Financial.The tuition charge of $25 per year and small sums from donations constitute the support
of the school. The total income amounts to about Sr. c)o.
Mont.The school is taught in a rented house.
Recommendation.In view of the condition andzgianageme.kt of this school, as outlined above, no
recommendation can be made in regard to it.
Date of visit: July, 1956.
c'-
VII. FLORIDA.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 308,669 colored people in Florida, forming 41 per cent of the total population. They constitute 50.6 per cent of all persons engaged in agricultural pursuits
in the State. The number of farms cultivated by them increased 8.8 per cent between
19oo and 1910. As farmers, renting and owning land, they
have charge of 768,140
acres of land; as farm laborers, they undoubtedly cultivate a much larger area. While
the United States census indicates hopeful progress in the decrease of illiteracy and in
the improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still 25.5 per cent of the colored
population 10 years of age and over and 17.8 per cent of the colored children to to 14
years of age, andthe death rate is very high. In view of these facts, it is important
to note the following summary of the public-school facilities and educational needs of
Florida as they are shown in the reports of the United States census and the State
superintendent of education.
White.
Population, :910....
443,634
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-11 '
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in State
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Percentage living in rural communities, :900
Neva
308, (49
88, 908
63, 486
li,'022,745
$167,381
$11.50
$a. 64
S. 5
25. 5
7o. 6
71. 3
Public appropriations.The public-school teachers of Florida, received $1,190,126
in salaries in 1910-11. Of this sum $1,022, 745 was for the teachers of 88,908 white
children and $467,381 was for the teachers of 63,486 colored children. Ori a per capita
basis this is $11.50 for each white child of school age and $2.64 for each colored child.'
Map 8 presents these per capita figures for each county in Florida, the proportion of
Negroes being indicated by the shading. The inequalities between the figures for white
children and those for colored children are greatest in counties where the proportion
of Negroes in the total population is largest. The per capita sums for white children
-decrease, and those for colored children increase, with considerable regularity, as the
proportion of Negroes becomes smaller. The extent of this regularity appears in the
following table,which shows the per capita expenditures for counties grouped according
to the percentage of Negroes in the total population:
County groups, perm:waged Negroes in the population.'
Counties io to 25 per rent
Counties 25 to so per cent
Counties so to too per cent
Counties 75 to zoo per cent
White school
population.
Negro school
population.
22, 595
52,751
4,540
34,164
11, 77
1, 784
i8, tin
6, 666
Per capita
white.
Per capita
Negro.
$10. 56
$3. 10
Ir. 30
13.38
17.08
3.07
2. 14
t. 46
lAlthoughtheappropriationafor colored school. have hummed Macesamtheaalarieedfwtdteteachem have increased
much more rapidly than thaw ci colored teachers.
e These figure were computed by dividing the amount of teachers' sail ire in public schools by the number of ddklren
6 to re yearn of age enumerated by the United States census.
The teachers' salaries ware obtained Irmo the Report of the State
Department of Education. rolo-ir. P. 408.
No county in the State bits a Negro population lea than to per cent of the total.
159
160
NEGRO EDUCATION.
4.
Percentage Negro hi the population.
I-1Under to per cent.
to to as per cent.
es to so per cent.
so to 7s per cent.
Miss per cent and over.
J
liaP 8. Pita CAPITA EXPENDITURES VOR WHITE AND COLORED CHILDREN IN FLORIDA ON THE HAMS
OP TEACHER' SALARIES.
'The upper figure in each county is for white children, the lower for colored. The shading indicates the percentage of Negroes in the total population.
FLORIDA.
161
The high per capita cost for white children in the "black-belt" counties is partly
explained by the fact that irk these counties they are few in number and widely scattered.
The smaller cost of schools for colored children is partly due to the lower wage scale of
colored teachers and partly to the very limited provision for high-school edikation.
It is apparent, however, that these explanations by no means account for the wide
divergencies in the " black-belt " counties. In addition to the $1,022,745 appropriated for
the public-school teachers of white children, the State appropriated $69,885 to maintain
the State University and College for Women. To the $167,381 appropriated for the
teachers of colored children the State added $8,500 to supplement the income of the
gricultural and mechanical ,school for Negroes, largely maintained by the Federal
Government.
Private financial qid. The deficiencies presented above in the public expenditures
for the education of the colored people largely explain the active campaigns for private
schools since the Civil War. As a result of this activity the private schools have property
valued at $478,411, an annual income of $77,001 , and an attendance of 3,345 pupils,
of whom 3,079 are in elementary grades. It is sometimes thought that the liberal
private contributions to these schools make up for the inequalities in the public appropriations for the education of white and colored ,youth. In Florida, however, the total
expenditures of both public and private schools for colored people is far less than the
expenditures for white teachers in public schools. The income of the two large private
white schools, as reported to the United States Bureau of Education, was nearly twice
the income of all colored private schools.
A summary of the income and property of the private and higher colored schools
grouped according to ownership is given in the following table:
Total private schools.
Independent
Denominational. ..........
State and Federal.
..
N umber ot
schools.
..
Annual
income.
26
177, oot
3
19, 158
23
57,843
34, 168
-
. VILIM
provetty.
$478, 412
85,875
392,536
131,421
According to this table the annual income and property value of the denominational schools are more than twicees high as those of the independent schools. The
annualincome of the colored schools owned by denominations whose membership is white
or largely so aggregates $33,396, as against $24,447 for those of the colored denominations. The property owned by the white denominations is valued at $311,536, that
owned by the colored at $81,000. Some of the schools controlled by white denominations receive considerable sums of money from their colored members. In addition to
the private aid reported in the above table, $1,811 was appropriated for general supervision and special phases of education by the Jeanes Fund.''
While the total number of private schools is 26, only 8 play any important part in
the educational activities of the State. A f of the remaining ill are to be justified
if at all on denominational grounds; the majont however, are so hampered by small
income or poor management that the State receives ittle benefit from them. The schools
of the first group are described under their respective counties and their location shown
NEGRO EDUCATION
162
on Map 9. It will be noted that four of these schools are in Jacksonville, Duval County.
The schools of Alit second group are suriimarized according to ownership and discussed
at the end of this chapter. The attendance of the private and higher colored schools
by ownership groups is indicated in the following statement :
Ownership of colored schools.
Total private schools
Independent
Denominational
State and Federal
Number of
school.
26
3
23
Total
attendance.
3, 345
234
3, in
'345
Elementary.
Secondary.
3, 079
234
266
2,845
266
1S5
148
In view of the frequency of the terms "academy" and "college" in the names of
these private institutions, it is important to note that less than one-tenth of their pupils
are of secondary grade and none are in college classes.
A itendance . The United States census reported 63,486 colored children of elementary school age, of whom 36,278 were attending school. A study of the figures for the
public and private schools shows that while a majority of the elementary colored pupils
are in the public schools, the secondary pupils are about equally divided between public
and private schools. This is in contrast with white pupils of secondary grade, the
large majority of whom are in public schools.
Elementary. The inadequacy of the elementary school system for colored children
is indicated by the fact that the attendance in both public and private schools is less
than 58 per cent of the children between the ages of 6 and 14 years. The average term
of the public school is less than five months. According to the report of the State
department of education, a large percentage of the teachers hold third-grade licenses,
representing preparation less than that usually given in the eight elementary grades.
The 3,079 elementary pupils in the private schools are fairly well taught, but their
number is only a small part of the 36,278 children attending school and a still smaller
fraction of the 63,486 children of elementary school age.
Secondary. There a7 only two public high schools for colored people in Florida.
These institutions, located in Tallahassee and Jacksonville, share their buildings with
the elementary grades. Six private -schools offer secondary work. Of these five
have four-year courses. The State school at Tallahassee maintains a full secondary
course. Of the 492 secondary pupils in Florida 266 are in the six private schools. The
.
courses of study in most of these schools follow olokly the college preparatory or classical
type. Some of them still require Greek and practic4lly all make Latin the central
subject.
Teacher training.---The most urgent need of the colored schools in Florida is trained
teachers. The supply no* depends almost entirely upon the secondary schools, most
efitwhich are private institutions. Of the private schools, however, only two offer
airly good courses for teachers. Four others include. one or two teacher-trai;ing
subjects in their general course. The graduating classes of all the schools offering
teacher training in 1915 numbered only about too, an annual output obviously inadequate to meet the need for teachers in a State with ovet 300,009 colored people and
r,000 colored public-school teachers.
locales tr staaeriu la collate nibleets.
163
FLORIDA.
industrial.--"No school in the State is adequately equipped to teach trades. The
State agricultural and mechanical school conducts satisfactory industrial work in
several branches, notably in industries for girls. Four other schools give fairly good
0
0
1,10 inie 01 SC !iced
Under Sr coo. .
is.sco to Sr,.
fs.000 to f !c.o.
C,;/
$
to $ ; o.oco
$30. 000or over.
pereentace of Negroes in the issoulatirso:
Under to per rent.
lot°
per vent
50 1111 CCM
la ()VII.
%
MAr 0. PRIVATE SCHOoLS FOR NEGROES IN FLORIDA.
The circles show the location and the annual income of the more important schools.
indictItes the percentage of Negroes in the total population.
The shading
industrial work, while one or two of the smaller schools are making an effort in thiA
direction.
Agriculture. The agricultural training of the colored people of Florida-depends
on the facilities of the State Agricultural and Mechanical School. Notwithstanding
164
NEGRO EDUCATION.
the increasing importance of Florida as a truck-raising State, only three
of the private
schools have courses in gardening. This lack of agricultural
training for a people 71
per cent rural indicates the failure of the schools to adapt their work
to the needs of
the rural communities.
0-4
Supervision. As yet no colored school supervisor is employed by
the State department of education. Six counties in tht. State have Jeanes Fund
supervisors traveling
among the rural schools, introducing industrial training and
extending the influence
of the school into the community. In 1915 the Jeanes Fund
appropriated $1,811
and the counties k3o for the work, and $1,211 was raised by appeals
to the people.
SUMMARY OF EDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
I. The strengthening and extension of the elementary school
system. This can best
be done by employing a supervisor of colored schools as is done in
other Southern
States.
2. The increase of teacher-training facilities.
To this end secondary schools with
teacher-training courses should be provided, more summer schools and teachers'
institutes should be maintained, and the private schools should cooperate with the
State
department of education by placing more emphasis on teacher-training
courses in
accordance with State st9.ndards.
3. More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple
industries. In developing this work counties should realize the
possibilities of the Jeanes
Fund. industrial supervisors-.
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the problems of rural life, so that teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people 71 per cent rural.
5. The maintenance of industrial high ,schools in cities.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
The private and higher schools for Negroes in Florida are herewith described.
Counties and cities in which the more important institutions are located
are presented
as a background for the discussion of the individual school. The counties are arranged
in alphabetical order.
DUVAL COUNTY.
White.
tPOpillation, two
Children 6 to tit years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-t I
sra0ers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Perceiftge illiterate,
1910
Negro.
37, 798
371270
5, 524
$74, log
$13. 43
5, 722
$21, 999
$3. 84
1.0
is. 6
The rural population is 23.2 per cent of the total. The average length of the
public
school term is 7.2 months for white pupils and 6.4 months for colored.
The number
of teachers is 185 in white schools and 99 in colored schools. The
average attendance
is 4,268 white pupils and 2,725 colored pupils.
There are no private schools for colored people outside of the city of
Jacksonville.
165
FLORIDA.
JACKSONVILLE.
The public schools of Duval county and. the city of Jacksonville are administered
as a unit, and separate statistics could not be obtained. The city schools for colored
people are crowded and poorly housed. In addition to the elementary schools the city
maintains a four-year high school. Special effort should be made to increase the
number of elementary schools and strengthen the high school. The four large private
schools supply elementary school facilities for day pupils and serve as central institutions
for the denominations which support them. As the public schools develop, the private
school should abandon the elementary work and center their attention on secondary
courses, teacher training, and industrial work for boarding pupils. The Laura Street
Presbyterian School is of mituar educational value; it is described in the summary of
small Presbyterian schools for the State.
STAUNTON HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: Isaiah Blocker.
1 city high school offering four years of secondary work. The eight elementary
grades are taught in the same building. The school has valuable property which was
deeded to the colored people for education and is held for that purpose, but at present
there is a controversy going. on between the trustees and the public-school officials as
to whether or not the property shall be sold and the money reinvested.
The elementary enrollment
Attendance. Secondary, 44; male 16, female 28.
was 931.
Teachers.
Secondary, 3; all colored; male 1, female
2.
There were also 24
teachers giving full time to the elementary grades.
Organization.Though only three teachers are provided for the secondary program,
the work is fairly well done. The subjects are: English, 2 years; Latin, 3; mathematics, 4; history, 3; elementary science, 2. No industrial work is provided.
Plant Estimated value, $175,000. The plant consists of a'piece of city property
deeded to a colored board of trustees by a group of northern philanthropists immediately
after the war. The trustees leased the property to the city on condition that the board
of public instruction maintain the school building and provide the teaching force. The
building is an old frame structure, worth about $5,000. It is poorly adapted to school
purposes, dangerous, and in miserable repair. The equipment is limited to very poor
classroom furniture.
Date of visit: January, 1914.
THE BOYLAN HOME INDUSTRIAL TRAINING SCHOOL.
Superintendent: Miss Bertha E. Losee.'
A home school for girls maintained and managed by the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It is well managed and effective.
Attendance. Total, 224; elementary 216, secondary 8; boarders, t o6.
Teachers and workers. Total, 13; white supervisors 4, colored teachers 9. All
the workers tei.e well trained and earnest.
I White.
166
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Organization.The academic work covers eight elementary grades. A four-year
"normal" course is outlined, but only eight pupils are enrolled.
Industrial.Cooking and sewing are required of all pupils. The courses are carefully planned and the work is well done.
Financial, z9I3-14.The finances are supervised by the home office in Cincinnati
and lhe management is economical. The more important items for the year were :
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
56,281
5, 747
2, 500
'
73, coo -
Sources of income: Woman's Home Missionary Society, $5,310; tuition and fees,
$948; other sources, $23. The noneducational receipts were from board and room rent
and amounted to $5,956.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,166; supplies, $3,494; student aid, $35o;
traveling expenses, $200; other expenses, $3.493.
Indebtedness: The grafi indebtedness is chiefly current bills for supplies and
materials.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $20,000.
b
The land comprises about half a city
It is clean and well kept.
k. The campus is inclosed by a concrete-block wall.
Building: Estimated value, $5o,000. Tht bbilding is an excellent four-story
pressed-brick structure, well furnished and comparatively new. It is equipped with all
modem conveniences. In point of general adaptability to its purpose, it is one of the
best to be found anywhere.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,000. The equipment consists of furniture and domestic- science apparatus.
Recommendations. -1. That adequate financial support be provided for this excellent
work.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made part of the regular course.1
Dates of visits: January, 1914; March, 1915.
COOKMAN INSTITUTE.
President: G. B. Stone.'
A school of elementary and secondary grade. While considerable good work is
done, the educational activities are not well organized. The school was founded in 1872
and is supervised by the Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
Attendance. Total, 408; elementary 359, secondary 49. Of the secondary pupils
21 were male and 28 female; 13 were boarders. The reported Lairollment for the year
VMS 415.
Teachers and workers.Total, 14; male 4, female 'co; white supervisors 3, colored
teachers, 11.
Organization.Elementary: The work covers the eight elementary grades.
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the "normal" course, with 17 pupils, and
in the " college 'preparatory," with 32 pupils. The academy, or college preparatory
I See reconunexidatioas in summary chapter. Y. 21.
White.
course,
FLPRIDA...
167
includes: Latin, 4 years; algebra, 2; geometry, 1; English, 4; history, 4; civics, XThe "normal" course includes: Latin, i year; algebra, 2; geometry, 1; English, 3; his=
psychology, I ; chemistry, 1; and teacher
tory, 2; botany, X; physical geography,
training. The industrial work is limited to a little sewing.
Financial, 1912r3.--The accounts of the school are honestly but not systematically kept. The more important financial items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
$9, 387
9. 495
tot, 578
Sources of income: Freedmen's Aid Society, $5,641; tuition and fees, $1,998;
colored conferences, $705; entertainments, $219; general donations, $163; other sources,
$66 r. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted
to $2,595.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, t-4;593; equipment and repairs, $2,211; supplies for
boarding department, $1,242; current expenses and incidentals, $820; outside labor,
$741; student labor, $7o1; schoolbooks, $604; other purposes, $1,178.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $7o,000. The school site consists of 7 acres of
sandy land within the city limits. It is well located in a rapidly growing part of the city.
No serious effort seems to have been made to improve its appearance.
Buildings: Estimated value, $3o,000. There are three buildings the main school
building, a brick veneer structure three stories high, the upper story of which is used for
boys' dormitory; the girls' dormitory, a two-story frame building; and the president's
cottage, a neat two-story dwelling of concrete. Toilet facilities in the dormitories are
inadequate and the boys' rooms are not well supervised.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,578. Of this $978 was in furniture and
$600 in library books and fixtures.
Recommendations.-1. That adequate assistance he provided for the president and
the administration otherwise strengthened.
2. That the secondary courses include such important subjects as hygiene, nature
study and gardening, manual training, physics, and chemistry.
3. That the policy .of the school in raring for grounds, dormitories, and classrooms
be so shaped that the condition of the plant may contribute to training pupils for
home life.
Dates of visits: January, 1914; March, 1915.
EDWARD WATERS COLLEGE.
President : John A. Gregg.
A school of elementary and secondary grade. While some good teaching is done,
the school is in need of reorganization. Under the leadership of Bishop John Hurst,
important improvements are being made.
The institution was founded in 1888 by a group of colored ministers of the African
Methodist Episcopal Church. Its management by an unwieldly board of too trustees
has hampered the progress of the school financially and educationally.
.
Attendance.Total, 319; male 116, female 203; elementary 240, secondary 71,
theological 8; boarders too.
The reported enrollment for the year was 405
168
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Teachers. Total, i6; all colored; male 8, female 8. The teachers
were trained at
good schools.
Organization. Elementary : The work covers the usual eight elementary grades.
Secondary: The four-year secondary course includes: Latin, 3 I s years; Greek,
2;
German,
mathematics, 3; English, 3; biology, ][.; geology, r ; and general history,
economics, physics, and logic, one-half year each.
her-training is limited -to a
single course in school management. The classroo discipline is
lax and the equipment very inadequate.
The theological departtnent is attended by eight men who come to school
daily to
listen to talks on religious topics.
Financial, 1914-15.The financial management is not centralized and the president, secretary, and treasurer each receives and disburses funds of the
school. According to the combined report of these officers for the year the more important
items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$18, 701
i8, 6o6
3, 000
43, 000
Sources of income:' Church conferences, $12,400; loans to school, $3,725;
educational and financial departments of the church, $1,3oo; tuition and fees,
$1,2oo (estimated) ; donations, $56; other sources, $20. The noneducational
receipts were from
the boarding department and amounted to $3,281.
,ate
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $6,769; material
supplies, .$5,417
payment of loan, $3,199; labor, $2,270; heating plant, $1,7oo
turf and equipment, $512; light, fuel, and water, $224; .traveling expenses,
surance, $143;
other purposes, $1,455.
InclOtedness:' Practically all the indebtedness is in notes covering
money born rowed to meet current
expenses.
Plani.Land: Estimated value, $28,000. The school site comprises 7 acre*f
land near the western limits of Jacksonville. The campus presents
a bare and neglected
appearance; no effort has been made to beautify it with shrubbery or regular walks.
Buildings: Estimated value, Sz3,000. There Are three frame buildings.
Salter
Hall, a large three-story structure, was erected in 1910 and is used for girls'
dormitory,
classrooms, office, chapel, and dining room. The boys' dormitory is
two-story
building accommodating about 6o boys.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,000. The movable equipment
consists
of the furniture in dormitories and classrooms. There is no scientific
apparatus or
manual training equipment.
Reconitnendations.1That the complicated financial systerti be simplified.
2. That the trustees appoint a resident
treasurer, who, with the president, shall
keep the financial records in accordance with a systiqn installed by an accredited
accountant.
3. That the books be audited annually by an
accrAlited accountant, who shall
report to the board of trustees.'
4
1 It is reported that since date ol visit considerable
reorganisation has been effected.
FLORIDA.
169
4. -That the physical condition of the plant be improved and a better system of
inspection of Buildings, grounds, and student activities be adopted.
5. That the energy of the school be centered on a secondary course designed to
prepare teachers.
6. That simple manual training and gardening be introduced.'
Dates of visits: January, 1914; March, 1915.
FLORIDA BAPTIST ACADEMY.
Principal: N. W. Collier.
A secondary school With large elementary enrollment. Training in gardening and
simple indusfrial work is provided. The management is effective.
The school was founded in 1892 by the Florida Negro Baptist Convention. It is
owned and controlled by a board of nine trustees, of whom four are white. The
American Baptist Home Mission Society gives aid and supervision.
Attendance.Total, 404; elementary 318, secondary 86. Of the pupils in the
higher grades, 8o boarded at the school; 23 were from Jacksonville, 54 from other
places in Florida, and 9 from other States. The reported enrollment for the year
was 525.
Teachers and workers.Total, 18; all colored; male 4, female 14; grades 5, academic 6, girls', industries 3, manual training 1, music 1, principal and bookkeeper.
Organization. Elementary:' Elementary work is done in eight grades by five regular teachers. Two of the academy teachers give part time to the grades.
Secondary: The work outlined in the catalogue Is divided into!) " college, prepara-
tory " and "normal" courses. In practice the majority of the pupils combine the
essential studies of the two courses. The subjects are: Latin, 4 years; Greek, 2;
English, 4; mathematics, 3; science, 4; history, 2; Bible, 2; educ-ation,
Industrial: Manual training in wood and iron is provided for boys; cooking, sewing,
tre.ssmaking, millinery, and house cleaning for girls. The industrial teachers are well
trained.
Financial, r9z2-13.The financial management is economical and the accounts
are kept in accordance with the system required.by the American 'Baptist Home Mission
Society. The more.important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure, less noneducational receipts
Value of prcperty.
$8, 070
9, 203
'8o, is13
Sources of income: Tuition, $3,443; colored churches, $1,950; American Baptist
Home Mission Society, $1,680; white churches, $475; old accounts, $425; net profit
on books sold, $22; other sources, $75. The noneducational- receipts amounted to
$8,283, of which $8,o78 was from the boarding department.andl2o5 from the farm.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $8,2oo; supplies and labor for boarding department,
$4,936; repairs, $1,656; heat, light, and power, $839; administration expenses, including office salaries, postage, and stationer, and traveling expenses, $781; expenses
of laundry, $73; student labor, $18; other expenses, $983.
Sae reconssoendatians m summary &Rota, p. as.
A
NEGRO EDUCATION.
170
School property: Of the school property, $75,000 is in the plant and $5,158
in building funds.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $45,000. The land comprises 96 acres within the
About half the area is used for the school garden and the remainder for
school grounds. The grounds show care and attention.
Buildings: Estimated value, $25,000. The buildings include, besides those used
for classroom purposes, a laundry, teachers' home, shop, and primary building. All
the buildings are painted and neat in appearance; they are, hoWever, of frame, and
protection against fire is not adequate. The rooms are clean.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,000. Furniture and a limited supply of
Implements for shop and farm constitute the equipment.
Recommendations. -1. That the institution-be relieved of the large enrollment of
local elementary pupils so that its energy may be .completely devoted to the training
city limits.
of teachers for urban and rural schools.
2. That foreign languages be not allowed to interfere with such important subjects
as teacher-training, hygiene and sanitation, nature study and social science.
3. That larger financial support be provided so that the good work of the institution
may be extended.
-
4. That a new site be secured in the suburbs or near the city of Jacksonville, so
that the institution may have sufficient land to teach the elements of agriculture and
gardening.'
Date of visit: January, 1914.
Facts verified, 106.
LEON COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910 .
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-: t
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Pereentage illiterate, 1910
'.
4,697
929
$15, 934
$t7. is
3.0
Negro.
14,726
3,171
$6, 396
$2. 01
31. 9
The rural population is 4.2 per cent of the total The average length of the public
school term is 6 months for white pupils and 4.1 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 52 in white schools and 48 in colored schools. The average attendance is
723 white pupils. and 3,404 colored pupils. In addition to the elementary schools a
three-yeir High school is maintained in the city of Tallahassee. A Jeanes Fund worker
is employed and receives the cooperation of the county superintendent in improving the
condition of the rural schools. There is ,evident need, however, for strengthening the
work of the rural schools. The only school in the county outside of the public school
system are the Florida State Agricultural and Mechanical College and the Episcopal
Parochial School-in Tallahassee. The State Agricultural and Mechanical College is
described .below. The parochial school, which is of minor educational value, is described in the summary of small Episcopil schools for Florida.
4 See nxonunendationo in sustunry (linker. Pea.
4
FLORIDA.
171
TALLAHASSEE.
LINCOLN HIGH AND GRADED SCHOOL.
Principal: J. H. Fraser.
A city high school offering three years of secondary work with some industrial
training. The eight elementary grades are taught in the same bwilding.
Attendance:Secondary, 34; male to, female 24. The elementary enrollment for
the year was 459.
Teachers . Secondary, 3; all colored; male 2, female I. There were 6 telikers for
k
the elementary grades.
Organization.A three-year secondary course is maintained, and fairly good work
is done. The course includes: English, 3 years; Latin, z; geometry, 2; algebra, 3;
history, 2; elementary science, 2; agriculture, 1. The industrial work is limited to
cooking and sewing for girls and gardening for boys. Two hours a week is allotted to
15,
this work.
Plant. The plant, estimated value $15,000, consists of 4 acres of land and a neat
two-story frame building.
Date of visit: January4 j1914..
FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE FOR NEGRQES.
President Nathan B. Young.
A school of secondary grade with large elementary enrollment and a few students
in college subjects. Considerable provision is made for instruction in agriculture and
trades. The management is progressive, but the income -is not sufficient to maintain
the variety of courses offered. The' work is now being reorganized and additional time
has been provided for teacher training.
The school was founded by the State legislature in 1887 as a State normal school.
It was moved to its present site in 1891. In 1905 it was placed under the State board
of control as one of the State institutions of' higher learning and in two the present title
was adopted. It is supported mainly by State appropriations and Federal land-grant
funds for agricultural and mechanical education.
Attendance.Total, 345; elementary 185, secondary 16o. Twelve of the secondary
pupils were taking some college subjects. Of the secondary pupils, 8r-were male and
79 female; 8 were from Tallahassee, 140 from other parts of Florida, and, 12 from other
States. The reported enrollment for the year was 402.
Teachers and workers.Total, 34; all colored;, male zo, female 14; academic 12,
boys' industries 6, girls' industries 4, agriculture 4, music 2, nurse training 2, boarding
department, office and library workers 4. 'There were also 3'special employees and 7
student assistants.
Organization.The school day is divided so that claisroom recitations of the secondary pupils are held in the morning, while the afternoons are devoted to laboratory
work in the "senior school" and to industrial work by chose in industries. The elementary pupils devote a part of the morning to manual work and the remainder of the
school hours, morning and afternoon, to Aassroom subjects.
40927*Bull. 39-17-12
S
NEGRO EDjJCATION.
172
Elementary : The elementary work is limited to the sixth, seventh, and eighth
grades. The teaching in these grades is effective.
Secondary : The secondary pupils receive instruction in the three-year high school
and in the four classes of the "senior" school. This work is divided into an English
course enrolling 75 pupils and a scientific course enrolling 85. In the English-eburse of
the "high school" the subjects are: English, 2 years; mathematics, 2; elementary
science, X; history, education, X; practice teaching, X; agriculture, X; and spelling
mat heand drawing. The studies in the "scientific course" are: English, IX years;
Both
of
thek/courses
are
defihistory,
r.
matics, 24; Latin, 2; elementary science, r ;
cierit in history, elementary science, agriculture, and hygiene.
In the "senior school" the secondarysubjects. are continued. Some of the subjects, especially the 'sciences in the highe?classes, are of collegiate\ grade. Emphasis
on science is in accordance with modern principles of education, but tht time spent is
out of proportion to that allowed for other important subjects. The division of the
,
work into English, normal, and scientific courses hampers the teaching force by
;equiring a large number of subjects for small classes. All students in the "senior
school" take three years of Latin and two years of mathematics. There were
students in biology, 5 in chemistry, 4 in geology, 3 in physics, 4 in English, 2 in economics, and 2 in psychology.
Industrial: Practically all the pupils are required to do some industrial work.
"The time devoted by each pupil varies from 45 minutes to 2 i, hours each school day."
3.4o or 4.3o m. Manual
from 10.49 to 12.30; others
t Elementary pupils
those
in the course in agricultraining is given in elementary grades to all boys except
them were: Carpentry
The
trades
and
the
number
of
high-school
pupils
reporting
ture.
7, blacksmithing 4, wheelwrighting 8, painting 7, printing 13, tailoring 9, electrical
engineering 2, plumbing 1. The trade building and equipment are ample. Certificates
are given to those who finish the three or fdur year course. In spite of this organization and equipment, few of the young men declare their intention to follow trades or
.
even to be teachers of trades.
Household training: MI girls below the third year of the high school are assigned to
cooking and sewing classes. Those above these grades are offered dressmaking, millinery,
or business instruction. The school has a well-constructed building with good equipsent fqr training in the household arts. A good hoipital, maintained for the students,
is used to give a nurse training course to a few pupils. The nurse in charge teaches
hygiene in some of the classes. pnfortutlittely the school dining room and kitchen are
in no way connected with the domestic science department.
Agriculture: Four teachers are assigned to the work in agriculture, and a farm
With improved buildfngs and equipment is. provided for instruction in this subject. A
fair beginning in the awakening of interest in country life has been made. Some practice work is given in garden, field, and barn. These results are commendable, but they
are not commebsurate with,the equipment or the money available for agricultural education. Only io pupils reported agricultufeas their intended life work.
Library : The library, cosiaining about 8,000 volumes, is under the direction of a
trained librarian.
)
FLORIDA.
173
Discipline: The general behavior of the students is satisfactory, but supervision of
the boys' dormitories is not effective. The young men below the senior school are organized into military companies
Financial, r9r3-44-.The books'are carefully kept, but the system is inadequate
for the varied needs and complicated organization of the school.
$34, i68
34,168
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
2'
131, 421
Sources of income: Federal funds, $25,193; State Government, $8,5oo; Slater
The boarding department is conducted by the president, who reports
monthly receipts and disbursements to the State board of control. Profits go to a,
general fund to be used by the school; losses must be borne by the president. The
Fund, $475.
noneducational receipts amounted to $7,9oo, of which $7,doo was a special appropriation for building, and $90o was from farm and shop.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $20,555; outside labor, $1,592; student
labor, $2,128; equipment for shops and farm, $5oo; Material and supplies for shops and
farm, $3,105; fuel, water, and lights, $1,550; advertising and printing, $275; supplies and
sundry expenses, $2,405; other expenses, $636. Expenditures for additions to buildings
and fixed equipment amounted to $9,32 r.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $25,00o.
The campus and farm comprise 25o
Of this about 110 acres are under cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value, $80,761. The mechanical. building and the agricultural building are brick structures two stores high. Other buildings are: Duval Hall,
a two-story frame building containing classrooms; the Carnegie Library, a two-story
acres.
brick building; five cottages used for teachers' residences; the hospital, a two-story
frame building; a laundry building, and two barns.
4
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $25,660. Furniture, $5,147; scientific
apparatus, $5,852; shop equipment, $8,460; farm equipment and live stock, $4,858;
books in library, $1,342.
Recommendations.-1. That teacher training be emphasized in accordance with
the present plan of reorganization.
2. That training in agriculture and industry be emphasized in accordance with
the purpose of Federal land grant appropriations and the needs of a people 71 per cent
rural.
3. That the boarding department be conducted by the State and made the practice
school for the domestic science department.
Dates of visits: January, 1914; January, 1915.
MARION COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910..
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 291o..
Teadhers' salaries in public schools, 1910-11
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to za in county.
Percentage illiterate, 2910
r.
.
,
10,563
2,051
$30,180
$14.76
1.6
Nerro.
161376
.3,727
i14, 18n
$3.8c,
a2.9
*
Oh
NEGRO EDUCATION.
174
The rural population is 83.8 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 6.4 months for white pupils and 5.1 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 89 in white schools anil 62 in coloredrschools. The average attendance is
1,70o white pupils and 2,498 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Fessenden Academy
serves as a central school where pupils may board and supplemept the training received
in the rural schools, and it should be encouraged to furnish secondry, industrial, and
teacher-training facilities for the section of the State in which it is located. The work
of the Jeanes Fund teacher in the county and the effort of the colored principal of
the Ocala public school to adapt education to the needs of the people are worthy of
commendation.
FESSENDEN.
FESSENDEN ACADEMY.
Principal: H. S. Barnwell.'
A school of elementary grade with a few secondary pupils. A limited amount of
industrial work is done. The plant, located in a rural section, is not effectively used.
The school was founded in 1892 by F. S. Fessenden of Boston and is owned and supported by the American Missionary ASsociation of the Congregational Church.
Attendance. Total, 225; elementary 2 lo, secondary 15; boarders, 65. The reported
annual enrollment was 286.
0a
Teachers and workers . Tata), 12;
all colored; male 3, female 9; grades and academic
8, industrial 3, matron 1.
Organization.According to the catalogue the school has an elaborate system of
instruction in agriculture, mechanics, domestic science, sewing, and the literary subjects
of secondary grade. The equipment in buildings and land are sufficient for a large educational work. An examination of the student activities, however, shows that the
work consists of eight elementary grades for the large majority of pupils and secondary
subjects for a small group. The industrial courses are five periods a week of manual
training in wood and iron for the boys and sewing for the girls. There is no teacher of
gardening or agriculture.
Financial, 7913-14.The financial management is controlled by the American
Missionary Association. A simple and effective system of accounts has recently been'
installed. The more .important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant.
$3.343
3.343
49.300
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $2,458; Slater Fund, $300;
donations,' $282; tuition and fees, $178; other sources, $125. The noneducational
receipts amounted to $3,810, of which $2,733 was from the boarding department, $981
from the farm, and $96 from book sales.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $2,582; selarie.s, $1,475;
equipment, $9o7; general supplies, $525; student aid and labor, $467; water, light, and
heat, $199; repairs, $x 6; other expenses, $882.
I Elected dace data el vialt.
v
FLORIDA.
175
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $1,5oo. The land comprises to acres, of which
about 5 acres are under cultivation. The campus is fairly well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $41,300. There are four frame buildings and a cottage. The Carnegie Library and girls' dormitory, the school Wilding, and the boys'
dormitory are two-story structures and the manual training building one-story. The
buildings are neat and well constructed. The classrooms and dormitories are well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $6,700. The equipment consists of furnit
fairly good classt'oom equipment and water pumping machinery.
Recomm;ndations.-1. That agricultural education be given a commanding place in
the school activities.'
2. That the institution increase the numbei of its boarding and advanced pupils
and center its efforts upon the training of teachers for smaller schools.
Date of visit: January, 1914.
ORANGE COUNTY.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to ig.years of age, igio
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-11
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate,,,i91o.
white.
Negro.
'1,500
7,604
2,066
1, 539
$6, 977
$40, 983
819. 83
T. 5
84 53
19. 6
The rural population is 60.9 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 6.6 months for white pupils and 5.6 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 97 in white schools and 36 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,835 white pupils and 1,053 colored pupils. Since the public schools enroll only about
two-thirds of the children 6to 14, there isevident need for Additional school facilities.
The work of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Robert
Hungerford School serves as a central institution Where pupils may board and supplement the training received in the rural schools. It should be encouraged to offer secondary, industrial, and teacher-training facilities for the section of the State in which it
is located.
hATONVILLE,
ROBERT HUNGEFtFORD NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal : E. A. Chisholm.
A school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects. Gardening
and simple industrial courses are provided. The school was founded in 1899 by R. C.
Calhoun, who was principal up to the time of his death. The consequent change of
acIministration has left the school in straitened financial circumstances, but efforts
new under way promi well for the future. The school is owned by a board of trustees
composed of white and colored people from the North and South.
Attendance.Total, 96; all elementary; boarders, 66.
Teachers.Total, r 1 ; all colored; male 6, female 5. Grades and academic s, bCys
a well tray
industries 2, girls' industries r, agriculture 1, others 2. The teachers are
and devoted to their work.
19ee recommendations in eilMMIleY chapter, p. ,s.
176'
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Organization.All the academic subjects are taught in the morning and the industrial courses in the afternoon. Evening classes are maintained for the pupils who work
during the day. The eight elementary grades are maintained and some instruction is
given in secondary subjects. The industrial courses include cafe-entry, tailoring, cookies, and sewing. The students receive practical instruction in agriculture on the farm.
Financial, r912-r3.The accounts are fairly well kept. The more important
items for the year were :
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Fbrpenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of property..
$7, 977
4
%7, 977
56,.000
Sources of income: General donations, $6,913; endowment fund, $600; tuition and
fees, $289; Orange County, $175. The noneducational receipts amounted to $4,464, of
which $2,786 was from the boarding department, $1,328 from the shops, and $35o from
the farm.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,692; student labor, $2,279; equipment, $1,355;
materials for shops and farm, $1,275; building and repairs, $1,166; heat, light, and
water, $322; advertising and soliciting, $258; supplies for boarding department and
other expenses, $1,o94.
School property: Of the property $5o,000 was in the plant and $6,000 in endowment.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $12,000. The school owns 34o acres of land. A
part of the land is used for the school garden, truck garden, and orange grove.
Buildings: Estimated value, $28,00o: There are three large frame buildings and
several cottages and small structures. The buildings are cheaply constructed and scattered about the campus without any apparent plan. The main building and the girls'
dormitory are 6w:story structures. The boys' dormitory is a two-and-a-half-story
structure. The 'dormitories are fairly WeU kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $to,000. Of this, $4,15o is in shop and
sawmill equipment, $3,957 in farm equipment and live stock, $1,363 in furniture, and
$1,42o in other equipment.
.
Reconsinendations.-1. That the trustees 'mist the school titers in their effort to
increase the attendance and raise adequate fu)nds to maintain the institution.
2. That the institution be.developed as a`teacher-training school for rural districts.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; January, 1915.
SUWANEE COUNTY.
Population, 19I0.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, t9to.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, rciro-ii
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 4, in county.
Percentage illiterate,4ro
White.
Negro.
ro, 790
7,813
2, 479
$17,744)
.$7...15
7. 2
4990'
.
$3, 119
$1. 71
35. I
The rural populatipn is 8i .5 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 4.2 months for white pupils and 3 6 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 86.in white schools and '33 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,831 white pupils and 1,182 colored pupils.
FLORIDA.
'177
These-statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Florida Institute at
LivtOak serves as a central institution where pupils may board and supplement the
training received in the surrounding rural schools.
LIVE OAK.
FLORIDA INSTITUTE.
President: S. A. Owen.'
A school of elementary and secondary grade. It was founded in 188o and is controlled by the local Baptist association. Part of the property is owned by the Atmerican
Baptist Home Mission Society.
Attendance. Total, 262; elementary 233, secondary 29.
Teachers. Total, 8, all colored; male 3, female 5.
.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary instruction is given in the seven grades
and in the first year "normal." Much of the work of the second year normal is also
of elementary grade.
Secondary: A four-year normal course, a three-year academic course, and a
theological department are claimed. Secondary work is done in the third normal
class, with 22 pupils, and in the first academic class, with 7 pupils. There were no
pupils in the second and fourth year normal or in the theological. classes.
Financita, 1912-13.The accounts are fairly well kept, and a financial statement is
printed each year. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
t3, 521
521
3,200
25, 000
Sources of income: Baptist association and contributions, $1,959; tuition and fees,
$923; other sources, $639. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department, and amounted to $2,921.
Items of-expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $2,585; salaries, $2,052;
back debts to teachers and tradesmen, $661; labor, $323; equipment and school supplies,
rs, $208; traveling and other expenses, $88.
$286; light, fuel, and water $239;
secured by mortgage on part of the school
edness
Indebtedness: The i
property.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $11,800. The land comprises to acres within the
town limits, abotit one -third being owned by the American Baptist Home Mission
Society. A part of the land is used for gardening.
Buildings: Estimated value, $12,000. There are five frame builflings. The main
building, a two-story structure, contains chapel, classrooms, and dining room. The
girls' and boys' dormitories are two-story buildings. The primary building and a cottage
are small structures. The grounds and buildings are fairly well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $1,2to. The equipment consists chiefly of
furniture. There is no industrial equipment.
Sleeted since date of visit.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
178
Reeammenelaiitfts.-1. That larger support be provided by combining with this institution the smaller Baptist schools of neighboring counties.
2. That provision be made for teacher training, gardening, anti simple industiial
training.'
Date of visit : January, 1914.
VOLUSIA COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 191 oI 1 .
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
.
White.
Negro.
9,9o7
1,610
6,592
1,266
$38, 586
$24. 01
$6, 257
$4. 94
22. 9
2. 0
The anal population is 64.2 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 6 months for white pupils and 4.9 months for colored. The number of
teacher's is 86 in 'white school', and 25 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,58o white pupils and 918 colored pupils.
With some increase in county schools, the public school system could care for all the
children 6 to°14 years of age. There is need, however, for stronger elementary work, for
instruction of secondary grade, and for industrial training. The Daytona Educational
and Industrial Institute provides good elementary and industrial work for girls and
serves as a central training institution.
DAYTONA.
DAYTONA EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR NEGRO GIRLS.
Principal: Mrs. Mary McLeodaBethune.
A well-managed school of elementary and secondary grade, with some provision for
teacher training. The teaching is effective, and the courses are adapted to the needs of
the pupils. The McLeod Hospital and Training School for Nurses is under the management of the school. Though small,lt is well equipped and is carrying out successfully
the purposes indicated in its name.
The school was founded by the principal in 1904. It is owned and controlled by an
incorporated board of trustees of influential northern and southern peoPle.
A ttendance . Total, no; all elementary. A majority of the pupils are.boarders.
Teachers . Total, I1; all colored; male 1, female io All tale teachers are devoted to
their work and most of them are well trained.
Organization. The academic work covers the eight elementaiy grades. Two
high-school grades are provided for, with secondary and teacher-training subjects, but
practically no students were taking this work. Emphasis is placed on Eng1011, arithmetic, and sanitation.
The industrial courses consist of cooking, sewing, laundering, and minor courses in
rug weaving, broom making, chair caning, and raffia work. .Instruction is OW provided
in gardening and poultry raising.
See prowarnendations in summary chapter. e. 22.
FLORIDA.
179
Neighborhood work: The neighborhood work includes recreation activities for boys
in a special building near the school, a mission in a turpentine camp, a summer school and
playground, and visiting nurse service in the community.
Financial, 1912-13.The financial records are fairly well kept. The more important
items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
Eto,453
9, 663
29,875
Sources of income: Donations for general purposes, $5,379; donations for scholarships and hospital, $4,409; school entertainments and other sources, $665. The nonedu-
cational receipts amounted to $1,362, of which $1,098 was from the boarding
department, $163 from the trade school, $53 from the hospital, and $48 from the farm.
:Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,214; repairs and additions to buildings, $3,003;
supplies and materials, $2,634; advertising and soliciting, $902; light and heat, $708;
equipment, $423; other expenses, $141.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $15,000. The land comprises 15 acres located in
the town. The grounds are well kept and unusually attractive.
Buildings: Estimated value, $12,700. There are four frame biiildings and several
smaller structures. The buildings are clean and in good repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,175. Of this $1,500 is in furniture, $500
in farm implements and live stock, and $175 in library books. .
Rccommenticaions.-1. That the institution center its efforts on teacher training for
rural schools. To this end the attendance of local pupils in the lower grades should be
discouraged.
2. That funds be obtained to increase the equipihent and provide better salaries
for the teachers.
Dates of visits: January, 1914; March, 1915.
BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
Besides the school maintained by the American Baptist Home Mission Society and
the Florida Institute, described in Suwanee County, there are two small Baptist schools
in Florida. These schools have very limited support and attendance. The Baptist
work in the State would be strengthened if the money now going to these schools were
concentrated on the two larger schools of the State.
ALACHUA COUNTYGAINESVILLE.
NORMAL TRAINING COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE.
Principal: S. A. Jordon.
A school of elementary graclgologht in the church by the principal and his wile, with one woman
assistant. All are colored. The equipment is inadequate and the management ineffective. The
school was founded by the local Baptist association to supplement the limited public school facilities.
AUesdance.--Total, coo. Practically all the pupils are in the elementary grades; a few board at
the school.
Financial, r9ra-13.--The income amounted to Om of which about 8600 'sus from the association
asd $275 from tuition and donations. Practically all the income was expended for salaries. In addl-
.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
180
don $1,000 was raised by the association and expended as part of the purchase price of a new site for the
school. The proposed site comprises 2 acres worth about $2,000. A balance of $600 was still due on
this property. Money is also being raised for a school building.
Recommendation.There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-school system or 'be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: January, 1914.
ESCAMBIA COUNTY- -PENSACOLA.
WEST FLORIDA BAPTIST ACADEMY.
Principal: M. N. McBennett.
A school of elementary grade with 20 pupils in attendance. It is owned and controlled by the
West Florida Baptist Association and taught by the local pastor. The income of apprvxirnately $700
was from tuition and from the Baptist Association. There is a mortgage indebtedness of $1,65o on
the property.
Plant.2Eatimated value, $8,000. The plant consists of a city block, a frame building, and a
_small amount of classroom furniture.
Rsconstnesdation.There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools'it should become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the, larger
institutions.
Date of visit: January, msg.
CATHOLIC SCHOOLS.
There' are in Florida six, Catholic parish schools. The religious interest is strong
in all of these schools. They are listed below, with the attendance and teachers as
reported.
County.
Escambia. '
DO.
Hillsborough.
Do.
Monroe.
St. John.
Nassau.
School.
Town.
Pensacola.
Warrington.
Tampa.
Ybor City.
Key West.
St. Augustine.
Fernandina.
St. Joseph's School.
'St. John the Evangelises-School
St. Peter Claver's School.
St. Benedict's School.
St. Francis Xavier's School.
St. Benedict the Moon's SChool
Catholic School.
Attendance.
190
Teachers
4
34
125
125
95
65
26
3
2
3
EPISCOPAL SCHOOLS.
There are seven small Episcopal schools in Florida. Three were visited and the
existence of four others was verified by correspondence. Others are listed by the
Episcopal Board of Missions, but their existence is so doubtful that they are not mentioned in this report. Where they do exist they are small mission schools aided by
the Board of Missions and generally taught in connection with a church.
ALACHUA COUNTVOAINESVILLE.
ST. AUGUSTINE PAIIOCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: J. Speight.
A "Mall Episcopal parochial .school of elementary grade. There were 95 pupils in attendance.
The work covers the usual elementary subjects, with irregular instruction in cooking. The teaching
is done torthe rector and three assistants, all colored. The income, amounting to about $r,o85, was
chiefly from the Episcopal Board of Missions and from tuition. The plant, estimated value Er,000,
consists of a small lot, a frame building, and a small amount of classroom furniture.
)2sconstassdation.That the school be continued as an elementary school only so long es the public
schools are inadequate..
Date of visit: Pommy, tare.
FLORIDA.
181
LEON COUNTYTALLAHASSEE.
ST. MICHAELS' AND ALL ANGELS' PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: RSA. A, Hewitt.
A small elementary school enrolling 72 pupils in five grades. It is taught by the local colored
rector and two assistants. The income for 1913-14 amounted to $425, of which $300 was froth the
Episcopal Board and $125 from tuition and entertainments. The plant, estimated value $3,00o, consists
of a lot near the church, a small frame building, and a little classroom furniture.
Date of visit: January, 1914.
Recommendation.That the school be continued as an elementary school only so long as the public
schools are inadequate.
PUTNANI BOUNTYPALATICA.
ST. MARY'S SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. L. E. Morrison.
A small one-teacher Episcopal parochial school with 26 pupils, all below the fifth grade. Practically
all of the income, amounting to approximately $325, was from the Episcopal Board of Missions and was
expended for salary. The school is taught in a small frame building worth about isoo.
Recommendation.That the schoolpe continued as an elementary school only so long as the public
schools are inadequate.
Date of visit: January, 1914.
OTHER EPISCOPAL SCHOOLS.
The four schools listed below were reached by correspondence:
Town.
County.
Cocoanut Grove.
Miami.
Orlando.
West Tampa.
Dade.
Do.
Orange.
Hillsboro.
School.
Industrial School.
St. Agnes.
St. John the Baptist.
El Salvador School.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS.
The Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen reports three schools in Florida.
These are small parochial schools of slight educational value to the community. They
are described belosw.
DUVAL COUNTYJACKSONVILLE.
LAURA STREET PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: S. A. Downer.
A small Presbyterian school of elementary grade. It is taught in the Presbyterian Church by
the pastor and his wife and receives no aid from the Presbyterian Board of Missions. Only 5 of the
go pupils in attendance were above the fifth grade. The income of about $250 was ITOM tuition.
Recommendation.There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should became part of the public-school system or be combined.with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: January, 1914.
PUTNAM. COUNTYPAI,AT
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: T. F. Ellison.
An elementary day school taught in a rented'building by the pastor, his wife, and one assistant:
The attendance was 57. The reported enrollment for the year was 7o. The Pr&byterian Board of
Missions pays the teachers' salaries and about $34 is raised in tuition.
Recommendation. There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: January, x914.
182
NEGRO EDUCATION.
ST. JOHN COUNTYST. AUGUSTINE.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCIIIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: J. H. Cooper.
A school of elementary grade with a few boarding pupils. It is owned by the Presbyterian Bo*
of Missions for Freedmen. The school was formerly known as the Mather-Perit
Industrial School, in
honor of two White women who gave much time to the supervision of the work. While they lived
the school received an appropriation from the Buckingham Smith Fund, a legacy of about $4o,o00
bequeathed by a fanner slave owner for the improvement of colored people.
About roo children attended the school, all in the lower elementary grades. There were four
colored teachers, one man and three women. A little instruction in sewing is provided.
The income of $63o reported for 1913-14 was from donations and tuition. The principal is the
pastor of the Presbyterian Church and receives his salary from the Presbyterian Board. The plant,
estimated value $4,000, consisted of a city lot and a two-story frame building. The first floor contains
one large room used for primary pupils and auditorium. The rooms on the second floor are used for recitation and dormitory.
Recommendation.That cooperation with the public school he developed.
Date of visit? January, 1914.
SCHPOLS OF MISCELLANEOUS DEN(nAINAI IONS.
In addition..to the denominational institution's already' described, there are two
other small schools in Florida. One of these Schools is owned by a local conference
of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and one by a local conference of the Methodist Episcopal Ciliurch. Both are located in Alachua County. These schools should
be continued only so long as the public schools are inadequate.
ALACHUA CO/INTYGAI N EMI LL E.
scorrA INSTITUTE AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal; J. F. Elliot.
. A low-grade elementary school with 22 pupils, of whom 7 were boarders.- It is owned and Con,
trolled by the Gainesville district of the Methodis-tEpiscopal Church. Four colored workers are
employed, consisting of the principal and three women. The income of about $450 was from the church
and from tuition. The plant, 41111114:iselralue $1, soo, consists of an acre of land and a nine-room frame
building used as,a dormitory. Th
s were taught in a rented lodge hall.
Recommendation.There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: January, 1914.
ALACHUA
COUNTYNEWBERRY.
NEWBERRY INSTITUTE.
'Principal: Mrs. L. E. Jones.
A small one-teacher school taught in a rented lodge hall. The school was opened in 1919. The
24 pupils in attendance were all in the lower elementary grades. The income was from the local conferences of the African Methodist Episcopal Churcs..b.
Recostinetutagion.There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-schocl system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Rate of visit: January, 1914.
FLORIDA.
183
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.
Besides the two schools described in the county summaries,' there are two small
independent schools in Florida, both in Jackson County. The map shows that this
county is in need of additional school facilities, but neither of the private enterprises
is of Much educational value to the county. The Long Normal and Industrial School
is not in operation and the Marianna, Industrial Institute is a very small school.
JACKSON COUNTY MARIANNA.
MARIANNA INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: William R. Cowart.
A small elementary day school taught by the principal and his wife. The 28 pupils were in the
first five grades. Two were boarders. Though the board of trustees owns 5 acres of land and a small
frame building, the school is taught in rented quarters. The income amounted to $728, of which $5oo
was from outside sales and work done by the school, $125 from contributions, and $103 from tuition.
Of this $578 was expended for salaries and $15o for other purposes!'
Recommendation . --That the principal endeavor to have the school taken over by the county and
developed as a teacher-training school.'
Date of visit: January, 1914.
JACKSON COUNTYABERDEEN.
LONG NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: J. W. Long.
The school has been closed since March, 1913, when the principal was forced, by a series of unfortunate circumstances over which he had no control, to abandon the school.
The 218 acres of land and a two-story frame bUilding are owned b$ an independent board of colored
trustees. The principal is still soliciting money for the school.
Recommendation. It does not seem wise to reopen this school under its former masgement.
in is reported that since date of visit the school has moved to a new site, that it now has property valued at 1,6,000, and
that the income and attendance have greatly increased.
See recommaidations in summitry chapter, p. a2.
VIII. GEORGIA.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 1,176,987 colored people in Georgia, forming 45.1 per cent of the tota
They constitute 56 per cent of all persons engaged in agricultural pursuits
in the State. The number of farms cultivated by them increased 48 per cent between
19oo and 191o. As farmers, renting and owning land, they have charge of 7,091,949
acres; as farm laborers, they undoubtedly cultivate a much larger area. While the
United States census indicates hopeful progress in the decrease of illiteracy and in the
improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still 36.5 per cent of the colored population to years of age and over, and 22.1 per cent of the colored children to to 14 years
of age, and the death rate is almost twice as high as that of the white people. Such a
degree of illiteracy and ill health is certain evidence of extensiye waste of economic
resources dnd human energy. In view of these facts, it is important to note the following summary of the public-school facilities and educational needs of Georgia, as they
are shown in the reports of the United States census and the State superintendent of
public instruction.
Negro.
Ate.
population.
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age in State, 191o..
Children 6 to 14 in x44 counties, two'
Teachers' salaries in public schools in 144 counties
Teachers' salaries pei child in 144 counties'
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Percentage living in rural communities..
I 43x, 8o2
3o7, 637
301, 211
$2, 884, 58o
89. 58
1, 176, 987
282, 070
274, 741
$483, 622
411. 76
7.8
36. 5
78.1
80.9
Public appropriations.The public-school teachers of 144 counties in Georgia
received $3,368,202 in salaries in 1911-1 2. Of this sum, $2,884,580 was for the teachers
of 301,211 white children and $483,622 was for the teachers of 274,741 colored children.
On a per capita basis, this is $9.58 for each white child of school age and $1.76 for each
colored child' Map to presents these per capita figures for each county in Georgia, the
proportion of Negroes iri the total population being indicated by the shading. The
inequalities between the figures for whites and thos\k for the colored are greatest in counties with the largest }proportion of Negroes. The per capita sums for white children
decrease and those for colored children increase, with 'considerable regularity, as the
proportion of Negroes becomes smaller. The extent of this regularity appears in the
The counties of Bibb and Glynn are excluded. A statement of the salaries of white and colored teachers in these counties
could not be obtained.
These airerages were computed for each county by dividing the appropriation for teachers' salaries in public schools by
the number of children 6 to 14 enumerated by the United States census of toto. The salaries were obtained from the report of
the State superintendent of education, 191 s, pp. eoteps and 43*-439. City systems are included.
185
GEORGIA.
187
following taSle, which shows the per capita expenditure for counties grouped according
to the percentage of Negro populatiorti
Whiteschool Negro school
population. population.
County gr-tups, percentage of Negroes in thl population.
Counties undergo per cent
Counties to to 25 per cent
...
Counties 25 to socer cent ,Ix .
r
Counties 5o to 75 per cent
Counties 75 per cent and over....
..
'
.
31, 404
45, 531
134,681
85, 432
4, 163
Per capita Per capita
for white. for Negro.
1, 963
10, 800
81, 394
160, 786
19, 798
$4. 20
$2. 39
5. 77
2.42
2.20
1.50
10 o6
12.34
19.23
1. 61
The high per capita cost for white children in the "black belt" counties is partly
explained by the fact that in these counties they are few in number and widely scattered.
The smaller cost of schools for colored children is due partly to the lower wage scale of
colored teachers and partly to the very limited provision for high-school education. It
is apparent, however, that these conditions by no means account for the wide divergencies in the." black belt" counties. In addition to the $2,834,580 appropriated for the
public-school teachers of white children, the State appropriated $469,5oo to maintain 11
agricultural high schools, 3 normal schools, and 3 institutions of higher learinng. To
the $483,622 for the colored public-school teachers, the State added S8,000 to supplement the income of the industrial school largely maintained by Federal funds for agricultural and mechanical education.
Private financial did.The deficiencies in the public expenditures for the education
of the colored people largely explain the active campaigns for private schools since the
Civil War. As a result of this activity, the private schools'have a property valuation of
$2,647,541, an annual income of $339,736, and an attendance of z 1,580 pupils, of whom
9,312 are in elementary grades. In this connection it is important to note the remarkable concentration of these facilities in the city of Atlanta, as indicated by the following
figures for the private schools in that city: Value of property, $2,023,822 ; annual income,
$175,074; attendance, 3,371. It is sometimes thought that the liberal private contributions to these schools make up for the inequalities in the public appropriations for the
education of white and colored youth. In Georgia, however, the total expenditures of
both public and private schools for colored people is far less than the expenditures for
white teachers in public schools alone. Furthermore, the income of the zo large private
white schools, as reported to the Bureau of Education, was $388,176, as against $339,736,
the income of all colored private schools.
A summary of the income and property of the private and higher colored schools,
grouped according to ownership, is given in the following table:
Number of
Annual,
Value of
schools.
income.
Independent.
78
21
$339, 736
72,888
$2, 647, 541
1193,673
Denominational
57
266,848
25,369
2,153, 868
Total private schools.
State and Feetral
68, 4.49
It will be observed from this table that the annual income and pro rty value of
t,,re denominational schoolVs about four times as great as that of the independent schools.
The annual income of the colored schools owned by denominations, whose membership
is white or largely so, aggregates $132,376, as against $34,472 for those of the colored
40927*Bull.39-17-13
NEGRO EDUCATION.
188
denominations. The property owned by the former group is va4ied at $1,912,668, and
that owned by the latter at $241,200. Some of the schools controlled by white denominations receive considerable sums of money from their colored members. The statistics
of the State anct Federal school, with 'an income of $25,369 and property valued at
$68,449, are in striking contrast with those of the private schools. In addition to the
private aid reported in the above table, a total of $13,396 was appropriated for general
supervision and special phases of education by the Jeanes Fund, Slater Fund, the General Education Board, and the Rosenwald Rural School Building Fund.
While the total number of private schools is 78, only 38 play any important part
in the educational activities of the State.. Some of the remaining 4o are justifiable
only on denominational grounds; the majority, however, are so hampered by small
income or poor management that the State receives little benefit from them. The 38
schools first mentioned are described under their respective counties and their location
shown on Map 11. The others are summarized according to ownership and discussed at
the end of this chapter. The attendance of the private and higher colored schools by
ownership groups is indicated in the following statement:
Number of
Total private schools
schools.
Total.
78
11, 580
Independent
21
Denominations]
57
State and Federal
1
88,926
390
Attenda.nee
Elementary. Secondary.
2, 119
9,312
.
2,227
7,085
280
383
1, 736
110
Ir. view of the frequency of the terms " academy" and " college " in the names of
these private institutions, it is important to notethat less than one-tenth of the pupils
in them are of secondary grade and only 149 are in college classes.
Attendance.The United States census reported 282,070 colored children 6 to 14
years of age, of whom 156,258 were attending school. A study of the figures for the
public and private schools shows that while a majority of the elementary colored pupils
are in the public schools, a majority of the secondary and all of the college students are
in private schools. The large majority of white secondary pupils, however, are in
public schools, while those of collegiate grade are about equally divided between public
and private institutions.
Elementary.The inadequacy of the elementary school system for colored children is indicated by the fact that the attendance in both public and private schools
is less than 56 per cent of the children of elementary school age. The average term of
the public school is five and a half months. According to the report of the State superintendent of education, 7o per cent of the colored teachers hold a third-grade license or
less, representing a preparat$tl less than that usually given in the eight .elementary
grades. The 9,312 pupils in the private schools are fairly well taught, but their number is only a small part of the 156,258 children attending school and a still smaller
fraction of the 282,070 children of elementary school age.
1 Includes to college students.
*Inductee 44 college students at Atlanta University.
Includes college students as follow Morehouse College, 3s; Clark University, 3s; Morris Brown University, to; Palate
**ham Sesalaari,
Collese.
GEORGIA.
189
Income ol schooh.
I /MINIM
k. \TOIYINIti
sel-....".N.,. \ LIIII07 )e.sis,
!
CILIUM
00.0017.1.'
Li
WWII
O Under 43,500.
0 $0.500 tO SS,003.
O $5,000 to $15,000.
9 $.5.cco to $30,000.
i Platt.*
$30.000 or ovrr.
Percentagroi Negro
population.
Under to per cent
to to so per cent
so per cent and over.
MAP 11.PRIVATE SCHOOLS POE NRORAER IN GEOROIA.
The circles show the location and tc annual income o( the more important schools. The shading
indicates the percentage of Negroes in (the total population. \
NEGRO EDUCATION.
.190
Secondary.There is only one public high school for colored people in Georgia.
This school, at Athens, shares its building with the large elementary school. The
Columbus Industrial School provides excellent industrial training -and enrolls a few
pupils in secondary subjects. The Cuyler Street School in Savannah also offers exceltraining.
lent facilities for industrial work. and is planning to include some secon
There are probably 15 or 20 other schools that enroll a few pupils above tie elementary
grades.
Of the 2,278 secondary colored pupils in Georgia, 2,119 are in 32 private schools.
Four-year courses are maintained in 17 of these private schools, with an enrollment of
1,847 pupils. The secondary wbrk of the remaining 15 schools ranges from a few sub-
jects above the elementary grades to a full three.year course. The courses of study
in most of these schools follow closely the college preparatory or classical type. Some
of the schools still require Greek and nearly all of them make Latin the central subject.
College.While five, private institutions in the State are offering college courses in
addition to their elementariand secondary classes, the total number of college students
in all these schools is only 149. With the exception of the 14 students in Paine College,
Augusta, this enrollment is distributed among four schools in Atlanta.
M nisterial.Grammon Theological Seminary, with its excellent plant and endowment, is undergoing a reorganization that will enable it to provide adequate training
for ministers. Morehouse College offers a three-year course in theological subjects,
and three other schools have atraining course for ministers. A number of the secondary
schools enroll a-few ministers who take various combinations of elementary, secondary,
and theological subjects. The ministerial enrollment of all of these -schools, however,
does not aggregate 200, and the teaching is largely formal. Very little effort is made to
prepare the students to meet'the needs of rural communities.
Teacher training.-The most urgent need of the colored schools in Georgia is trained
teachers. The supply now depends almost entirely upon the secondary schools, most
of which are private institutions. Only 13 of the private schools, however, offer a fair
course in teacher training. Three others include one or two teacher-training subjects
in their general courses. To supplement these facilities, an effort is now being made to
develop county training schools. Through the cooperation of the Slater Fund and the
General Education Board with the State department- of education, two of these schools
are now maiptained. As yet, however, their work is almost entirely of elementary grade.
They are county centers at which some secondary and industrial training may be sup-
plied to those who plan to teach in the rural schools. The pupils in the graduating
classes of all school, offering teacher-training number only 345, an annual output
obviously inadequate to meet the need for teachers in a State with over r,000,000
colored people and 4,000 colored public-school teachers.
Industrial.The State Agricultural and Mechanical College at Savannah is the
only institution able to teach trades. Twenty-two of the private schools give satisfactory industrial training in one or two lines and 9 others are making an effort to do
of the 22 schools have fairly good courses in cooking
industrial work. Practically
and sewing. The industrial training forPboys is in most instances ineffective.
.
GEORGIA.
191
Agriculture. The one school in Georgia that is genuinely agricultural in its aims,
the Fort Valley High and Industrial School, is handicapped by small income.
The school
maintained by State and Federal funds for agricultural and mechanical training does
not make effective educational :se of its farm. The majority of the private schools
fail to provide systematic training in agriculture. Seven of them have farms upon
which the students work as laborers. The educational value of this labor varies with
the institution. In the effort to acquire large farms most of the schools have overlooked the educational possibilities of a well-planned course in gardening. Nine of the
private schools have some garden work.
Supervision.Through the cooperation of the State department of education and
the General Education Board, a white supervisor is maintained for the colored rural
schools. This supervisor travels over the State observing educ:9:tional conditions and
encouraging all efforts for improvement. The more important agencies with which he
cooperates are the Jeanes and Slater Funds and the Rosenwald Rural School Building
Fund. In the summer of 95 the State department of education cooperated with the
summer school for colored people at fort Valley.
Twenty counties in the State have Jeanes Furid supervisors traveling among the
rural schools introducing industrial training and extending the influence of the school
into the community. In 1915 the Jeanes Fund appropriated-about $4,5oo and the counties $1,140, while the supervisors raised about $4,000 by appeals to the people. A considerable portion of the latter sum was contributed to the Rosenwald rural schools and
the county training schools. The State supervisor reports that while it is impossible to
secure the exact amounts spent by Negroes for school improvement, it is evident that
their efforts are increasing in this direction every year. Especially is this true where the
supervising teachers are at ,vork. With the financial help of the General Education
Board -these supervisors and other agents have organized "home makers" clubs- in 19
counties of Georgia. Nearly a thousand colored girls reported membership in these
clubs in 1915, and several thousand women received instruction in the care of the home.
Through their efforts over 75,000 quarts of fruits and vegetables were canned.
In the campaign for building rural schoolhouses for colored children conducted by
the Rosenwald School Building Fund and the extension department of Tuskegee Insti'tute, $6,713 had been expended at the end of the school year 1916 and 6 new schoolhOuses erected. Of this sum, $1,800 Was from the Rosenwald Fund, $150 from.the
State, and $4,763 from donations.
SUMMARY OF EDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
r. The strengthening and extension of the elementary school system. The only
agencies able to meet this need are the State, the county, and the local public-school
diitricts.
2. The increase of teacher-training facilities: To this end secondary schools with
teacher-training courses should be provided, more summer sChoop and teachers' institutes should be maintained, and the private schools should cooperate with the State
department of education by placing more emphasis on teacher-training courses adapted
192
NEGRO EDUCATION.
to State standards. The State could aid in this work
by furnishing a normal school
centrally located.
3. More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple industries.
In developing this work countits should realize the possibilities of the
Jeanes Fund inAlustrial supervisors.
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the problems of rural life, so that teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people 8o per cent tut al.
5. The maintenance of industrial high schools in cities.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
The private and higher schools are herewith described. Counties and cities in
which the more important institutions are located are presented as a background for
discussion of the individual schooli The counties are arranged in alphabetical order.the
BEN HILL COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 yearsof age, 1910..
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 In county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
6, 962
I, 333
$16, 577
$12.43
5.7
Negro.
4, 4,901
I, 054
$2, xoti
$2.00
29. 2
The rural population is S1.2 per cent of the total.
The average length of the public
school term is 7 mont for white pupils and 6 months for colored.
The number of
teac
e schools and 16 in colored schools. The average attendance' is
1,129 white pupils and 624 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities. In order to furnish
better secondafy ancrindustrial education the county, in cooperation with the Slater
Fund and the General Education Board, is developing a training school
at Queensland.
QUEENSLAND.
BEN HILL COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal:. G. C. Thomas.
A school of elementary grade selected as a central institution to provide more
advanced training for the pupils of the rural schools of the county.
A Ilendance . Total: x85; all elementary; boarders to.
Teachers . Total, 4; all colored; male x, female 3.
Organization.---The regular. eight-grade course is provided, together with simple
industrial work and gardening.
Financial, 194-1 5. The income amounted $1,725, of which $750 was from the
county, $500 from the Slater Fund, and $475 from e trustees and Baptist Association.
Practically all the income was expended for salaries.
e plant, estimated value, $3,200,
consists of to acres of land, a good frame building, and equipment worth about $200.
Recotamendation.That the work be encouraged and additional facilities provided',
as the need appears for secondary work and teacher-training.
GEORGIA.
193
BIBB COUNTY.'
Population, 1910
Children 6 to !gyms of age, 1910
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Whkte.
Nero.
29, 16o
27, 481
5,338
5, 288
21. 8
3
The rural population is 28.2 per cent of the total. The average length of the public schodi term in the city is 9 months for both white and colored pupils. The number of
teachers is 156 in white schools and ,59 in colored schools. The average attendance is
4,091 white pupils and 3,400 colored pupils.
The public schools of Bibb County and the city of Macon are administered as a
unit. The statistics of teachers' salaries were not obtainable by race, either by correspondence with the State department of education or directly with the city superintendent of schools. Such figures, as are available, however, indicate a need for increased
school facilities. Even in the city the schools for colored people do not offer instruction
beyond the sixth grade. At present the Ballard Normal School, a private in%itution,
maintains the higher elementary and secondary work for the city. The Central City
College, a private' school located in the suburbs, is of slight educational value to the
community. The Catholic school is a useful supplement -to the public-school system.
MACON.
BALLAD NODAL SCHOOL.
Principal: R. C. Von Tobel.2
A school of elementary and secondary grade. It is the only colored' high school in
Macon, and one-third of its pupils are secondary.
The'school was founded in 1865 by the Vreedlnen's Bureati: I 1868 the American
Missionary Association of the Congregational Church assumed char of the work and
the school is now owned and supervised by that association.
Attendance.Total, 362; elementary 2 S8 , secondary 124; boarders, 41. The
110..
reported enrollment for thp year was 4.44.
Teachers angworkers.Total, 14; white 7, colored 7; male 3, female I1; grades 5,
academic 5, industrial and matrons 3, music 1.
Organization.The classes are well organized and good textbooks have been
selected.
Elementary: Pupils are admitted as low as the fourth grade. In the seventh and
eighth grades industrial work is required.
Secondary; The four-year secondary course is so arranged that pupils may elect the
college-preparatory course with Latin or the teacher-training course with industrial
work in the first two years, and teacher-training in the last two. Of the 58 pupils in the
eleyentb and twelfth grades, 18 were taking the Latin course and 4o the teacher-training
he su2e required of all are: English, 4 years; mathematics, 3; history,
cot
3; elemet tary science, 1.
Finencial, I912I3.The financial management is under the supervision of the
American Missionary. Association and the accounts are fairly well kept. The more
important items for the year were:
$8, 492
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts . '
Value of plant..'
Set WO ea p. 181.
8,492
33,800
.1-11. white. a
NEGRO EDUCATIS);.)
194
(--
.
Sources of income: Tuition and fees, $4,124; American Missionary Association,
$3,952; donations and other sources, $416. The noneducational receipts excluded from
the income amounted to $2,2o6. Of this $1,773 was from the boarding department and
$433 from sales of the shop.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,148; supplies for boarding department, $2,157;
equipment and supplies in other departments, $4,1915; repairs, $968; power, light, and
heat, $640; student labor, $3o4; other expenses, $566.
Plaht.1Land: Estimated value,-$5,000. The school-owns about 3 acres of desirable city property. The land is in two parts on opposite sides of the street. The
campus is small and little space is available for recreation purposes.
Buildings: Estimated value, $27,400. There are seven buildings on the grounds,
.
,
including a brick church, which serves as the school chapel.
The main building is a large
two-story brick structure. The other buildings are frame structures used for dormitories, domestic science, laundry, and teachers' residences. One or two of the buildings
are old and badly, in need of repair.
Movable equipment. Estimated value, $11400. The equipment consists of furniture for classrooms and dormitories and some equipment for shops and laundry.
Recommendations. -1. That the school be continued with increasing provision
for teacher training troth for city and rural teachers.
2. That the el6tentary pupils be gradually eliminated and the responsibility
for
\.,
their Education placed upon the city of Macon.
3. That in its new location the school make better provision for laboratories, gardormitories, and playground.'
Dates of visits: October, 1913; March, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
..
.
.
CENTRAL CITY COLLEGE.
President: W. E. Holmes.
An elementary and secondary school with poor equipment and ineffective management. g It was founded in 1899 by the,State Colored Baptists' Convention and is owned
by trustees who are members of the Baptist' Church.
Attendance. Total, 65; elementary 4o, secondary 25. The attendance is larger
in the winter months.
Teachers. Total, 4; all colored. There are also two volunteer teachers.
Organization.The 4o elementary pupils are scattered in small groups through'
.
the eight grades, and there are four classes for the 25 high school pupils. La&n is taught
throughout the four high-school years and Greek in the last two years of higYschool. A
little sewing is given in some of Cie classes.
Financial, 19r3-14.The financial management of the school is .divided between
a nonresident treasurer and the school'president. This double system and the inadequate bookkeeping at the school make it impossible to obtain more than estinuties of
the income and expendi res. These estimates as given by the president were:
Income, excluding nonedu tional receipts.
Expenditures; less noneduca
receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
Si, 673
1,672
5, 000
16, 000
state dated visit the plant has been saki and preparations are being made to move the school to the outskirts of lasso.
-
Sea recommendations in summery chapter. p. 112.
GEORGIA.
r
195
Sources of income: Donations, $1,230; tuition and fees, $307; ether sources, $135.
The noneducational receipts were from the hoarding department and amounted to
$628.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,800; other expenses, $500.
InAe4tedness: The indebtedness of $5,000 is, for the most part, money due for back
d the general expenses of the school.
salar?e
stin
Plant. Land : Estimated value, $t 1,000. The schoOl owns 235 acres of land just
outside the city limits of Macon. Of this abodt 90 acres are cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $3,500. The main building is a large two -story residence of colonial design. A two-story structure of plain board construction is used for
chapel and dormitory. The printing office is a one-story frame structure. There are
several other small wooden buildings.
Movable equipme;n: Estimated value, $1,500. The equipment consists of simple
furniture for classTooms and dormitories and farm implements and live stock.
Recommendation. That
the plant he sold and the work transferred to some of the
stronger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit : November, 1914.
BURKE COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, roto
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911. 12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 54 in county
Percentage illiterate, igio
white.
4,8 05
969
Negro.
22,46]
5,524
$8
4. s
38.2
The rural population is 96 per cent of the total? The average length of the public
school term is 9.5 months for white pupils and 6 months for colored. The number of
teache.s is 41 in white schools and 82 in colored schools. The average attendance is
592. white pupils and 2,375 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for increased school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. In order to supplement Vie
work of the public sclipols two private schools have been established in different parts of
the county,the Boggs Academy at Ke7sville and the Haven Acadetny in Waynesboro.
In 1915 the Freedmen's Board of the Methodist Episcopal Church withdrew from Wayned-
boro and arranged to lend the Haven Academy plant to the public authdrities.
Effort should be made by the county to develop this school as a central institution where
pupils may supplement the training received in the rural schools. Since the Boggs
Academy_is located in a different section of the county, it shodid also be developed as
a training §chool. It is now aided slightly by the county and is held in high regard by
the white dnd colored people of the community.
KRYSVILLE.
BOGGS ACADEMY.
Principal: John fr. Phelps.
An elementary rural school held in high regard by the white and colofed peoplkof
the county. Connected\ with the school is a "farm-hcirnet plan to help colored farmers
buy land.
196
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The school was founded by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen and is
owned and maintained by that board.
A tIendanc,e.Total, 134; all below the tenth grade; boarders, 30.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 1, female 5.
Organization.All but eight of the pupils are in the elementary grades. These grades
are taright by three teachers. The eight pupils in secondary subjects are taught by the
J principal and two other teachers, who also devote a part of their time to the instruction
of elementary classes in cooking and sewing. Although there ate 40 acres of land belonging
to the school, a part of which is available for agricultural purposes, none of it is used for
instruction.
Farm-home plan : The purpose of the "farm-home" plan is " to build up a selfsupporting Negro community and strengthen the school numerically and financially
without adding to the board's expense." The thousand-acre section has been divided
into tracts varying in size frou\lo to 4o acres, alid it is planned to sell these tracts to
colored farmers.
Financial, 19r 3-14. An honest effort is made to account for funds received, but the
method is crude. As far as can be determined from the records the more important
items were:
Income, excluding nonedncational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness.
Value of plant
$1, 427
2,189
coo
14, 000
Sourot-. of income: Presbyterian Board, $952; county, $300; tuition and fees, $120;
contributioN, $55. The noneducational receipts amounted to $650, of which $5oo was
from the boarding department and $15o from the farm.
Sources of expenditures: Salaries, $935; supplies for boarding department, $924;
payment on debt, $352; labor, $265; repairs, taxes, and insurance, $126; stationery,
supplies, and printing, $97; furniture, $5o; other expenses, $9o. The net deficit for the
year was $762.
Indebtedness: During the past two years the expenditures have exceeded the income.
The indebtedness is for supplies and equipment.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $1,000: The school owns 40 acres of land, of which
about 3o acres are cultivated on a commercial basis. The school grounds present a neat
appearance, but could be improves by shade trees and walks.
Buildings: Estimates value, $r 1,300. There are four buildings: A two-story brick
building used for the girls' dormitory and dining room; the classroom building, a twostory frame structure containing eight rooms; the president's home, a neat frame cottage;
and an old one-story frame building to be used for shops. The dormitory rooms are well
furnished, clean, and tidy. Each room has been'.furnished by individual friends of the
school.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,700. The equipment consists mainly of
fluniture for classrooms and the dormitory.
Recommendations.-1. That the financial resources of the school be increased so that
the community- school idea and the "farm-home' project may be.earried out. There
GEORGIA.
.
197
is need for a fatm supervisor who will cooperate with the principal; he should be trained
in farming and have some experience in business and school work.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening, together with simple manual training, be made part of the regular school program.'
Date of visit : March, 1915.
CHATHAM COUNTY.
Population, 19 o .
Children 6 to 14 years of age
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1915
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Pe-ventage illiterate, 19to.
Negro.
35, 675
5. 796
$116,617
$20.12
5. 4
43,981
7, 562
$35,090
$3. SO
29. 4
The rural population is 18.4 per cent of the total. The \average length of the publicschool term is 9 months for both white and colored pupils. The number of teachers is
147 in white schools and 71 in colored schools. The average attendance is 5,006 white
pupils and 2,553 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a very great need for increased school facilities in the
county. The schools of the county and of the city of Savannah are administered as a
unit. The Georgia State Industrial College is situated just outside of the city on a
suburban street-car line. The Speedwell and Haven Home should be developed to
serve as a home school for the girls 'of the surrounding country districts.
SAVANNAH.
The attendance in colored public schools in the city of Savannah is considerably
below the number of children 6 to 14. None of the work is beyond elementary grade.
Since Savannah was visited, however, the Cuyler Street School has been erected. This
school is modern and well equipped and good industrial.work is done. In the absence
of any secondary work in the public schools the Beach institute serves the city as a
high school. Special effort should be made to renew the cooperation which once existed
between this school and the public school system. The Central Park Normal and
Industrial School, opened in 1915, should be developed to serve as a secondar)land
industrial school where pupils from the surrounding country districts may board and
supplement the limited training received in the rural schools. Besides these two large
schools there are four Catholic parish schools and a small independent school in the
city.
BEACH INSTITUTE.
Principal: L. M. Rowland.'
A day school of secondary grade with four years of elementary work. It is the only
high school for colored peolle in the city of Savannah.
The school was founded in 1867 by the American Missionary Association and for a
time it was supported by the city of Savannah and taught by northern' white teachers.
Later it was dropped as a city school and taken over again by the American Missionary
Association of the Congregational Church.
1 See rsocsamendatioas in summary chapter, p. a r.
White.
196
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Attendance. Total, 154; elementary 92, secondary 62; of the secondary pupils,
Ix were boys and 51 girls. The reported enrollment for the year was 156.
Teachers.Total, 6; white 5, colored ; male 5, female 1.
Organization. Elementary: The elementary work covers the four upper grades.
Instruction in cooking and sewing is given in the seventh and eighth grades.
Secondary: The four-year high school course is similar to the course outlined by the
American Missionary Association. The subjects required are: History, 2 years; mathematics, 3; English, 4; biology, 4; chemistry, ; physics, 1; BOA, X. The electives
and the number of pupils were: Latin, 27 pupils; pedagogy; so; business, 2; household
arts, 35; woodwork, 4. A few pupils elect both Latin and household arts. The pro-,
vision for teaching manual training is inadequate.
Financial, 1913-14.The finances are controlled by the American Missionary Association. A simple and effective system of accounting has been installed recently. The
more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
$3, 763
3, 763
17,000
Sources of income: American ,Missionary Association, $1,594; tuition and fees,
$1,190; donations, $818; other sources, $161. The noneducational receipts amounted
to $2oo, of which $155 was from room rent and $45 from sales of industrial departnlent
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,270; supplies for dining hall, $735; student aid
and labor, $197; repairs, $195; equipment, $175; outside labor, $14; water, light, and
beat, $157; other expenses, $71.
Plant Land: Estihrated value, $4,500. The school land comprises two large city
lots near the central part of the city. Very little space is available for recreation purposes.
Buildings: Estimated value, $10,5oo. There are two buildings. The school building is a large two-story frame structure with basement. The other building is a neat
house used as the principal's residence.
Movable equipment: Estimated 4alue, $2,00o. There. is good classroom furniture
and some equipment for domestic science and-industrial work.
Recommendations.r. That the teacher-training course be strengthened by the
addition of more pedagogy and practice teaching.
2. That the school be moved from the present crowded and undesirable neighborhood to a suburban section with street car facilities where adequate space may be provided for buildings, gardehs, and 'playgrounds.
3. That the work be articulated with the public schools of Savannah and if possible
be incorporated into the city school system.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; February, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
CENTRAL PARK NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: John W. Maxwell.
A school of elementary and secondary grade. It was founded in x914 as a branch
preparatory school of Morris Brown University and is owned by the African Methodist
Episcopal Church.
199
GEORGIA.
Attendance.Total, 105; elementary 8o, secondary 25; boarders, 4o.
Teachers and workers. Total, 6; all colored; male 3, female 3.
Organization.The regular eight elementary grades are fairly well taught. Secondary work is done in the two-year "normal" department. Industrial training is
limited to a little manual work.
Financial, 1914-15.As far as could be determined the more important items
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$21:
5, 000
20, 300
Sources of income: African Methodist Episcopal Church, $2,000; general donations, $265; tuition and fees, $250; other sources, $.3oo. The noneducational receipts
amounted to $1,360, of which $960 was from board and room rent and $400 from farm
and shops.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,365; supplies for boarding department, $54o;
supplies for other departments, $220; equipment, $175; fuel, light, and water, Stoo;
traveling expenses, $85; other expenses, $500.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $5,000 was for part of the cost of a building
recently erected.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $4,600. The school owns 23 acres of land, of
which 5 acres are cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated vaTue, $15,000. There are two buildings, a large three-story
brick building recently completed and a frame structure.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $700. The equipment consists chiefly of
furniture.
Recminsenc/ations.-1. That the school be developed as an institution where pupils
.
from the surrounding rural districts may board and receive more vanced training
than that provided in the country schools.
2. That the work in manual training be strengthened, and the theory and practice
of gardening be made part of the regular course.'
THE HAVEN AND SPEEDWELL HOME.
Superintendent : Miss Viola Baldwin.'
A small elementary school with a 'boarding department for girls. The Haven
Home in Savannah was .sold in 1914 and tem'porarily combined with the Speedwell
Home in the suburbs. The two institutions are owned by the Women's Home Missionary
Society Of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
Attendance. Total, 65; all elementary', boarders, 17.
Teachers and workers.Total, 4; white 2, colored 2.
Organization. The regular eight elementary grades are taught in the day school.
Two teachers are employed for this work. Good instruction in cooking, sewing, and
general home training is provided jar-boarding pupils.
I See recommendations in summary chapter, p. sr.
I White.
200
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Financial, /9r:3Lt.The income amounted to $3,220, practically all of which was
from the Women's Home Missionary Society.
The expenditures were almost entirely
for salaries.
Plant Estimated value, $1,500. Of this, $20o was in land, $900 in the building,
and $400 in movable equipment. The school was being Conducted
in temporary quarters, but plans were under way to purchase land and erect
a
large
building
on the outskiits of the city.
Recommendations.-1. That the facilities for boarding students be increased.
2. That the industrial work be strengthened and a course in gardening added.'
Date of visit: December, 1913. Facts verified, 1916.
GEORGIA STATI INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
President: R. R. Wright.
A secondary school with a trades department and a few pupils taking
college
studies. It is the Georgia "land- grant"
institution for Negroes, established by act of
the Georgia Legislature in 189o, as a "school for the education
and training of colored
students, in connection with the State University and forming one of the departments
thereof." The control and management are vested in
a board of commissioners
appointed by the Governor. The school is located southeast of
Savannah, near Thunderbolt, a suburb.
Attendance.Total, 39o; elemefitary 28o, secondary 9o, college subjects
zo; male
310, female 80. There were 200 boarders, all boys.
male 17, female 4; academic io,
indushial workers and matrons 11. The teachers are reasonably well
prepared for
high school work.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work is done in the "model school"
of three grades and the "preparatory" department covering
grades 4 to 8.
Secondary: The work above the elementary grades is subdivided into
"normal"
and "college" departments. The "normal", department
is a three-year college preparatory course, including Latin, 4 years; English, 2 ;
mathematics, 4; elementary
science, 3; history, 1 ; education,
physiology, 1.
The "college" curriculum of three years includes some high school and some college
subjects.
Industrial: The trades department is equipped to teach
carpentry, blacksmithing,
and wheelwrighting, shoemaking, tailoring, painting, dressmaking,
and domestic science.
Classes in these subjects receive instruction three hours
a day, qve days in the week,
during three school terms.
Agriculture: The agricultural department is equipped to do good
work. According
to the catalogue, "the work in this department in no way interferes with
the prosecution
of the regular literary studies." There seems to be little attempt
to
conduct
the farming
operations for educational purposes. Only three of the graduates of
the
school are
reported as engaged in farming. Crops are raised on the farm
on
a
commercial
basis.
The farm demon,stration agent for several counties, who has his
headquarters
at
the
school, is doing good extenon work.
.
'Ste troammendations hi mammary chapter. IN I*.
GEORGIA.
201
Futanciat, r9r2--r3.Books are kept by the treasurer, who resides in the city. MI
school funds are under his supervision and all bills for the school, except those for the
boarding department, are paid by him. The boarding department is conducted privately and figures for the department are not available. The more important items
for the year were:
Income
$25,369
23,830
Expenditures
Value of plant
68,449.i
Sources of income: Federal funds, $16,667; State appropriation, $8,000; interest
on deposits, $702. The noneducational receipts amounted to $1,269, of which $433
was from the dairy, $398 from the shops, $316 from the farm, $8r receipts for fuel sold
teachers, and $41 insurance for fire loss.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $13,346; equipment, $3,558; material and supplies,
$2,757; labor, $1,744; repairs, $1,367; fuel, light, and water, $1,092; expenses for
commencement, farmers' conference, and Macon fair, $41o; printing and advertising,
$365; expenses of members of commissions, $163; books and stationery, $1o3; office
expenses, $74; miscellaneous purposes, $120.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $6,776. The land comprises 86 acres, about 7
miles from Savannah. Of this, 51 acres are under cultivation and most of the remainder
is used for campus. The school grounds are fairly well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $58,253. There are 12 buildings, two of which are
large brick structures. Most of the others are small frame structures used for shops
and cottages for teachers' homes. The buildings are in good condition and the dormitories, which are maintained on the barracks plan, were clean and orderly.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $3,420, of which $2,285 was in scientific
apparatus, machinery, and furniture, $885 in live stock, and $250 in library books.
Recommendations. -1. That the normal and college departments be combined into
a good teacher-training course especially adapted to the needs of rural districts.
2. That the extensive agricultural facilities be used for educational purposes and
effort made to secure the cooperation and supervision of the State College of Agriculture.
3. That the boarding department be conducted by the school.
4. That the local attendance below the sixth grade be eliminated.
5. That the institution be moved to a more central part of the State.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; April, 1915.
CLARKE COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
The rural population is 35.9 per cent of the total.
11,502
2,142
ki7:77060
fie 8
Negro.
xi, 767
2,610
$fi.13,
33.3
The average length of the
public school term is 6.5 months for white pupils and 5 months for colored. The number of teachers is 74 in white schools and 39 in colored schools. The average attendance
is 1,6o1 white pupils and 1,209 colored pupils.
202
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The need for increased school faehities indicated by these statistics would be empha-
sized if the figures for the city of Athens were excluded. The number of elementar
schools should be increased and their work strengthened. The Model and Training
School, the financial support of which is largely supplemented by private donations,
serves the community by providing excellent elementary and industrial training.
ATHENSR. F. D.
MODEL AND TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. S. F. Harris.
A small elementary school doing good work in a rural community. The institution has exerted considerable influence for the improvement of the neighborhood.
The school was founded in 1903 by the principal. The property has been turned
over to the county, and a small appropriation is made annually by the county board.
Attendance.Total, i5o. The work covers nine grades. Pupils above the fifth
grade take cooking, sewing, basketry, and gardening. The reported enrollment for the
year was 225,
Teachers.Total, 3; all colored women.
Financial, r913-14.The income amounted to $1,148, of which $5oo was from the
Slater Fund, $324 from the county, and $324 from local contributions. Practically. all
the income was expended for salaries.
Plant.Estimated value, $1,500.
The plant consists of 4 acres of land, a neat
frame building, and equipment valued at $300. The premises are well kept and attractive.
Recommendation.That the county be urged to increase the support of this
necessary work.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; December, 191 I; May, 1915.
ATHENS.
Population, 19ro.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 191 T-42.
Teachers' salaries per child in city..
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
White.
8, 593
Colored.
6, 316
i, six
1,209
S32, 113
$5,620
$4.63
$21.35
6
32. 2
The city furnishes for colored people three elementary schools and a high school
enrolling elementary pupils. With some increase in equipment the schools con seat
all the children of school age. The enrollment of 1,220 in 1913-14 was more an the
number of children 6 to 14 in 1910, and 300 less than the 1913 State census of children
.6 to t8. An additional elementary school would care for these pupils and relieve the
crowding in the lower grades of the other schools: Effort should be made to providZ
manual training and school and home gardening for the elementary as well as the high
school pupils.
With the addition of an elementary school private schools' would become unnecessary in caring for the elementary and secondary pupils of the city of Athens. At the
present time, however, the four private schools enroll 44o day pupils. Some of these
pupils walk in from surrounding country districts; others board with families in the
town and are enrolled as day pupils.
GEORGIA.
203
Since none of the private schools have the facilities for work of an essentially differ-
ent character from that of the high school, it is evident that they would have a larger
field of service if they were moved to another part of the State where they
are more
needed. The Jeruel Baptist School has a large constituency in the surrounding country
and would have an open field in Monroe, Social Circle, or Hartwell. Since Knox Institute has no large denominational constituency, it is suggested that the management
of the institution either work out a plan of cooperation with the city school system or
move the school to one of the many points in Georgia in need of high-school facilities for
colored pupils.
Two unimportant schools in the county are described at the end of this chapter.
The Hyman Liana Home for the poorer classes is described in the summary of
special institutions for'the State.
ATHENS COLORED HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: S. F. Harris.
A city high school with three years of secondary work above a, seven-grade elementary system.' Provision is made for industrial work. The
extension work has benefited the Negroes and aroused the interest of the white people.
Attendance.SeCondary, 4o; there were also 281 elementary pupils in attendance.
Teachers.Secondary, 5; male 2, female 3; academic 3, girls' industries 1. The
other teacher divided his time between academic and industrial subjects. In addition
there were 6 teachers of elementary grades.
Organization:Elementary: Though the school was intended only to take care of
grades 4 to 7, large primary grades were also housed in the building during the
yeas
1913-14, and it was necessary to operate two grades in double sessions.
Secondary: In accordance with the Georgia public school plan, the grades above
the seventh are considered as the high school. These grades are well taught.
The
subjects are the same as those in the corresponding grades of the white high school-rLatin, Greek, history, literature, mathematics, English, physics, and chemistry.
Little
departure is made fiom the college preparatory type of studies.
Industrial: Cooking and sewing are effectively taught in a small adjoining building.
There is a well-equipped manual training shop in charge of a good teacher.
Extension: The school operates an extension cooking school for the domestic
servants and housekeepers of the city.
Plant.The plant, estimated value $15,000, consists of a lot and two frame buildings located in the center of a colored population. A large, well lighted frame building
is used for classrooms and a small two-room house for domestic science.
Dates of visits: October, 1914; May, 1915.
JERUEL ACADEMY.
Principal: Rev. J. H. Brown.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with poor equipment.
The school was founded in 1881 by the Jeruel Baptist Association and it is owned
and partly supported by that body. The American Baptist.Home Mission Society aids
and supervises the school.
I A fourth high-school yew has been added Idacedats of visit.
46927 *Bull. 30-17-14
2D4
7
NEGRO- EDUCATION.
Attendance. -- Total, 127; elementary 111, secondary 16; boarders, 23. About
eight ministers come irregularly to study elementary subjects and the Bible. The
reported enrollment for the year was 212.
Tepckers.Total, 9, all colored; male 3, female 6.
Organization.Elementary: The usual eight grades are fairly well taught.
Secondary% The secondary course includes the traditional secondary subjects with
four years of Latin and two of Greek. The small attendance and limited preparation
of the pupils hardly justify the effort to maintain these courses.
Industrial: The industrial work is confined to a little sewing for the girls. The
annual farmers conference has a large attendance and is encouraged by officers of the
tniversity of Georgia.
Financial, 1912--13.--The accounts are kept in accordance with the requirements
of the American Baptist Home Mission Society and the financial management is economical. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts....
Value of plant.
$4,334
4,324
ii,000
Sources of income: General donations from churches and individuals, $2,635;
American Eaptist Home Mission Society, $1,049; tuition and fees, $65o. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department- and amounted to $1,8o8.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,493; power, light, and heat, $1,o3o; materials
and supplies, $849; student labor, $303; equipment, $284; incidental expenses, $62;
repairs, $34; advertising and soliciting, $26; other items, $51.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $2,5oo. The school occupies a desirable site
within the city limits. The campus presents a bare appearance.
Buildings: Estimated value, $7,5oo. Lyons Hall, a three-story fraiiie building,
contains chapel, classrooms, and dormitory. The girls' dormitory is a two-story frame
structure containing 16 rooms, kitchen, and dining rooms. The buildings are of poor
construction and in need (of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, 1,000. It consists of furniture for classrooms and dormitoriets.
Recommendations
That the controlling boards consider removing this institution
to a community where educational facilities are more needed.
.
2. That foreign languages be not allowed to crowd out teacher-training, gardening, and simple industrial training.'
Dates.of visits: October, 1913; May, 191
KNOX INSTITUTE.
Principal: L. S. Clark.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with limited provision for industrial
training. The school was founded by the Freedmen's Bureau in 1868 and is owned by
the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church.
Atiendance.Total, 258; elementary 237, necondarvi; boarders, 27. The reported
enrollment for the year was 376
asa reommamdatimas la summary chapter, p. as.
7
GEORGIA.
205
Teachers.Total, 13; all colored; male 2, female it.
teachers received their
training at Atlanta and Fisk, and are doing good classroom The
work.
Organization.Elementary: The eight grades and kindergarten are taught by five
regular teachers.
Secondary: A four-year secondary course is provided for very few pupils.
course includes Latin, 4 years; Greek, 3,; mathematics, 3; biology,
The
physics, j; ; history, 2; Bible, r ; music, IX ; psychology, X; printing, r; English, 3;
1; ecouomics, X.
Pedagogy and practice teaching may be elected in the last two
years;
in additional
year of English is elective with chemistry. A cotnmercial course is offered.
Industrial: Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for the girls and manual
training for the boys. All pupils from the fifth grade
through the eighth grade take
this work. In the secondary lasses the courses arF elective.
Financial, 1913 -14. The finances are supervised by the American Missionary
Association. A simple and effective system of accounting has been installed
at the
school recently. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts,
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
85, 148
5, 148
30, 500
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $3,444;
tuition and fees,
$1,372; donations, $110; other sources, $222. The noneducational receipts
were from
the boarding department and amounted to $1,707.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,128; supplies for boarding department,
equipment, $616; heat, light, and water, $548; student aid and labor, $444; $1,573;
academic
supplies, $119; repairs, $116; outside labor, $39; other expenses, $272.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $1,000. The land comprises two city lots on a
hillside.
Buildings: Estimated value, $25,400. There are two school buildings,
a small house
for boys' trades and the principal's cottage. The main building is
a two-story brick
structure with basement; the girls' dormitory is an old two-story frame structure.
The
buildings are well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $4,too. The equipment consists of classroom and dormitory furniture and limited ap;:aratus for teaching cooking and sewing.
Recommendation. In view of other public and private schools in Athens, it is
recommended that the controlling board develop a plan of cooperation
with other
schools.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; May, 1915
COWETA COUNTY:
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 2910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county .
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Whitt.
12, 531
New*.
4616,267
2,693
4, 223
$34, 236
$11, 71
87,692
611
37.4
=1. 82
The rural population is 80.7 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is seven months for both white and colored pupils.
The number of teachers is
YP
206
NEGRO EDUCATION.
88 in white schools and 66 in colored schools. The average attendanCe is 1,999 white
pupils and 1,5184eolored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for increased public-school facilities.
e work of
the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. In the town o ewnan,
however, there is a fairly good public school for colored children, and the funct n of the
priyate school should therefore be
rnish secondary and industrial work. A small
boarding department should be developelf in order that Ipupils from the surrounding
districts may have the opportunity to supplement the training received in the rural
schools.
EWNAN.
McCLELLAN ACADEMY. O
Principal :'F. Gregg.
An elementary day school giving Some secondary work and industrial training for
girls. The term is seven months. The whool is owned by the Board of Missions for Freedmen of the Presbyterian Church.
t1endance. Total, 78; elementary 65, secondary 13. The attendance increases
in..--'4 winter months. The reported enrollricent for the year was 95.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female 4. The teachers are well trailed.
Organization.The'elementary grades are well taught. The curriculum includes
.
Latin and algebra in the eighth, ninth, and tenth grades, and Greek in the tenth grade.
Cooking and sewing are provided for the girls in the secondary as well as in the elementary, grades. There is no industrial work for boys.
items were:
Income
$1, 500
Expenditures
Value of plant
1,500
3, 200
Sources of income: Presbyterian Board of Missions, $1,250; tuition and donations,
$250.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,25o; running expenses, $250.
Plani.The school is located on a town lot. There are two old frame buildings,
one of wnich is used for school purposes and the other for the principal's residence. The
interior of tile school building is in good condition, but the outside appearance is bad.
Recommendations.I. That the primary grades be grgtlually discontinued and the
work of the school be centered on'the upper elementary and high school grades.
2. That industrial work for boys and gardening for all pupils be added.' ,
3. That a teacher-training course be developed so that pupils from the surrounding
counties who are not able to go to Atlanta may be fitted to teach in the rural schools
of the section.
4.. That the school term be lengthened to nine months.
Date of visit: October, x913.
See recommendations in summary chapter, p.
'1
tiiiiiirmommemsrommemomoss
t
GEORGIA.
4
207
CRISP COUNTY.
Negro.
W12 he.
Population, raio.
Children 6 to r4 years of age, 191
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14, in county
Perdentage illiterate, 1910
7,806
8,616
It 751
$20, 900
1, 969
$2, 450
$u. 93
3. 9
,
Sr. 24
33. 2
The rural population is 64.2 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 7 months for both white and colored pupils. The number of teachers is
64 in white schools and 25 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,393 white
pupils and 665 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate *he need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be strengthened. The two private schools are needed to
supplement the. work offered by the inadequate public schools of the WNW. They
would, hoWever, be much more effective if they were combined and provision made for
teacher training, gardening, and simple industrial courses.
CORDELE.
GILIF-SPIE NORMAL SCHOOL.
Principal: A. S. Clark.
An elementary school with a plant capable of accommodating a much larger number
than are in attendance. .
The school is owned and managed by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freed-
men.
tiendance.Total, 137; elementary 123, secondary 14; boarders, 12.
enrollment for the year was 226.
The reported
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 3, female 3.
Organization,Twelve grades are claimed, but only a limited amount of secondary
work is proyided.
There is some instruction in sewing and woodwork.
Financial, 1913-14.Income: Total, $2,200,
Of this, $1,360 was frorp the Pres- .-
byterian Board, $690 from board and tuitiorOand $15o from other sources.
Expenditures: Total, $21200; teachers' salaries, $1,360, running expenses, $840.
Plant. Estimated value $2,7oo. The property consists of three frame buildings
and 14 city lots. Some of the buildings are dirty and in poor repair.
Recommendation. That the Presbyterian Boars' unite with the Colored Methodist
Episcopal Board and the public authorities in maintaining a good school for the
training of teachers at Cordele.
Dates of visits: January, 1915; January, 1916.
HOLSEY NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: C. W. F. Phillips.
A small elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. The school is
owned by the South Georgia Colored Methodist Episcopal Conference.
Attenelance.Total, 128; boarders, 40. Most of the pupils were in elementary grades.
The studiei follow closely the regular: grade courses in the public schools of the State.
Three secondary grades, with 8 pupils, were reported.
Teachers.Total, 5; all colored; male 2, female 3.
208
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Financial, r9r2r3.The accounts are poorly ;kept. As far as could be determined
the income amounted to approximately $2,000. Of this, $1,5oo was from the Colored
Methodist Episcopal Church and $500 from tuition and fees. Of the expenditures,
$1,500 was for salaries, and $500 for other expensp.
Plant. Estimated value, $6,000. The plant- consists of r i acres of land, two
small frame buildings, and meager furniture for classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendation. That the Colored Methodist Episcopal Board join with the Presbyterian Board and the public-school authorities in maintaining one good school for the
training,of teachers at Cordele.
.
Date of visit: January, 1915.
DOUGHERTY COUNTY.
Negro.
Population, 192o.
Children 6 to 14 year of age, 1910..
Teachers' salaries in public schools in 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14, in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o..
3, 983
620
$13, 089
12, 049 .
$21.ii
2,526
$6,67o
89.64
1. 5
60. 4
The rural population is 4.9 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 6 to 7 mouths for white pupils and 5 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 23 in white schools and 38 in colored schools. The average attendance is
672 white pupils and 1,859 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities% The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened.
ALBANY.
In Of city_ of Albany the public school is developing fairly well, offering both secon-
dary work and industrial training. With the development of this school the field for
private institutions is limited to furnishing industrial and secondary facilities for pupils
who wish to supplement the training provided by the rural schools. If the local interest
displayed in the, Albany Bible and Manual Training School. could be effectively employed in its support and supervision, this school could be made to serve as a good central
training institution for Dougherty County. Although the AmeriCan Missionary Associa-
tion school is a well managed institution, much of its-work could be done by the city
school. The public school authorities should be urged to increase the accommodations of the city schools so that the pupils in the American Missionary Association
school may be taken care of, leaving the private institution to seek another field.
ALBANY BIBLE AND MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: J. W. Holley.
An elementary school with a few secondary pupils and limited provision for industrial
training. Time work is in process of reorganization. Its plant and income are more
extensive th
ucational activities merit.
The school is owned by a board of trustees composed of influential white men of
Albany and prominent citizens of Northern States. These men seem to have been too
busy to supervise the work properly, however.
Own
GEORGIA.
.
Attendance. Total, 159; elementary 15E, secondary 8.
maintained.
Teachers.Total, 8; all colored; male 3, female 3.
the men teachers gives part time to domestic science.
209
A boarding department is
In addition the wife of one of
Organization.The work covers to grades, a majority of the 'pupi's being in the
Industrial training consists of a little coo' king and sewing. Effort has
recently been made to use the farm for agricultural instruction.
Financial, r915.The books have been audited since date of visit and a system
of accounting has been installed. The auditor's statement covers the period from
January i to September 30, 1915. While this period is not the school year, the figures
of income and expenditure closely approximate thoase for the school year and are the
most accurate obtainable. The auditor's budget for the school for 1915-16 is $6,500.
tower grades.
The more important figures for the nine mouths covered by the statement were:
Income, excluding tioneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness
`Value of plant
14, 254
4, 052
6, 510
3o, 25$
3,,
.
Sources of income: Donalidns, $3,450; loans to school, $305; appropriations' from
county, $240; Jeanes Fund, $6o; interest on investments, $18; other sources, $181.
The noneducational receipts wyre from the boarding department and amounted to $16o.
Items of expenditure: salaries, $2,046; boarding department expenses, $681;
$547; repairs to buildings, $443; stationery, administration, A.nd traveling expenses, $415; insurance and interest, $80.
J
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness, $4,638 was notes payable secured by mortgage
on part of the land, k ,2 2 2 was sums due tradesmen, and $650 was amount due the principal and others.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $8,755. The land comprises 122 acres near the
town limits. A portion of t land is c4tivated as the school farm.
Buildings: Estimated
lue, $16,200. The main building is a three-story brick
structure used for.gias' drirmitory, domestic science, and administration purposes. A
large three-story frame building is used for classroorhs and boys' dormitory. There are
two sina.1.1 cottages used for teachers' and farm instructor's homes. Barns and farm
sheds are valued at $2oo. The frame building is badly in need of repair and is t
be
replaced by a new building.
.
Movable equipment; Estimated value, $5,3oo. Of this about $2,690 was in dm--
mitory furniture, $2,200 in farm equipment and live stock, and $5od in classroom
furniture.
Recommendations. t. That the trustees endeavor to have the county aid in the
support and management of 'his institution so that it may become the county teacher training school.
2. That provision be made for teacher-training and manual work in wood.
3. That theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
I See recommendations In summary diapter, p. se.
4
210
NEGRO EDUCATION.
4. -That the books be audited annually by an accredited accountant.
Dates of visits: November, 1914;2anuary, 1915; Janufry, 1916.
ALBANY NORMAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Pierce M. Thompson.'
An elementary school with small high school attendance.
The classroom work is
well done.
The institution was founded in 1870 by Rev. E. M. Cravath. It is owned and supervised by the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church.
Attendance. Total, 195; elementary 165, secondary 3o. Of the secondary pupils
20 were girls and to boys; 6 were boarders.
Teachers.Total, to; all colored; male 2, female 8. The reported enrollment for
the year was 281.
Organization. The eight elementary grades are well taught. The secondary subjects include Latin, 4 years; English, 4; mathematics, 3; elementary science, 2; and
history, 2. Some time is also given to music.
Industrial: The industrial training is limited to instruction in sewing for girls from
the fifth grade through the second year of the high-school course.
Financial, 1942I3.A simple system of bookkeeping has recently been installed.
The financial management is controlled by the American Missionary Association. The
more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$4, 923
923
11, 700
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $3,252; tuitior. and fees,
$1,545; other sources, $126. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding
department and amounted to $556.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,613; supplies for boarding department, $1,248;
equipment, $730; light and heat, $296; student aid and labor, $284; academic supplies,
$95; repairs, $74; other expenses, $139.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $2,000. The land comprises a 2-acres lot within
the town limits.
Buildings: Estimated value, $8,000. There are two frahie buildings. The main
building is three stories high and contains an assembly room and 14 classrooms. The
other building contains 18 rooms and is used for teachers' home, dining mom, and
kitchen. The buildings are well constructed and in fairly good repair.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $1,700. The movable equipment consists
of patent desks and other furniture for classrooms and furniture for teachers' home and
dormitories.
Recommendations. -1. That the school strengthen its industrial features and add
teacher-training to its secondary course.
a. That the American Missionary Association endeavor to have the public-school
authorities provide for the elementary grades so that this institution may center on
secondary courses.
Date of visits: October, 1913; January, r914. Facts-verified, 1916.
I Elected since date ci .
GEORGIA.
211
FLOYD COUNTY.
white.
26, 248
Population, nuo
Children 6 to x4 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in the public schools, 1911-12.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
,,
Nero.
20, 482
5, 493
2,353
$47, 462
$8. 64
$5, 619
&7
29
$2.38
The rural population is 67.! per cent of the total. The average lenth of the public
school term is five months for both white and colored pupils. The number of teachers is
123 in white schools and 37 in colored schools. The average attendance is 3,667 white
pupils and
colord pupils.
These 'statistics
statistics indicate a need for increased school facilities. In the city of Rome,
however, a fairly good public school is maintained,. This school
some secondary
seconda
and industrial work. The Baptist school should be developed as
as a central institution
where pupils from the surrounding rural districts may board and supplement the training
received in the public schools.
ROME.
ROME HIGH AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: J. H. Gadson.
A day school of elementary and secondary grade, giving some industrial training.
Though the support is meager, the teaching is fairly good.
The school was founded in 1881 and is owned and controlled by two local Baptist
associations.
.4 itendance.Total, 79; elementary 61, secondary 18.
Teachers and workers.Total, 6; all colored; male 3, female 3.
Organization.Eleven grades are claimed, but no pupils are enrolled in the eleventh.
Fairly good instruction in cooking and sewing is provided. The manual training in
wood and iron is of slight value.
Financial, 103-..14.--The income amounted th approximately $2,600, of which
$2,330 was fro the Baptist Asgociations and contributions, and $270 from tuition.
PlantEstimated value, $2,500. The plant consists of 5 acres of land, four small'
frame buildings, and some classroom and dormitory equipment. Effort is being made
to purchase a farm of 26 acres. The buildings are simple but in fairly good condition.
Recommendations.-1. That the school continue as a local school only so long as
the public school facilities are inadequate.
2. That provision be made for teacher training and gardening adct the industrial
work strengthened.'
Date of visit: February, 1915.
19a reoasemeedations in summary cisapter, D. .s.
ss
212
NEGRO EDUCATION.
FULTON COUNTY.
.0
There are no private schools for Negroes in Fulton County except those in Atlanta.
ATLANTA.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 24 in city.......
Percentage illiterate, 19zo
............... ..
White.
102, 86x
26, 086
Nero.
51,902
$385, 913
$33. 99
2. 2
$38, 331
Sg. 81
8, 022
20.9
The 11 public schools for Negroes in Atlanta have 81 rooms and 91 teachers.
These
schools have seating capacity for only half the Negro children between the ages of 6
and 14. Even with double sessions held in over a third of the rooms, only 6,000 Negro
children of all ages are enrolled. This number is three-fourths of the number of children
between the ages of 6 and 14. The number of pupils per teacher is 65. Some of the
buildings are dangerously insanitary. No public high school is provided for Negroes.
The inadequacy of the Atlanta public schools for Negroes largely explains the
presence of the numerous private elementary schools, and the geographic importance of
Atlanta accounts for the location of the six large private schools in the city. The statistics of the private schools are as follows:
Total private schools
Large schools
Smaller schools
Number of Attendschool.
ante
Income.
17
7
3,371
2,348
$175, 074
162,217
10
1, 023
12, 857
Value of
property.
$2, 023, 822
1, 972, 422.
51, eoo
The denominations supporting the large institutions have selected Atlanta as the
center of their educational efforts not only for Georgia but also for sections of neighboring States. While their aim is to offer secondary and college courses to students from
any part of the country, over a third of the pupils in the higher classes come from Atlanta
If the elementary grades are included, fully half the pupils are from the city. In view of
the lack of public provision for both teacher training and secondary education in
Atlanta, these higher schools are rendering the city a valuable educational setvice.
There can be but little doubt that the educational needs of Atlanta alone are large
enough to justify the elementary and secondary activities of the large schools. The
important question is not as to the need for their present work, but -Whether the efficiency
of this work is as high as it might be. Is there a cooperation in their efforts? Are
they making the best possible use of their equipment ? Are they adapting their eduCation to the needs of their pupils? The most striking illustration of the failure to
cooperate is the effort of four of these schools to maintain college departments, with an
attendance of 49, 44, 32, and ro, respectively. SpelmaSerninary is the only school
to depend on another institution for the collegiate training of its pupils. While some
effort to cooperate has been made, little has been accomplished. In the use of equipment the schools are much limited by the lack of funds. Cooperation in this respect,
however, would increase their efficiency materially. The adaptation of the educational
efforts of these schools to the needs of their pupils should be determined by their double
responsibility to the urban life of the Atlanta pupils, on the one hand, and to the rural
GEORGIA.
213
conditions of the pupils from other parts of Georgia on the other hand. With all thc
uncultivated land owned by these schools, it is reasonable to expect them to make some
provision for the training of workers who will be prepared to meet the problems of a
population 81 per cent rural.
The zo small schools are justified only to the extent that they provide school accommodations for the large overflow of elementary pupils from the public schools. Six of
the small schools are adjuncts of churches. Two are one-teacher schools supported
entirely by pupils' fees. Two are maintained for the financial benefit of their principals,
on the plea that they are giving industrial and normal training. With the development of an adequate elementary school system, the need for these schools would disappear. A description of each of these schools is given in its ownership group at the
end of the State discussion. They are listed in the summaries of small Baptist schools,
Catholic parish schools, small Episcopal schools, small independent schools, and miscellaneous small schools.
ATLANTA UNIVERSITY.
President:, Edward T. Ware.'
A teacher-training school of secondary and college grade. In spirit and aim it
resembles the old-fashioned small college, but departs from this type in the recognition
of recent movements in social studies and manual training. The institution has had
large influence on the educational development of the colored people.
The school was founded in 1867 and for many years was under the supervision of
the American Missionary Association. It is now owned and supervised by an independent board of trustees, well known for their ability and character.
Attendance. Total, 586; elementary 182, secondary 36o, college 44. Of the pupils
above the elementary grades 13o were male and 274 female. Of those reporting home
address 232 were from Atlanta, 1 r r from other parts of Georgia, and 56 from other
States. There were 167 boarders and 26 from farm homes.
Teachers and workers.Total, 33; white 29, colored 4; male 9, female 24; academic
19, music 2, industrial 4, administrative workers 5, matrons 2, and librarian. The close
supervision which these teachers have exercised over the school work has developed
thoroughness in the classroom and high standards of character in the pupils.
Organization. ementary: The kindergarten and the eight elementary grades
are well taught.
ost of the work is done by practice teachers of the normal course.
Secondary:
e secondary work is divided into two groups, college preparatory,
with 119 pupils, and teacher training, with 241 pupils. All secondary pupils are required
to take cooking and sewing or manual training.
The college preparatory course covers four years. Latin is elective throughout.
Civics, economics, and elementary science may be substituted.' The other sqhjects are:
English, 3 years; history, 1; mathematics, 3; Greek or English, 1. The seledtion of subjects indicates a regard for the needs of the pupils and a commendab e
om from
the despotism of ancient languages.
The 241 normal pupils were doing five years of work, the first three years being known
as the "normal preparatory" course and the other two years as the "normal" course.
White.
214
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The preparatory normal subjects are practically identical with those of the first th ce
years of a college preparatory course. The two years' normal course includes review of
elementary subjects, methods of teaching, observation, practice teaching, psychology,
and the usual pedagogical subjects. Recently a fourth year has been added to the
normal preparatory course, making prokision for physics, mathematics, English, and
history.
College: The 44 college students have choice of two courses: (r) Classics and
philosophy; (2) science and mathematics. The subjects required of all, with the number of years given to each, are: Mathematics, 2; history, I ; economics and civics, 1%;
sociology, r; Bible, i ; philosophy and ethics, 1. In addition to these the classics
course includes ancient language, 2 or 3 years; science, r or 2 years; modern language,
2 or 3 years. The science course adds science, 2 years, and modern language, 2 years.
The maintenance of these courses for the small college enrollment is a heavy drain on
the energy needed in the teacher-training work of the institution.
The Atlanta University Conference for the Study of the Negro Problems: The 19
annual sessions of the Atlanta Conference have been chiefly concerned with the compilation of data on the condition and progress of the American Negro. Careful students of
the race problem make large use of the Atlanta Conference reports.
Free Kindergarten Association: The kindergarten association, composed of colored
women of Atlanta, grew out of the mothers' meeting of the conference. Five free kindergartens are supported for destitute colored children. The teachers of the university
supervise these mission kindergartens and use them as practice schools for their pupils.
Financial, 1912-13.The financial records are carefully kept, but the system is
inadequate. The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducaonal receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of property
$44, 794
50, 874
37, 354
403, 998
Sources of income: General donations, $30,481; tuition and fees, $6,858; endowment, $4,252; Slater Fund, $3,000; other sources, $203. The nonedggational receipts
amounted to $19,709, of which $16,245 was from the boarding department, $3,038 from
the printing office and shops, and $426 from the dairy.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $26,317; supplies for boarding department, $10,481;
equipment and materials, $5,572; outside labor, $5,449; repairs, $5,281; power, light,
and heat, $5,017; student labor, $2,012;' advertising and soliciting, $1,369; interest,
$1,451; taxes, $1,309; other expenses, $5,825.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness, 149,844 was for current expenses; $8,000 was
in the form of mortgages; $9,510 in other general liabilities.
School property: Of the property $299,816 was'in the plant and $103,182 in endowment.
Pia/itLand: Estimated value, f107,166. The school site consists of 6o acres of
land located within the city limits, in the western part of Atlanta. The canvas comprises about one-fourth of this area. It is well sodded, has cement ana gravel walks,
and is shaded by a number of trees. The remaining land is but slightly used. A small
GEORGIA.
215
garden area is cultivated, but most of this land furnishes pasture for a small dairy herd
maintained on a commercial basis.
Buildings: Estimated value, $158,450. There are eight brick buildings and a large
barn. Stone Hall, value $40,000, contains classrOoms, administrative Aces, and lecture hall. North and South Halls are dormitories, value $33,25ce and $32,475, rpectively. Other buildings include the library, value $22,000; Oglethorpe Practice School,
$14,600; Knowles Industrial Building, $7,500; Furber Cottage, the domestic-science
building, $7,500; barn, $1,125. The larger buildings, erected over 3o years ago, are
now in need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $34,200. Furniture, $4,20o; scientific appa-,
ratus, $15,000; shop equipment, $6,000; farm equipment and live stock, $1,000; books
in library, $7,000; miscellaneous, $1,000.
Recommendations. r. That ,the training of teachers for city and country be made
the central work of this institution.
2. That the neighborhood contact now represented by the Conference and the Free
Kindergarten Association be ensezaged
3. That the plan to strengthen the manual-training department receive financial
support, so that the good work of teacher training in this subject may be increased.
4. That the garden, hennery, dairy herd, and as much as possible of the extensive
acreage of unused land be made to contribute to the preparation of teachers for rural
districts.'
5. That the college instruction be carried on in cooperation with other schools, thus
avoiding the duplication of college courses for small classes.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; January, 1914; February, 1915.
CLARK UNIVERSITY.'
President : Harry A. Kitig.3
A school of secondary grade with a few students in college studies and a large
enrollment of elementary pupils. Thayer Home for girls is maintained in connection
with the institution.
The institution was founded in 1870 by the Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, and is owned and managed by that society. The work is at present
undergoing reorganization.
Total, 304: elementary 128, secondary 144, college 32, male r ro, Female
Of those reporting home address, 117 were from Atlanta, 57 from other places in
Georgia, and 49 from other States. There were about roo boarders and 23 from farm
homes.
Teachers and workers. 'fbtal, 17; male 8, female 9; white 5, colored I 2 ; grades
4, academic 12, agriculture 1.
Organization.The organization reflects the uncertainty of policy resulting from the
frequent changes of administrative officers. The course of study is largely a copy of
Attendance.
194.
See recommendations to sununary chapter. p. a..
Clark University, Thayer Home, and Gammon Seminary are owned and managed by different ;wards of the Methodist
Episcopal Church. The Institutions occupy a beautifully wooded area of land overlooking the city of Atlanta.
Whitt; appointed dace date of ell&
4=11111---___
/
216
NEGRO EDUCATION.
the one prepared by the Freedmen's Aid Society. No educational use is made of the
400 acres of fertile liind belonging to the school.
Elementary: The elementary work covers the four upper grades.
Secondary: There are two secondary coursesthe "college preparatory", with 40
pupils enrolled at the time of visit, and the "normal ", with 104 pupils. The college
preparatory course includes Latin, 2 j years; mathematics, 4; English, 3; science, 334;
history, 2; agriculture, 1. In the normal course agriculture is omitted, less time is
given to languages and science, and psycholr7y, methods, physiology, and manual
training are added.
College: The college course consists of science,
years; English, .2; mathematics,
*4; psychology, 1; Bible, i ; civics, 1, and sociology, 1. The number of teachers
employed is insufficient to handle even this liinited course. With a few exceptions
the teachers have not the educational preparation for instruction in college grades.
Financial, 1912-13.The bookkeeping system was inadequate and most of the
financial items are estimates. As far as could be determined the chief items were as
follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of school property
$16, 714
15.559
339, ]00
Income: Freedmen's Aid Society, $9,300; tuition and fees, $3,494; general donations, $800; other sources, $3,120. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to $3,093.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $8,297; supplies and sundry expenses, $2,o19; supplies for boarding department, $1,941 ; labor, $1,736; repairs, $1,432; power, light, and
L-at, Si ,43o; taxes, $1,200; other expenses, $597
School property: Of the property $102,5oo was in the plant, $225,00o in farm land,
comprising 42o acres, which is rented out, and $1,7oo in endowment.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $25,000.
used for school purposes.
About 25 acres of the land owned is
The school receives but little income from the larger portion
of this land. The campus is a magnificent grove, but very little attention has been
given to the improvement of its natural beauty.
Buildings: Estimated value, $74,000. Three of the buildings sire large brick
structures. The main building, three stories high, is used for recitations, library, offices,
and boys' dormitory. A four-story brick building contains the dining hall and dormitory..
accommodations for about too girls. The science building, two stories high, is used for
teaching chemistry and physics and as a lecture hall. There are also two small einestory brick structures. One of these is used for the blacksmith shop. The other was
built and equipped for a creamery, but is not now in use. In addition to these there are
the president's house and four frame cottages used for teachers' residences.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,500; furniture, $3,000; farm equip-
ment, $300; library books, $2oo. The scientific apparatus and shop equipment are
'negligible.
Recommendations.-1. That in view of the important geographical position of
Clark University, its large physical equipment, its proximity to Gammon with its large
endowment and to Thayer Home with its efficient management, the Freedmen's Board
EORGIA.
zn
continue its effort to reorganizit the lichool as to its administration, teachers, and
equipment.
2. That close cooperation be developed between Clark, Gammon so that the
workers and equipment may be mutually helpful.
3. That such useful subjectsas physiology, psycholog_ -. and agriculture bet included
in the college preparatory courselas well as in the normal' cutirse.
4. That the extensive askealie of land and the dairy equriment he used to prepare
teachers and waiters for a Ns'gro'population 81 per cent rural.
Dates of visits: October, '01'3; January, 1914; February, 1915.
THAYER HOME OF CLARE UNIVERSITY.
Su pe rin t ende
iss Flora Mitchell.'
A home schpol .for girls mait4ained And managed by the Woman's Home Mit
sionary Society of the 'Methodist gi?iscopal Church, It is well managed and effective.
The work is a pail. of the educational activities of Clark University.
Attendance.--Total, 194; board , 41.
Teachers and' workers . Tcptal, 7; tall women; white 5, colored 2. All of the workers
are well trained and devoted to their work.
Organization.The girls boarding in the home receive training in household care
and attend classes at Clark University. Instruction in cooking and sewing is also provided for the girls in Clark University. The course in sewing begins in the lower grades
and covers eight years, with two lessons per week; each lesson is 45 minutes. Dressmaking "has grown to be an independent department. It not only teaches its students
to make their own dresses, but sends them forth equipped with a trade. It has a fouryear course, the hours being front 9 a. tn. to 4 p. in four days in each week." Cooking
"begins in the college preparatory and normal classes and covers a course of four years,
each class having two lessons a week." The kindergarten has been in operation seven
years. The aim of the department is to furnish training
for the children and also a
course of practical instruction for the benefit of young women who 'expect to become
teaCriers.
Financial, 19'13- 14. An annual appropriation of about $4,000 from the Woman's
Home Missionary Society is pfactically all the support the school receives. All of this
is used for salaries and runniq expenses.
Plant. Estimated value, $13,500. The plant consists of 5 acres of land, a 'neat
two-story frame building and good domestic science equipment. The building is clean
and the entire plant is well kept.
RecnnInend,ation:i . 1. That this work be encouraged in every way possible.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; January, 1914; February, 1915.
GAM/ AN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.
President: P. M. Waiters.'
An institution with a large endowment devoted entirely to the training of ministers
and with equipment and teaching force capable of standard theological work. Its
management is progressive but handicapped by small attendance. "It cordially wel..
218
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Comes ministers and candidates of all evangelical denominations." Ample provision
is being made for boarding pupils.
The institution was founded in 1882 through the efforts of Bishop W. P. Thirkield
and the liberal endowment given by Mr. Gammon. It is now under.the control of the
F,reedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church and a self-perpetuating
board of trustees.
Attendance. Total, 78; male 75, female 3. There is much diversity, among the
students in scholastic preparation; I I have had college education.
Teachers. Total, 6; all male; white 4, colored 2 All the teachers are well tfained.
Organization. " It is the aim of the seminary to furnish a theological training which
shall be most vitally related to the present-day demands of the Christian ministry, and
which shall be the outgrowth of a thorough acquaintance with the English Bible." Two
courses are offered. The "diploma course" requires a good English educat',,n for entrance
and three years of study for graduation. The " degree course " requires the degree of A. B.
for entrance, and three years of study, including two years of Greek, for graduation.
Hebrew is elective. 4'he curriculum provides courses in ethics, missions, sociology, and
social service. No provision is made for the study of rural problems.
Extension work : The purpose of the Stewart Missionary Foundation, with an endow-
ment of $115,00o, is to interest colored churches and schools in the African missions.
This foundation has its headquarters at Gammon and maintains a representative there,
who gives limited time to classroom instruction. Most of his time is spent in organizing
mission groups in the large colored schools of the country and in the publication of articles
concerning African missions:
Financial, 'or 1 3.As far as could be determined the more important financial
14
items were:
Income
Expenditures..
Value/1% property.
$27,000
18, 141
530, 000
Source of income: Endowment fund, $27,000. The income from the endowment is
more than adequate to support the school. The unused balance is added to the endowment fund.
Items of expenditures: Salaries, $12,000; water, light, and heat, $1,216; labor,
$1,036; repairs, $1,o47; supplies and material, $9c8; traveling ,expenses, $508; books,
$404; equipment, $357; student labor, $336; printing catalogue, $303; other expenses,
$69.
School property: Of the property $42o,000 was in endowment and $t o,000 in he
plant.
Plant. band: Estimated value, $17,000. The campus comprises 17 acres and is
beautifully wooded and well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $83,500. Gammon Hall, a large four-story brick building, contains offices, chapel, recitation rooms, and dormitory. The library building is of
brick and stone construction; the dimaysions are 68 by 48 feet. The main floor is used
for the library; the basement contains the workroom. A handsome brick dining hall
has been built recently. Other buildings are a two-story frame cottage used for the president's home and 4 small houses for married students.
GEORGIA.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $9,500.
lo4,500.
.219
Furniturts.$5,000; library books,
Recommendations. -1. That the trusteestecognize the importance of
continuity in the
.administration of the seminary.
2. That the course in social conditions include rural economics, with
the theory anti
practice of gardening.'
3. That short Courses in religion, sanitation, and urban and rural conditions
be provided for ministers of limited training.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; January, 1914; Pcbruay and
May, 1915.
MOREHOUSE COLLEGE.
President John Hope.
ia
A young men's school of secondary and college grade, with
classes in theology and an
elementary del artment. It is the leading Baptist school
of Georgia and holds high rank
among the schools of the South.
Under different names and on variousSites it traces its historyto the year 1867. It
was organized on its present site in 189o. In 19i3 the name w changed
from Atlanta
Baptist College to its present title as a tribute to Dr. H. L.
rehouse. The institution
Is r'wned by the American Baptist Home Mission Society.
A self-perpetuating board of
trustees acts in an.advisory capacity.
.
Attendance. Total, 277; elementary I to, secondary 1 i ;
college:- not including
Spelman students, 38; ministerial, 18. Of the higher pupils
3r were from Atlanta, 64
1
from farm homes.
Teachers and workers.Total, 19; male 14, female 5; white
2, colored 17; grades
2, academic 1 t, religion 2, music I , gardening 1, matron
1, medical adviser, 1. The
teachers are devoted to the welfare of their pupils and command
the confidence of the
student body. The result is an enthusiasm and
unanimity of spirit that are favorable to
good work.
Organization. Elementary: The grades are well taught; two periods a week of
manual training are provided in each class.
. Secondary: The seconda
rades are "intended primarily to prepare men for college." The course includes: Eng is , '
years, Latin, 4; Greek, 1; mathematics, 2X;
botany and physical geography, 1; his
, 1; civics,
2;ohysiology, X. There are
also short courses in music, Bible, and manual tr
1g. This preparatory course is
required of all students. There are no elective courses.
College: All pupils entering -the college are required to complete
the foreign languages of the secondary course. The courses and the number
of
pupils
in each were:
English, 28; Latin, 22; German, 17; Bible, 15;
chemistry,
14;
mathematics,
13;
ethics and sociology, 11; Greek, to; history, 9; physics, 8; geoligy,
and
education,
4;
Greek and Latin training course, 4; church history,
1; and philosophy, z.
Ministerial: There were 2 teachers and 18 students in the ministerial
department.
Owing to theiimited preparation of the majority of the students
and the great demand
.
See reareunendations In summary chapter. p.
48027° Bull. 39-17-15
NEGRO EDUCATION.
220
for colored ministers of even slight training, the simple theological courses offered serve
a useful end.
Neighborhood union: The "Neighp6rhood union is an organization of the colored
women of Atlanta, started in 1908 by Mrs. John lope, wife of the president, "for moral
and social uplift of the communities in which the organization and its branches may be
established." The union has made liberal use of the Morehouse equipment. It is now
such kit-important factor in the philanthropic work of Atlanta as to attract the cooperation of many organizations.
Financial, 1912-13.The system of accounts is good and the business management
economical. The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts..
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts..
Value of school property
$17,0o
.
...
18,050
182, 139
Sources of income: American Baptist Home Mission Society, $12,465; tuition and
fees, $2,860; general donations, $1,185; endowments, $i,o5o. The noneducational
receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to i$7,513.
' Items of expenditures: Salaries, $11,728; supplies for boarding department, $6,373;
equipment and furniture, $1,405; labor, $1,349; repairs, $1,254; materials in literary
departments, $1,028; power, light, and heat, $580; advertising, $73; other expenses,
$1,791.
School property: Of the property, $155,200 was in the plant, $21,800 in endowment,
and $5,139 in cash and supplies on hand.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $34,8o0. The school grounds and campus comprise 13 acres of land near the western city limits. The grounds are neatly kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $102,000. There are four well-constructed brick builf
ings. Graves Hall, valued at $28,000, contains dormitories and dining room. Quarles
Hall, valued at $14,000, contains classrooms, laboratory, and lecture room. Sales Hall,
valued at $4o,000, contains shops, gymnasium, and baths in the basemen\ and classrooms, offices, library, and a chapel with a seating capacity 9i,7oo on the upper floors.
The president's house is a neat two-stoty brick structure, designed to harmonize with
the other buildings. A two-story frame building contains the printing office and laundry. There is also a barn on the grounds.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $18,400. Of this, $15,000 was in scientific
apparatus and furniture; $3,000 in books in library; and $400 in live stock and farm
implements.
Recommendations. -1. That the training of men to be ministers and teachers for a
people 81 per cent rural be the first object of the school.
2. That the courses of study be strengthened by the addition of work in the physical
sciences and the practical arts that relate.to the economic welfare and sanitation of the
pupils' home communities.
3. That. college instruction be carried on in cooperation with other schools, thus
avoiding the duplication of college courses for small classes.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; January, 1914; February; 1915.
GEORGIA.
MORRIS BROWN UNIVERSITY.
President: W. A. Fountain.
A school of secondary grade with a large elementary
enrollment and several additional departments whose existence is more nominal than real.
The institution was founded in 1881 as Morris Brown
College, opened in 1885 by
the Georgia conference, and rechartered as a university in
1906. It is owned, maintained,
and managed by the African Methodist Episcopal Church of Georgia.
Its board of
trustees is an unwieldy body of over too members, elected annually
by the conference.
The large membership is explained by the fact that each
member is assessed to support
the school.
Attendance.Total, 508; elementary
235, secondary 177, nurse training 30, ministerial 53, commercial 3, college subjects to.
There were 186 boarders. Over half the
pupils are from the city of
Atlanta, and a tenth are from States other than Georgia.
Teachers and workers. Total, 29; male 16, female 13, all
colored; grad's 6,
academic 8, miscellaneous 15. Most of the teachers
were trained at Morris Brown.
Organization.An elaborate organization is claimed, involving
r r separate courses.
Only the elementary and secondary work is ar all effective,
however. The other derart-
tnents, with scant attendance and inadequate teaching force
and equipment, are those
of theology, college, science, commerce, music,
nurse
training,
domestic scieme, and,
industrial training. Domestic science is fairly well
taught.
Elementary: The elementary work is done in seven grades
class.
and a so-called subnormal
Secondary: The secondary pupils are in two
groups, college preparatory with 21
pupils and normal with 156. The college preparatory
course includes: Latin, 4 years;
Greek, 3; mathematics, 3; English, 2; physics,
1;
physical
music, r, and history, 1. The normal course includes geography, t ; literature, 1;
matics, 1 year less of Latin and Greek, and adds botany, the same amount of mathetraining, the latter consisting of one course in school chemistry, logic, and tether
is made for such useful subjects as physiology, civics, management. Little provision
and social studies. Quality and
thoroughnesS seem to have been sacrificed to au elaborate curriculum.
Financial, 1912-13.The financial
management of the school is unsatisfactory.
The president has charge of the board and tuition money.
Practically no records are
kept for the boarding department. The other funds
are
managed
the Morris Brown Educational System of the African Methodist by the treasurer of
Episcopal Church,
which includes two other schools besides Morris Brown.
The treasurer lives at Macon,
Ga. As far as could be determined
from the report of the treasurer the more important
financial items were as follows:
1110
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of school property
$12, 583
12, 583
18, 000
'so, coo
Sources of income: Of the total income reported, $7,863
was raised by the various
church conferences throughout the State; $2,904
was
from
tuition
and fees; $84
e097was
rent from farm land; $747 was from trustees' dues; and $15o
from a special bequ .
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $11,218. Other expenses, $1,335.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
222
Indebtedness: Mortgage on part of school property, $18,000.
Much of this, is
due for land purchased recently.
School property: Value of plant, $125,000; land near Macon, Ga., purchased for
the future location of the school, $25,000. There are 623 acres in the tract, some of
which is rented out.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $20,000. The school grounds comprise nearly 5
acres on an elevation of commanding view in a desirable residential section of the'city.
Buildings: Estimated value, $ioo,oco. The main building is a large three-story
brick, structure, valued at about $70,000, used for girls' dormitory and all school
activities. The boys' dormitory is a four-story brick building with basement, valia
about $3o,000. The exterior presented a neat appearance. The classrooms and domitories seemed to lack supervision.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,000, practically all of which consists of
dormitory and classroom furniture. There is no shop equipment and the scientific
apparatus is negligible.
Recommendations.-1. That the double financial system be abolished,
2. That the trustees appoint a resident treasurer, who, with the president, shall
,keet) the financial records in accordance with a system installed by an accredited accountant.
3. That the books be atilited annually by an accredited accountant, who shall
report to the board of trustees.
4. That the present unwieldy board of trustees intrust the immediate. management
of its duties to a small and responsible executive committee.
5. That the school organization be simplified and the energy of the institution be
centered upon two or three departments.
6. That the trustees be encouraged uccarry out their plan to transfer the institution
to Macon, Ga., where the school can enlarge its industrial department and the higher
courses will not be duplicated by other institutions.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; January, 1914; February, 1915.
SPELMAN SEMINARY.
President: Miss Lucy H.-Tapley.'
A girls' school of secondary grade with a large elenntary enrollment. Its main
work is the training of teachers. College students have accesssto the classes at Morehouse College. A limited amount of thorough industrial work is done. The school
maintains a hospital for the trair.ing of nurses. Spelman is one of the most thorough
schools for colored people in the South.
The school Was founded in 1881 and is owned by an independent board of trustees
and the American Baptist Home Mission Society. It receives appropriations from the
General EducaO`on Board, the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society, and
the Slater Fund.
Attendafte.Total, 595; elementary 330, secondary 195, college it, special students
in nursiug'and dressmaking, 59; boarders, 382. Of the pupils reporting home address,
72 were from Atlanta, 77 from other places in Georgia, and 83 from other States. The
reportedlhirollment for the year was 631.
GEORGIA.
223
Teachers and workers.Total, 51 ; male
female 5o; white 48, colored 3; grade
and critic teachers lo, academi 7, industrial 3, music 4, commercial 2, nurses 2,
administrative workers 7, matrls 6. In add}ion there are visiting physicians in
the nurse-training department. The teachers were trained in northern colleges and
normal schools. Their thoroughness is reflected in the work and character of the pupils.
Organization.Xlementary: Elementary work is done in the normal practice
school of eight grades.
Secondary: The pupils are in three groups. The English normal course, with an
attendance of 144, consists of one year of review of elementary subjects and methods
of teaching them, followed by three years of secondary work with special reference to
preparation for teaching. The English-Latin course, with 28 pupils, is composed of the
usual high-school subjects with liberal time for the study of the Bible. ""ding the
high-school course there is instruction in vocal music, physical culture, drawing, sewing,
cooking, and temperance." The teachers' professional department, 23 students, is
for graduates of high schools who desire special preparation for teaching in elementary
schools. The course covers three years and includes both matter and method in elementary school branches.
College: Arrangement has been made whereby pupils desiring college work attend
Morehouse College. In return Spelman Seminary maintains
a full-time instructor at
that institution.
Nurse training: The nurse-t ning department, 18 in attendance, has a new, fully
equipped hospital of 31 beds.
ee years of service are required for graduation.
Industrial: The industrial courses include codking, sewing, basketry, bench work,
'laundering, agriculture, printing, dressmaking, and millinery. All but printing, millinery, and dressmaking, which are elective, have short-time allotments in certain classes.
Plain sewing is required in all classes from the second grade through the elementary
department and one year in the high school. Dressmaking is elective to those who have
finished plain sewing. Cooking is a three-year course with
one period each week. Only
dressmaking can be taken without some literary work. There were 41 girls who specialized in dressmaking.
Extension: An industrial teacher is employed to visit the county schools and assist
the teachers in their industrial classes and neighborhood work.
Monthly meetings Att
these teachers are held at the seri-lint-v.
-Financial, 1912-13.The books are carefully kept and audited annually. The
business management is economical. The more important financial items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Ex .nditurc , less noneducational receipts
debtedness
alue of propetry
$39, 566
,
.27,574
.. 4, 716.
36b585
Sources of income: General education board, $15,000; Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society, $8,000; tuition and fees, $6, i 86; Slater Fund, $4,000;
general
donations, $3,625; American Baptist Home Mission Society, $1,50o; endowments,
$1,255. The noneducational receipts amounted
to $38,895, as follows: Boarding department, $30,172; books sold; $3,047; trade school, $1,759; hospital, $2,015; farm, $1,902.
224
NEGRO EDUCATION
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $27,751; material and supplies, $20,101; student
labor, $6,988; power, light, and tfeSt, $5, 617; repairs, $3,049; printing, stationery, and
office expenses, $1,148; care of buildings and grounds, $1,o53; equipment, $760. The
excess of income over expenditure was accounted for as funds held for special purposes,
reserve fund for repairs, and amounts paid on the indebtedness.
School property: Of the property $326,718 was in the plant, $32,868 in endowment,
and $4,981 in cash and supplies on hand.
Indebtedness: Student credit balances, $1,047; accounts payable for equipment
and supplies, $2,000; repairs, $1,669.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $4o,000. The school has a beautiful campus of
20 acres 0
western heights of Atlanta.
Buildings: Estimated value, $25o,00o. The so brick buildings provide ample room
for all departments. Of these, four are three-story buildings and five are two stories.
A one-story building, 5o. by 55 feet, houses the heating plant. Mac Vicar Hospital is a
modern well-equipped building. Rockefeller Hall contains offices, the high-school
department, and a chapel with a seating capacity of 1,000. Morgan, Packard, Morehouse, and Rockefeller halls furnish accommodations for 300 boarding students. The
barn, shop, and superintendent's house are frame structures.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $36,718. Of this $25,828 was in furniture,
$8o8 in scientific apparatus, $1,555 in library books, $1,209 in farm equipment and live
stock, and $7,318 in other equipment.
Recommendations. r. That the liberal support for this good work be continued.
2. That more time be given to the theory and practice of gardening.'
Dates of visits: October, 1913; January, 1914; February, 1915.
GLYNN COUNTY.
Population in 1910
Children 6 to z.t Years of ace. 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools in 1911-12.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county....
Percentage illiterate, 3910
White
5, 939
1, 088
Negro.
9.774
3,041
3,
(')
(')
(I)
(1)
9X
39.3
The rural population is 3.5.2 per cent of the tote. The average length of the public
school tern is 7.7 months for white pupils and 6 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 4o in white schools and 24 in colored schoOls. The average attendance is
838 white pupils and 651 colored pupils. These statistics-indicate an urgent need for
increased school facilities in the rural districts. The schools of Glynn County and the city
of Brunswick are administered as a unit. The expenditure for teachers' salaries could
not be obtained either by correspondence with the State department of education of
Brunswick or with the county superintendent.
Though good work is done in the Brunswick public schools, the accommodations
for colored pupils are insufficient. The St. Athanasius parochial school enrolls a large
number of elementary and secondary pupils. It should center its efforts on secondary and industrial work for the city. The Selden Normal School, which has recently
moved to the suburbs, shouldbe developed as a central training institution where pupils
may board and supplement the training received i>i the rural schools.
Sta recommessclatims in summary chapter, p. 33.
I, See footnote on 0..nts.
GEORGIA.
225
B RUNSWICK.'
SELDEN NORMAL SCHOOL
Principal: H. A. Bleach
A school of elementary and secondary grade. It was founded in 1903 and is owned
by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen. The school has an independent
board of trustees. It is supported in part by the Presbyterian
Board and until recently
. received small appropriations from the American 'Missionary Association of the Congregational Church.
Attendance. Total, 130; elementary 90, secondary 40. There were 3o pupils
boarding at the school.
Teachers.Total, 9; all colored; male 3, female 6.
Organization. Elementary: Pupils are admitted as low as the fourth grade. The
elementary classes are fairly well taught.
Secondary: The three-year secondary course includes Latin, English, mathematics,
agriculture, physiology, history, elementary science, psychology, and industrial work.
Industrial: Instruction in sewing and cooking is provided-for all the girls. The
industrial work for boys consists of farm labor.
Financial, 29/4-15.The books and records are kept in accordance *with the
requirements of the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen.
items for the year were:
The more important
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$3, 920
3.913
15,544
Sources of income: Board of Missions, $3,o 3 ; tuition and fees, $486; donations,
$277; rallies and entertainments $107; other sources, $37. The noneducational
receipts amounted to $3,353, of which $3,096 was from the boarding department and
$257 from the farm.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department,, $3,773; salaries, $2,431;
fuel and other supplies, $491; outside labor, $200; furniture, .$154; books, stationery,
and postage, Sim ; music department expenses, $95; repairs, $15; taxes, $6.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $5,000. The school land comprises 57 acres near
the town. A part of the land is used for farm purposes.
Buildings: Estimated value, $to,000. There are three buildings on the grounds.
They are in good repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $544. -The equipment consists chiefly of
classroom and dormitory furniture.
Recommenclatit.m.That the school make ample provision for teacher training and
the theory and practice of gardening.'
Dates of visits: December, 1913; January, 1916.
ST. ATHANASIUS PAROCHIAL SCHOQL
Principal: W. A. Perry.
A good elementary day school with a few secondary pupils.
inadequate public-school facilities.
Since date d visit this Math:Mice has been moved to
I See recommendation In summary chapter, Pee.
It supplements the
rural cuousuisity new Brunswick.
226
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The school was founded in 1888 by the American Church Institute for Negroes of
the Protestant Episcopal Church. It is owned by the Episcopal rfocese of Georgia and
partially supported by the American Church Institute.
,
Attendance.Total, 226. There were 15 pupils above the eighth grade.
Teachers.Total, 14; all colored; male 1, female 13.
Organization.The work covers s o grades of regular academic work. In addition
the girls have two hours a week in sewing and the boys above the sixth grade two hours
in shoemaking.
Financial, 1912-13.As far as could be determined the more important items were:
Income
Expenditures .
$3,624
3, 624
valued plant
10, 000
Sources of income: American Church Institute for Negroes, $1,800; Episcopal Board
af Missions, $1,000; tuition and fees, $824.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,200; operating expenses, $424.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $s ,000, The land consists of a large city lot.
Building: Estimated value, $8,50o. The only building is a neat two-story stucco
building containing classrooms. There are no dormitory provisions.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $500. The equipment is limited to a small
amount of classroom furniture.
Recommendations.-1. That the theory and practice of gardening be made part of
the regular course and the industrial course strengthened.'
2. That the secondary course provide for teacher training.
Date of visit : December, r 913. Facts verified, 1916.
.
GREENE COUNTY
Population, 19io
Children 6 to 24 years of age, ioso
Teachers' salaries in public schools in 1922- 12.....
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to i4 in county
Percentage illiterate, igio
.
White
6,875
I, 476
$t3, 0t6
$8.8t
2.8
Nero.
11,636
2.843
'S3.431
$1.2o
47.4
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public school tents is
6 months for white pupils and 5 months for the colored. The number of teachers is 39
in white schools and 37 in colored schools. The average attendance is 8o8 white pupils
and 1,13i colored pupils.
These statistics indicate an urgent need for additional school facilities. The work
of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. As a central training
school where pupils may board and supplement the training received in the rural schools
the Union Point Industrial School merits support.
UNION POINT.
UNION POINT NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Italy I4e Conte.
An elementary school with a few boarding pupils. Through the activity of the
principal, the school is doing much to encourage industry and thrift in the community
and is well thought of by both white and colored people.
I Sec
reannunaidations in ounamary chapter, p. 22.
GEORGIA.
227
The school was founded in 1904 by the principal and is owned and controlled by
the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen.
Attendance.Total, 72; practically all elementary. The attendance increases
after the cotton season.
The reported enrollment for the year was zoo.
Teachers.Total, 5; all colored. The teaching force consists of the principal, his
wife, and three other women, all fairly well trained.
Organization. The classes are well taught.. Instruction in cooking and sewing
is provided for the girls. The boys work for pay on 6 acres of land owned by the
principal.
Financial, I9r2-13.The total income of the school is about $5oo. Of this snm
$366 comes from the Presbyterian Board and the balance from board and tuition. The
full amount is expended in salaries.
Planl.Estimated value, k,000. The plant consists of a two-story frame building,
a quarter of an acre of land, and furniture valued at $3oo.
Extension work.The principal conducts a 6-acre model farm near the school and
raires the best cotton of any farmer in the community. In 1913 he won the prize of
$25 for the best cotton, surpassing both white and colored competitors. -He has also
organized a farmers' union of colored men, which gives $5 prizes annually for the largest
ear of corn, the largest potat'o, and the fattest horse.
Recommendation. -1. That the Presbyterian Board 'us
efforts to have th e
school developed as a county training school.
2. That teacher training, manual training, and gardening be made a part of the
course.'
3. That the financial support be increased to extend the good work of the institution.
Date of visit : October, 1913.
Facts verified, Dm.
HANCOCK COUNTY.
Population. 1910
Children 4 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1011-12
Teachers' salary per child 6 to 14 in county
.
Percentage illiterate, 19to
White.
Negro.
4,917
1,062
$20, 396
14,268
$19. 15
3
3,940
S4, 176
$1.05
34.8
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public school term is 7.7
months for white pupils and 6 months for colored. The number of teachers is 34 in
white schools and 35 in colored schools. The average attendance is 549 white pupils
and 1,401 colored pupils. These statistics indicate the need for additional school
facilities. The work of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened.
The Spajta Agricultural and Industrial School should be developed by the county as a
central training institution.
Ste nicotinism:hake. In summary chapter, p.
228
NEGRO EDUCATION.
SPARTA.
SPA.RTA AGRICULTUP .kL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
Principal: L. S. Ingraham.
A small elementary school owned by the county. It was founded in 1910 by the
principal. In 1914 the building and 5
acres of land were transferred to the county board
of education. The original trustees were all loeal white men of influence.
Attendance. Total, 8o; reported enrollment, 124; boys 57, girls 67.
The course
includes the eight elementary grades, with some provision for instruction in
cooking
and sewing. The boys do some work on the principal's farm adjacentto the school.
Teachers. Total, 4; all colored; male r, female 3.
Financial, 1914-15.Annual reports of the school finances are made by the principal to the county superintendent, who is secretary and treasurer of the school.
According to the report for the year ending May 30, 1915, the more important
items were:
Income
$1, 4.82
Expenditure
Value of plant
1, 482
2,500
Sources of income: County board of education, $500; Slater Fund, $50o; donations,
$414; tuition and fees, $68.
Items of expenditure: Tet.chers' salaries, $830; buildings and repairs, $584; incidentals and supplies, $68.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $2oo. The land comprises 5 acres. A small part
of this is cultivated as a garden.
11
Buildings: Estimated value, $2,000. There are two frame buildings. \ The main
school building is valued at $1,750. The other is a small house used as dining room.
The buildings arc clean and in fairly good repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $300. The equipment consists of simple
furniture for classrooms and a few tools and utensils.
Recommendations.t. That the institution be made a central school for giving
secondary and industrial training to the pupils of the county.
2. That teacher training and the theory and practice of gardening be made part
of the regular course.'
3. That aid for the institution be given untie the direction of the State supervisor
of colored schools.
Dateof visit: November, 1913.
Facts verified, 1916.
HOUSTON COUNTY.
Population, 59to
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910`
Teachers' salaries in public schools in 1911-12.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910, .
White.
Negro.
6,22o
1,244
17,388
4,515
$14, 429
$11. 59
$4, 410
2. 5
40. 5
$0.97
The ruralpopulation is 88.6 per cent of the total. The average length of theopublicschool term is 7 months for white pupils and 5.7 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 48 in white schools and 71 in colored schools. The avorage attendance is
4
See reoxsosendatiota in ountninty chapter, p. st.
4
GEORGIA.
229
1,05o white pupils and 1,588 colored pupils. There is evident need for a considerable
increase in public-school facilities. A Jeanes Fund worker uses the Fort Valley High
and Industrial School as headquarters, supervises the industrial work of the public
schools, and organizes corn and canning clubs. The Fort Valley High and Industrial
School is fairly well equipped to offer agricultural education to the colored pupils of the
State.
FOIE`)'' VALLEY.
FORT VALLEY HIGH AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: B. F. Hunt.
A school of elementary and secondary grade. The instruction in agriculture and
industry is effective, though limited by lack of funds. Extension work is successfully
done in the county.
The school was founded in 1893 and is owned by an independent board of white and
colored trustees. It receives aid and supervision from the American Church Institute F
for Negroes of the Protestant Episcopal Church, the county, and the Slater Fund.
Attendance.Total, 248; elementary 221, secondary 27; male 88, female 16o;
boarders, 96.
Teachers and workers. Total, 15; all colored; male 6, female 9.
In addition a
Jeanes Fund worker,a farm demonstrator, and a Sunday-school worker make their head-
quarters at the school.
Organization.Elementaryt The elementary work covers the first .seven grades,
the "preparatory" year, and the first year of the "normal" course. One or two secondary subjects are given in the first-year normal class A night school is maintained.
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the last three years of the" normal" course.
The subjects constitute a mixture of simple high-school and teacher-training work.
The course includes: English, 3 years; mathematics, r ; physics, 2 ; history, 1; Bible, y4;
psychology, 1; ethics, 1; practice teaching, 1.
Industrial: The boys have woodwork, bricklaying, and plastering, though little
equipment is provided. Every girl learns to sew, cook, and wash, and each is expected
to specialize in one of the subjects, the work 'being related to the dormitory and dining
room of the institution.
Agriculture: Special stress is laid on agriculture. Both boys and girls take the classroom course.
Financial, sar2-13.---The school has an excellent system of accounting, the books
are carefully kept, and the business management is ecomical. The books are audited
annually and a financial report printed. According to the report for 19(2-13 the more
important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant .
913, w
13. 556
406. Soo
Sources of income: General donations, $9,757; tuition and fees, $48; county
appropriation, $600; American Church Institute (Episcopal), $500; John F. Slater
Fund, $5oo; house rents, $127; net proceeds of entertainments, $88; other sources,
$128. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department, industrial
230
NEGRO EDUCATION.
department, and the farm. These receipts are not shown separately, but the cost
figures of several of the departments are included as items of expenditure.
Items of expenditure: The net cost of the several departments, including salaries,
.was as follows: Maintenance of plant, $3,851; publicity, campaign, and extension,
$2,296; academic and domestic science, $2,232 ; administration, $1,268; new equipment,
$1,259; industrial department, $1,184; boarding department and laundry, $621; agriculture department, $594; other expenses, $251. The total annual expenditure for
salaries was $5,837.
.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $3,800. The school owns 35 acres of land, of
which about 10 acres are in the campus and about 20 acres in the farm.
well kept.
The campus is
Buildings: Estimated value, $36,500. The main building is a large three -story
brick structure containing classrooms, office, and girls' dortnitory. The chapel and boys'
dormitory building is also a three-story structure. Several small houses and cottages
are used for shops, residences, and other purposes. The buildings are in good repair
and the rooms clean and well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value,' $6,200. The equipment consists of furniture and fairly-good shop tools and farm implements.
Recommendations . t . That sufficient funds be made available to enable the institution to extend its agricul ral instruction.
2. That effort
rt be ma
develop this institution as a State normal school.
Dates of visits; Octo , 1913; March, 1915. Facts verified, 1915.
LIBERTY COUNTY.
Population, 1910.
'Children 6 70 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools in 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
Negro.
4, 569
1, io6
$9, 964
$9. 99
1. 5
8,355
2,218
13, 504
$, 57
25. 9
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public school term is five
months for both white and colored pupils. The number of teachers is 44 in white
schools and 46 in colored schools. The average attendance is 735 for white pupils and
1,102 for colored pupils.
These statistics indicate urgent need for additional school facilities. The work of
the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Dorchester Academy
serves as a central institution where the training given in the public schools may be supplemented. Though the two Presbyterian schools are only of minor educational value,
they are needed as the only schools in their community. Effort should be made to
strengthen the work and have the county assume control of them as public schools.
DORCHFSTER ACADEMY.
THEBES.
Principal: J. F. De Castro.'
A school of elementary and secondary grade with a boarding department.
classroom work is effective and the management is economical.
I White.
The
GEORGIA.
231
The school was founded in 1871 by the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church and it is owned and supported by that Association.
Attendance.Total, 281; elementary 261, secondary 2o; boarders, 7o. Of the
pupils above the sixth grade, 13 were boys and 43 girls.
year was 300.
The reported enrollment for the
Teachers and workers.Total, 13; white 10, colored 3; male 3, female ro; tegiett:
ers ro, mrons 2; farm manager, 1.
OrganAation.Elementary: The eight elementary grades are well taught.
Secondary: The sibjects included in the secondary course are: English, 4 years;
mathematics, 5; science, 234 ; history and civics, 2X; education, r ; methods,
Industrial: Courses in cooking, sewing, woodwork, and agriculture are provided
for all pupils, including those in the secondary grades. There is also practical work in
gardening.
Financial, 1913-14.The finances are controlled by the American Missionary Association. A simple and effective system of accounts has been installed recently. The
more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditdres, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
85, 789
5, 789
31, 700
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $4,063; donations, $1,047;
tuition and fees, $524; other sources, $155. The noneducational receipts amounted to
$2,405, of which $2,006 was from the boarding department and $399 from farm and shop.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,r 1o; boarding department supplies, $2,188;
student aid and labor, $471; equipment, $274; light and heat, $229; 'repairs, $18o;
;4 academic supplies, $121; other expenses, $621.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $1,000. The land comprises 105 acres about 7
miles from McIntosh, the nearest railroad station. About half of the land is improved
and used for school minims, farm, and garden.
Buildings: Estimated value, $17,000. The buildings are all of frame construction.
They include the school building, principal's home, teachers' home, girls' dormitory,
boys' dormitory, dining room and kitchen, laundry and shop. Most of the buildings
are in fairly good repair. The dormitories are well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $3,700. Most of the equipment is in classroom and dormitory furniture. There is fairly good equipment for sewing, cooking,-woodwork, and simple agriculture.
Kecommendation. That the work ),e encouraged and provision for teacher-training
and theory and .practice of gardening be increased.'
January, 1914.
Datt of
See recommendations In unman chaplet, p. si:
232
NEGRO EDUCATION.
...
MONROE COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age..
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate.
6, 793
1, 470
$23, 478
$15. 97
4- 0
'Nero.
13,656
3, 586
$6,293
$1.75
40.7
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public school term is 8.5
months for white pupils and 6.2 months for colored. The number of teachers is 63 in
white schools and co in oolored schools. The average attendance is 1,17o white pupils
and 1,254 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the serious need for ncreased school facilities. The Forsyth
Normal and Industrial Institute furnishes the
ly facilities for colored children in
the town. Special effort should be made to reorga
the school so that it may serve
as a central institution where pupils of the county may supplement the limited training
received in the public schools.
FORSYTH.
FORSYTH NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: W. N. Hubbard.
An elementary school with i 2 pupils in the ninth grade. It is owned and managed
by the principal. A board of trustees, composed of local business men who do not have
time to supervise the management of the school, acts in an advisory capacity. Title to
the property is vested in the principal.
Attendance. Total, 200. Of these only 12 are above the eighth grade.
Varying
statements of the enrollment have been given. An enrollment of 50o was reported in
191 1; in 1912 -13 the number reported to the Commissioner of Education was 433, but
the number present at the time of visit indicates an average attendance of zoo.
Teachers.Total, 3; all colored. A blacksmith also gives some instruction.
Organization.Classes range from the first grade through the ninth. Little time
is given to industrial work or teacher-training.
Financial, z9zz--I3.No financial records were to be had. The principal stated
that his bookkeeper "ran off with all the accounts of the school." As far as could be
determined from the printed report to the trustees the more important items were-:
Incomeexcluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness.
Value of plant
...
.
12, 555
3, 555
3, 800
13, 500
Sources of income: General donations for school purposes, $819; county, $791;
tuition and fees, $745; other sources, $200. The noneducational receipts amounted to
$4,52. Of this, $3,252 was donations toward a new building and $1,5oo was from the
farm.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,225; new building, $3;252; farm expenses, $800;
boarding department, $72o; fuel and other current expenses, $310.
GEORGIA.
233
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $3,800 was incurred through the erection of the
new building and is secured by a mortgage on the school plant.
Plank. band: Estimated value, $5,000. The school owns a 7-acre tract of city
property, used for campus, and 165 acres of farm land about a mile 'rom the school.
The campus is not well kept. The farm is cultivated on a commercial basis and figures
given indicated that there was a net return of about $700 cni the operations for the
year. Students do most of the farm work in return for board.
Buildings: Estimated value, $7,00o. There are tyvo frame buildings. The old
AW
building is a poorly planned one-story structure.
Of
the equipment, about $800 is
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $1,500.
in furniture for classrooms and dormitories and $7oo in farm equipment and five stock.
Recommendations . -1. That the property be turned over to the county, so that the
plant may be used as a county training school.'
2. Thitt the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
3. Tibia the 16o acres of farm land be sold and the proceeds used in paying the
$3,800 indebtedness.
Dates of visits: October, 1913.; December, 1915.
MUSCOGEE COUNTY.
Population, 191o..
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19,o
Teach+ rs' salaries in puulin schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, two
White.
Negro.
19,472
3, 563
$57, 712
$16. 19
16,747
3, 6o5
$11, 116
$3. o8
4.3
32
The rural population is 43.3 per cent of the total. The average length of the
public-school term is seven months for both white and colored pupils. The number of
teachers is 98 in white schools and 47 in colored schools. The average attendance is
2,775 white pupils and 1,858 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a serious need for additional school facilities in the rural
districts. In the city of Columbus the public schools are efficient and progressive; they
enroll a large percentage of the number of children 6 to 14 years of age. The one prive
school in the city is so far below the pu c schools in ideals and equipment that it is of
little value to.the community.
COLUMBUS.
COLORED INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: W. H. Spencer.
A city industrial school doing nine grades of work. The equipment and teaching
force are excellent.
A itendance. Total, 70o. Most of the pupils are in elementary grades; a few in the
eighth and ninth are taking secondary subjects.
Teachers. Total, 17; all colored; male 3, female 14; kindergarten 2, grades II,
industrial 3, and principal.
See recommendations in summary chapter, p. se.
234
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Organization.The kindergarten and the nine grades are well taught. Some secondary subjects are given in the eighth and ninth grades.
Industrial: All pupils are required to take industrial work. Cooking, sewing, and
laundering are provided for girls and manual training in wood and iron for boys. The
equipment is modem and the spirit of the school is genuinely industrial.
Plant. Estimated value, $27,500. The plant consists of a city lot, a large twostory brick building with basement, and equipment valued at $2,5oo.
Dates of visits: November, 1,..:,t3; January, 1915.
PIK I; COUNTY.
Population, r9 to.
Children 6 to z4 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 191 r -12.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
. . ..
N
White.
9, 334
1, 961
834,619
$17.65
4. 4
New%
10, 159
2; 756
$5,295
$1. 92
43- 4
The rural population is 84.3 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 7.5 months for white pupils and 7 months. for colored. The number of
teachers is oo in white schools and 32 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,493 white pupils and 1,045 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be increased and strengthened. A Jeanes Fund teacher
travels in the county aiding the teachers in the rural schools to introduce industrial work
and extend the influence of the schools on their communities. The Helena 13. Cobb
institution where girls may supplement the
limited training they have received in the rural schools.
S
BARNESVILLE.
HELENA B. COBB HOME AND SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. Helena 13. Cobb.
A small home school for girls doing an effective work. It is nominally controlled
by the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church; the management is vested in the principal.
Attendance.Total, 183; all elementary; day pupils, i5o; boarders, 33
Teachers.Total, 5; all colored women.
Organization.The day school does elementary work for the children of Brnesvile. The boarding pupils have daily assignments in/ cleaning, bed making, cooking,
and sewing.
Financial, 1913-14.As far as could be determined the income, exclusive of receipts
from the boarding department, amounted to approximately $1,500, of which $1,000
was from donations and $5oo from tuition. Practically all of this was used for .alaries
and incidental expenses.
Plant Estimated value, $4,000. The plant consists of about 3 acres of land, a
two-story frame school building, two small cottages, and limited equipment for classrooms and dormitories. The buildings were clean and attractive.
Recommendations.-1. That the public authorities be urged to provide for the large
enrollment of local elementary pupils.
GEORGIA.
235
2. That the accOmodationsjor boarding pupils be extended.
3. That simple gardening and teacher training be added.!
Date of visit: December, 1913.
RANDOLPH COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to c4 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
5,854
Nam
1075
12,986
3,229
$199055
54848
Sit!). 21
Si. 50
46.4
5. 4
The rural popUlation is 83 per cent of the total.
The average jength of the public
school term is 7.7 months for white pupils and 5 months for colored.
The number of
teachers is 42 in white schools and 33 in colored schools.
The average attendance is
932 white pupils and 1,040 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities.
In the town of
Cuthbert the American Missionary Association furnishes a good building
for the public
school, and the eleinentary pupils are fairly well cared for.
The African Methodist
Episcopal Church, however, maintains a private school within two blocks of this
public
school. Unless this school can be developed
as a boarding school so that pupils from
the surrounding rural districts may attend, there seems to be little need for it
in Cuthbert.
PAYNE COLLEGE.
CUTHBERT.
President: A. B. Cooper.
An elementary school with few secondary pupils. Its equipment is meager and
the teaching force poorly prepared. The shhool is a part of the Morris
BrOwn University System of the African Methodist Episcopal Church of
Georgia. It operates
under the charter allowing Morris Brown to establish
. branch schools and is controlled
by the unwieldy board of trustees of that institution.'
Attendance. Total, 97; elementary 87, secondary zo.
The reported enrollment
for the year was 16o.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female 4.
Financial, 1953-14.The finances are controlled through the Morris Brown
Educational System and no books are kept at the school. The boarding
department
is
con;
ducted by the president, and figures for the department are eliminated.
As
far
as'couldr
be determined the more important
items were:
,.
Income
$2, 050
Expenditure
Indebtedness
Value of plant
a, op
1, 60o
zooms
Sources of income: Morris Brown Educational System, $1,750; tuitions
$300.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $1,66o; running
expenses, $390.
N Indebtedness: The indebtedness is in the form of mortgage on the school property.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $1,000. The land comprises zr acres near the
town limits. The grounds are poorly kept.
or agricultural purposes.
None of the land is utilized for gardening
1 See recommendations in summary chapter, G. sm.
40927° Bull. 39-17-16
'See D. as'.
vg
NP4,GRO EDUCATION.
236
'
Estimated value, $8,5oo. There are two frame houses. and a two-story
Buildin
brick build' g. The,buildings are poorly constructed and in need of repair.
Mov le equipment: Estimated value, $5oo. The movable equipihent consists of
furnitu and classroom fixtures.
liccommendation.In view of the proximity of a public school which enrolls about
30o pupils, this school should be reorganized as a county training school.
Date of visit: October, 1913. Facts verified; 19:5.
RICHMOND COUNTY.
Population, z910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
h s, 1911- 1 2
Teachers' salaries in public sc_mo.
Teachers' sal: ries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
.
.
1
.
.
.
White.
Negro.
30, 44 7
28, 390
4, 976
$104, 440
4, iiik2
$2o. 98
3.7
6, '7114
so
22.6
$3.
The rural population is 22.9 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 8.8 months for both white and colored pupils. The number of teachers is
5,840 white
153 in white schools and 57 in colored schools. The average attendance
pupils and 2,43o colored pupils.
There are no private scffools in Richmond County outside of the city of Augusta.
AUGUSTA.
The public school system of the county a d city are administered as a unit, and the
expenditures of city schools are not separated rom the total for the county. There are
four public schools for Negroes in Augusta. These schools have 3o teachers and fair
industrial equipment. In none of them, however, does the work go beyond the seventh
grade. ``They enroll "a fairly large proportion of the children 6 to 14 Years of age. It
therefore appears that there is not a serious need for private elementary schools in the
city, and the private schools now doing elementary work should gradually adopt the
policy, of abandoning their elementary grades Kid centering their work on secondary
and teacher training courses. Haines Institute does excellent secondary work. As the
only institution for colored people maintained by the Southern Methodist Church,
Paine College should be developed. Its teacher-training and industrial work should be
strengthened, and its facilities extended so that it may serve as a central institution
Where pupils from the schools of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church may receive
advanced training. In its present condition Walker Baptist Institute is of slight educational value to the community and should be moved to a section of the State where its
elementary and secondary facilities are neel.ed.
HAINES NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Lucy Laney.
A secondary school with a large elementary enrollmerit. Two-thirds of the pupils
are girls. The management is effective. The wise administration of the principal has
ple.
won for the school the confidence of both white and colored
4
GEORGIA.
237
The school was founded by the principal in 1886. It is affiliated with the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen, but has an independent
board of -trustees. Title
to the property is vested in the Presbyterian Board.
Attendance. Total, 86o; elementary
711, secondary 149; male 289, female 571.
Of the pupils above the eighth grade, 84, were boarders.
Of those reporting home
address, 65 were from Augusta, 47 from other places in Georgia, and
35 from other
States; 17 were from farm homes and 132 from city homes.
Teachers.Total, 22; all colored; male 4, female 18; academic 19, industrial
2,
music 1. The teachers are well prepared and doing thorough work.
Organization. Elementary: Them are eight grades and kindergarten.
Secondary: The secondary course requires English, 4 years;
mathematics, 4; and
history 3. Elective subjects included: Latin,
taken by 91 pupils; Fa livW1, taken by
31 ; German, 26; Greek, 17; psy/hology, 21, physics, 16; phyliology,
14; chonistry, 9;
history and civics; 19; sociology, 6.
Industrial: Instruction in cookiri and sewing is provided for the girls, and manual
training and gardening for boys. Because of lack of funds the industiial
courses for boys
are inadequate.
Financial, 1912-13.The accounts of the school are honestly
kept, but the system
is inadequate. The more 'mportant items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
0
$8, 835
9, 692
so, 03
Sources of income: Presbyterian hoard, $4,595; tuition and
fees,
$1,690;
general
donations, $1,561; entertainment, $989. The noneducational receipts
were
from
the
arding department and amounted to $3,751.
.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding and other
departments, $6,751;
salaries, $4,554; fuel, light, and water, $976; equipment, $596; labor,
repairs, $86.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $so,000. The main grounds$480;
comprise a city
gock. Teachers' cottages are located on separate lots
the street from the main
grounds. The calnpus, space is not adequate to the need across
of the school.
Buildings: Estimated value, $35,000. TVre are
two large brick buildings and
several smaller structures. Some of the buildings
are in need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,000. The movable equipment
consists
chiefly of furniture for classrooms and dormitories.
Additional
equipment
is
urgently
needed for the scientific laboratory and the industrial department.
Recommendations.-1. That the trustees and Presbyterian board
increased financial support for the v able work t14 institution is endeavor to obtain
doing.
2. That emphasis on foreign 1
ages be not allowed to limit the time for teaching
training and elementary science.
3. That the courses in theory and practice of gardening and simple
manual training
be strengthened.'
4. That the elementary grades be gradually discontinued and the energies
of the
school centered on secondary work.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; March, 1915.
Facts verified, 1916.
See recommendations in summary chapter. p. ls.
4
NEGRO EDUCATION.
238
PAINE COLLEGE.
President: D. E. Atkins.'
A school of secondary grade with pupils in college and theological sudjeets. Some
provision is made for teaching household arts and gardening. It is one of the few private
schools owned and taught by Souther] white-people.
The institution was founded in I884 by the Methodist Episcopal Church South and
receives support from the board of education of that denomination. The board of
trustees is composed of the ministers andlaymen of both the Southern Methodist and of
the Colored Methodist Episcopal Churches. There is active cooperation in the management of the institution between these white and colored denominations.
Attendance. Total, Zoe; elementary 82, secondary 97, college classes 14, theology 9.
A large proportion of the pupils board at the school.
Teachers and workers.Total, 19; white 6, colored 13; male 8, female it; grade
teachers 4, academic 7, music 3, cooking and sewing' 3, agriculture i, administrative 1.
Organization.Elementary : Elementary work is done in grades 4 to 8. The teaching is effective.
Secondary: The secondary subjects are divided into two coursesthe "normal"
with 79 pupils and the '"College preparatory" with 18 pupils. The subjects of the college
preparatory course are: Latin, 23 years; Greek, ; French, 34; English, 3; mathematics, 3; elementary science, 2 ; history, 1; Bible, 1%; music, 1%; psychology, %
agriculture, 1; and physiology. The subjects of the "normal" are: Latin,
years;
,
English, 234; mathematics, z; elementary science, 254 ; history and civics, %; music,
134; psychology and e t h i c s , ' ; philosophy, 1; reviews, ; agriculture, 1%. The history
courses are limited. Instruction in hygiene is omitted from the "normal" course and
is inadequate in the college preparatory course.
Collegiate: The principal subjects studied in collegiate classes are Latin, Greek,
French, and German. The time devoted to history, ethics, and sociology in the course
amounts to little more than a year. To these is added some instruction in elementary
science.
Theological:The students devote some time to the study of such subjects as sys'tematic theology, church history, New Testament, Greek, and Christian sociology.
Industrial: The industrialtraining of girls includes instruction in cooking and sewing.
Some training in the theory and practie of gardening is provided for young men.
Financial, r9z3-14.--The financial management is economical, and the system of
accounting is simple and effective.
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
nditures, less noneducational receipts
utof property
$23, 050
22, 083
123, 000
urges 'of income: Church appropriations and contributions, $18,5oo; general
donations, $2,500; endowment funds, $1,400; tuition and fees, $650.
The noneducational
receipts amounted to $4,000 of which $3,500 were from the boarding department and
$50o from the farm.
White: elected stnee date of visit.
GiORGIA.
239
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1.1198; supplies for boarding department, $3,500;
student labor, $2,335: repairs and additions to buildings and equipment, $2,500; farm
material and supplies, $5oo; other expenses, $2,350.
School property: The school property consists of $ioo,000 in the plant and $25,000
in endowment.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $40,000. The land comprises 17 acres within the
residence section of the town. About to acres are used for instruction in agriculture and
school gardening. The campus is well kept and attractive.
.
Buildings: Estimated value, $55,5o0. There are two large brick buildings, two
large frame buildings and several smaller frame structures and cottages.. The main
building is a substantial four-story brick structure used for recitations, chapel and
offices; the girls' dormitory is a three-story brick building; the president's home, a neat
frame house, contains io.rooms; a two-story frame building and four cottages
are used
for boys' dormitories; other frame houses are used for teachers' home, domestic science,
and carpenter shop.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $4,500. The movable equipment consists
of $1,85o in furniture, $85o in farm equipment and live stock, $5oo in scientific apparatus,
and $30o in shop equipment.
Recommendations. -1. That the plan of the controlling churches to make Paine College the ofitral school for the denomination be encouraged.
2. That the course of study make larger provision for history and social studies and
simple manual training.
3. That dormitory facilities for the young men be improved.
4- That the financial support be increased.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; March, 1915.
WALKER BAPTIST INSTITUTE.
President : G. W. Hill.'
A secondary school with large elementary enrollment. The plant is in bad rep t..
The instructiori is not adapted to the needs of the pupils.
.
The school was founded in Waynesboro, Ga., in 1888 and moved to its present site
'in 1894. It is awned and partly supported by a board of 78 trustees selected
by the
`Walker Baptist Association. It receives aid and supervision frog} the American
Baptist
Home Mission Society.
Attendance. Total; 190; elementary 148, secondary 42; male 67, female
123;
boarders, 6o. Over half the pupils in the higher grades were from Augusta.
The
reported enrollment for the year was 294.
.14
Tecichers and workers. Total, 13;. all colored; male 2, female ;
grades 5,
academic 5, sewing 1, matron 1, commercial r.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary work is done in the usual eight grades.
Secondary: The two secondary courses are the "college preparatory course,"
enrolling 17 students, and the "normal course," enrolling 25. The college preparatory
course includes: Latin, 4 zears; Greek, r; English, 5; mathematics, 3; physics,
;
history, r ; civics, %; hygiene,
psychology, 1. The normal course includes: Latin,
a years; English, 5; mathematics, 3; physics,
history, 2 ; civics,
psychology, 1;
Blecteti since date cd visit.
NEGRO EDUCATION.'
240
education, 34. 'There is no equipment for teaching science and insufficient time is
allotted to history. Hygiene is omitted entirely from the normal course and is given
half a year only in the college preparatory course.
Industrial: A small amount of instruction in sewing and basketry is provided for
girls.
Financial, I9z2--I3.The financial management is in the hands of the president.
The accounts are not systematically kept and very little information was obtainable.
The president reported the following as the more important items for the year.
$6, 900
6, coo
13, coo
27,50o
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Valued plant
c
Sources of income: Colored churches and individuals, $4,000; tuition and fees,
$2,400; American Baptist Home Mission Society, $500. The noneducational receipts
were from the boarding department and amounted to $1,600.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,5oo; other expenses, $5,000. No detail or
explanation of the expenditures was given.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness $12,000 was in the form of mortgage on the
school property and $1,000 was bills due for current expenses.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $6,000. The school grounds comprise eight city
lots, or about 234 acres. Very little campus space is provided.
Buildings: Estimated value, $20,000. The main building is a two-story frame
structure, containing classrooms, offices, and a few rooms used as the boys' dormitory.
A four-story brick building containing 32 rooms is used for the girls' dormitory, chapel,
and dining room. A small two-room frame house serves as the president's office. The
buildings were erected without plans; they have dark interiors, an awkward arrangement
of stairways, and in general show disregard for many of the requirements of economy and
convenience.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,5oo. The movable equipment consists of
furniture for classrooms and dormitories:. There is no mechatlical equipment' or scientific apparatus.
Recommendations.r. That the plant be sold and the institution moved to a section of Georgia where the educational need is more urgent.
That the curriculum be reorganized to make provision for teacher training,
gardening, and simple industrial work.
Dates of yLsits: November, 1913; March, 1915.
SPALDING COUNTY.
Populadon, solo.
)t
Children 6 to 14 yeani of age, ts, to.
Teachers' salaries In public schools, Iv z -12
ThiChele SIdallt11 per Child 6 to 14 in county
Per0212111(6.1111142$114 1910..
White.
9, 6So
1,847
$25, 761
Negro.
to, oho
2,393
$13.94
$3,099
$1.29
7; 7
37. 5
GEORGIA. .
241
The rural population is 62.1 per cent of the total. The av
length of the public
school term is 7 months for white pupils and 5 months for lored.
The number of
teachers is 54 in white schools' and 3o in colored Khoo
The average attendance is
1,784 white pupils and 1,340 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities.
The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. With proper support and
supervision the Cabin Creek High School might be made a good central training
institution where pupils of the surrounding country districts could supplement the
training
received in the public schools.
GRIFFIN.
CABIN CREEK HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: A. Z. Kelsey.
A small elementary school with a few secondary pupils.
by the local Baptist Association and is controlled by a board ofIt was founded in 1908
6o trustees, one representing each church in the association.
Attenciance.Total, 135; elementary 13o, secondary 5 ; boarders, 20.
The course
covers ten grades.
Teachers.Total, 3; all colored; male 1, female 2.
Financial, 1913r4.The income amounted to $1,285, of which $600 was from the
Baptist Association and $685 from tuition and donations.
Plant. The plant, estimated value $8,000, consists of 6
acres of land, a brick
building, and six frame cottages. The equipment was valued
at $5oo.
Recommendations. -1. That the Baptist association endeavor to have the
county
take over the work and develop tk training school.'
2. That industrial work and gardening be required subjects.'
Date of visit : December, 1913.
SUMTER COUN'frY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools. 1911-12.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
A
Whitt.
Neva
7, 847
1, 533
$25P 742
211343
$9, 355
$16.79
$L 84
2.6
33.6
5,1167
The rural population is 72.3 per cent of the total: The
average length of the publicschool term is. 9 months for white pupils and 6 months for colored.
The number of
teachers is 63 in white schools and 54 in colored schools.
The average attendance is
1,594 white pupils NO 2,162 colored pupils.
These statisticrindicate a need for additional school facilities.
The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeanes
Fund supervising
industrial teacher travels through the county helping the teachers
in rural schools to
do industrial work. The Americus Institute serves as a central institution
in which
pupils may supplement the training received in the rural schools.
The Masonic
Orphans' Home is described in the summary of special institutions. ,
I See reaammealatkes La mammary chapter. V. so.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
AMERICUS.
AMERICUS INSTITUTE.
,
Principal: M. W. Reddick.
A small secondary school with some elementary pupils. Good management is
seriously handicapped by lack of funds.
The school was founded in 1897 by the present principal and is owned by a board
of colored trustees selected by a local association of colored Baptist churches. It
receives aid and supervision from the American Baptist Home Mission Society.
Attendance.Total, 98; elementary 61, secondary 37; male 42, female 56; boarders, 75. The reported enrollment for the year was zoo.
Teachers and workers.Total, 14; all colored; male 6, female 8; grades 2,
academic 4, girls' industries 2, farm 1, musk 1, matron 1, commercial r principal and
an office worker.
Organisation. Elementary: Elementary work is given in grades 4 to 8, and the
of--
instruction is fairly effective.
Secondary: Secondary work is done in a four-year " preparatory " course and.
includes Latin, 4 years; Greek, 1; English, 5',; mathematics, 3; science, tY, ; history
and civics, tX; Bible, *4; psychology, 34; education, ;4; agriculture, i;
book-
keeping, 34.
Industrial: Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for the girls. Industrial
work for boys is limited to the farm labor performed by the boarding pupils.
Financial, r952-13.The accounts are kept in accordance with the requirements of
the American Baptist Home Mission Society and with a fair degree of care. The more
important items repoi-ted for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness.
Value of plant.
$13, 213
13, 545
ro, 934
36, 400
Sources of income: Donations and miscellaneous, $10,263; Woman's American
Baptist Home Mission Society, $85o; American Baptist Home Mission Society, $800;
tuition and fees, $7oo;'Slater Fund, $40. The noneducational receipts amounted to
$3,253, of which $3,121 was from, the boarding department and $132 from the farm.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $4,230; salaries, $3,978;
advertising and soliciting funds, $3,606; equipment for farm, $1,857; outside labor,
$637; repairs, $378; supplies for academic department, $524; equipment for boarding
department, $511; material and supplies for the farm, $481; power, light, and heat, $396.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness, $9,621 is in the form of bills due tradesmen
and $1,3o3 inback salaries due the te$hers.
',Plant.Land: Estimated value, $9, too. The school owns 7 acres of land. A small
part of this is used as the school farm. The campus is shaded with large pines, but is
Otherwise unattractive.
Buildings: Estimated value, $29,000. There are five poorly-constructed frame
buildings and two cottages. The main building contains chapel, classrooms, and principal's office. Three 3-story buildings, containing 18 rooms each, are used for dor=
GEORGIA.
243
mitories. Two of these are for girls,and one for boys.
The dining hall building contains dining room, kitchen, and storeroom. The principal's home is a neat cottage.
The other cottage is used for the laundry.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $5,3oo. Of the movable equipment $3,0o0
is in furniture, $1,9oo in shop and farm implements, and $400 in library books.
Recommendations.-1 . That foreign languages be not allowed to take the time of
such important subjects as teacher training,hygiene and sanitation, nature study, an?
social science.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening and simple industrial training for
boys be made part of the regular course.'
3. That more generous financial support be provided so that the good work of the
institution may be extended.
Dates of visits: November, 1913; February, ;916.
THOMAS COUNTY.
Neve.
White.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 2911-12 .
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 19 to.
.
11,984
17,086
2, 570
$29, 233
4, 130
$7, 63o
$11.37
3.2
$1.
36.8
The rural population is 76.9 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is six and one-half months for white pupils and six months for colored. The
number of teachers is 93 in white schools and 46 in colored schools. The average attendance is 2,054 white pupils and 1,159'colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need foP additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Allen Normal School
serves as a good central institution in which girls may board and supplement the training
received in the rural schools. Effort should be made to provide facilities for boys.
There is such pressing need at this point for a school giving secondary and industrial
training that if the American Missionary Association should decide to abandon its work
in Albany, the support now going to the Albany school should be transferred to Thomasville. These two small schools are described in the summaries of small independent
and small Episcopal schools for the State.
THOMASVILLE.
ALLEN NORMAL SCHOOL.
Principal: F. M. Jencks.'
A school of elementary and secondary grade with large elementary enrollment and
a boarding department for girls. Special emphasis is placed on teacher training and class
work is effective.
The institution was founded in 1885. It is owned and supervised by the American
Missionary Association of the Congregational Church, and its affairs are economically
managed.
See recommendations in summary chapter, p. ss.
s White. Elected since date of visit.
244
NEGRO EDUCATION.
AtiAndance.Total, 2o9; elementary 174, secondary 35; male 44, female 130;
boarders, 33. The reported annual enrollment was 403.
Teachers.Total, 12; white io, colored 2 ; all women; teachers of academic subjects io, industrial subjects 2.
Organization. Elementary: The eight elementary grades are well taught. The
primary grades are especially large.
Secondary: The secondary pupils have the regular four-year high-school course.
The subjects required are: English, 4 years; mathematics, 3; history and civics, 3;
Bible, 04; music, 04; education, 1; methods and review, 2; and practice teaching, 2.
The electives in the eleventh and twelfth grades are teacher training, reported by 8
pupils; Latin, reported by 8; and chemistry, reported by 5.
Industrial: The industrial work includes instruction in sewing, cooking, and some
training in rug weaving and chair caning. A little woodwork is done by the boys and a
small garden is niaintained.
Financial, 1913-14.The finances are controlled by the American Missionary
Association. A simple and effective system of accounts has been installed) recently.
The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
$5, 468
5,468
19,20o
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $2,968; tuition and fees,
$1,957; donations, $543. The noneducational receipts amounted. to $2,827, of which
$2,433 was from the boarding department and $394 from outside sales.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,798; supplies for boarding department, $2,341;
student aid and labor, $943; general supplies, $587; light, heat, and water, $404;
repairs, $354; equipment, $318; outside labor, $16; all other&xpenses, $534
Plant Land: Estimated value, $2,000. The land comprises 12 acres on the edge
of town. Most of the land is used for campus.
Buildings: Estimated value, $15,000. The school building is a two-story frame
structure; a large three-story frame building is used for dormitory; other buildings are
the shop and the teachers' cottage. The buildings are well kept and in fairly good state
of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,200. The equipment consists of good,
plain schoolroom and dormitory furniture, limited industrial equipment, and a small
library.
Reconsmendations.-1. That the work be encouraged and effort made to have the
public school provide for the elementary grades.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be introduced and manual training
for boys be strengthened.'
Date of visit: January, 1914. Facts verified, ita.16.
See remnumenclatkas in summary chapter. p. as.
GEORGIA.
245
WASHINGTON COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911- 17....
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
The rural population is 90.6 per cent, of the total.
Negro.
10,781
2,279
17,393
$13, 363
$3, 266
$0. 72
36.
$5.86
5. 9
4,496
The average length of the public-
school term is six and one-half months for white pupils and five months for colored.
The number of teachers is 8o in white schools and 79 in colored schools. The average
attendance is 1,608 white pupils and 2,277 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate urgent need for additional school facilities. The work of
the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeanes Fund teacher
travels among the public schools supervising their industrial work. The county, in
cooperation with the Slater Fund and the General Education Board, is developing a
central training school at Sandersville, where the pupils may board and supplement the.
training given in the rural schools. The Baptist school, at Sandersville, is of slight
educational value to the community.
SANDERSVILLE.
WASHINGTON COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.'
Principal: T. J. Elder.
An elementary day school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It is the only
public school for colored people in the town and has been selected as a central institution to provide more advanced training for the colored pupils of the county.
The school was founded in 1889 by the colored people of Sandersville, and title to
the property is vested in a board of colored trustees. The school is supervised by the
city authorities.
Attendance. Total, 18o; elementary 172, secondary 8.
Teachers.Total, 5; male 1, female, 4. The. Jeanes Fund worker for the county
has headquarters at the school and devotes some of his time to teaching industrial work.
The teachers were trained in some of the best colored schools in Georgia.
Organization. The elementary course covers the usual eight grades. Secondary
subjects are taught in the ninth grade. The industrial training consists of sewing for
girls and simple woodwork for boys.
Financial, zor2-r3.--The income of the school amounted to $2,000. Of this, $1,300
was appropriated by the county and city; $40o was from the Slater Fund,,and $300
from tuition fees.
Practically all the income was used for salaries.
Plant.Estimated value, $7,500. Of this $500 was in lend, $6,5oo in buildings
and $5oo in movable equipment. The land comprises 2 acres near the city limits. The
main building, which is used for academic purposes, is a neat, well-constructed, fiveroom building, erected with funds raised by subscriptions from the colored people of
the community. The industrial building is a smaller structure, made possible by a gift
Formerly Sandersville Industrial School.
246
NEGRO EDUCATION.
of $5oo from a northern donor. Both.buildings were newly painted and the
classrooms
were clean and cheerful.
Recommendation.That greater emphasis be placed upon the industrial work and
some of the land be utilized for school gardening.'
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 1916.
WILKES COUNTY.
Wiz.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to x4 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries in public schools in 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
6,842
1,455
$21,161
Negro.
16, 598
4, 207
$5, 070
$14. 54
2.9
$1.20
52.3
The rural population is 86.9 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 6.5 months for white pupils and somewhat less for colored.' The number
of teachers is 58 in white schools and 42 in colored schools. The average attendance
IS 938 white pupils and 2,120 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for P.dditional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Hodge Academy with
proper reorganization would furnish a central training institution where pupils could
board and supplement the training received in the rural schools. The Shiloh Institute"
is of slight value to the community.
THE HODGE ACADEMY.
WASHINGTON.
Principal: J. R. Harris.
An elementary day school with a small secondary enrollment. The schoa was begun
in 1899 by the principal, who is the pastor of the local 'Presbyterian Church. The school
is controlled by the pastor and his wife and three colored men of the community. The
Presbyterian Board of Missions holds title to the property and pays the pastor's salary.
Attendance.Total, 153; Ibere were 18 pupils reported above the eighth grade.
Instruction in sewing is provided for girls.
A few of the boys take printing.
Teachers.Total, 5; all colored; male 1, female 4.
Financial, 19r3 -14. The school is supported by donations and tuition. The total
income of 1912-13 was approximately $7oo. Of this sum, $450 was from general donations and $230 from tuition and fees. Salaries and running expenses amounted to $700.
Plant Estimated value, $2,00o. The plant consists of a city lot, one brick building, and furniture valued at $200.
Recommendations. -1. That the Presbyterian board endeavor to develop cooperation with the public-school authorities.
2. That gardening and industriid work for boys be inaugurated.'
3. That better financial records tA kept.
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 1916.
18ee renninnondatioen to smnsnary chapter. p. of.
lixact term of colored ochoob not reported.
GEORGIA.
247
BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
Besides the five schools aided by the American Baptist Home Mission Societies
there are 43 Baptist schools in Georgia. Of these, three we considered important
enough to discuss in the county summaries above. Nine ushers were visited and are
discussed below. The other 31 are listed at the end of this summary. -Some of these
are probably in session irregularly, but are of little importance; others represent property held by the various Baptist associations, while others are merely projects. Urorn
the struggle for existence which many of these schools have, it is evident that 43 is too
large a number of schools for the Baptists to support adequately. The BaptiSt work
could be strengthened by combining the weaker schools and using all the resources
for the stronger institutions of the State. Where these schools are aided by the county
the public-school authorities should increase their measure of cooperation as rapidly
as possible.
CLAY COUNTYFORT GAINES.
CHATTAHOOCHEE IN:)TITI_TTE.
Principal: I. C. Smith.
A poorly organized elementary day school with a few boarders. It is owned by the
Baptist
association. The 7o pupils were practically ungraded. Though nine grades were claimed,
st of
the pupils were doing the work of the lower elementary grades. The three teachers, all colored, were
locally trained. The income amounted to approximately $957, of which $632 was from the Baptist
associations, $ ,2oo from tuition, and $125 from other sources. Of the income, $boo was expended for
salaries and the balance for other purposes, The plant, estimated value $2 ,000, consists of a town lot,
a small frame building in
r condition, and meager equipment.
Recommendation.--There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become a part of the public -school system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: October, 1913.
DECATUR COUNTYBAINBRIDGE.
BAPTIST ASSOCIATION SCHOOL.
A small school with about 3o pupils taught by a colored woman. It is located next to a public school
which has 3 teachers and 8 grades. The income of about $ t so was derived from tuition and the plant,
worth about St,400, consists of a small lot and a frame building.
Recommendation.- -There is no need for a private school of this type in Bainbridge.
Date of visit: January, 1915.
EFFINGHAM COUNTY---GUYTON.
PILGRIM BAPTIST NORMAL INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. M. Jones.
A school of elementary grade with a few boarding pupils. It is owned and controlled by the local
Baptist association. There were 3 teachers and 69 pupils. The work covers the subjects of the lower
elementary grades.
The income of the school amounted to approximately $1,o5o, of which $95o was from board, tuition, and fees and $20o from the Baptist Association. Of the income $66o was expended for salaries
and $490 for eexpenses of the boarding department. The Opt, estimated value $5,000, consists of .18
acres of land, 2 frame buildings, and meager equipment.
Reconstoundations: I'. That the school be continued only so long as the public schools are
inadequate.
2. That provision be made for teaching simple agriculture, school gardning, and manual training.'
Date of visit:
January, 1914.
1 See recommendations in summary chapter.
LI. 33
248
NEGRO EDUCATION.
FIJLTON COUNTYATLANTA.
BRYANT PREPARATORY INSTITUTE.
Principal: Mrs. S. C. Bryant.
An effective little school occupying five rooms above
a grocery store on a doWn-town street.
Founded and managed by Mrs. S. C. Bryant under the direction of a hoard of trustees.
Rev. P. J. Bryadt, is minister of a large colored Baptist church which is the school's Her husband,
"main pillar of
suPPort."
Attendance and organisation.The pupils, numbering 17o, were the children crowded
out of the
public schools Ali adults-whose education has been neglected. Nine teachers are employed.
Cooking and sewing are given an important part in the course. The adults taking these subjects
are
servants
who desire to increase their usefulness to their employers or mothers seeking the
power to improve their
homes.
The elementary day classes and the night school are well taught. The effort to maintain high-
school classes is an unwise expenditure of time and energy in a city with five large private
schools offering
secondary instruction.
Financial, 1912-13.The income amounted to $5,400, gf which SSoo was from tuition and fees
and
1600 from contributions of colored Baptist associations. All of the funds were used for salaries and
running expenses.
Recommendation. The institution should be maintained on a social-settlement basis as a school for
the neglected groups and for adults desiring to acquire the rudiments of an education.
Date of visit: October, 19,3.
HALL COUNTYGAINESVILLE.
NORTHWESTERN NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: James M. Hunter.
small elementary day school duplicating work that is better done by the public school.
It is
owned by the Northwestern Baptist Association. The444 pupils were in 9 grades,
Some work in gardening is done. The teaching force consists of the principal
and two colored women. The income in
1913-54 amounted to approximately Ego°, all of which was from tuition and the association. Of the
income about shoo was expended for salaries and the balance for running expenses. The plant, estimated value $4,800, consists of 6 acres of land, two frame buildings, and meager equipment.
Recommendation. That the school be combined with some of the other Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
TELFAIR COUNTYMcRAE.
THE TWIN CITY SEMINARY.
.
Principal: E. G. Thomas.
An elementary school maintained by two Baptist associations in cooperation with the public-school
authorities of Telfair county. The school is owned by a board of trustees elected by the
associations.
It furnishes the only school facilities for Negroes in the towns of Helena and McRae.
Attendance. Total, 95; all elementary; boarders, 3.
Macheri.Total, 4; all colored; male 1, female 3.
Financial, 1913-14.The income amounted to approximately Si ,coo, of which $550 was from the
Baptist associations and $45o from county appropriations.
Coo for incidental expenses.
Of this, Saco was expended for salaries and
Plait. Estimated value, $3,400. The plant consists of 12 acres of land on the edge of town, a
fairly good two-story building, and meager equipment.
Recowensendationr.T. That provision be made for teacher training, gardening, and simple industrial
training.'
2. That the public authorities provide adequate school facilities for the towns and cooperate with
the trustees in making the school a part of the public-school system.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
See recommendations in summary chapter, p.
20.
GEORGIA.
249
WALTON COUNTYSOCIAL CIRCLE.
NEGRO NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: E. J. Turner.
An elementary school using buildings owned by the local Baptist association. The teachers' salaries are paid from public funds. The attendance is about 9o, and the teaching force consists of the principal and three women, all colored. The income amounted to approximately $1,400, of which $1,reo
was from the city and Sao° from tuition. On October 24, 1913, the school had not yet opened for the
year, because the public funds had not been appropriated. Of the income, $1,zoo was expended for
salaries and $roo for other purposes.
Plata.Estimated value, $1,500. The plant consists of 2 acres of land, two frame buildings, and a
small amount of school equipment. The building is badly in need of repair.
Recommendation.That the Baptist association endeavor to strengthen the cooperation with the
public schools and provision be made for instruction in gardening and simple industrial training.
Date of visit: October, 1913.
WASHINGTON COUNTYSANDERSVILLE,.
WASHINGTON IN5TITUTE)
Principal:* John T. Williams.
An elementary school with 49 pupils and 3 colored teachers. It was founded in 1912 by the
Second Baptist Association of Washington County and is owned and supported by the two Baptist
associations of the county. Ten grades arc claimed, but the work is all e!emcntary. Better work is
done in the public school. The income amounted to approximately $1,000, of which about $85o was
from the Baptist associations and Siso from tuition. Th"...Filant, estimated value $3,5oo, consists of 12
acres of land, a good two:story frame building, and fairly good equipment.
Recommendation.That the school be combined with one of the larger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit : November,.1913.
WILKES COUNTYWASHINGTON.
SHILOH J\CADEMY.
Principal: A. R. Raiford.
An elementary school with small boarding department. It was founded in 1901 by the local Baptist
association and is owned and controlled by that body. The 55 pupils in attendance were in seven
They were taught by the principal and three colored women. The income in 1912-13 amounted
to $810, all of which was from the Baptist association and tuition. The expenses for the year amounted
to $1,000. A large part of the teachers' salaries for the year remained unpaid. There is an indebtedness
of ii,5coo in mortgages and back salaries.
Plant. Estimated value, $4,000. The plant consists of 1 acre of land, two rough frame buildings,
and a little classroom furniture.
Rev)? 1noulation.That the school be combined with one of the larger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: October, 1913. Facts verified, 1914.
grades.
OTHER BAPTIST SCHOOLS..:
In addition the following schools were reported, but evidence indicates that they are
not of sufficient importance to justify descriptiov here.
to
County.
Bartow.
Baldwin.
Ben Hill.
Berrien.
Butts.
Calhoun.
Carroll.
Town.
Spellman.
Milledgeville.
Fitzgerald.
Sparks.
Jackson.
Arlington.
Carrollton.
Name al school.
Benevolence Institute.
Central Georgia College.
Gum Creek High School.
Little River Institute.
A
New MaCedonia High School.
Hopew*II High Stlhool.
Carrollton High School.
250
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Chatham.'
Cobb.
Columbia.
Coweta.
Decatur.
Dekalb.
Greene.
Gyvinnett.
Habersham.
Hall.
Harris.
Hart.
Madison.
Pike.
Stewart.
Stewart.
Tattnall.
Taylor.
Troup.
Walker.
Walton.
0
Savannah.
Austell.
Rosemont.
Newnan.
Bainbridge.
Lithonia.
White Plains.
Buford.
Clarkesville.
Gillsville.
Hamilton.
Hartwell.
Berean.
Berea Baptist Academy.
Prima lip High School.
Rose nt Academy.
Westc Union School.
No
Institute.
Yellow River High School.
Second Shiloh High School.
Hope ,High School.
U12 io High Sclool.
Gills ille High School.
Ham ton Academy.
Hart ell High School.
Col q itt High School. ..
. Mt. ope Normal Selabl.
.,146unt Zion Western Academy.
High School.
Claxton High Schboi,
Second Flint River School.
Fa
rs' High ;;pool.
Molena.
Richland.
Omaha.
Claxton.
Butler.
Antioch.
La Fayette.
Ware.
Monroe.
Waycross.
Washington.
Worth. "
Tennille.
Sylvester.
La F yettelligh School.:
Nort sweat High School. ,
Haz ., HigliSchool.
Harr s Union'High School.
Fow ton High School.
,
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
There are in Georgia seven Catholic parish schools. Of th sOix were visited and are
described below. The school in Augusta is a day school with five teachers.
was not
visited, as it has only recently been opened. \These schools a e. operated by the Society
of the African Missions, with headquarters at Lyon, France.: The religious interest is
strong in all of them.
BIBB COUNTYMACON._
ROMAN CATHOLIC COLORED SCHOOL.
Principal: Father Dahlent.
day school with 9* pupils and a kindergarten of s5 'Idren, located in'a section of
Macon whe
schdbl facilities are inadequate. It was founded an en tamed by the SPciety of the
African MI
ns'of Lyon, France, with American headquarters in iYaN.
The teachers are three
colored women trained in a Catholic school in Virginia. let ini?
bout It ,000, practically all of
which comes from the Catholic Mission Society. The plant; esti ed slue Sio,o3o, consists of a city
lot, a substantial new brick building, and good schoolroom flirni
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 1916.
CHATHAM COUNTYSAtAIINIH.
CATHOLIC MISSIONS.
There are four elementary Catholic schools for colored c1 i1 ren in the city of Savannah. They are
managed and maintained by the Society of the African Mi ns and the Commission for the Catholic
Missions among the colored people and Indians. The wor
vers approximately the first six grades.
Attendance. Total, 485; all day pupils.
3
MaCher .Total, io; Franciscan Sisters; white 4, col
6.
Fituiscial.The income of these schools is about $2,5
A large portion of t,bis'eomes from the
Catholic Board of Missions for Colored People of New York; the balance is front tuition and entertainments. Practically all is expended for salaries and running expenses.
GEORGIA.
251
Plant.Three of the schools are taught in churches. One is targht Mai neat two-story brick structure with good equipment.. The building and equipment for this school are Worth about $i8,000.
Recommendation. That the industrial work in these schools be strengthened and theory and practice of gardening introduced,
Date of visit: January, 1'114.
FULTON COUNTYATLANTA.
ARCHBISHOP RYAN MO,1011IAL SCHOOL.
Principal: M. Scherrer.'
A Roman Catholic parochial school with io4 elementary pupils, taught by three white Catholic sisters, in a substantial buildinr used as church and school. it is owned and maintained by the African
Mission Society of Lyon, France. Annual income, $9oo. Value of building and grounds, $35,00o.
Date of visit: October, 1913.
1`,/
Ia addition to t
;
EPISCOPAI, SCHOOLS.
two'schools aided by the American Church Institute, the study
of Georgia showed nine Epigco 1 schools. Four of these were visited and are discussed
below. The existence of fine o hers was verified by correspondence. They are small
mission schools of minor irnj3ortance, generally taught in connection with a church and
aided by the Episcopal Board of Missions.
''ULTON COUNTrATLANTA.
ST. MATIIIAS EPISCOPAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Archdeacon Hendtraon.
A parochial school with 31 pupils, taugh by the minister's wife and sister.
Date of visit: October, 1913. ;
Estimated income, $250.
ST. PAUL'S PARISH TRAINING AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: A. E. 'Day.
An Episcopal parochial schoot covering seven elementary grades, with some industrial work in the
last three years of the course. It seas founded by Bishop Nelson, of the Episcopal Church, and title to the
property is vested in him as Bishop of Atlanta.
"\\ .4 ttendante.---There were in all i6o on day of visit. These are children who were crowded out of the
public schools.
Teachers.Total, 5; 4 colored women and the colored minister of the Episcopal Church. Three of
the teachers were trained at Atlan1..a University.
Financial.Of the $1,432 incdme, $Ssa was from the Episcopal Board of Missions, $250 from general
donations, and $360 from tuition and fees. Teachers''salaries amounted to $1,200. The remainder of
the income was used for running eipenses.
Plant.Estimated value, $10,000. The plant consists of two down-town city IA with two frame
buildings im poor repair. The main building, valued at $3,030, was destroyed by fire in 1913 and rebuilt in 1914.
Recommendation.--There is Apresent aced for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; January, 1914.
THOMASVILLE.
GOOD SHEPHERD PARDaHAL.
Principal: P. M. P. Carrington.
A small Episcopal parochial sch6o1 taught in the annex of the church by the local colored rector
and an assistant. Twenty elementary pupils were present on the day of visit. The reported enrollment
for the year was 88. The income of the school amounted to approximately $45o, of winch $225 was
White.
48927*Bull. 39-17----17
NEGRO EDUCATION.
2.52
appropriated by the Episcopal Board for salaries and the remainder was from tuition. All of this as
used for salaries and expenses.
Rocorasanakstion.There is a present need for this school, but with tho. development of the public
larger
schools it should become part of the public-school systm or be combined with one of
.
institutims.
Date of visit:sx5.
OTHER EPISCOPAL SCHOOLS.
In addition the following schools were found to be in existence by correspondence :
Town.
Canty.
Mariettat
Savannah.
Albany.
Pennick.
Darien.
Cobb.
Chatham.
Dougherty.
Glynn.
McIntosh.
St. Barnabas.
St. Augustine.
St. John's.
Good Shepherd.
St. Cyprian's.
PRESBYTERIAN SCHOOLS.
The Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen reports 13 schools in Georgia.
Of these seven were considered important enough to be discussed in the county summaries
above. Pour of the remaining six were visited and found in regular operation. They
are small parochial schools of minor importance. The four are, however, located in
communities where4they are needed to supplement inadequate public-school facilities.
On their present inefficient basis they should not be continued. Effort sbould be made
to merge them with the public-school system or provide an increase in private aid which
will insure real improvement.
BALDWIN COUNTYMILLEDGEVILLE.
ALLEN MEMORIAL MISSION SCHOOL.
Principal: r A. Houston, the local pastor.
A Presbyterian parochial school of elementary grade taught in a church by the pastor and his wife.
It is owned and controlled by the Presbyterian Board of Minions. The attendance is 65. A small tuition fee is charged. The Board of Missions pays Sioo for the pastor's salary. Tuition amounts to about
.
1130 a year
Recommendation. That the Presbyterian Church insist upon a higher standard of work and more
cooperation with the public schools.
Date of visit: November, 1913.
DE KALE COUNTYDECATUR.
ST. JAMES PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Rev. A. A. Wilson, the local pastor.
An elementary school taught in the Presbyterian Church by the minister and his wife. The building was in bad repair and the room dirty. The teaching was poor. The attendance was 66. More
pupils attend during the winter months. The reported enrollment for the year was ros. The income
for 1912-13 amounted tg $800, practically all of which came from the Presbyterian Board. Of the
expenditures 856o was for salaries and $240 for other purposes.
Rearmasendation.That the Presbyterian Board insist upon higher standards of work and more
cooperation with the public-hchool system.
'Date of visi4: October. 1913.
LIBERTY COUNTYARCADIA.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Pcineipali J. P. Woolridge, the local pastor.
An elementary school doing seven grades of work. It is taught in the Presbyterian Church by the
pastor and his wife. Enrollment, 75. The Presbyterian Board of Missions contributes about $roo
to the school and about $30 is raised in tuition.
GEORGIA.
253
Recowsew/sciation.There is present need fer this school, but With the,development of
the public
schools this school should become a part of the public-school system
or be united with one of the
larger institutions.
Date of visit: January, 1914.
LIBERTY COUNTYLIMERICK.
EBENEZER PAROCHIAL SCHOOL
Principal: Rev. L. E. Primd, the local pastor.
A small elementary school taught in a church. The pastor and his wife
are the teachers. The
school is owned but not aided by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen.
The condition of
the church and school indicates careless management.
A asisdascs.Total, 17; the reported enrollment is rob. The support comes from tuition and
amounts
to about 850 a year.
Recommendation, There is present need for this school, but with ''1e development of
tlie public
schools this school should become a part of the public-school system
or be united with one of the
larger institutions.
Dale of visit: January. ro14.
In addition two parochial schools which were reported, but not visited,
were located
as follows:
County.
Town.
Chatham.
Rockdale .
Savannah.
Conyers.
SCHOOLS OF MISCELLANEOUS DENOMINATIONS.
In addition to the foregoing groups, there are two small denominational
schools in
Georgia. One is owned by the colored Methodist
Episcopal denomination and one by
the Seventh -day Adventists. In view df the needs of the
large Colored Methodist Episcopal School, the effort to maintain the small Harriet Holsey Industrial
School does not
seem warranted. The Seventh-day Adventist.School
in Atlanta should be maintained
only so long as the public schools are inadequate.
_
LAURENS COUNTY DUBLIN.
.HARRIV HOLSEY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal : Mrs. M. J. Dinkins.
A small elementary school with"oo pupils in the first two grades.
The principal and her daughter
are the teachers. The school is owned by the Colored
Methodist Episcopal Church and controlled by a
board of trustees appointed by the bishop of that church.
The income amounts to about $300 a year.
Most of this comes from tuition and fees and isaised tot- salaries.
The plant consists of 13 acres of land,
a dilapidated board building, and a few rough benches for cl.issrooms.
The work is of little value.
- Date of visit: November,
1913.
FULTON COUNTYATLANTA.
SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST MISSION SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Anne Cheshire.
A parochial school with So pupils and 2 teachers. Schoolrooms are provided in the church
building.
The income of about $5oo was deriveddrom tuition and the church.
Recomirrievedolios.That the school be continued only so long as the public schools
are inadeplate.
Date of visit: October; 1913
254
NEGRO EDUCATION.
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.
In addition to the schools discussed in the county., summaries, there are 15 small
independent institutions in Georgia. 'These include 2 semipublic schclols and 13
private schools. Though most of the private schools were founded to' supplement
inadequate public school facilities, many of them are so hampered by poverty or mismanagement that they are of little use to the community. As they are largely dependent on individual initiative for support, and as their supervision is limited, they are
doubtful ventures for outside philanthropy. Where there appears to be a real need for
these schools it is recommended that effort be made to merge them with the publicschool system. -In no case should they endeavor to extend their activities beyond the
immediate needs of the community. In order that efficient use of the money may be
insured donations from outside sources should be made through the public_authorities
or through an agency acquainted with the educational conditions in the community.
Neither of the two private schools aided by public funds is satisfactory. Of the
13 wholly private schools 6 are small undertakings taught fotuition and 7 depend upon
donations for their dupport. Those taught for tuition should continue on that basis
so long as the public schools do not provide for all the pupiof their community. The
seven which depend on donations are of little educational value to their communities.
BIBB COUNTYMACON.
MACON INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Louise Braxton.
A school of eleMentary grade opened in 1915. The principal formerly operated an unsuccessful
venfure in liaynesville, Lowndes County, Ala. An attendance of 65 was reported in the spring of 1916.
The income is derived from tuition and donations. Permanent quarters have not been provided.
Rscossosesdation.-*In view of the other private schools in Macon, there seeMs tolp, no need for the
develcipment of this school.
BULLOCK COUNTYSTATESBORO.
STATESBORO NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: William James.
An elementary school furnishing the only school facilities for Negroes in Statesboro. A private
school and two public schools were recently combined under the present principal and the hool is
now a semipublic institution. It is owned by a white board of trustees and supervised jointly by them
and by the city school board.
A tionsdancs.Total, 246; all elementary except three in the ninth grade. Some instruction in
sewing is provided.
Teachm.Total, 5; all colored; male r, female 4.
Financial, 1912-13.The income amounted to $1,850, of which Soo° was from donations, $55o from
State and city, and $50o from tuition and fees, and $aoo from entertainments and rallies. Of the income,
ir,o5o was expended for teachers' salaries, $55o for building and repairs, and $350 for other purposes.
There is an indebtedness of $56o due on buildings.
Plant.Bstimated value, $6,000. The plant consists of a acres of land, two a-story frame buildings,
and equipment valued at $5co. The land was bought and paid for by the colored people of the town
and was transferred to the prisent board of trustees when the three schools of the town were consolidated.
Rscotaranulafisiss.r. Thatindustrial work, especially gardening, be introduced)
2. 'That teacher-training courses be developed.
Date of visit: January, 1914.
I See reommendatIcas In summary chapter. p. 23.
GEORGIA.
.
255
CHATHAM COUNTYSAVANNAH.
ALICE BROWN ACADEMY.
Principal: Miss Alice Brown.
A small elementary school taught in a church by the principal and two assistants. There were
r55 pupils The income amounted to $6e0 from tuition and donations from the patrons of the school.
Recommendation. That this school shall not expect other than local support.
Date of visit: December, 1913.
CLARKE COUNTYATHENS.
J. THOMAS HEARD UNIVERSITY.
Principal: J. Thomas Heard.
A privately owned elementary day school with 48 pupils in attendance and 78 on roll. It is taught
by the principal's daughter; the ownership is vested in the principal's wife and children as trustees.
The school is located on a lot next to a very good private school and within a block of the public high
school. The income amounted to approximately $300, of which $235 is from donations and $65 from
tuition. The plant, estimated value. $4,000, consists of a city lot, a two-story building, and equipment
valued at $404.
Reconimendalion.There seems to be no need for this school.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; April, 1915.
ROSA SMITH NORMAL AND NIGHT SCHOOL.
Principal: Anne Smith.
A small elementary school with a few secondary pupils. It is owned by the principal. The
attendance was 78 and enrollment r2o. The school is taught by the principal and irregularly by an
assistant. Individual instruction is stressed. The pupils are a few who are unable to attend public
schools and a few who come in from the county. The income amounts to approximately $250, all of
which is from tuition. The building, worth about $1,500, is situated in the back yard of the principal's
home.
Recommendation . The school is worthy of continuatidn on its present basis as a tutoring school for
irregular pupils.
Date of visit: October, 1913.
FULTON COUNTYATLANTA.
ATLANTA NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal; R. D. Stinson.
An elementary day school with small enrollment, poor plant, and doubtful management. Industrial training is limited to a little sewing.
The school is owned by a white board of trustees, whose business cares are such that they have
practically no time lot supervision. They permit the use of their names because of their interest in
industrial education.
Attendance. Total, 78. Three agents visited the school and received from the principal different
statements as to the enrollment, the figures varying from 144 to 175. All the pupils are elementary.
Teachers Four teachers, includingthe principal, give all their time to the school. Two are women:
Three other women give part-time service..
Financial, 1912-13.-111e principal keeps all records and receives all donations in irregular fashion.
Money received was accounted for only by the stubs in an old receipt book. Receipts were not given
for all donations. Some were recorded in thepocket memorandum of the principal . Expenditures were
also kept in rough memorandum form. Combining the items reported by the principal from the receipt
book stubs and from the pocket memorandum, the income was about $6,500. The expenditures reported
by the principal were-hardly' half this sum. Liabilities were $2,400, of which $r ,600 was mortgage on
property and $792 on old accounts. In view of the fact that the school's debts have not been paid.
256
NEGRO- EDUCATION.
and that the teachers receive their pay irregularly, the excess of income over expenditures indicates
gross mismanagement.
Mont.Estimated value, $4,400. The two buildings owned are a comfortable cottage for the principal and a dilapidated cabin called the boys' dormitory. The cottage used for school purposes is
rented.
Recanting/4o tion.In view of the condition and management of this school it can not be recommended as worthy of aid.
Dates of visits: October, 1913; January, 1914.
Facts verified, 1916.
BADGER ,CHOOL.
Princip : Miss A. D. Badger.
A small elementary school with so pupils in attendance. Conducted by the principal as a means
of livelihood. Estimated income, $375.
.Date of visit: October, 1913.
00.
HOLMES INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
President: B. R. Holmes.
A small, disorderly school doing five grades of elementary work. It was founded five years ago
by the principal and has a nominal board of trustees. It is supported by private subsCriptions.
Attendance.Reported enrollment, 25o. There were 4o pupils present on day of visit.
reachers.Total 4; all colored; male 3, female 1.
Financial. There were no financial records except memoranda. The School was supported by
ationssmounting to $1,200 a year, of which $Soo was spent for salaries and $400 for running expenses.
Pldni.Estimated value, $2,000. Consists of one very poor frame building unceiled. The winws were bryken and the place very dirty. The children were sitting on boards and boxes. A dilapi-
ted printing press covered with dust constituted the industrial equipment.
Recommendations. In view of the condition and management of this school it can not be reconimended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: January, 1915.
RUSH DAY AND NIGHT SCHOOL.
;Principal: Mrs. J. A. Rush.
kindergarten, taught in a church, with so children in attendance. No tuit ion is charged. Mrs.
the minister's wife, and an assistant do the work. Both give their services without compensation.
to of visit: October, 1913.
SIMIlt SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Nannie E. Simms.
A s all elementary school with 5o pupils in attendance. Conducted by the principal as a means
.
of liveli
The estimated income 01$300, was derived from tuition. The school was taught in the
principal house.
Date visit: October, 1913.
MACON COUNTYOGLETHORPE.
LUMPKIN CkDEMY.
Princi
H. T. Lumpirin.
A small
mcptary school doing a poor grade of work. There were ]o pupils, taught by the p;incipal. The pn clftl owns 4o acres nearby on which the pupils do some gardening. The support
amounting to a t Saco, was from donations and tuition. The schoolhouse is rough building, valued
at about $s moo, *ginally built for a public school; the county aid was recently withdrawn, however.
Rscommendar .In view of the condition and management of this school it can not be recommended as worthy aid.
Date of visit:
ber, 1913.
.
MUSCOGEE COUNTYCOLUMBUS.
PRICENORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: T. S. Price.
A small elementary school founded by the principal in 1893 and operated as a private enterprise.
There were sax pupils, all elementary, and three colored teachers. The income of 81,000 was from
GEORGIA.
257
tuition and local contributions. The plant, estimated value $4,000, consists of a city lot, a large frame
building in poor condition, and equipment valued at $lop.
Recommendation. In view of the condition and management of this school, as outlined above, no
recommendation can be made with regard to it
Date of visit: November, 1913.
THOMAS COUNTYTHOMASVILLE.
LUCINDA WILLIAMS SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. Lucinda Williams.
A small private school taught in a one-room building located in the principal's yard. The school
enrolls about 7o pupils and is dependent upon tuition for support,.
Recommendation. That the support of the school be limited io tuition.
Date of visit: January, 1916.
WARE COUNTYWAYCROSS.
SOUTH GEORGIA INDUSTR I AL COLLEGE.
president: N. L. Black.
An elementary school furnishing the only facilities for the colored children of Waycross. The
land was donated to the colored people by a real estate firm with a view to attracting buyers to the
section about the school. The location on the extreme edge of town is inconvenient for a'large number
of the colored children. Title is vested in a private board of trustees.
The 153 pupils were in so grades;
all of the-work was elementary. There were five teachers. The income amounted to $1,380, of which
$772 was from tuition, $45o from the town, and $158 from other sources. Of the income $969 was expended
for salaries and $411 for other purposes. The plant, estimated value, $6,000, consists of
a city lot, a well
constructed two-story brick building, and equipment valued at $65o.
Recommendations. -1. That the trustees endeavor to have the school moved to a more central
location in the city.
41,
2. That simple industrial work be introduced.
Date of visit: December, 1915.
WEBSTER COUNTYARCHERY.
JOHNSON 110ME-INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
President: A. J. Johnson.
A small elementary institution of doubtful management. It was founded in 1012 by the Sublime
Orde; of Archery and is owned by that order. The school work includes some cooking and
farming.
ffitendonce.Total, 72; all elementary.
Teachers and workers. Total, 8; all colored; male 2, female 6: teachers 5, matron 1, farmer 1,
financila agent 1.
Financial, 1913-14.M far as could be determined the, iscome amounted to approximately $3,000.
A large part of this was from donations and the remainder (mm tuition. Of the income about $2,5oo
was expinded for salaries and $5oo for other purposes.
Plal .--:Estimated value, $io,000. The plant consists of coo acres of land, three frame buildings,
and equ ment valued at $500.
Rec
mendation. That financial support be limited to the secret order which owns the school.
Date of visit: November, 5914.
5.
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS.
The special institutions for colored people in Georgia include two orphanages, a
reformatory and a so-called naval school. The naval school his never existed, but its
founder has solicited donations widely.
258
NEGRO EDUCATION
BIBB COUNTYMACON.
BAPTIST REFORMATORY.
Principal: W. G. Johnson.
A small reform school with 19 ignfates aqd 2 workers. Some are committed to the institution
by the courts and some by guardians. The income of about 61,200 is from donations and is used for
salaries and expenses. The plant, estimated value $x2,5oo, consists of 36o acres of land, one frame
building, and meager equipment.
Roconsoisendation.This institution should not expect support other than from the Baptist Church
and fees received from public authorities and guardians.
Date of visit: November, x913.
GEORGIA COLORED INDUSTRIAL AND ORPHANS' HOME.
Principal: B. J. Bridges.
A very poorly managed orphans' home with 35 children in attendance. The property, valued at
Sx8,000, consists of several frame buildings in bad repair, 25 acres of land, and meager equipment. It
is owned by a &lard of trustees composed of B. J. Bridges, B. F. Bridges, N. A. Bridges, H. B. Hawes,
and P. A. Keith. The principal spends practically all of his time in Atlanta raising money.
Recommendations. That the institution be reorganized and the ownership and management placed
in a responsible board of trustees.
Date of visit: November, 1913.
CLARK COUNTYATHENS.
HYMAN LIANA HOME.
Principal: Miss N. N. Hyman.
A small home and school with 30 in attendance. Most of the children are of the poorer classes.
The home was founded in 1915 by the principal, who supports the work by soliciting funds. The income
is small. The plant consists of a small lot aqd building donated by the local white Presbyterian church.
Recommendation. In view of the good public and private school facilities of Athens the condition
of the home doe* not warrant its continuation unless it can be difected by the Presbyterians of the city
as a social settlement.
Date of visit: May, 1916.
GLYNN COUNTYBRUNSWICK.
BRUNSWICK NAVAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Founder: John V. Daniels.
An institution only in name. The founder left Brunswick about 1907 and has since that time
solicited for the alleged school. He has never retuned , owns no property, and has never taught a pupil.
He succeeded in obtaining letters of introduction from some of the most distinguished persons in the
United States.
Date of visit: December, 1915.
SUMTER COUNTYAMERICUS.
MASONIC ORPHANS' HOME.
Principal: Midis B. E. Battle.
An orphans' home and elementary school. It was founded in 1897 and is owned and cqntrolled by
the colored masons of Georgia.
. A ttendanot . Total, 3o; all elementary; 8 were orphans. The pupils' ages ranged from 7 to 17 years.
Teachers .Total , 3; all colored women.
F inanciLlAgit. The income amounted to approximatsly $1,2on, a large part of which was from
the colored
Georgia and the remainder from donations. Of the income 81,00c; was expended
for salaries and Saw for running expenses.
Recommendation. The Masons of Georgia and the local community should supply all necessary
funds.
Date of visit: December, 1913.
IX. KENTUCKY.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 261,656 colored people in Kentucky, forming 11.4 per cent of the populaTheir number decreased 23,050, or 8.1 per cent, between i goo and 1910. They
constitute 8.2 per cent of all persons engaged in agricultural pursuits in the State. The
number of farms cultivated by Negroes increased 4.3 per cent between 190o and 1910. As
farmers, renting and owning land, they have charge of 439,657 acres; as farm laborers,
they cultivate a still larger area. While the United States census indicates hopeful progress in the decrease of illiteracy and in the improvement of health conditions, illiterates
are still 27.6 per cent of the colored population io years of age and over and 8.7 per cent
of the children 6 to 14 years of age, and the death rate is very high. The following is
t; n.
a summary of the public-school facilities and educational needs of Kentucky as they
are shown in the reports of the United States census and the State superintendent of
education.
Population. 19 to
White.
2, 027, 951
.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, tcio t..
Teachers' salaries in public schools'........
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in State'
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
Percentage living in rural communities, 191o.
Negro.
261,656
47,047
417, 081
$3, 389,354
to o
1.401, 208
$8. 53
27. 6
77. 9
59. 2
SS. 13
Public appropriations. The public-school teachers of Kentucky received $3,790,562
in salaries in 1912. Of this sum *3,389,354 was for the teachers of 417,081 white children
and $401,208 was for the teachers of 47,047 colored children. On a per capita basis this
is $8.13 for each white child of school age and 18.53 for each colored child.' Map 12
presents these per capita figures for each county in Kentucky, the proportion of Negroes
being indicated by the shading. The per capita expenditure for colored childr,en in Kentucky is among the highest in the Southern States. This is partly explained by the fact
that the colored people form a comparatively small proportion of the total population
and are widely scattered, and partly by the provision of good high school facilities in a
number of the towns.
County groups, percentage of Negroes in the population.'
Counties under to per cent
Counties to to:As per cent
Counties 25 to so per Cent
White school
244, 478
157, 135
15, 468
Negro school
population.
8, 34B
Per capita Per capita
lac white. for Negro.
pipopulation.
Si 89
$8 30
39%974
9. 69
8. 76,
8,625
rt. 81
7.94
Pigurea la one county and three small towns which did not report salaries by race are excluded.
These figures were computed by dividing the teachers' salaries in public schools by the number of children 6 to to years
of age enumerated in the United States census. City systems are included. Teachers' salaries in rural districts were obtained
from the report of the State superintendent of education. Salaries In cities were obtained by correspondence.
f There are no counties in Kentucky with so per cent or more of Negro population.
259
4
6.23
oro (
6.19
/
s-.'s
0%
)617
e
0
7.1,T9
5 5817
ft.
7.10
770
83
83
CI 17
6.74
2_10
10.
OC 0" t
10.
11
10.30
7.94
6.65 /f 5.9.3
c.a*
1 4.7: r.....7.015 .,
CS?
.011
t.Z0
au on
lL19 i e'
484
i603
2b-..°-11e47
66 i %.7i .47.
19 J3.,
6.96\
- - ig:,,,,;.>%
... 170117
43
rie.-4-grir°
6.0.Vrol i 4.47 i 41S
s.
..."--
rg;
6.tir .'"1"
$1
a.,...?".
66
7 013111.4% (a)
670 92k,
nnw
4
The upper figure in each county is for white children, the lower for colored. The shading indicates the percentage of Negroes in the total
population.
MAP 12. PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR 'WHITE AND COLORED CHILDREN IN KENTUCKY ON THE BASIS OP TEACHERS' SALARIE.
61
Percentage Negro in the population.
KENTUCKY.
,4°
Private financial aid.The private schools have a property valuation of $667,548
an annual income of $48,549, and an atitendance of 1,176 pupils, of whom 1,007 are in
elementary grades. A suaunary,of the income and property of the private and higher
colored schools grouped according to bwnership is given in the following table:
Number of
Annual
schools.
17
Income.
Total private schools
Independent
Denominational
State and Federal.
Value ol
property.
$667, 54$
529, 698
137, 850
156, 700
$48, 549
20, 351
28, 198
22, 327
3
14
The annual income of the colored schools owned by denominations whose membership is white or largely so aggregates $22,377, Ets against $5,821 for those of the colored
denominations. The property owned by the former group is valued at $1 ro,o5o and that
owned by the latter at $27,8o0. Some of the schools owned by white denominations
receive considerable sums of money from. their colored members. The statistics of the
State and Federal school with an income of $22,327 and property valuation of $156,70o
are in striking contr *t with those of the private schools. In addition to the private aid
reported in the above table, about $8,c95 was appropriated for general supeision and
special phases of education by the Jeanes Fund, Slater Fund and the General Education
Board.
While the total number of private schools is 17, only 6play any important part in
the educational activities of the State. Some of the remaining 11 are justified only on
denominational grounds; the majority, however, are so-hampered by small income or
poor management that the State receives little benefit from them. The schools of the
first group are described under their respective counties and their location shown on Map
13. The schools of the second group are summarized according to ownership and discussed
at the ilnd of this chapter.
The attendance of the private and higher colored schools by ownership groups is
indicated in the following statement:
Number ot
schools.
Total private schools.
Independent
Denominational.
State and Federal..
17
3
14
1
Total.
1, 176
Attendance.
Elementary. Secondary.
1, 007
x69
177
122,
990
234
885
55
114
108
126
In view of the frequency of the terms "academy" and "college" in the names of
these private institutions, it is important to note that less than one-tenth of the pupils
are of secondaryigrade and none are in college classes.
Attendance. The United States census reported 48,039 colored children 6 -to 14
years of age, of whom 33,761 were attending school. A study of the figures for the public
and private schools shows that a large majority of both the elementary and secondary
colored pupils are in the public schools.
Elementary.The need for! increased provision for elementatY education for colored
children is indicated by the fapl that the attendance in both public and private schools
is less than 7 1 per cent of the number of children of elementary school age. The average
$2,500 tO $5,000.
130.000 or over.
St 5,coo to It30.000.
115,oz0 to Sr i.coo.
).
I
,
e
.
PULIAM
LS
I
/NM
The shading indicates the percentage of Negroes
.01 I. 911/
%WO
I.1.80.
ronui
4 77
moony.
s.k
ma.
MAP 13. PRIVATE SCHOOLS POR NEGROES IN KENTUCKY.
I
Amen.
Itt
The circles show the location and the annual income of the more important schools
in the total population.
6
...12-41r1.4.
MORS
so per cent Negro or over.
EMIto to so per cent Negro.
Percentage Negro in the population:
Under to per cent Negro.
0
0 Under it.scis.
laccane of scbooh
KENTUCKY.
263
term of the rural public schools for both races is about six months. Many of the teachers
are poorly prepared.
Secondary. There are nine four-year public high schools for colored pupils in Ken-
All of these but the one in Louisville share their buildings with elementary
grades.' Two others are reported to have three-year secondary courses. Probably to
or 15 other public schools enroll a few pupils above the elementary grades. This provision for secondary instruction is much larger, both absolutely and relatively, than that
made by most of the States with a considerable proportion of colored people.
Of the 1,074 secondary colored pupils in attendance only 169 are in the five private
schools. Four-year courses are maintained in two of these private schools, with an
enrollment of q7 pupils. The secondary work of the remaining three schools varies
tucky.
from a few subjects above the elementary grades to a full three-year course. The courses
of study of most of these schools follow closely the college preparatory- or classical type.
Practically all of them make Latin the central subject.,
Teacher training.The most urgent need of the colored schools in Kentucky is
trained teachers: The supply now &pends on the State Normal and Industrial Institute and, three pOvate schools. In none of these schools is teacher training made the
central aim. The graduating classes of these schools in 1913-14 aggregated only 35
pupils, an output entirely inadequate to meet the need of a State with 1,270 colored
public school teachers. Through the cooperation of the Slater Fund, the General
Education Board, and the State department of education, a county training school-is
being developed at Little Rock in Bourbon County.
Industrial.No school id the State is able to teach trades effectively. The State
school and three private schools do satisfactory industrial work in one or two lines and
one school is making unsatisfactory attempts in this direction.- Most of the public high
schools have good industrial courses. .
Agricuilura/.Although four of the higher schools in the State have large farms, in
none of them is adequate proyision made for systematic training in agriculture. Lincoln
Institute is genuinely interested in rural problems and is organizing its agricultural
activities on the basis of rural requirements. The pupils of these schools work on the
farms as laborers, but the educational value of the work varies with the institution. In
the effort to acquire large farms all of the schools have 'overlooked the value of a wellplanned course in gardening. Several of the public high schools have such courses.
Supervision. 'Through the cooperation of the State department of education and the.
General Education Board, a white supervisor is maintained for the colored rural schools.
This supervisor travels over the State observing educational conditions and encouraging
all efforts for improvement. The more important agencies with which he cooperates
are the Jeanes and Slater Funds. In the summer of 1915, the State department of edu-
cation held teachers' institutes in every county having an appreciable number of
Negroes.
One county in the State has a Jeanes Fund supervisor.
NEGRO .DUCATION.
SUMMARY WV EDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
i. Increased efficieny for the qemontary school system.
2. The increase of tacher-training facilities: To this end teacher-training courses
should be provided in secondary .'schools, more qummer schools should be maintained,
and the private schools should; cooperate witlijhe State department f education by
placing more emphasis on'. teacher-training courses in accordance
State standards.
3. More provision for;ins.truction in gardening, household
arts, and simple industries. In developing this work the counties should realize the pos,sibilities. of the Jeanes
Fund industrial supervisors.
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the piobiems cif uLti life so
that teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people over 50 per cent rural.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
els
The private and higher schools are herewith described. Counties and cities'in which
the more important institutions are located are presenter'. as a background for the discussion of the individual schools. The counties are arranged in alphabetical order.
BOURBON COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries in public SC13001S, 1012-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 19i0
White.
Negro.
11,819
1,983
5,642
951
ref $10, 389
$23, 55i
$11.87
$10.
4
The rural population is 66.4 per cent of the total. Tile number of teachers is J7. in
white schools and 31in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,461 white pupils
and 812 colored pupils?.
The attendance in the public schools is good and the schools are progressive. The
city of Paris maintains a fairly good high school. The county, together with the Slater
Fund and the General Education Bo4rd, is developing a central training institution at
Little Rock.
LITTCE ROCK.
BOURBON COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Priucipal: Mrs. Maggie L. Freeman.
An elementary public school selected as a central institution to provide more advanced training for the colored pupils of the county.
.Attendance. Total, 7o; all elementary.
Teachers.Total, 3; all colored; male 1, female 2.
Organization. --A nine-grade course is provided, with elementary work throughout
the eight grades and a few secondary subjects in thee ninth grade. Practice teachiikis
also given in the ninth grade. The industrial work consists of cooking, seeing, and manual training. Simple instruction is given in prdening and poultry raisi
47%
KENTUCKY.
265
Financial, r914-15.The income amounted to $2,000, of which $1,5oo was from
public funds and $5oo from the Slater Fund.
Plant -- Estimated value, $3,500. Of this, $ioo is in land, $3,000 in building,
and $400 in equipment. The land comprises about an acre. The building is a neat
frame structure containing five classrooms.
Recommendations.That the work be encouraged and facilities be provided for a
boarding department, secondary work, and teacher training.
PARIS.
PARIS PUBI,IC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: F. W. Wood.0
A city high school offering four years of secondary work with industrial training
for girls. The eight elementary grades are taught inthe saine building.
Attendance.Secondary, 4o; male 15, female 25. The elementary enrollment
was 266.
Teachers.Secondary, 3; all colored; male 2, female 1.
Organization.The course includes: Latin, 3 years; history, 4; English, 3; mathemttics, 4; psychology, physics, chemistry, and pedagogy. Sewing ias provided for girls.
Plant.Estimated value, $15,000. The plant consists of an acre of land, a neat
two-story frame building, and good equipment.
FAYETTE COUNTY.
Population, 19,0.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19io..
Teachers' salaries in public schools. 1913-13.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
NO
32%821
1 :17879
5,034
2,312
$9$:k8°345
$2$2xo., 66225
4.7
213,5
The rural population is 26.4 per cent of the total. The number of teachers 1., 152
in white schoolsAand 48 in colored schools. The average attendance is 4,318 white
pupils and 22,o67 colofed pupils. The attendance in public schools is good. The city
of Lexington maintains a four-year high school for the pupils of the city, and the pupils
of the county have opportunity to attend the Chandler Normal School. Although the
surrounding country districts are connected with Lexington by several suburban trolley
lines, the Chandler Normal School might serve these rural districts better if a small
boarding department were developed.
qt.
LEXINGTON.
LEXINGTON PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: W. H. Fouse.
A city school offering four years of secondary work with good industrial training.
The eight elementary grades are taught in the same building.
ft
Attendance.Secondary, 93; male 2 2 , female 71.
Teachers.Secondary, 4; all colored; male 1, female 3.
Organization. Secondary: Four years of secondary workeare provided. Emphasis
is placed on Latin, mathematics, and English. The courses in science and history need
strengthening.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
266
Industrial: The, girls have instruction in .cooking the first two years and sewing the
last two Bench and lathe work is provided for the boys.
Piant.=Estimated value, $18,000. The.plant consists of a quarter of an acre of
land and an old two-story brick building.' The equipment is poor.
CHANDLER NORMAL SCHOOL
Principal: P. J. Werking.3
A day school of elementary and secondary grade. The work is well done.
The school was founded in I88o by the American Missionary Association of .the
Congregational Church and it is owned and supervised by that association.
Attendance.Total, 17o; elementary 137, secondary 33! The reported annual,
enrollment was 197.
Teachers . Total, 10; white 7, colored 3; male 2, female 8. Ttle teachers are
well trained.
Organization.Elementary: Good work is done in the eight elementary grades.
Secondary: The secondary course includes the usual subjects of the high school
with theory and practice teaching in the senior year.
Industrial: Boys have two hours a week in a well-equipped manual-training shop.
Girls receive good instruction in sewing. Some provision is also made for cooking,
Financial, r913-14.The finances are controlled by the American Missionary Association. A simple and effective system of accounts h'.s recently been installed. The
more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expendituies, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$5, 559
5, 559
39, coo
Sources of income: Anierican. Missionary Association, $3,292; tuition and fees,
$2,082; donations, $57; other sources, $128. The noneducational receipts amounted
to $102, of which $92 was from shop sales and $io from room rent.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,003; teachers' dining hall supplies, $793; heat,
light, and water, $2987 student aid and labor, $279; equipment, $230; academic supplies, $221; repairs, $221; outside labor, $144P; other purposes, $475.
Plata. Land: Estimated value, $4,000. The land comprises almost a city block,
in a convenient sectidn of the city.
Buildings: Estimated value, $32,5oo.
There is a large brick building three stories
high, used for school purses. The other building, a neat brick structure, is used for
teachers' home. The buildings are in good repair and well kept.
Movable,equipment: Estimated value, $2,500. Of this, $1,000 was in furniture,
$5od in shop equipment, and $1,000 in playground apparatus and other equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That the school continue to develop its teacher-training and
industrial facilities and provide space for gardening.'
2. That the work be planned so as to eliminatias much 139 possible duplication .of
'the work of the city high school.
i
011ellool build/ as Y sow being email.
Whits.
I See reccriissoodatioss In sueamary chapter, p.
itErrrucry.
267
3. That a small boarding department be added to the school to enlarge its field
of influence.
Date of visit : March, 1915.
FRANKLIN COUNTY.
Population, 2910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county<
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
17,389
Colored.
3, 746
3, 055
445
$34,683
$11.35
$5, 018
9- 1
$11.28
31.7
The rural population is 50.5 per cent of the total. The number of teachers is96
The average attendance is 2,400 white pupils
in white schools and 19 in colored schools.
and 420 colored pupils.
These statiitics indicate that the regular public schools for colored people are fairly
The only other school in the county is the Kentucky Normal and Industrial
Institute, which receives Federal and State aid. This school should be developed to
meet the State-wide need for teachers.
satisfactory.
FRANKFORT.
FRANKFORT PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
A city school offering four years of secondary work with some industrial training. The eight elementary grades are taught in the same building. At the time the school was
visited there were secondary pupils taught by three teachers. The program is too
crowded for good results, some pupils reporting as many as 5o hours a week. Considerable emphasis is placed on Latin, English, and mathematics. The school plant consists
of a thy lot, a two-story frame_ building, and fairly good equipment.
KENTUCKY NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
.President: G. P. Russell.
A school of elementary and secondary grade. The policies of the institution have
been directed toward developing a college department rather than toward strengthening the trade and agricultural training for the large secondary enrollment. The
industrial courses are weak.
The school was chartered in 1886 and is owned by the State of Kentucky. It
ceives support from the State and from the Federal funds for agricultural and mechanical education. 'the board of regents of the institution consists of three members from
Franklin County, appointed by the governor, together with the State superintendent of
education and the principal of the school as ex-officio members. For some time this
board has been divided by factional controversy. Its wrartg4es have incited the, students
to revolt, developed uncertainty as to policies, a.A caused the school records to be lost.
Attendance. Total, 234; elementary io8, secondary 126; male 85, female (49;
boarders, 140. Besides the regular attendance, about 53 teachers from the public
schools of the State attend a review Course, held during the final term. ale reported
enrollment for the year was 400.
X9927° Bull. 89-17-18
.4
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Teachers and workers.Total, 19; all colored; male 12, female 7; elementary 3,
secondary 5, industrial 4, agricultural 1, music 1, farm foreman 1, matron 1, steward,
office worker, and engineer.
Organization. Elementary: Elementary instruction is given in the six-grade practice school with 41 pupils, and in the three preparatory classes. This work is unsatisfactory and the students are poorly prepared. In the senior "preparatory" class, which
corresponds partially to the eighth grade, effort is made to teach algebra, Latin, and
rhetoric.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the three-year " normal" course. The
mathematics, 2; elementary science,
course requires: Latin, 2 1, years; English,
history, 1; Bible, ;spsychology and education, r ; methods and practice teaching, r;
drawing, 2; and physical culture, 1.
Industrial: The catalogue outlines extensive courses in manual training, carpentry,
mechanical drawing, printing, and electrical work. The one teacher of woodwork reports
a program almost impossiblt of realization. The electrical work offered is merely incidental to the running of the school's lighting plant. Cooking and sewing are taught by
two teachers.
Agriculture: ckne teacher handles both the classroom recitation and the farm practice. Each class receives some instruction in the theory of agriculture. Six hours a week
of farm pfactice is reported by 18 pupils.
Discipline: The behavior of the boys on the grounds and the condition of their
dormitories indicated unsatisfactory discipline.
Financial, 1912-13.There were no books or records of finances or of property
except the president's memoranda. Members of the board of regents claimed that the
books had been lost in the office of the State superintendent of public instruction, whose
secretary had been employed as bookkeeper foi the school The president reported the
following items:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts r
Value of plant
322,327
211097
'156, 700
Sources of income: State appropriation, $13,000; Federal funds, $8,505; fees, $439;
miscellaneous, $383; The noneducational receipts amounted to $9,202, of which $7,141
was frquille boarding department, f1,729 from the farm, and $332 from rents.
of expenditure: S'alaries, $13,108; boarding department, $7,357; farm equip. It
ment, $2,811; repaiis, $1:981; fuel, $1,481; labor, $1,145; printing and supplies, $341;
.
office expenses, $128; miscellaneous, $1.945.
Plane.-7-Land; Estimated value, $3o,00o. There are 35 acres in the school site,
besides a farm of 265 acres. The land is'on the outskirts of the city. Efforts have been
made to improve the general appearances. One hundred acres of the farm are well
cultivated, and there seems to be an effort to make farqi work attractive to the students.
Buildings: Estimated value, $nopoo. Recitation Hall, a two-story brick build ing, contains chapel, classroomseand the dean's office; Ladies' Hall, a modern fourstory brick building, contains the boarding department, reception rooms and girls'
dormltbries; Hume Hall is a two-story stone building containing offices and rooms for
KENTUCKY.
J
269
the domestic science and model-school departments. The Trades Building, also a
stone building of two stories, is used for, manual training and industrial work. The
other buildings are the boys' dormitory, a frame structure of two stories; and two cottages, the president's home and a residence for the teachers. The buildings were in
, reasonably good repair. Other fixed equipment consists of the pumping station, tank,
and tower, valued at $4,300.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $16,700. Furniture and fixtures, $5,622;
scientific apparatus, $406; machinery, tools, and printing plant, $3,895; farm implements'and liv.e stock, $4,852; agricultural products and other supplies on hand, $1,625;
library, $250.
Recommendations. i. That the members of the board of regents unite on a policy
that will make the school genuinely agricultural and mechanical.
2. That \the'State law be so modified or amended that appointments to the board
of regents shall not be limited to Franklin County.
3. That the course of study be adapted to the training of teachers for rural
districts.
4. That
ciloser supervision be given to the boys' dormitory.
Dates of visits: April, 1914; April, 1915.
HOPKINS 'COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 19142
37, 738
5, 385
$33, 913
$6.3o
ro. I
Neve.
61573
;, 225
$8, 894
$6. 26
25. 5
The rural population is 74.1 per cent of the total. The number of teachers is 141
in white schools and 31 in colored schools. The average attendance is 4,226 white
,pupils and i,o36 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate that the public-school facilities of the county are fairly
satisfactory. A public high school, with few pupils, is maintained at Earlington. As
the number of children of school age is small, effort should be made to bring about
cooperation between the public schools and the Atkinson Literary and Industrial College so that the private school may furnish a central training institution where the
pupils of the surrounding districts may supplement the training received in the rural
.
schools.
MADI§ONVILLE.
ATKINSON LITERARY AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
President: James Muir.'
A small secondary school with half its'Impils in elementary grades. The management is last, but the classroom work is fairly well done.
The school was founded by the African, Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, and is,
owned and supervised by the general board of that denomination. A board of colored
trustees acts in an advisory capacity.
h
I Elected dote date of visit.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
270
Attendance.Total, 44; elementary 24, secondary 20; boarders, 25.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female 4.
Organization.Eight years of elementary and three years of high school work are
provided. There is practically no industrial work or teacher training, and almost no
departure from the old type of college-preparatory high school. Little effort is made
to use the dormitories for home training. The agricultural operations are for profit
and not for education.
Financial, 19r3 -14. The accounts were kept in part by the principal and itj part
by a nonresident treasurer. No financial statistics could be obtained except the following estimates, which were given by the principal:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value cif plant
82 82
700
12, 600
Sources of income: African Methodist Episcopal Zion Churches, $1,501; rallies and
donations, $1,o43; tuition and fees, $277. The noneducational receipts were from the
boarding department and amounted to $1,381.
Items of expenditure: Supplies, $1,655; salaries, $1,150; power, light, and heat,
$462; other expenses, $31. The excess of income over running expenses was $911.
During the year a payfnent was made from this balance. on the debt of the school, but
the principal did not know the exact amount paid.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $3,600. The land consists of 36 acres of welltnilned land on the edge of Madisonville.
Buildings: Estimated value, $8,500. There are two 2-story frame buildings. One
is used for classroom and boys' dormitory and the other for principal's home and girls'
dormitory. The buildings are old but in fairly good repair.
Equipment: Estimated value, $5oo. The equipment consists of classroom and
dormitory furniture.
Reamsmendationir. That in view of the small attendance, effort be made to
combine this school with the public-school system, so that the institution may be made
the county training school.
2. That the accounts of the school be kept by a treasurer who is responsible to
the principal.
3. That part of the land be used for practical work in gardening.'
4. That the dormitory rooms
more carefully supervised and the girls receive
instruction in cooking and serving in the school dining room so that the boarding department may be more intimately related to the home life of the pupils.
Date of visit: March, 1915.
JESSAMINE COUNTY.
White.
POpillitt300, 1910.
9, 65o
Children 6 to ta years of age, 191o..
Teachers' mimics in public schools, 1912 -13..
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to.14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
1,8ot
*See mosaunendations in summary chapter. p. is.
Negro.
2, 962
529
$15,441
$8.57
$3,980
,8.3
29.6
17. 52
KENTUCKY.
271
The rural population is 76.7 per cent of the total. The number of teachers is 43 in
white schools and 14 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,222 white pupils
and 388 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for some increase in public school facilities. In the
town of Camp Nelson the public school is low in grade and the term is short. Effort
should be made to bring about cooperation with the Fee Memorial Institute so that the
duplication of elementary work may be avoided.
CAMP NELSON.
FEE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE:
President: H. W. McNair.
A small elementary school 'with a seven months tetra. The 37 pupils were doing lowgrade work. The school is owned and controlled by the Presbyterian Board of Missions
for Freedmen. There are two teachers. In addition the principal's wife supervises the
"dormitory," which had six girl boarders at the time of visit.
Financial, 191 3-14.--No. adequate financial records are kept. It was estimated by
the principal that the income was $i,000, of which $850 came from the Presbyterian
Board of Missions and $15o from tuition. Most of this was expended for teachers'
salaries.
Plant. Estimated value, $5,450. Land: Estimated value, $3,000, The land consits of 15o acres near the town of Cairip Nelson, 8 miles from the railroad. The land i,s
practically all cleared. Though an excellent demonstration plot is maintained, little educational value is derived from the work.
Buildings: Estimated value, $2,250. There are two buildings, one a two-story frame
structure used for dormitory and for the principal's home, the other a one-story frame
building with two rooms used as classrooms. The buildings are in poor repair and they
were in disorder at the time of visit. The fences and outhouses areialso in bad repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $200. There is not sufficient schoolroom
equipment'. Only a few dormitory rooms are provided with necessary furniture.
4),ecommendalion.That this school be combined with the public school to form a
county training school.'
Date of visit : March, 1915.
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
Population, two
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19ro..
,
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illitesrate, 1910
White.
217,109
34.877
4N57794
$626, 828
5, 757
$89, 25o
$17.97
$15. 59
1. 7
19. 7
The rural population is 14.8 per cent of the total. The number of teacners is 666 in
white schools and 143 in colored schools. The average attendance is 20,58o white pupils
and 4,446 colored pupils. The public schools of Jefferson County are fairly satisfactory.
The schools of the city of Louisville are progressive. In addition to the elementary
schools, an excellent city high school and a teacher-training school are maintained.
1 See recommendations In cusamary chapter. p. 11.
-.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
272
The State Baptist University is duplicating to a large extent the work done in the public
high school and normal school. The policies of the denominational school should be
directed mow to the State-wide need for teachers and preachers. The principal facts
concerning one of the Catholic parish schools will be found in the summary of Catholic
schools for the State. The other Catholic school did not report. The PresbyTerian
Social Settlements are described in the summary of special institutions.
4
LOUISVILLE.
LOUISVILLE PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: W. B. Matthews.
A well organized city school offering four years of secondary work with industrial
training. The teaching force and equipment are considerably above the average.
Attendance. Total, 402; male 153, female 249.
Teachers.Total, 16; all colored; male 8, female 8.
Organization.The course is modern and compares favorably with that of the white
high schools of the city. The half-year promotion system is followed. The equipment
for teaching science is good. Manual training and mechanical drawing are provided for
boys, cooking and sewing for girls; the equipment is excellent but the space is rather
limited for so large a school.
Plant.1Estimated value, $4r ,coo. The plant consists of a city lot, a large brick
building, and classroom furniture, shop machinery, and laboratory apparatus valued
at $3,700.
Date of visit: March, 1915.
LOUISVILLE COLORED NORMAL SCHOOL.
Principal: A. E. Meyzeek.
A city teacher-training school with two years of work above secondary grade. It
is taught in connection with one of the public elementary schools. There were 27 pupils
in attendance, all young women.
Two colored teachers conduct the teacher-training classes, and the last six months
of the course are spent in practice teatling under critic teachers who teach the elementary grades in the city schools. Two hours a week are given to industrial we& -"--Recommendation. That manual training and gardening beintroduced with aiew
to training teachers of these subjects for city schools.'
Date of visit: February; 1916.
STATE BAPTIST UNIVERSITY,
ate,
President: M B. Lather.'
A secondary school with some elementary pupils and a few students in college
subjects. The school has gained the confirence of many influential white men of Louisville and of the State, but its work is handicapped by inadequate financial support. The institution was founded in 1879 by the General Association of Colored Baptists
of Kentucky, and is owned by that body. A board of trustees of 12 colored men and
an advisory board of t2 white men areippointed by the association. Aid is given by
the
'can Baptist Home Mission Satety.
I Sian date ot visit large brick building has been erected.
Sae roonansendatices In summary chapter. p.
r Stated since date of visit.
Piw
KENTUCKY.
273
Attendance.Total, r3o; ele,rnentary 86, secondary 44; boarders, 45.
Six of the
secondary students reported college and theological subjects. There were 25 boys and
19 girls in the secondary classes. - All but four were from places outside of Louisville.
In addition to the Apils regularly enrolled, 31 men were reported in a special course
for ministers.
Teachers and workers.Total, 15; white 1, colored 14; male 9, female 6; grades and
academic it, girls' industries 2, matron and bookkeeper.
Organization. Elementary : The elementary work is confined to the four, upper
grades.
The teachers in these grades also have secondary classes.
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the four years of the so-called normal
course.
The course includes: Greek, 3 years; Latin, 2 t, ; German, %; English, 2 ; mathematics, 3; history,
elementary science,
echication and psychology, r ; bookkeeping, t4 ; reviews,
; Bible, ;;. The pupils reporting college subjects had more advanced
work in Latin, Greek, and mathematics, with an additional year of history and ethics.
The two theological students took Hebrew instead of Latin.
Industrial: No industrial training is provided for boys. The girls' industries consist of cooking, sewing, and a little millinery.
Financial, 1912-13.The books are kept in accordance with the requirements of
the American Baptist Home Mission Society, and the records are carefully preserved.
The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
$11,308
9, soz
19,
Value of plat
129)
6o, 000
Sources of income: Colored Baptist State Convention, $5,741; contributions from
churches and individuals, $2,463; tuition and fees, $1,563; American Baptist Home
Mission Society, Si ,t oo; Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society, $270; other
sources, $171. The noneducational receipts amounted to $2,690, of which $2,454 was
from the boarding department and $236 from sale of books.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,7oo; supplies for boarding department, $2,585;
repairs, $698; supplies and sundries, $546; other items, $5,662.
Indebtedness: The debt is $19,129; of which $
and represents balance.due on one of the bui
is in current bills. Of the amount due in sa'
school and $2,o4o to teachers who have left.
is in the form of mortgage
-; $ :5M is for back salaries; and $3,301
s, $3,288 is owed to teachers now at the
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $2o,000. The campus contains about 4 acres of
city. property. The general appearrince of the grounds is good.
Buildings: Estimated Value, $38,5oo. There are three brick buildings. The girls'
dormitory and domestic-science building is a neat three-story structure containing 3o
dormitory rooms, 5 rooms for teachers, 8 classrooms, assembly room, dining room, and
kitchen. This building was erected by the colored women of Kentucky at a cost of
$25,000. The building housing the chapel and boys' dormitory. is two stories high.
The recitation building, a three-story structure, was formerly a residence.
274
NEGRO EDUCATION.
a.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,500. The equipment is ;meager throughout. There is no shop equipment or scientific apparatus.
Recommendations. i. That the organization of the school be simplified EInd a name
more descriptive of the work selected.
2. That foreign languages be not allowed to interfere with adequate provision for
teacher training, gardening, and simple industrial training.'
3. That the movement of the white Baptists of Kentucky to supplement the money
raised by the colored Baptists to save the institution be extended as far as possible.
Dates of visits: April, 1914; March, 1915. Facts verified, 1916.
SHELBY COUNTY.
white.
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19io.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
14, 050
$14, 925
$5. 81
$6.34
4- 3
38, 7
2,571
le
Negro.
3, 991
185
$4, 978
The rural population is 81.1 per cent of
total. The number of teachers is 75
in white schools and 17 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,799 white
pupils and 433 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for some increase in public-school facilities. The
Lincoln Institute cooperates with the colinty in providing an elementary school on its
campus. The principal object of this institution should be the training of farmers and
teachers for the State.
LINCOLN RIDGE.
LINCOLN INSTITUTE OF KENTUCKY.
President: A. E. Thomson.'
An effectively managed school of elementary aid secondary grade with good equipment and considerable endowment. Emphasis is placed on development of character.
The instruction in manual training, agriculture, and household arts is limited.
The school was founded in 1912 by the trustees of Berea College to provide for colored
pupils excluded from' that college by. State law. It is now controlled by an independent'
board of trustees and supported by endowment and donations.
Attendance.Total, io4; elementary 49, secondary 55; male 53, female 51. Nearly
all the pupils were from Kentucky.
Teachers and workers.Total, 15; white 8, colored 7; male 8, female 7; grades 2,
academic 2,1111Sie 1, boys' industries 2, girls' industries 1, agriculture 1, administrative
workers 6. "rhe industrial teachers give part time to academic subjects.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work comprises grades from the fifth
through the eighth.
Secondary: The "normal" course of three years includes instruction in English,
L,atin, mathematics, Bible, history, physics, 'agriculture, and teacher training.
Industrial: Manual training is provided for some of the boys. Ten hours a week is
allotted to this work. The pupilwasist in the repair of thekuildings. The girls have
good, instruction in cooking and sewing.
satrecommesdations la supsssary chaptar, p. ii.
KENTUCKY.
275
Agriculture: A general course in classroom agriculture is given to all pupils in the
second "normal" year. A few boys elect special courses in the other two years and
assist in the farm work. The State Experiment Station has, placed
a branch in horticulture on the school farm. Strong effort is being made to make all farm
operations an
example to the colored farmers of the State.
Financial, 1912-13. The school has a good system of accounts.
A full financial
report is made annually by the treasurer to the trustees. According to the report fir
the year the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
'Indebtedness
Value of property
$19, 671
22, 564
68, 500
519,498
Sources of income: Endowment funds, $i2,429; general donations, $4,898; tuition
and fees, $1%789; rentals, $555 The noneducational receipts amounted
to $11,812, of
which $5,174 was from' the boarding department and laundry, $2,329 from the
power and
heating plant and waterworks, $1,8or from the agricultural department ; $1,790 from the
shops; $688 from the institute store, and $3o from the domestic-science department.
Items of expenditure : Salaries of academic and administration
departments, $8,870;
boarding department and laundry expenses, $7,134; power and heating plant and wafer
works, $4,069; expenses of administration and soliciting, $3,667; expenses of agricultural
department, $3,136; shop expenses, $2,507; commissions and interest; $2,167;
maintenance of grounds and buildings, $1,647; insurance, $691; watchman, $298; other
expenses, $190.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness about $64,000 is part of original expense of
erecting the buildings and about $4,5oo is current bills payable.
School property: The school property consists of $250,936 in the school plant,
$250,298 in endowment funds, $14,739 in cash and snpplies on hand and other current
assets, and $3,525 in reserve funds.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $46,837. The school owns 444 acres of land, of
which 100 acres are cultivated. About 20 acres are used for
campus. A large part of
the remaining land is used for pasture and grazing purposes. The campus is well planned
and considerable money has been. expended on roads and improvements.
Buildings: Estimated value, $184,949. This includes the buildings proper, $137,617; the heating system, $25,232; the water works, $11,444; the electric-light
system,
$5,6o8 ; the sewer system, $4,077; the railroad siding, $940; and the telephone system, $32.
There are four large brick buildings. The main building is a well built three-story
structure used for classrooms and administration; the two dormitories are three-story build-.
ings; the industrial building is two stories high with two one-story wings. There are
also four neat two-story frame cottages used for principal's residence and teachers'
homes, and a large barn. All of the buildings are comparatively new and are well
kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $19,15o. The movable equipment consists
of furniture for classrooms and dormitories, farm implements, live stock, and machinery
in shops.
4
N EG ROED UCAT IO N.
276
Recommendations.-1. That the teacher-training course include adequate provision
for theory and practice of gardening, manual training, and household arts.'
2. That expert advice be obtained to plan the operation of the farni so as to combine
the profitable cultivation of the land with educational use of student labor.
Dates of visits: April, 1914; March, 1915; March, 1916.
WARREN COUNTY.
.
Population, 1910
"...Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in ()aunty
Percentage illikrate, 1910
White.
Negro.
24,466
6,113
4, 671
1, 135
$24, 580
$5. 26
$5, 494
9.3
$4.84
36.6
The rural population is 7o per cent of the total. The number of teachers is 135 in
white schools and 35 in colored schools. The average attendance is 3,65o white piipils
and 835 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate.that the public schools are fairly satisfactory. As the city
of Bowling Green furnishes a good high school, there seems to be little need for the Cumberland Presbyterian School.
BOWLING GREEN.
BOWLING GREEN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: E. E. Reed.
A small city school offering four years of secondary work with industrial training for
girls. The eight elementary grades are taught in the same building.
A tiendanre.Secondary, 42; male 11, female 31. The elementary enrollment
was 420.
Teachers.
Secondary, 4; all colored; male 3, female 1.
the elementary grades.
There were 9 teachers for
Organization.Secondary: The usual secondary subjects are offered, including a
good course in science.
Cooking and sewing are provided for girls.
Plant.Estimated value, Sio,000.
The plant consists of a city lot, an old two-
story brick building, and equipment valued at $750.
BOWLING GREEN ACADEMY.
Principal: R. L. IIyde.
A small school of elementary and secondary grade located a block away from an
ii-grade publiC school. The management is very unsatisfactory.
The school is owned by the Kentucky Branch of the Colored Cumberland Presbyterian Church and supported in part by thee Presbyterian Board of MissiOns for Freedmen.
It is supervised by a board of trustees elected by that body.
Attendance. Tot .l, 61; elementary 45, secondary 16. There were 17 girls board'
ing at the school. Nine theological pupils were claimed, but none were present on the
day of visit. .The reported eifrollment for the year was r7o.
Teachers.Total, 7; all colored; male 3, female 4.
See reixonunendations in luminary chapter. p. 32.
4
KENTUCKY.
277
Organization.At the time the school was visited the elementary classes were
being taught in ,dark, dirty rooms. The 16 secondary pupils were taking a classical
college preparatory course. The theological instruction is given by the principal and
one part-time teacher.
11#
Financial, 1913-14.The accounts are kept. by a nonresident treasurer. The boarding department is operated by the principal, who keeps no accounts. The following are
the important items:
Income
Expenditure
$2, coo
2, 000
Plant
5,600
Sources of income: Presbyterian Board, $964.; colored Presbyterian Churches, $550;
tuition $486.
Expenditures: Salaries, $1,600; other expenses, $400.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $2,400. The land consists of three city lots in
separate blcicks.
a
Buildings: Estimated value, $3,000. There is a two-story brick building, old, dark,
and dirty, which is used for classrooms. This building also contains a few boys' rooms.
There is also a /me-story house, part fritne and part brick. The principal lives in the
brick part; the girls' rooms are in the frame part.
Equipment: Estimated value $2oo. The equipment is very meager.
Recommendation.In view of the small number of Negroes in the surrounding
country, and the existence of a good public school for Negroes, the Presbyterian Board
of Missions should transfer its appropriation for this school to some place where the need
is move urgent.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
Besides the "State University," which is aided by the Ainfrican Baptist Home
Mission Society, four Baptist schools are reported in Kentucky. Three of these have
been closed for a year or two; the fourth is of minor importance. This school and the
Hopkinsville Male and Female College, which may possibly reopen, are described below.
1
CHRISTIAN COUNTYHOPKINSVILL E.
I 101) k I NSV I LLE MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE.
President: P. T. Frazer.
-
The school has been closed on account of a lawsuit between the principal and the trustees involving
$2,000 back salary alleged to be due to the principal. According to the statements of the princi
the
school was df elementary grade with high-school enrollment sad accomodations for 5o board
elementary and high-school work is now very effectively dotsie by an ii-vade high schbol which isp of
two public schools operated by the city of Hopkiitsville. The privA school employed six teacherti
before it closed. The plant, estimated value $7,000, is owned by severalBaptist
associations and consists of 5 acres of land, a large poorly constructed frame building. a two-room cottage, and equipment
valued at $59o.
Recommendation.la view of the existing public school for Negroes, there seems to be no need of
reopening this school in Hopkinsville.
Date of visit: March, x915.
278
NEGRO EDUCATION.
TRIGG COUNTYCADIZ.
CADIZ NORMAL AND THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL.
Principal: W. H. Mc Ridley.
A small elementary school founded in 1894 by the principal. it is owned by an incorporated board
of trustees representing the local Baptist Association. There were 18 pupils present on day of visit, all
below the eighth grade. No normal orthcological students were present. The school is taught by the
principal and one assistant. No financial accounts were kept. As far as could be determined from the
principal's estimates the income amounted to $1,5eo, about half from tuitions and half from donations,
Of this $1,200 was expended for salaries and $300 for other purposes. The plant, estimated value $1, 200.
consists of 2 acres of land, one small frame building, and meager equipment.
Recommendation.That effort be made to combine the resources of this school with the limited
public school fund for Negroes in Cadiz.
Date of visit: March, to! 5.
Schools which were reported but found closed are located as follows:
County.
Town.
Laurel
Barren r
School.
London
Glasgow
London College.
Glasgow College.
CATHOLIC PAR ISII SCHOOLS.
There are six Catholic parish schools in Kentucky.
The principal facts reported
concerning them are given below. The religious interest is strong in all of these schools.
County.
Town.
Fayette.
Lexington.
Louisville.
Raywick.
St. Mary,
Bardstown.
New Hype.
Jefferson.
Marion.
Marion.
Nelson.
Nelson.
School.
Attendance. Tea chem.
St. Peter Claver's School.
St. Peter Claver's School.
St. Francis Xavier's School.
St. Charles' School.
St. Monica's School.
Parish School.
.
ho.
2
140
3
' 6;
65
io6
48
1
i
2
1
SCHOOLS OF MISCELLANEOUS DENOMINA'T'IONS.
o
.
IA addition to the denominational institutions already described there are two other
small schools in Kentucky. One of these is o '
by the African Methodist Episcopal
Church and one by the Christian Church. The C
I Christian Institute, owned by the
Christian Denomination, was not in session at the time Kentucky was visited and a report
of its work could not be obtained. The school was about to be moved from Louisville to
Hopkinsville. The African Methodist Episcopal School is described below.
IL
MERCER COUNTYHARRODSBURG.
WAYMAN INSTITUTE.
President: C. H. Boone.
.1 small elemenlary school owned by the Kentucky Crmference of the African Methodist Episcopal
Church and controlled by a board of trustees. It is located withi fight of a public school with a sevenmonths.term, good teaching force, and 'Much larger attendan
A itesdance.Total, 33; boarders, 12.
TeachemTotal, 3; all colored; male 1, female 2.
Finalscial, 1913-74.As far as could be determined, the income amounted to approximately$1,5oo,
of which $1,350 was front the African Methodist Episcopal Conference and $i so from tufa& and fees.
Of the expenditures SLa6o Cis for salaries and $240 for other purposes. The indebtedness was =boo.
7
ia
KENTUCKY.
279
Plant. Estimated value, $7,000. The plant consists of so acres of land, three small two-story frame
buildings, and equipment valued at $5oo. None of the land is cultivated.
Recommendation.That the institution be moved to some locality where there is greater need
for
school facilities.
Date of visit: March, 1915.
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.
Besides the Lincoln Institute, described in Shelby Lount,.,--ttere
are two small independent schools in Kentucky.
LINCOLN COUNTYMcK I NNEY.
MeK INNEN' POLYTECIINIC INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. M. Bates.
A small elementary school with a six months' term. The teacher is paid by the
county. The plant
is owned Ly a board of trustees, the majority of whom are nonresident
school. The principal solicits money, but neither the size of the plantmembers who do not supervise the
nor the educational work of the
school warrants donations. The reported attendance was 57.
The school term had expired on the day
of visit. All the teaching is done by
one colored woman, who receives a salary of about $18o a year from
the county. No report of money collected by the
principal could be obtained.
value $8,200, consists of about roo acres of land, a neat two-story frame building, The plant, estimated
and equipment valued
at $'oo. None of the land is used for agriculture.
. Recommendations.x. That effort be made
to have the county take over the entire property and
develop the institution into a county training sciloot.
2. That all donations be withheld from the school as a private enterprise.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
PADUCAH.
WEST KENTUCKY INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
President : D. H. Anderson.
An elementary day school of doubtful management supported in part by the
county. The plant is
owned by the principal. There were 16 pupils
and orie teacher. The principal spends practically
all
his time soliciting money, raising his own salary in this way. The teacher
is paid for six months by the
county and for three months by private subscription. The income is approximately
estimated value $2,000, consists of a city lot, an unfurnished building, and equipment$soo. The plant,
valued at $roo.
Recommendation.That the public school be separated from the doubtful private
edkerprise.1
Date of visit: April, 1915.
PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.
Of the nine four-year high schools in Kentucky, five are located
important private schools and are discussed in their respective unties.in cointies with
Three of the
remaining four are discussed in this su
ary. The Richmon High School was not
visited, but is reported by the State high- hool inspector to be
a four-year high school
with 32 secondary pupils. -.Only one of t e three high schools with
a three-year course
was visired. This school, the Hopkinsville Colored
High School, is described below.
See recommendations in summary chapter, p. is.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
280
CHRISTIAN COUNIYHOPKINSVII,LE.
HOPKINSVILLE PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: E. E. Bobo .N
A city school offering three years of secondary work. The large elementary grades are'taught in
the same building. There were a4 secondary pupils, most of them in the first year. The attendance
in elementary grades was about Soo. The principal and a colored woman teach the secondary subjects.
The plant, estimated value $ro,cco, consists of a two-story frame bAilding with good classroom furniture.
Date of .visit: April, 1915.
DAVI ESS COUNTYOWENSBORO.
I
OWENSBORO PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: A. 0. Guthrie.
A city school offering four years of secondary work with industrial training for girls. The eight
elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance. Secondary, 77; male 25, female 52. The elementary enrullinAt was 371.
Teacherf.--Secondary, 4; all colored., male 1, female 3.
Organisation. English, Latin, and mathematics are taught throughout the secondary course.
History is taught three years and physics, physical geography, agriculture, and psychology one year
each. Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided. The work is fairly effective.
Plant. Estimated' value, $33,000. The plant consists of a city lot, a two-story brick building in
good repri,ii, and fairly good equipment.
Date of visit: February, 1916.
HENDERSON COUNTYHENDERSON.
HENDERSON PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL
Principal: H. F. Jones.
A city school with 25 pupils in the four high-school years. The eight elementary grades, with 341
pupils enrolled, are located in the same building. Secondary subjects are taught by three colored
teachers. Some instruction in sewing is provided for girls. The plant, estimated value $40,000, consists of an acre of ground, a two-story brick building, and equiprnentfalued at taco.
Recommendation. That manual training and gardening be made a part of the regular course.
Date of visit : February, 1916.
,
McCRACKEN COUNTY PADUCAH.
PADUCAH PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: J. B. F. Prather.
A city school offering four years of Secondary work. The eight elementary grades are taught in
the same building.
Atteolaace.Secondary, 39; male 13, female 26.
Teochats.--Seoaadary, 4; all colored; male r, female 3.
Orgasisalion.;The usual secondary subjects are offered with liberal attention to science. Thelk
hitruction is good. There is no industrial training.
Plant. Estimated value, $22,000. The plant consists of a citylot and a two-story brick building .ir
In good repair. The equipment is limited to classroom furnit
Recotasiendatioa.That industrial work be added and ga ening made a part of the regular 'course.
Date of visit'' February, 1916.
__I
KENTUCKY.
281
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS.
In addition to the schools described above, there are in Louisville several colored
The two which are well established are under the direction of the Southern
Presbyterian churches in the city and do social settlement work with an excellent corps
of Southern white workers. Recently the white Baptist Theological Seminary of
Louisville established the Sunshine Center Mission to do the same character of work.
The Presbyterian missions are as follows:
missions.
JEFFERSON COUNTYLOUISVILLE.
PRESB)-1ERI IN COLORED M I SW/NS.
Superintendent: John Little)
Two missions in crowded districts of the city doing work resembling that of an institutional church.
They have been developed through the earnest endeavors of the superintendent and his wife, both
Southern white people of ability, who have been aided by members of the white churches of Louisville.
They are owned and controlled by "tht Committee pn Colored Evangelization of the Presbyterian and
Reformed Churches of Louisyille.
Some of the leading white citizens of Louisville have volunteered
as Sunday school teachers and instructors of sewing and cooking.
The work was begun in 1898 as a Sunday school mission conducted with the help of students from
the Southern Presbyterian Theological Seminary. The missions provide classes in cooking and sewing,
playgrounds, clubs, bathing facilities on week days and Bible classes On Sundays. In addiion to the
local work for colored children, the superintendent and his wife spend much time in speaking to audiences of Southern white people in behalf of educational and missionary work for colored people.
Financial, 1914-15.Careful accounts are kept and the financial management is economical. The
more importanCitemsr for the year were:
Income
Expenditures
Value of property
t
18,481
9,287
17,558
Sources of income: Churches in Louisville, $4.259 individuals in Louisville, $1,903; individuals
outside of Louisville, $628;'Home Mission Committee of Atlanta, $592; Freedmen's Board of Pittsburgh,
isoo. Home Mission Committee of Philadelphia, Ssoo; churches outside of Louisville, $99.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, 86,278; charitable purposes, $737; sewing school, $234; cooking
school, $88; traveling expenses, Lot; bathhouse, $18; fuel, light, postage, stationery, and other purposes,
81,890.
I'lant.The plant consists of two city lots, two small, well-kept brick buildings, and equipment
valued at $2,338. A small playground is provided on one of the lots. The equipment consists of furniture and fairly good apparatus for manual training, sewing, and cooking.
Recommendations.I. That as a type df successful work which Southern communities can do, this
movement receive the encouragement of general support as well as increased local aid.
2. That the equipment be increased and funds provide', for better trained workers in order that
the industrial work may be more effective.
Date of visit: March, 1915.
X. LOUISIANA.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 713,874 colored people in Louisiana, forming 43.1 per cent of
the total
population. They constitute.6o.8 per cent of all persons engaged in agricultural pur-
suits in the State. As a result of the ravages of the boll
weevil, the number of farms
owned by Negroes decreased 5.6 per ,cent bettveen 19oo and 1910.
As farmers, renting and
owning land, Negroes have charge of 2,121,258 acres; as farm laborers, they
undoubtedly
cultivate a much larger area. While the United States census indicates hopeful progress
in the decrease of illiteracy and in the improvement of health conditions, illiterates
are still
48.4 per cent of the persons to years of age and over and 41.0 per cent of the children
o to 14 years of age, and the death rate is almost twice as high as that of the white
people. Such a degree of illiteracy and ill health
is certain evidence of extensive waste
of economic resources and human energy. In view of these facts, it is important
to
note the following summary of the public-school facilities and educational needs'
of
Louisiana as they are shown in the reports of the United States census and
the State
superintendent of public instruction:
.
Population, 192o
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per Child 6 to 14 in State 2
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Percentage living in rural communities, 1910
White.
941,086
' 204, 385
$2, 807, 203
I
is3. 73
24. I
64. 4
Negro.
713,874
261,969
$221, 376
$1.31
48.4
77. 5
Public appropriations.The public school teachers of Louisiana received $3,018,479
in salaries in 1911-12. Of this sum $2,807,103
was for the teachers of 204,385 white
children and $211,376 for the 161,969 colored children. On a per capita basis thiS is
s13.73 for each white child of school age and $1.31 for each colored child. Map 14
presents these per capita figures fOr each parish in Louisiana, the proportion of
Negroes
being indicated by the shading. The inequalities are greatest in
parishes with the
largest proportion of Negroes. The per capita sums for white children
decrease.and
those for colored children increase, with considerable regularity, as the proportion of
Negroes becomes smaller. The extent of this regularity
appears in the following table,
which shows the per capita expenditure for parish groups, based
on the percentage of
Negro population:
Parish groups.
Percentage of Negroes in the population.
Parishes to to 25 per cent'.
Parishes 25 to 50 per cent..
Parishes 50 to 75 per cent
Parishes 75'3ier cent and over
..
.
.
.
White school Negro school Per capita Per capita
population
populatiop.
white.
Maya
7, 796
33, 7b1
Sao. ;8
$2. 42
128, 913
70, 723
14. 2I / x. 66
39, 532
66, 467
24. i8
. 91
2,639
16,983
28.89
. 87
Includes ass Indians and Asiatic-s.
These figures were computed by yiding the
6 to hi years of age enumerated by the United Statesamount of teachers' salaries in public schools by the number of children
census. The salaries were obtained from the report of the State superintendent of education, tot t-i 2.
s There are no counties (parishes) in this State havine less than to per cent Negro population.
48927*Bull. 89-17-19
283
NEGRO EDUCATION.
284
ti
The high per capita cost for white children in the " black belt" sections is partly
explained by the fact that the children are few in number and videly scattered. The
smaller cost of schools for colored children is partly due to tbe.lower wage scale for colored
teachers and partly to the very limited provision for high school education. It is
26.17
9.2 4
.88
VOVILUIll
&UT
'I 17E;
2.02
.
POIXe...711
56
VIASMISICITO.
lASIr
271
SATC101
Percentage Negro in the
population
lo to 25 per cent.
25 to so per cent.
50 to 75 per cent.
15 per cent or over.
MAP 14. PER CAPITA tocpnranwris FOR WHITE AND COLORED CHILDREN IN LOUISIANA ON THE
BASIS OP TEACHERS' SALARIES.
The upper figure iu each county is for white children, the lower for colored.
- the percentage of Negroes in the total population.
The shading indicates
apparent, however, that these explanations by no means account for the wide divergencies in the " black belt." In addition to the $2,807,103 appropriated for the teachers of
white public schools, the State appropriated $265,654 to maintain two industrial schools,
g. To the $2 LL,376 appropriated
one normal school and one institution of higher lea
LOUISIANA.
285
for colored public school teachers the State added $10,000 to supplement
the income of
the State agricultural and mechanical school, largely maintained by Federal
funds.
Private financial aid.The defi,ciencies presented above in the public expenditures
for the education of the iplored people largely explain the active
campaigns for private
schools since the Civil War. As a result of this activity the
private schools have a property valuation of $1,116,987, an annual income of $122,031, and
an attendance of 9,210
pupils, of whom 8,507 are in elementary grades.
It is sometimes thought that the liberal
private contributions to these schools make up for the inequalities
in the public appropriations
pnations for the education of white.and colored youth.
In Louisiana, however,lhe total
expenditures of both public and private schools for colored people
is far less than the
expenditures for white teachers in public schools alone.
In addition, the income of the
four large private white schools, as-reported to the Bureau of Education,
was $531,203,
as against an income of $122,031 for all colored private schools. A
summary of the
income and property of the private and higher colored schools
grouped
according to
ownership is given in the following table:
Number ol
scbodi
T6tal private schools
Independent
Denominational
64
57
$123,031
ro, 831
111,200
z
31,384
7
State and Federal..
Annual
income.
Value d
property.
it, 116,987
118,037
998, 950
65, 350
According to this table the annual income4and property value of the
denominational schools are much higher than those of thendependent
schools. The annual income of the colored schools owned by denominations whose membership
is white or
largely so aggregates $85,749,
as against $25451 for those of the colored denominations.
The property owned by the former group is valued at $901,500
and that owned by the
latter at $97,450. Some of the schools owned by
white denominations receive considerable sums of money from their colored members. The statistics of
the State and
Federal schools with an income of $31,384 and property valuation
of $95,250 are in striking contrast with those of the private schools. In addition to the private aid
indicated
in the table, about $4,189 was appropriated for general supervision
and
special
phases
of education by the Jeanes and Slater Funds.
While the total number of private schools is 64, only 13 fornsan
important part of the
educational activities of the State. Some of the remaining
51 may be justified on denominational grounds; the majority, however, are so hampered by small inatme
or poor
management that the State receives little benefit from them. The
12 more important
schools are described under their respectiveCounties and their location
is shown on m 15.
The other schools are summarized according to ownership and
discussed
at the end o this
chapter. The attendance of the privat, and
higher colored schools by ownership gr ps,
is indicated in the following statement :
Number d
Total private schools
Independent
Denominational
State and Federal
schools.
Total.
64
19, sro
7
702
381 508
160
57
1
Indudis µ rolleee studeuta
Attendance
Nlementary.
8, 507
671
7,886
ma
626
31
598
58
286
NEGRO EDUCATION.
In view of the frequency of the terms "academy" and dollege " in the names of
these private institutions, it is important to note that less than one-tenth of the pupils are
of secondary grade and only 24 are in collegeclasses.
A t7endance . The United States census reported 161,969 colored children, 6 to 14
years of age, of whom 6o,654 were attending school. A study of the figures for the public
Income of schools.
0
Under Sr.sao.
O113.5o0 to $5,0e.s,
0
$5.000 to Sis.coo.
Q8,5.-
to $3o.000.
Sio.coc ttr over
Percentage Negro in the
poptttittott.
I 'Mkt' to per cent.
V%
to to so per cent,
5o per cent or Oyer.
MAP I5.PRIVAT13 SCHOOLS FOR NRGRORS IN LOUISIANA.
The circles show the location and the annual income of the more important schools.
indicates the percentage Of Negroes in the total population.
The shading
and private schools shows that while a majority of the elementary colored pupils are in
the public schools ;most of the secondary and all of the college pupils are in private schools.
A majority of the white elementary and secondary pupils are in public schools while the
white pupils of college grade are about equally divided.
Elementary. The inadequacy of the elementary school systein for colored children
is indicated by the fact that thetttendance in both public and private schools is less than
LOUISIANA.
287
38 per cent of the children of elementary school age. The average term of the public
school is less Wan four months. A large percentage of, the teachers are poorly trained.
The 8,507 pupils in the private schools are fairly well taught, but they form only a
small part of the 60,654 children atter ling school and a still smaller fraction of the i 61,969
children of elementary school age.
Secondary.There are no public high schools for colored people in Louisiana. The
State agricultural and mechanical school furnishes secondary instruction for 58 pupils.
The remaining 629 secondary pupils are in 13 private schools, 4 of which offer four-year
courses. The courses of study Of most of these schools follow closely the college
prepara:tory or classical type. Practically all make Latin the central subject.
College.The only provision for teaching college subjects is made in Straight and
New Orleans Colleges, both in New Orleans. The collegiate attendance of both of these
schools aggregates only 24.
Teacher training.The most urgent need of the colored schools in Louisiana is trained
teachers.. The supply now depends almost entirely on secondary schools, practically all
of which are private institutions. Of these only 'six offer even fair preparation
and two
others include one or two teacher-training subjects in their general course. To supplement these facilities, an effort is now being made to develop county training schools.
Through the cooperation of the Slater Fund and the General Education Board with the
parishes two of the schools aie now maintained. As yet, however, the work is
entirely of elementaT grade. The pupils in the graduating classes of all the schools
offering teacher training aggregate about too, an annual output obviously too small to
meet the needs of a State with over 71o,obo colored people and about 1,300 colored public
school teachers, many of whom are poorly prepared for their work.
Industrial.The State school is being reorganized to teach the trades. THe industrial facilitieof the private schools are limited. Eight have satisfactory industrial
courses in one or two lines and a few others are making unsatisfactory attempts to do
industrial work. The schools with satisfactory industrial courses have good work in
cooking and sewing. The industrial work for boys is poor.
A qrteultural.The facilities for agricultural instruction of the Negroes of Louisiana
are very limited. The State school was moved to a rural site in 1915.
The Sabine
Normal School is a small school which makes good provision for teaching simple
agriculture. Three other schools have farms on which some of the students work as laborers,
but make practically no provision for systematic instruction in agriculture. Five other
schools have courses in gardening.
Supervision.
pecial supervision for Negro schoo ls is confined to that provided
by the Jeanes Fund. Ten parishes in the State have Jeanes Fund
supervisors who travel
among the rural schools of the parish introducing industrial work and extending the
influence of the school into the community. In 1915 the Jeanes Fund appropriated
$2,189 for this purpose, the parishes contributed $1,186, and the uperyisors
raised
$5,400 by appe Is to the people. A State supervisor of Negro schools wad appointed in
1916.
288,
NEGRO EDUCATION.
SUMMARY OP lime ArirobiAl, wows.
I. The strengthening and extension of the elementary schools. The .only agencies
able to supply this need are the State, the parish, and the local public school district.
2. Additional supervision and correlation of the educational activities of the St ate.
To this end the plan of the State departme>of education to cooperate with the General
Education Board in employing a supervisor for colored schools should be encouraged.
j. The increase of teacher-training facilities. To this end secondary schools with
teacher - training courses should be provided, more summer schools and teachers' institutes should be maintained, and the pijorate schools should cooperate with the State
department of education by plating more emphasis on teacher-training courses in accordance with State standards.
4. More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple indus.
In developing this work the parishes should realize the possibilities of the Jeanes
Fund industrial supervisors.
f
5. More instruction in agriculture and in the problems of rural life, so ti4t teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people 8o per cent rural.
6. _The maintenance of industrial high schools in cities.
/'
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
The private and higher schools are herewith described. Parishes and cities in
which the more important instituVons are located are presented as a background for
the discussion of the individual schools. The parishes are arranged in alphabetical
order.
ASSUMPTION PARISH.
Population, p to .
Children 6 to 14 years oage, 1910..
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911 -r2
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to i4 in parish
Percentage illiterate, r9to.
4 White.
14,.021
,
44°
1o, 105
3,362
2,217
524, 919
$7. 41
$1, 259
$0. 57'
5o. 8
38
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
8 months for white pupils and 5 months for colored. The number of teachers is 5o in
white schools and 8 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,225 white pupils
and 378 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the urgent need for additional school facilities.
The work
of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The local Baptist
Association, in cooperation 'with the parish, is developing the 'school at Belle Alliance
in order that pupils may have the opportunity to supplement the very liinited training
they receive in the rural schools.
BELLE ALLIANCE.
ISRAEL ACADEMY.
Principal: Philomene Joseph.
A good elementary day school owned by'the Baptiit Church and Supported cooperatively by the church and the parish.
LOUISIANA.
289
Attendance.Total, 215; elementary 212, secondary 3. The work covers nine grades.
Teachers.---Total, 3; all colored women.
financial. The income amounted to approximately $855, of which $580 was from
the association and tuition and $275 from the parish. Practically all the income was
expended for salaries. The plant, estimated value $1,400, consists of a small lot, a neat
frame building in the rear of the church, and equipment valued at $300.
Recommendations!--t. That the school be developed as a county (parish) training
school.
2. That simple manual training, gardening, and practice teaching be introduced.'
Date of visit: February, 1914.
BIENVILLE PARISH.
-.
Population, tyro
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries .0 public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries }ter child 6 to 14 in palish
.
.
a
White.
Negro.
12,312
2, §j4
9, 464
$47, 160. 36
$16. 6e
Percentage illiterate. too.
3. 3/
2.591
83, 633. 75
,
ix. 40
53.6
The entire population is rural. The average length of the ublic- school term is
7.5 months for wXte pupils and 3 months for the colored. The number of teachers
is 97 in WU.:te schools and 39 in colored schools. The average attendance is 2,170 white
pupils and 1,283 colored pupils.
.
1These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary. schools should be extended and strengthened. Coleman
excellent location and should be developed as a central institution for the surrounding
parishes. It should be encouraged to furnish agricultural and industrial traillig for
northern Louisiana.
,
COLEMAN COLLEGE.
Of
0
President: 0. L. Coleman.
A secondary school with large elementary enrollment and a few boarding pupils.
The school was founded ill 1890 by President Coleman. There is a nominal board
of colored trustees. Part of the property is owned by the school and part by the president. The schoOl receives aid and supervision from the American Baptist Home Mis-
sion Society
.
Attendance. Total, 274; elementary .it-t2, secondary 42. Of the secondary' students,
There were 38 students from
. 37 were boarders; 19 were male an 23:female.
farm homes. Tha_reyrted enrollment for the year was 33o.
k..
Teachers.--Total, 2; all colored; male 7, female 5.
Organizatitn.Elementary: The eight elementary grades are fairly well taught.
Secondary. Secondary work is done in the four-year college-preparatory course,
which includes: Latin, 3 years; English, 4; mathematics, 4;. physics, 2; history and
civics, 3; Bible, 4; psychology, r ; education, t ; ph'siology, z. With the addition of
See tccortznaeadations in summary chapter ,p. 22.
29.0
NEGRO EDU
teacher training, theory and practice, of gardening( and imple Manual training the
course would be well adapted to the needs of the pupils.
Industrial: The pupils work for the school., but very little systematic industrial
training.i& given. The girls receive rudimentary instruction in sewing.
Financia/, 191:2-13.The books are kept in accords. -e with the rethrements of
the American Baptist Home Mission Satiety. The accounts of the boarding department, farm and students' labor were not clear. ,far as could be determined the more
important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts .
Indebtedness
Value of 'plant
857754
4, 930
.
70o
000
Sources of income: Baptist churches, $3,223; tuition and fees, $ t ,o85; Ameridn
Baptist Home Mission Society, $600; Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society,
$500; public school funds, $318; other sources, $28. The non-educational receipts were
from the boarding department and amounted to $2,957. No statement of the receipts'
from the farm was given.
Items of
enditure: Supplies for boarding
artment, $2,426; new building,
$2,641; salaries, $ 996; student labor, $1,387; other ex enses, $27.
Indebtedness:
e,indebtedness of $700
resents
ey due for equipment and
supplies.
Prant.Land: Esti ated value, $1o,000. The school owns 90 acres of land, a
small part of which is use for campus; the remainder is dridttrultivation. The cam:
pus is neat and orderly.
.
Buildings: Estimated va e, $50,000. There are three 2-story brick buildings and
two 2-story frame buildings, esides several cottages and smaller structures The
buildings present a fairly good ap arance.
Movable equipment: Estimate value, $2,000. Most of the equipment is furniture for classrooms and dormitoriesN There is a little farm -equipment, but no shop
equipmetrit or scientific apparatus.
t\
Reccriondations.-,71. That teacher raining have a larger place in-the:program of
th4 school.
2. That the trustees endeavor to obtain funds with which to introduce the theory
and practice of gardening, and instruction in evoking, sewing and manual training.'
3. That a closer alliance be formed witti the American Baptist Hot ie Mission
Society, so that the-future' of the institution ma be assured.
Dates of visits: February, 19z4; March, 1915; larch, 1916.
of
CALCASIEU PARISH.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to is years of age, 1910
Teachers' sahtties in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to rs in parish
Percentage illiterate, 5910
N
I See recommendations in summary chapter, p.
White.
.
1
,
Negro.
45,114
16 , 5
10, 012
$169, 459
116: 93
3, 211
18, 190
11. I
39. 8
Is. 55
LOUISIANA:
291
The rural population is 75.5 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 8 months for white pupils and 4.2 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 322 in white schools and 17 in colored schools. The average attendance is
5,959 white pupils and 967 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a serious need for increased public school Jacilities. The
work of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. In order .to provide a central institqcon where pupils from the rural schools mac' receive more advanced
training, a school is tieing developed at West Lake,- through the efforts of theparish
board, in cooperation with the Slater Fund aild the General Education Board. The
cit-Y of Lake Charles maintains two elementary colOred schools doing fairly good work.
The People's Normal School is located on the same block with one of the public
schools, and is of little educational, value to the community. This school is described
in the suminary of small independent schools for the .State.
WEST LAKE.
CALCASIEU PARISI! TRAINING SCHOOL.'
Principal: J. H. Yates.
An elementary school selected as a cptral institution to provide more advanced
training for the colored pupils of the par&h.
Attendance.Total, I IS; all below the sixth grade.
Te'achers.Total, 4; all colored; male 1, female 3.
Organization:In addition to the regular work of the six elementary grades, instructionin gardening, sewing, and simple manual training is provided.
Finalcial,. r914-r5. The income amounted to $1,68o, of which $1,18o was fro
public funds and $5no from the Slater Fund. Of the income, $1,240 was expended fo
salaries 'and $44o for other purroses.
Plant. Estimated value; $4,600. The plant consists or 4o acres of (land, value
Roo; a four-room building, value $3,600; and equipment worth $200.
Recommendations. I. That the grade of the school be raised as the need for
advanced work appears.
2. That a boarding department be added.
CLAIBORNE PARISH.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in parish
Percentage illiterate, 1910
white.
Nero.
10, 112
14, 93&
2,177
$32, 554.93
$14 95
3.2
4.175
$6, 061.65
=1.45
53. 5
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is 7
months for kite pupils and 3.5 months for colored. The number of teacheri is 81 in
white schools and 51 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,734 white pupils
and 2,163 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengtheried. The wisdom of the alliance
Formerly West* Lake Colored Industrial Sekopli
A
292
NEGRO _EDUCATION.
of the public school in Homer with the Baptist school is questionable. This school
is described in the summary of local Baptist schools for the State. Homer College, the
colored Methodist Episcopal school,Tvould serve as a good central training school where
pupils from the surrounding counties might board and supplement the training received
in the nyal schools. As the only Colored Methodist Episcopal school in Louisiana it
deserves the full support of the denomination.
HOMER.
HOMER COLLEGE.
President : A. M. D. Langrum.
A school of elementary gnd secondary grade. It is the only kchool in Louisiana
owned and supported by the Colored Methodist Episcopal Conference.
Attendance.sTotal, 164; elementary .146, secondary 18; boarders, 300.
Teachers.Total, 7; all colored; male 3, female/4.
Organization.--Emphasis'is placed on the instruction of the i8 high school pupils,
with the result that the Work in the elementary grades is not up to standard. The secondary work is done in a three year "college preparatory" course which includes three years
of Latin and two years of Greek. A little work in gardening and nature study is given to
25 of the older pupils.
Financial, 1912--.13.Full records are kept of the income and expenditure but the
system is inadequate. The more important items were:
.t
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
.Expenditutes, less noneducational receipts
Value of plast
Say 400
2, 400
1'2,000
Sources of income: Church.. conferehres and contributions, $2,000; tuition, $40o..
The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to
$1,600.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $2,000; salaries, $1,460;
light, heat, and incidentals, $600.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $3"c000. The land comprises 8o acres near the town
limits. The campus is well kept. Practically no use is made of the land for teaching
agriculture.
Buildings: Estimated value, $8,000. There are three forme buildings. The main
building is a neat two -story structure; the others are small cottages.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,000. The equipment consists of fairly
good furniture for dormitories and classrooms.
Recommendations.-1 . That effort be made to have the public authorities provide
for elementary pupils so that this institution may center on secondary and teachertraining courses.
..
2. That in the meantime the elementa
elementary subjects shall not be negl e ted. '
3. .That the theory and practice of gardening and simple industrial raining for boys
and girls be made part of the regular course.'
Date of visit: February, 1944.
..
t
see recommendations in aunmary chapter, p. ss.
LOUISIANA.
293
DE SOTO PARISH.
White.
Population, 1916
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in parish
Percentage illiterate, ;910
9,757
1,177
Negro.
$42, 562. 63
17,932
4: 750
$2,039. 55
$19 57
$o. 43
3.9
52.
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-schoql term is 7.9
months for white pupils and 2 2 months for colored. The number of teacliers is 89 in
white schools and 35 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,619 white pupils and
1,637 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the urgent need for additional school facilities. The work
of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Mansfield Baptist
Academy is a central institution where pupils may board and supplement the limited
training received in the rural schools.
It should be supported and developed by the Baptists to meet the great need of the community.
MANSFIELD.
MANSFIELD BAPTIST ACADEMY.
Principal: J. H. Whaley.
A school of elementary and secondary grade giving some industrial training.
Though the equipment is limited, good work is done. The school was founded in 1901
and is.owned by the local Baptist association.
A flendartce.Total, 201; elementary 182, secondary 19; male 75, female 126;
boarders, 52.
Vachers.Total, 7; all colored; male 2, female 5.
-Organization.The work covers the eight elementary and three secondary grades.
Industrial work includes domestic science, tailoring, and millinery. The schedule is as
follows: Millinery, two hours a week from the third to the eleventh grade; tailoring, two
hours a week from the sixth to the eleventh grade; and domestic science, one hour a week
from the fourth to the eleventh grade. A few of the older boys work on the farm for
pay.
Financial, 1912-131The books were kept by a nonresident treasurer. As far as
could be determined the income amounted to approximately $3,2oo, derived from the
Baptist association, tuition, Sunday schools, and profits on the farm. Practically all
of the income was expended for salaries. A small amount was raised in board and expended on the boarding department.
Plant. Estimated value, $5,9oo. The plant consists of 3 acres of hind, two frame
buildings, and the principal cottage. . The buildings are well kept. An additional 25
acres of land is rented by the school and cultivated on a commercial basis.
Recommendations.-1. That the school be developed as a training school for the parish.
2. That more time be devoted to the industrial work, and gardening be made a
required part of the course.'
3. That an adequate system of accounting be installed and the books audited
annually by an accredited accountant.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
I See reerannunicladons in summary chapter, p. is.
NEdRO EDUCATION.
EAST BATON ROUGE PARISH.
Population, 191o..
Children 6 to 14 years of .age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in public schooli, 1911-11.
Teachers' salaries per child 6. to 14 in parish
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
13,217
.
Negro.'
2,719
21,342
4, 682
$38, 761. 13
83, 52o. 15
814. 26
$o. 75
44. 6
3. 5
The rural population'is 56.9 plr cent of the total. The averag6 length of the publicschool term is .8.1 months for white pupils and 4.) months for colored.
The number oi
teachers is 83 in white schools and 15 in colored schools.
The average attendance is
1,931 white pupils and 804 coldred pupils.
These statistics indicate a serious need for increased school facilities.
The work
of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened.
A Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teacher travels in the county and aids the teachers in rural schools to
do industrial work and to extend the' influence of the school into the
community. The
Southern University and Agricuural and Mechanical College, which is
located in a
rural section of the parish, is developing as a State school for colored people.
The city of Baton Rouge has a fairly good public school, but it is inadequate
for
the large colored population. The one strictly private school,
Baton Rouge College,
should be continued only so long as the public school facilities are inadequate.
The
Blundon Reformatory and Blundou School are described in the summary of special
institutions for the State.
BATON ROUGE.
SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY.
Pre,sident : J. S. Clark.
A school of secondary grade enrolling elementary pupils.
It has equipment to teach
agriculture and industries, and receives the Federal land-grant appropriation
for agricultural and mechanical education.
The school was founded in 1880 and was located in New Orleans until
1914, when
it was moved by act of legislature to Baton Rouge. It is governed by a board of
trustees
appointed by the governor of Louisiana.
Attendance.Total, 16o; elementary 102, secondary 58; male 65, female
boarders, 140.
95
Teachers and workers.Total, 2 3 ; all colored; male 14, female c-----);---trcadertlic
12,
boys' industries 4, girls' industries 1, agriculture 2, other workers 4.
Organization. Elementary: The elementary work covers eight grades.
Secondary: A four-year high-school course.with well-selected subjects is
maintained.
Industrial: The industrial department offers courses in blacksmithing, wheelwrighting, carpentry, brick masonry, broom and mattress making.
Domestic science and
domestic art are provided for girls.
The plan of work contemplates the best possible,use of the new plant.
The classroom work is correlated with practice in shop and field and with training for .the girls
in household arts.
The agricultural department, with _a3o acres of good land under cultivation, is being
equipped with an ample supply of farm implements. The theory and practice of
gar-
pp111.--LOUISIANA.
295
dening are taught to all pupils and especially stressed for those who intend to teach.
In the teacher-training course each pupil is required to cultivate r. plat too feet square;
grade pupils cultivate plats 25 feet square.
Financial, 1914-15.No statement of the expenditures for the year could be
gained from the treasurer or the principal of the school. The inconie and value of
plant, as reported to the Bureau of Education, Were as follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$31,384
95, 250
Sources of income: Federal funds, $21,102; State appropriation, $io,000; tuition
and fees, $282. The noneducational receipts were -froni the boarding department and
amounted to $6,340.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $21,250. The school owns 500 acres of land, of
which 220 acres arc cultivated. Thejand is beautifully located on the Mississippi River.
Buildings: Estimated value, $65,350. There are three well-constructed brick build-
The main building, used for administration and classroom purposes, is three
The other buildings, used as dotnitories, are two stories high. There are
also several smaller structures, one of which is brick and is used for the power plant.
ings.
stories high.
The larger buildings are new and the roonis are neatly kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $8,65o. Of this, $5,535 was in scientific
apparatus, machinery and furniture, and $3,115 in live stock.
Recommendations.-1. That the reorganization continue to emphasize preparation
for rural life, including teacher training, the theory and practice of gardening, simple
manual training, and home economics.'
2. That a system of accounting suited to the needs of the school be installed and the
,
books audited annually by an accredited accountant.
3. That expert advice be obtained to plan the operation of the farm so as to combine the profitable cultivation of the land with educational use of stud t labor.
bine
Date of visit: March, 1915.
IBERIA PARISH.
Nero.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, icao
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to Li in parish
Percentage illiterate, Iwo
784
16-111, 7te.
3,950
$32, oil. 90
$8. to
32.7
14, 474
3.424
$3, 724. 42
$1.09
55. x
The rural population is 76 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 9 months for both white and colored pupils. The number of teachers is
72 in white schools and 21 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,720 white
ptipils and 813 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased public school facilities. In the town
of New Iberia a nine-grade public school is operated for six months by ttie parish and con
tinued.for an additional three months by means of contributions from the colored
patrons. The Howe Institute, at New Iberia, provilles a central institution where pupils
may board and supplement the limited-fraining received in the rural schools.
I See recommendations In summary chaotic. suet.
296
HOWE INSTITUTE.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
NEW IBERIA.
Principal: J. Henderson.
A well-managed elementary school with a few secondary pupils. It was founded by
the local Baptist association and is owned by an incorporated board of trustees.
Attendance.Total, 135; male 71, female 64; boarders, 32. The reported enrollment for the year was 175. Nine grades are taught.
4 Teachers.Total, 5; all colored; male 1, female 4. The instruction covers nine
grades, with a little work in sewing and gardening for pupils over--- years of age.
Financial, 1912L.13.The finances seemed to be fairly well managed but complete
accounts are not kept. As far its could be determined the more important items were:
Income, escludijag noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness .
Value of plant
$2, 100
2,100
95o
14, 000
Sources of incorne: Baptist Association, $1,200; tuition and fees, $p°. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and aniounted to $1,5oo.
Items of expenditure : Salaries, $1,500; boarding department, $1,000; other expenses,
$600.
Platzt.1-Land: Estimated value, $2,000. The school owns 8 acres of land within
the town limits.
Buildings: Estimated value, $11,000. There are two brick buildings in fairly good
condition.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,000. Practically all the equipment is in
'furniture for classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendation.That the work be developed as a parish training school with provision for teacher training, gardening, and simple industrial training.'
Diate of visit: February, 1914.
MOREHOUSVPARISH.
White.
Population, 19to
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
TeachCrs' salaries in public schools, 1911-12.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14, parish
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Negro.
4,814
13,971
I, 035
$32, 558
$31. So
3, 436
$3, 554
44
$1.03
59.6
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public school term is 8.3
Months for white pupils-and 4 months for colored. The number or teachers is 43 in white
schools and 46 in colored schools. The average attendance is 794 white pupils and 1,315
colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased public school facilities. The work
of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. In order to provide
facilities for more advanced training than can be obtained in the rural schools, a central
,institution is being developed at Bastrop. The parish board, in cooperation with the
Mater Fund and the General Education Board, supports the school.
I See realonneodations In summary chapter, p.
at.
LOUISIANA.
297
BASTROP.
MOREHOUSE PARISH TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: R. G. Steptoe.
An elementary school selected, as a central institution to provide more advanced
training for the colored pupils of the parish.
Attendance.Total, 136; all elementary.
Teachers. ;Total, 3; all collared; male 1, female 2.
Organization.The seven elementary grades are fairly well taught. In addition the
pupils have five hours a week in sewing, handicrafts, manual training, or gardening.
Financial, 1914 -15. The income amounted to $1,350, of which $85o was from public
funds and $5oo from the Slater Fond. Of the income $1,250 was expended for salaries
ands$1oo for other.purposes.
Plant. Estimated value, $4,000. The plant consists of 29 acres of land, value $7.5o;
a four-room building, value $3,000; and equipment valued at $250.
Recommendation.That the work be encouraged and facilities added as the need
appears for a boarding department, secondary work, and teacher training.
ORLEANS PARISH.'
White.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1921-12.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in parish..
Percentage illiteraq, rcolo.
249,403
43,671
Novo.
$8481599
89,262
13,990
$50.212
819.43
$3. 59
I. x
18. 3
The entire population is in the city of New Orleans. The average length of the
public-school term is 9 months for both white and colored schools. The number of
teachers is 1,089 in white schools and 151 in colored schools. The average attendance
is 25,829 white pupils and 5,787 colored pupils.
As i*dicated by these statistics, there is urgent need for increased school facilities
in the city. No classes beyond the seventT grade are provided in the public schools
for colored children. Th° work of the elementary schools should be extended and
strengthened. Although the attendance in the colored schools is less than half the
number of children 6 to 14 years of age, it is necessary to hold double sessions for some
of the elementary grades. Most of the buildings are frame structures. To supplement
the inadequate public school facilities the Catholic and Lutheran denominations have
developed a number of small parish schools. These are described in the summaries of
small Catholic and small Lutheran schools for the State. The Sarah Goodbridge Hospital and Nurse Training School is described in the summary of special institutions for
the State.
The geographical importance of New Orleans has led to the establishmenttof four
large institutions for colored students. These institutions are Straight College, New
Orleans College, Leland University, and the so-called Southern University for Colored
People.
As their names indicate, they are primarily devoted to literary studies.
Practically all the pupils are of elementary and secondary grade and many are residents
'City at New °flews.
296
NEGRO EDUCATION.
of the city. While the inadequacy of the public school facilities has made necessary
the equipment of private schools, there has been much duplication of effort and a
lack of prOvision for industrial training. Fortunately several changes -have recently
occurred which tend to eliminate duplication. The plant of Leland University has
recently been sold and it is now planned to rebuild the institution in a more needy ection of the State. Southern University, largely maintained by Federal funds, has also
been sold and a new plant erected in a rural community near Baton Rouge. The plant
formerly occupied by Southern University was purchased by Mother Drexel and is now
used for a Catholic day school. The Gaudet Industrial School is an effective small
school giving some industrial training. The Freedmen's Aid Society, which owns
New Orleans University, is considering the removal of the institution to another part
of the State. These changes would leave Straight University to cooperate with the
public authorities in supplying industrial, secondary, and collegiate education to the
colored youth of New Orleans, southern Louisiana, and southern Mississippi.
THE COLORED INDUSTRIAL HOME AND SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. F. J. Gaudet.
A small elementary school with good industrial and gardening work. Special provision is made for waifs an orphans.
The school was founded in Iwo by the principal and is owned and controlled by a
board of colored directors representing the Colored Industrial Home and School Association. The city makes appropriations to the work and aids in its supervision.
Attendance.Total, 52; all elementary; male 23, female 29. All pupils board at
the school.
Teachers and workers.Total, it ; all colored; male 3, female 8; grades 7, industrial
3, and the principal.
Organization.Practically all the pupils are below the fifth grade. The industrial
work consists of chair caning, housework, sewing, and cooking for girls, and simple work
in wood and iron for boys. Pupils of both sexes are required to cultivate the farm and
garden.
Financial, 1913-14.The books are audited monthly and the business management
is economical. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant.
$2,135
1,8
4,
Sources of income: Orleans Parish, $1,200; donations, $655;
d, $280.
the noneducational 'receipts amounted to $837, ofe-which $436 was from the
ding,
department and $401 from the farm and garden.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,o6o; repairs, $200; farm and garden expenses,
$18o; supplies for industrial department, $58; other expenses, including supplies for
boarding department, $1,2oo.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness, $2,700 was in mortgages, $1,849 in back salaries,
and $374 in current accounts payable for equipment and supplies.
LOUISIANA.
299
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $75,000. The school owns 105 acres of land, of
which- about Oo acres are in the firm, 12 acres in the garden, and about 5 acres in the
campus. The commis is neat and well kept. The garden is a profitable adjunct to the
school in supplying products for the local market and for home consumption.
Buildings: Estimated value, $13,000. The girls' dormitory, accommodating 200,
and the boys' dormitory, accommodating too, are two-story frame buildings. The administration building and principal's home is a six-room frame cottage. A four-room cottage is used for little girls and a three-room cottage for
farmers' home. Unusual
care is given to the cleanliness of buildings and grounds.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,700. Of this, $1,000 was in furniture,
$50o in farm equipment and live stock, $ioo in shop equipment, and $roo in library
books.
Recommendations --1 . That financial support be increased so as to make possible a
larger attendance and the development of the industrial and agricultural activities.
2. That the board of trustees and the advisory hoard be combined into a single
board with full control.
3. That an accounting system be installed and an annual audit made.
Date of visit : February, 1913.
LELAND UNIVERSITY.'
President: I. Newton Earle.'
A.school of elementary and secondary grade with a few pupils in college subjects.
The school was closed in 1915 and will-probably be reopened in another part of the State.
It was founded in 1869 by Holbrook Chamberlain, a philanthropist of Brooklyn, N. Y.,
who purchased tiw land and erected the buildings. It was incorporated in 187o. The
institution has a valuable plant and large endowment. Title to the property is vested
in an independent, self perpetrating board of trustees. The act of incorporation provides that: "The trustees shall not have power to encumber by mortgage the whole of
any part of the property, nor to use the principal of any endowment funds for the current
expenses of its work."
Attendance.Total, 298; elementary 203, secondary 91, college 4. Of the pupils
above elementary grades, 47 were male and 48 female; 27 were from New Orleans, 53
from other places in the State, and 15 from other States; 48 boarded at the school:.
Teachirs.Total, 14; white 10, colored 4; male 6, female 8.
Financial: 1913-14.Apparently no financial records are kept. Accorcting to estimates given by the president the more important items for the year were;
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures/less noneducational receipts
slue of property
ito, 6o2
10, 6o3
.
400, 4,00
Sou es of income: Endowment funds, $8,000; tuition anal fees,
$2,240; Alumni and
Baptist A
ations, $362. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding departwent and
nted to $5,760.
It
penditure: Salaries, $8,100; boarding departtnent, $5,760; repairs and
new equt
t, $639; other expenses, $1,863.
*The school property has since been sold, the name has been changed to Leland College. and the institution 4
to be
located at Alexandria, La.. with Rev. 31. E. Ford as President.
Whits.
40627' Bull. 39-17-20
NEGRO EDUCATION.
300
School property: The property consists of $275,000 in the plant and $125,000 in
endowment funds.
Pla 41.Land: Estimated value, $24o,000. The land comprises to acres on St.
Charles Avenue in one of the most beautiful residence sections of the city. The campus
is poorly kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $32,000. There are two 4-story brick buildings, a
small frame building used for manual training, and a barn.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,000. The equipment consists of furniture
for classrooms and dormitories, a small museum and library, and a few machines and tools
for the manual training shop.
Recommendations. -1. That the plan to place the institution under the supervision
of the American Baptist Home Mission Society be encouraged.
2. That the school he moved to some central location in ,..misiana.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
NEW ORLEANS COLLEGE.
President : C. M. Melden.'
A secondary school with large elementary enrollment and a few pupils in college subjects. The present management is progressive but handicapped by lack of funds and
by the location of the school. Peck Home, for girls, is maintained in connection with the
university.
The school was founded in 1873 by the Freedmen's Aid Society. It is owned and
controlled by the society and has a local board of trustees which acts in an advisory
capacity.
A ttendance.Total, 432; elementary 298, secondary 125, college 9. Of the
secondary and college pupils 46 -0mre male and 88 female. There were 47 boarders.
Of those reporting home address, 73 were from New Orleans, 45 from other parts of
Louisiana, and 6 from other States. The reported enrollment for the year was 557
Teachers and workers.Total, 18; white 9, colored 9; male 6, female 12; academic
16, music t, commerOal 1.
Organization.7The curriculum is based on the course outlined by the Freedmen's
Aid Society.
Elementary: The six upper elementary grades are we taught. Instruction in
sewing is begun in .the fourth grade and cooking in the seventh.
into two courses, the "college-preparaSecondary: The' econdary work is divi
tory" course with 41 pupils and the "normal' course with 84 pupils. The "college -
preparatory" course includes: Latin, 4 years; French, 2; mathematics, 3; English,
The "normal"
and civics,
3; elementary science, 2; history, 1%; Bible,
course comprises: Latin, 2 years; English, 3; mathematics, 3; elementary science, 2;
history, t ; psychology and education, 2. A small amount of time is given to practice teaching, music, physiology, agriculture, manual training, cooking, and sewing.
The limited amount of time given to these subjects is explained by the large amount
White.
Not including Peck He workers.
LOUISIANA.
301
given to foreign languages. The laboratory equipment, hitherto
inadequate, has recently been improved.
College: While the number of pupils in college classes is increasing, the
maintenance
of- these classes is hardly warranted by the number of pupils or by the teaching
force.
Industrial: Courses in cooking, sewing, and gardening are effectively
taught
at the
Peck Home. There is little industrial work for boys.
Financial, 1912-13.--The accounts are kept in accordance with the system
required
by the Freedmen's Aid Society. The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$12, 933
12, 490
5, 000
159,
000
Sources of income: Tuition and fees, $6,000 (partly estimated); Freedmen's Aid
Society, $5,400; general donations, $1,533. The noneducational receipts
were from the
boarding department and amounted to $5,105 (partly estimated).
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $8,252; supplies from boarding department,
repairs, $2,24o; student labor, $1,251; power, light, and heat, $548; equipment,$3,263;
$372;
interest, $308; advertising and printing, $228; outside labor, $63; other
expenses, $41,o7o.
The cash balance for the year amounted to $443.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $5,000 is-in the form of a mortgage.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $75,000. The grounds comprise nearly two city
blocks on St. Charles Avenue, in one of the most beautiful residential sections
of the
city.
Buildings: Estimated value, $75,000. The main building is of brick,
five stories
high, with a frontage of 15o feet. It contains the office, chapel,
dining
room, and
dormitories. The recitation building, a frame structure two stories high,
is used
exclusively for classes. The president's home is
a comfortable old-fashioned house of
the colonial type. Them are also two cottages for teachers.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $9,000. Furniturt, $6,000; books and
library
fixtures, $2,000; scientific apparatus, $1,000.
Recommendations. r. That more emphasis be placed on the training of
teachers.
2. That the courses in physical science, history, and social science be
strengthened.
-3. That more time be given to gardening, manual training, cooking, and
sewing.'
4. That the plan to move the school to another section of Louisiana be encouraged.
Date of visit: January, 1914.
PECK HOME OF NEW ORLEANS COLLEGE.
Superintendent: Mrs. Emma W. Fisher'
A home school 'fot girls maintained in connectio
*ty New Orleans
by the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Meth 'st Episcopal Ch
work is thorough and the management economical and eff tive.
Attendance.--total, 175; 25 boarded in the home.
Teachers.Total, 6; white 4, colored 2.
I See recommendations in summary chapter, p. 12.
White, skated slam date d visit.
iversity
h. The
NEGRO
302
(EDUCATION,
Organization.The girls who board4n the home receive training in household care,
cooking, sewing, and gardening, and attend academic classes at New Orleans University.
Instruction in cooking, sewing, and gardening is also provided for the girls in New
Orleans University.
Financial, 1914-15.The finances are carefully supervised by the home office in
Cincinnati. The more important items for the. year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts........
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$3,171
3,171
2, 700
45, 000
Sources of income: Woman's Ii6me Missionary Society, $2,916; Phelps-Stokes
The noneducational receipts were from
board and room rent and amounted to$89o.
Items of expenditure: Supplies, $1,207; salaries, $992; light, fuel, and sundries,
$967; domestic science equipment, $455; traveling expenses, $240; expenses of school
-111
Fund for gardening,- $2oo; other sources, $55.
gardesi \.$2oo.
Plant The plant consists of half a city block, a well constructed three-stor.y brick
The plant is clean and well kept throughout.
Recommendation. That the work be encourafed and made a vital part of New
building, and equipment "valued at $3,000.
Orleans University.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
STRAIGHT COLLEGE.
President : E. M. Stevens.'
A well-managed secondary school with a large elementaty enrollment and few
pupils in college classes. Considerable attention is given to teacher training. About
one-fourth of the pupils above elementary grades board at the school. A night school
is maintained.
The institution was founded in 1869 by the Ainerican Missionary Association of
the Congregational Church, and it is owned and supported .by that body. It has an
independent board of trustees which acts in an advisory capacity.
Attendance.Total, 578; elementary 364, secondary 203, collegiate t t. Of the pupils
above eleme*tary grades 70 were boys and 1 A. were girls; S3 were boarders. Of those
reporting home address 142 were from New Orleans, 5o from other places in Louisiana,
and 22 from other States; 34 were from farm homes. The reported enrollment for the
year was 758.
Teachers and workers.Total. 30; white 17, colored 13; male 13, female 17; gravies 8,
academic 9, girls' industries 2, boys' industries 2, music 3, commercial 1, matrons 2,
other workers 3. ,In addition there are 3 student workers in thtt. night school.
Oiganization.Elementary: The eight elementary grades are well taught.
Secondary: The course is so arranged that a student has the choice of four .groups
of electivescollege preparatory, teacher training or "normal," commercial, and manual
training. The college preparatory course enrolled 103 pupils; teacher training, 23;
1 White.
LOUISIANA.
303
commercial, 15; manual- paining, 97. Thirty-five pupils are enrolled in more than one
course.
The subjects required of all students are: English, 4 years; mathematics' , 2; history, 2; elementary science, 1. The college-prejlaratory course includes four years of
Latin and two years of modern language. The " normal " course adds t,;:eory of education,
half a ye .r; methods, %; reviews, 1 : and practice teaching, 1. In the commercial course
four years of stenography and typewriting are required; while the manual training
course has from 3 to 15 hours a week of simple industrial work. Other electives
which may be taken for one year's credit in any of the courses are civics, chemistry,
and physics. Eleven pupils were tiking civics, 11 chemistry, and i physics.
The sub-'
jects are thoroughly taught, bu,t it s unfortunate that no provision is made for hygiene
and nature study, and that other olementary sciences are elective.
College classes: The college sAL
'ects are: English, 3 years; mathematics, 234; Latin,
2%; German, 2%; chemistry, 1%; an history, 1. 'The electives are botany, reported
by 2 pupils; history, reported by 3; and French reported by i pupil.
Industrial: Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for girls and wood-
working and printing for boys. All pupils from the fourth to die eighth grades spend
five hours a week in manual training. The number of pupils electing industrial training
in the highschool was as follows: Sewing, 65; cooking, 5; carpei.try, 7; and printing,
23. A small beginning in gardening has
been made." Neighborhood gardening is
encouraged ancqonsiderable interest haAbeen aroused.
.
Financial, 1913-14. The finat.nces are controlled by the American Missionary
Association. The accounts are carefully kept. The more important items for the
year
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less '.aneducational receipts.
Value of plant
$=0385
20,385
15o, 000
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $9,567; tuition and fees,
$7,799; Slater Fund, $1,000; donations, $144; other sources, $1,875. The noneducar
tional receipts amounted to $8,272, bf which $8,t71 was from the boarding department, and Sim from the shopk ,
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $10,889; supplies for boarding department, 6,940;
student aid and labor, $2,445; other supplies$1,991; equipment, $1,808; repairs,4i,3Jo;
power, light, and heat, $1,136; outside labor, $120; other expenses, $2,018.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $5o,000. The land comprises a city block and
two additional lots,. centrally located. The campus is well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $8o,00o. 'All of the buildings are of frame construction. The main building is three stories high and contains chapel, classrooms,
offices, and laboratories. Stone Hall and Whitin Hall, dormitories
for girls and boys
respectively, are three-story buildings. The Lafon industrial building is of two stories,
and there are two other small structures. The buildings are substantial, in good repair,
and well kept. All are equipped with electric lights,
sanitary plumbing, and fairly
good fire protection.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
304
Movable equipment: Estimated valtte, $2o,000. The equipnient consists of good
furniture for classrooms and dormitories, limited laboratory facilities, and ample tools
and machinery'for industrial work.
Recommendations. -1. That effort be "Ode to have the cjty provide f6k thelarge
elementary enrollment so that this institution may devote its energies to teachetraining
IN..
and industrial Courses.
2. That the industrial courses and gardenitig be related to the homes in the city
and suburbs.'
That the effort to maintain college classes\ be not hllowed to hamper the devel/ optnent of secondary courses adapted to the needs Of the pupils.
7'
Dates of visits: January, 1914; March, 1915.
y
RA PI DES PA I:Z. MI.
Population, Iwo
Children 6 to 14 years of.age, 1910
-Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teacher? salaries* per child 6 to 14 in parish
Percentage Illiterate, 19zo
White.
22, 991
51234
$81, 270. 39
$15. 53
4
21, 445
5, 258
$5,890
$I. 12
7.0
46. ?.
per cent of the total The average length pf the public
The rural population is
school term is 7.3 montlis, for white pupils and 4.6 months for colored. The number
of teachers is 153 in white schools and 39 in colored schools. The average atkenciance
is 3,712 white pupils ,atid 1,626 colored pupils.
These statistics i dicate a serious need for increased public -sch 1 facilities. The
work of the elements schools should be extended and strengthened.
.
ALEXANDRIA.
The
city of Alexandria provides one elementary public school for colored
people.
Although this school is progressive and does good work, it is inadequate to meet the
needs of the 1,255 colored children 6 to 14 years of age. Three private day schools
with an aggregate attendance of 328 pupils are operated. Two of these are Baptist
maintained only
schools and one Cittholic. The Central Louisiana Academy should be
is of minor eduso lot* as the pubic schools are inadequate. The other Baptist school
cational value io the Commulity. The Catholic parish school is described in the
summary of small Catholic schools for the State. though the Lampton Literary. and
Industrial\Institute, on the out* irts of the town, was planned as\ a State school for the
Africap Methodist Episcopal denomination, it is of little educa\tional value. Unless
its support can I* materially incra and its management reor.;:nized so that it can
provide facilities for supplementing he very limited training.of he public schools, it
should be discontinued.
LAMPTON LITERARY AND INDUS
IAL COLLEGE.
Presidentrrtnt. Campbell.
A 'poorly organized elementary sch 1 with a few secondary pup Is. The catalogue
outlines elaborate college, law, and theol gical courses, but thqre we e no pupils taking
these courses at the time the school was sited.
.
I Soo .110 l 1. rl .
I
in inunmary chapter. p. 13.
1
LOUISIANA,
305
The school was founded in 1'909. by,the American Methodist Episcopal Conference
of Louisiana and removed to its present site a few years later. The school .is owned
and controlled by a board of 25 trustees elected by the conference.
Attendance. Total, 142; elementary 116, secondary 26; boarders, 31.,
Teachers and workers.Total, 6; all colored; male 3, female 3.
Organization.Elementary work is done in the regular eight grades and in the first
year of the so-called "normal" course. Secondary subjects of the classical type are
given in the last two years of the normal course. A small amount of seeing and gardening is provided. Discipline in the dormitories is lax.
Financial, 1y13- 14. As far as could be determined the income amounted to
approximately $1,500. No accounts are kept at the school. The treasurer, who is
a local colored physician, stated at the time of visit that he had not been in office long
enough to render a complete annual statement. The catalogue is therefore the only
source frcht1 which any idea,-of the finances can be obtained. According to the published
statement: "The soitirces of revenue for Lampton College are limited to a monthly
tuition, winch barely pays the expenses of the Nidents; an annual assessment from
each minister of the.-Atnericv Methodist Episcopal Church, which amounts to about
$1,000; and public collections." No'statement as to expenditures is made.
Plant.The plant, estimatea value $10,000, consists of 2 acres of land near Alexandria, 2 .small two-story frame buildings, and equipment valued at $5oo.
/?ccommemiation.Unless the school can be radically reorganized and improved,
it should not be continued.
Dates of visits: February, 1914; March, 1915.
SABINE PARISIt
Population, 19to
Children 6 to 14 years cof age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools; i91 I-I 2
Teachers' salaries per child 6 14 in pari4
Percentage illiterate,z9lo
White.
15, 704
3,816
449, 239- 77
$12. go
tr. 7
Negro.
4, 164
11014
f3,930. 75
$3.88
39.3
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is 6.8
months for white pupils and 4.3 months for colored. The number of teachers is 118 in
white schools and 18 in colored schools. The average attendance is 3,309 white pupils
and 706 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased public-school facilities. The work of
the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeane,s Fund supervising industrial teacher travels in the parish and aids the teacheis in rural schools to
do industrial work and extend the influence of the school into the community. In
order to provide a central institution where pupils may board and supplement the
limited training of the rural schools, the Sabine Normal, and Industrial School was
founded by the local Baptist Association. For a while it was leased by the parish and
aided by the Slater Fund as a parish training school. Its work is suited to the needs
of the rural community in which it is located. The plan to develop it as a parish Unix
ing school should be encouraged.
306
NEGRO EDUCATION.
CON VERSE:
THE SABIN'E NORMAL AND INDUSL INSTITUTE.
Acting principal: Mrs. Mary E. Jacobs.
An elementary school with small secondary enrollment. The school is rendering
good service in a rural community. Though the equipment is poor, genuine industrial
training is provided. The school was founded in 1903 and the property has since been
turned over to the parish school b'oard on a five-year lease from, the trustees. It receives
appropriations from the Slater Fund.
Attendance. Total, 168; elementary 137, secondary
; boarders, 4o.
Teachers.Total, 8; all colored; male 5. female 3.
Organization.The eight elementary grades are fairly well taught. The four-year
"normal" course includes elementary and secondary subjects, with a little teachertraining. The girls have instruction in millinery, sewing, and cooking, and the boys
devote some time to practical farming and manual training in wood.
Financial, 1911I3.As far as could be determined, the more important items
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant.
83,311
a,
I, 400
Sources of income: Donations, $1,586; parish, $825; Slater Board, $5o0; tuition,
$400. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and farm, and
aitiounted to $2,423.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,136; supplies for boarding department and
farm, $2,029; student labor, $247; other expenses, $200.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $5,500. The school owns 45 acres of good farm
land ,8 miles from Converse.
Buildings:' Estimated value, $4,3oo. There are three buildings. One contains
the classrooms and boys' dorMitory, another is the girls' dormitory, and the third is a
small cottage for domestic sciepce. All the buildings are of rough frame construction,
but well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,600. Of this, $1,poo is in live stock and
farm tools, and $600 in furniture and school equipment.
Rrcommendation.That increased provision be made for teacher-training, theory
and practice of gardening, and simple industrial training.'
Date of visit: March, 1914.
ST. MARY PARISH.
Population, 19to..
t Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, z9/1-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in parish
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
White.
Nerro.
18,034 27,266
4, 24% 4, 546
$43, 190- 90 63, 285
Ito. 19 $0 72
Since date ol visit boys' dormitory has been built and additionali land purchased.
I See recommendations In summary chapter, p. a.
20. 7
48. 6
LOUISIANA.
307
The rural population is 68.7 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 9 months for white pupils and 5 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 81 in white schools and 29 in colored schools. The average attendance is
2,877 white pupils and 2,135 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a serious need for increased public-school facilities. The
work of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. In Morgan
City the public school is taught in a privately-owned bhilding and receives a part of
its support from private subscription. Gilbert Academy, at Baldwin, has a good
opportunity to develop as a central institution for the surrounding parishes. It should
be encouraged to reorganize its industrial and agricultural work so that boarding pupils
may have the opportunity to receive more advanced training than is given in the rural
schools.
BALDWIN.
GILBERT ACADEMY AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
liresident : J. R. Reynolds.
A school of elementary grade with a few secondary pupils. The large farm is not
adequately used and the industrial departments are poorly equipped.
The school was founded in 1875 by the Freedmen's Aid Society, and is owned and
controlled by that society.
,4ttenziance.Total, 213; elementary 200, secondary 13; boarders, 66.
Tcachcrs and workers.Total, so; all colored; male 2, female 8; grades and academic 6, girls' industries 2, boys' industries 1, matron 1.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work cofiers the eighth grade.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the foi7year "normal" course. The
course includes: Latin, 2 years; English, 2.!j; mathematics, 3; elementary science, 2;
history and civics, s;;. In addition, about half of the time of the fourth year is devoted
to reviews and methods. Much of the teaching is poor.
Industrial: Tioindustrial activities are very limited as to time, equipment, and
educational valuerTwo or three boys are permitted to help in the blacksmith shop,
conducted independently of the school. A few pupils help to make brooms. About
20 girls receive instruction in sewing. A number ,of pupils are engaged in the
truck
garden during the school term, but this course is not reenforced by class-room work.
Financial, 1912-13. The books of the school were poorly kept. As far as could
be determined, the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant.
$3,,00
3,837
6o, coo
Sources of income: Freedmen's Aid Society, $2,800; loeal colored conferences,
$300; general donations, $loo. Receipts from board and tuition, which could not be
given separately, amounted to $4,000.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,090; supplies for boarding department, $1,913;
student labor, Shoo; supplies for shops, $743; power, light, and heat, $583; repairs,
308
NEGRO . EDUCATION.
$353; supplies for academic department, $299; outside labor, $56. The net deficit for
the year was $637.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $4o,00o. The land comprises ',too acres,
of
which 400 acres are cleared and 70o in swamp. The cleared land is of little educational
value. The swamp land can not be utilized for any purpose without extensive drainage.
Buildings: Estimated value, $x5,000. There are- two large frame buildings used
for dormitories and classrooms. An old brick structure, built as a sugar house in 185o,
has been remodeled and, is now used for classrooms. A small brick library has been
built recently. The three shops are small frame structures. The dormitories are in
fairly good condition throughout. The other buildings are in need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,000. Most of the equipment is in furniture for dormitories and classrooms.
Recommendations.-1. That the school be thoroughly reorganized in administration
and equipment so that it may fulfill its claims as an industrial and teacher-training
school.
2. That the public authorities be urged to provide school facilities for the large
elementary enrollment of the school.
3. That the energies of the school be centered on the higher elementary grades
and on the normal course.
Date of visit: February, 1914; March, 19t5.
BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
In addition to Coleman College, which is aided by the American Baptist Home
Mission Society, Ad Leland University, which is privately endowed, there are 21
Baptist schools reported in Louisiana. Of these, 3 were considered important
enough to disiTss in the parish sumaries, 13 others were visited and are discussed
below, and the 5 which were not visited are listed at the end of this summary.
From the struggle for existence which many of these schools have it is evident that 22
is too large a number for the Baptists to maintain efficiently. The work would be
strengthened if the money now spent on the smaller schools could be concentrated on
Coleman College, Leland University, Howe Institute, Mansfield Academy, and one or
two other institutions.
AVOYELLES PARISHBUNKIE.
BUNKIE ACADEMY.
Principal: A. J. Willis.
A poorly equipped elementary school doing low - grade work.
It is owned hy,a Baptist Association,
Of the 90 pupils in attendance, go were below the third grade, 5 were boarders. Two teachers are
employed for eight months and two for four months. All are colored. The income amounted to
approximately $596, taxon, half of which was from the Baptist Association and the remainder from
tuition. Practically all of the income was used for salaries. The plant, estimated value ii,000, consists of a town lot, a dilapidated two-story frame building, and equipment valued at $50.
Recronmendation.In view of the inadequate imblie-school facilities the Baptist Association
should endeavor to have this school combined with the public school.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
LOUISIANA.
309
CADDO PARISH SHREVEPORT.
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT NORMAL AND COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE.
Principal: M. L. Collins)
An elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. The 10 pupils are in ro grades,
taught by 4 colored teachers. The income of $1,400 was from the Baptist Association and tuition.
The plant, estimated value $4,oao, consists of a city block, one large frame building, and meager
equipment.
Recommendation. In view of the good public-school facilities this school should be combined with
one of the larger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
CLAIBORNE PARISHHOMER.
HOMER NORMAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND BIBLE TRAINING SCHOOL.
President: H. P Mayfield.
An elementary school with a few secondary pupils. The management is lax. While the school
is nominally owned by a Baptist Association, it is really owned and controlled by the principal.
A ltendance . Total, 186; elementary 172, secondary 14. Half the pupils were below the fourth
grade.
Teachers . Total, 7; all colored; male 3, female 4. The principal does no teaching.
OrganizationsWith only six teachers the school attempts a highly ambitious curriculum. The
work in the lower grades is very unsatisfactory. The three male teachers devote most of their time
to the higher grades. The main subjects taught are English, Latin, Greek, and ancient history.
Financial, Igr3-14.No financial records arc kept. As far as could be determined the income
amounted to approximately Sgoo, of which Liao was from tuition, $400 from the Baptist Association,
and Sioo from the parish. Practically-all the income was expended for salaries. In addition, St,2a0
was reported as received and expended in the boarding department.
Plant. Estimated value, $2,oco. The .plant consists of 2 ay.res of land, two frame buildings,
and equipment valued at Shoo. The school building, a two-story frame structure, is unceiled. It
was smoky and very dirty. An attempt was being made to purchase a farm on the outskirts of town.
Recommendation . This school should expect only local support.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
EAST BATON ROUGEBATON ROUGE.
BATON ROUGE COLLEGE.
Principal: L. C. Youngblood.'
A school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary classes. It is owned and supported
by the local Baptist Association. There were about 200 pupils and 8 teachers.2 The course covers the
usual eight elementary grades, with some secondary subjects. Practically no provision is made for
industrial work. The income of about $3,5oo was from tuition and the Baptist Association. The plant*,
estimated value $is,000, consists of a large lot, a brick building containing classrooms, chapel, and
a few dormitory rooms, and meager equipment. The building is in need of repair.
Recommendation. There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
Facts verified in 1916.
EAST CARROLL PARISHLAKE PROVIDENCE.
EAST CARROLL NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: E. L. Washburn.
An elementary school with a few boarders.
and is owned by a board of trustees.
Elected since date of visit.
It was founded in 1898 by the local Baptist Association
r The attendance and teachers decreased in int&
310
NEGRO EDUCATION.
There were 150 pupils in the nine grades and 4 teachers, the principal and 3 women, all colored.
Some instruction is provided in sewing, millinery, and fanning.
The income amounted to approximately $9oo, of which $350 was from tuition, $300 from the Baptist
Association, and $25o from contributions. The expenditures amounted to 11,075, of which $940 was
for salaries and $135 for running expenses. The plant, estimated -value $8,000, consists of 6o acres of
land, a neat frame building, three small cottages, and equipment valued at $500. A large portion of
the land is cultivated by the school with student labor.
Recommendation.That the trustees endeavor to have the parish aid in developing the institution
into a parish training school.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
LINCOLN PARISH GRAMBLING.
ALLEN GREEN NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: D. F. Ross.
A poorly managed elementary school. It was founded in 1902 by it stock company as a businec
enterprise and operated as such until 1905, when the Liberty Hill Baptist Association acquired possession.
It is now owned and controlled by that association. The public school with 300 pupils is taught in a
building owned by the school.
Attendance. Total, 5o; all elementary. About half of those in attendance were boarding pupils.
Cooking, sewing, and agriculture are reported, but very little is done in any of these branches.
Teachers,Total, 3; all colored; the principal, his wife, and oue assistant.
Financial, 1Q23- 14. No statement of finances could be obtained. The income was apparently
about $1,800$i,000 from the association and $8co from tuition. The boarding department is operated
by the president and was said to be self-sustaining.
Plant. Estimated value, $4,000. The plant consists of 25 acres of land, 2 two-story frame buildings,
and furniture and equipment valued at $5oo.
Recommendation.that this school be combined with the other schools of the community in an
effort to develop a parish training school.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
LINCOLN PARISH RUSTON.
ELEVENTH DISTRICT NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: I. S. Powell.
An elementary school owned by the Baptist Association and supported by the association and the
parish. The 172 pupils arc in io grades, with 3 colored teachers. No industrial work is done. The
income amounted to approximately $1,525. of which $675 was from the parish, $36,:iyfrorn tuition, $340
from the Baptist Association, and $15o from other sources. Of the income $1,120 was expended for
salaries and $380 for other purposes. The plant, estimated value $4,0oo, consists of s town lot, a frame
building, and equipment valued at $5oo.
Recommendation. That the Association endeavor to have the parish assume complete revoasibility
for the school.
Date of visit: April, 1914.
OUACHITA PARISH MONROE.
MONROE NORMAL SCHOOL.
Principal: M. G. Foster.
An elementary day school doing low-grade work. It is owned by the local Baptist Association.
'The tob pupils were in nine grades. There were 3 teachers, all colored.
The income amounted to approximately $1.2oo, of which $85o was from tuition, and $350 from the
Baptist Association. Of the income $1,040 was expended for salaries and Sao for other purposes. The
plant, estimated value $2,500, consists of three lots, two rough frame buildings, and equipment valued
at $3oo. The buildings were dirty and in poor repair.
Recommendation.In view of the public-school facilities in. Monroe this school should be combined
with one of the larger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
LOUISIANA.
311
RAPIDES PARISHALEXANDRIA.
ALEXANDRIA BAPTIST SCHOOL.
A small disorderly school taught in a church by the pastcir and an'assistant. It was formed as the
result of a split in the local Baptist Association The 6o pupils were practically ungraded and were
taught in one large dirty room of the church. The income of about $5oo included tuition and contributions from local churches.
Recommendation.That the school be combined with the Central Louisiana Academy.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
CENTRAL LOUISIANA ACADEMY.
Principal: S. S. Gray.
An elementary day school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It was founded in 1882 by the
local Baptist Association and is owned and maintained by that association. The 158 pupils were in
so grades taught by 3 colored teachers. The work is fairly well done. The income of about Si ,000
was from the association and tuition. The plant, estimated value $5.000. consists of a lot located in the
colored section and a two-story frame building in fairly good repair. The equipment is limited. There
is an indebtedness of about $7oo.
Recommendation.There is a presealkeed for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-sChool system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
ST. LANDRY PARISHOPELOUSAS.
OPELOUSAS ACADEMY.
Principal: B. J. Hurd.
A small elementary school doing low-grade work. It is owned bykhe local Baptist Association.
There were 95 pupils and 2 teachers. The income amounted to approximately &Ism of which about
$250 was from the Baptist Association and $2oo from tuition. Of the income $40o was expended for
salaries. The plant, estimated value S2,5oo. consists of a town lot, one frame building, and meager
equipment.
Recommendation. There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
TERREI3ONNE PARISHHOUMA.
1101' NI
ACADEMY.
Principal: Thomas Dickerson.
A disorderly elementary day school owned by the local Baptist Association. The 128 pupils are
taught by the principal and a colored woman. The income of $750 was from the association and.from
tuition. About S600 was spent for salaries and $150 for other expenses. The plant, estimated value
$2,000, consists of a town lot, a two -story frame building, and equipment valued at $500.
Recommendation. There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
WEBI`ER PARISHMINDEN.
MINDEN ACADEMY.
Principal: James Johnson.
A school of elementary grade with a few secondary pupils. It was founded in 1907 by the local
Baptist Association and is owned and controlled by that body. The ass pupils were in is grades. The
teachers are the principal and his wife. The oaly.xindusfrial work is a little sewing. , The inc6.me
amounted to approximately $875, of which $825 was from tuition and $so from the Baptist Association.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
312
Of the income $725 was expended for salaries and $15o for repairs. The plant, estimated value $4.0co,
consists of 31 acres of land, a two-story frame building, and equipment valued at Lioo. The building
is poorly constructed and in bad condition.
Recammendation.There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
OTHER BAPTIST SCPOOLS.
Five other Baptist schools were reported but not visited. Evidence indicates that
they are not of sufficient importance to justify description in this report. The list is
as follows:
County.
Claiborne.
Rapides.
Sabine.
Union.
Union.
Town.
School.
Haynesville.
Cheneyville.
Pleasant Hill.
Haynesville School.
Cheneyville Academy.
Pleasant Hill High School.
Center High School.
Lillie High School.
Downsville.
Lillie.
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
There are in Louisiana 24 Catholic parish schools. Except for one or two large
institutions in New Orleans, these are small elementary schools. Since the Louisiana
schools were visitei, Mother Catherine Drexel has purchased the large plant in New
Orleans formerly used by the Southern University. This school, now called St. Francis
Xavier's School, has a reported enrollment of 35o and a teaching force of 17. The
religious interest is strong in all of these parish schools. The principal facts as reported
are listed herewith:
Pariah.
Arcadia.
Assumption.
Avoyelles.
Iberia
Iberville.
Jefferson.
La Fayette.
Natchitoches.
Natchitoches.
Natchitoches,
Orleans.
Orleans.
Orleans.
Orleani.
Plaquemine.
Rapides.
St. Landry.
St. Landry.
St. Landry.
St. Landry.
St. Mary.
St. Martin.
St. Tammany.
St. Tammany.
Town.
Crowley.
Klotzville.
Mansura.
Delcambre.
Plaquemine.
Gretna.
La Fayette.
Campti.
Natchitoche.
Isle Brevelle.
New Orleans.
New Orleans.
New Orleans.
New Orleans.
Bcrtranville.
Alexandria.
Arnaudville.
Grand Coteau.
Opelousas.
Opelousas.
Charenton.
Breaux Bridge.
Mandeville.
Madisonville.
School.
St. Michael's School.
St. Mary's School.
St. Paul's School.
Our Lady or the Lake School.
St. Augustine's School
St. Joseph's School.
St. Joseph 's School.
Sacred Heart School
St. Joseph's School.
St. Joseph's School.
St., Dominic's School.
St. Catherine's School.
St. Michael's School.
St. Maurice's School.
St. Benedict's School.
St. James' School.
St. John Francis Regis School.
Sacred Heart School.
St. Joseph's Convent School.
St. Joseph's Industrial College.
St. Peter Clover's School.
St. Anthony's School. I
Holy Family School.
St. Francis Xavier's School.
Attendance.
145
56
Teaches
3
1
185
2
35
i
42
6o
315
65
i
75
2
7
1
278
5
rso
3
35o
8
40
r
. 65
2
59
142
3
r
zo
1
I8o
6
18o
3
78
2
42
125
29
101
1
3
2
3
LOUISIANA.
313
LUTHERAN SCHOOLS.
Some of the Lutheran ministers in Louisiana teach small*sh schools in their
These schools are irregularly in session from y
o year. Only Luther
College and the seven parochial schools in New Orleans wt considered important
enough to be stilt ed; these are described in the summary whist. follows.
churches.
ORLEANS PARISHNEW ORLEANS.
LUTHER COLLEGE.
President: R. E. Schmidt.'
A small school of elementary and secondary grade founded in 1903 and maintained by the Synodical
Conference of the Lutheran Church. It is the central Lutheran School for New Orleans
Attendance. Total, 37; practically aH elementary.
Teachers.Total, s; both white men.
Organization.Ten grades are claimed. Most of the work of the two higher grades is elementary.
The pupils above the seventh grade have sewing.
Financial, r913--14.The income amounted to approximately Si ,4co, of which $1,300 was from the
Lutheran Board :,.nd the balance from tuition.
Plant.Estimated value, Sio,socl. The plant consists of a valuable city lot and a two-story frame
building, with limited classroom furniture and industrial equipment.
Recommendation. The attendance should be increased, the guide of work raised, and industrial
work for boys provided.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
LUTHERAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS.
Seven parochial schools of elementary grade are maintained by the Board for Colored Missions
of the Evangelical Lutherar Synodical Conference for the colored children of New Orleans.
4itendance. The attendance records are very unsatisfactory. The reported enrollment in all the
schools was approximately 1,000.
Teachers.Total, iS; white 7, colored 11 ; male 14, female 4. Most of the white teachers are
ministers of the Lutheran denomination, while practically all the colored teachers are graduates of
Lutheran schools.
Financial, 1913r 4.The reported income for the support of the schools was $io,000, of which
$7,500 was from the Lutheran Board and churches, and $2,soo from tuition.
Plant.Estimated value, $13,000. Three of the schools are taught in buidlings owned by the
Lutheran Board and the others in rented quarters. The land owned consists of three lots indifferent
sections of New Orleans. All the byildings are frame structures. The equipment in all the schools is
very poor. There arc practically rib facilities for teaching manual training or industrial work.
'
Recommendalion.There is present need for these schools, but their work should be improved, and
when the public schools become adequate the income of the small Lutheran schools should be transferred to Luther College to make it a first-class secondary school.
Date Jof visit: February, 1914.
4111,
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.
In addition to the schools discussed in the parish summaries, there are five smaller
independent institutions in Louisiana. These are owned by private boards of trustees
and have limited means of support. They include four private elementary schools
and a semipublic school. The semipublic school at Morgan City and the Winnsboro
Colored School are the only schools in their communities, and effort should be made to
have the public authorities assume complete control of their work. The private schools
at Lake Charles and Hortman are of minor importance.
I White.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
314
CALCASIEU PARISHLAKE CHARLES.
PEOPLE'S NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: D. R. Hutton.
. A small elementary school operated privately by the principal. About iso pupils are taught in
xi :grades by the principal and three colored women. All the work is elementary. The class rooms
arr. crowded and the equipment poor. The finances arc controlled by the irincitYal, who declined to
give the exact items. The plant, estimated value $2,25o, consisted of a town lot, an otiffanie building, and equipment valued at $25o.
Recommendation.That the school shall not expect other than local support.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
.
\
C
.
FRANKLINWINNSBORO.
WINNSBORO COLORED INDUSTRIAL HIGH SCHOOL.
PrincipaA J. W. hunter.
A sinallellinentar.yechool. It is the only school for colored people in the community. It was founded
ifx9o5 by 1.**plorecryeople and for a while received aid from the parish and the Jeanes Fund. The
75. pupils Were taught by.the principal and a woman assistant. A few, pupils board at the school. The
yiriduStrial Work i4 little sewing. The income, amounting to approximately $450, was from tuition
ellbene4eentetikinfticcit.S. The plant. estimated value $5,000, consists of 30 acres of land, a large twork building, podithicenetructed and in bad repair, and equipment valued at $200.
VecOitnenciaticiti-s-i-Tbia the colored people endeavor to have the parish aid this worthy school.
-,,
.4._
Ileteof visit: r query% 1914.
:
1
i
.
LINCOLN PARISHGRAMBLING.
.
.
LOUISIANA AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
NO
4 Principal: C. P. Adams.
A school of elementary grade in a needy rural community. The plant and equipment are crude.
The management has not been effective. The school was founded by the principal in 1905 and turned
II
over to the parish in 1915.
Attindance.Total, tio; all elementary. A few pupils board at the school. The industrial train.
in consists of a little cooking, sewing, and woodwork. Some of the pupils assist in the cultivation of
thd land.
Teacbers.Total, 6; all colored; male a, female 4.
As far as could be determined the more important items
...-.... I Financial, 191.?-13.No books were kept.
:re*:
..i
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant .
s.
..,
$1,55o
1, 550
5,687
Sources of income: Donations, $1,00o; tuition, $4$o; Lincoln Parish, tioo. The noneducati nal
teceipti amounted to $1,486, of which $oso was from the boarding department and $536 from' the f
\ Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,700; other expenses, $3,3t.
,Plant. Land: Estimated value, $3,00o. The school owns 200 acres of land, of which about loo
acres ere cultivated and 4 acrtsitsedfor campus.
Buildings: Estimatetyalue, $i,sco. The main building is a poorly built two-story frame structure.
There,are two very small buildings, used for shop and boys' dArmitory. The buildings are poorly kept.
movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,187. Of this $687 was in farm implements and live
stock, so in shop equipment, and $300 in furniture.
' ton. That the administration be made more effective and the institution developed
Aw
into a patisli training school
Dates of visits: February, 5914; February, 19'5. Facts verified, 1916.
LOUISIANA.
315
ST. MARY PARISHMORGAN CITY.
MORGAN CITY ACADEMY.
Principal: Miss Anna Kyle.
An elementary school receiving aid from public funds. The school is taught in ,building owned
by a local board of trustees. The one colored teacher, who receives $185 a year, is paid for five mouths
from the parish and for four months from private subscription and tuition. There were 78 pupils. all
below the sixth grade. The school plant is valued at $1,5co.
Recommendation . That. the trustees endeavor to have the public authorities assume the full support
of the school.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
WEBSTER PARISHHORTMAN.
PLEASANTON COLT .EGIATE 'AGRICULTURAL AND INDISTRIA.L INSTITUTE.
Principal: E. B. Morgan.
A badly managed "lementary school. It is owned by an independent board of trustees. The 69
pupils were all elementary. They were taught by two colored women. The income amounted to
approximately $1,200, which was from donations and tuition. There was a mortgage indebtedness of
Si-,00O on the property. The plant, estimated value $2,500, consists of 20o acres of land, two 2-story
frame buildings, and equipment valued at $200.
Recommendation . In
view of the condition and management of this school it can not be recom-
mended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS.
Besides the private schools there are three small special institutions in the State.
The two institutions in Baton Rouge are operated by Mr. and Mrs. F. L. Blundon.
One is a reformatory and one a school Tor unfortunate children. As such institutions
are needed, they should be combined and should receive more aid from the State and
county courts. The Flint-Goodbridge Hospital is also described in this summary.
EAST BATON ROUGE PARISHBATON
ft UGH.
LIVE OAK SCHOOL.
Principal: F. L. Blundon.t
An elementary school with about 45 pupils, of who 16 were boarders. It receives orphans and
delinquents from the courts of the parish. The school is taught by one colored woman. the printing
and farming are managed by the white principal.
The plant, consisting of an old sugar house and 15 acres of land, was donated to a corporation consisting of the principal and his wife on condition that an industrial scpol 19e erected and $2,coc paid for the
building. These conditions seem not to have been met. Theincome of about $1,200 is derived from
tuition, board, and profits on the garden. The parish pays the board of the children committed by the
court.
MRS. BLUNDON'S SCHOOL.
A small institution combining the features of an orphanage and an elementary day school. Owing
to inadequate equipment and very limited financial support, the work is.fiude. The principal has
undermined lier health through hard work for the orphans.
The inst%tition was founded by Mrs. Blundon and is largely controlled by her. The trustees are
Northern persons, who seem to know very little about the work.
A 11endance . Total, 14o; all elementary. The orphanage consists of a few orphans living in Mrs.
Blundon's home. Some instruction in sewing is provided.
I White.
46927*B u H. 3D -17 -21
NEGRO EDUCATION:
3'1'6
Teachers.Total, 4; white 2, colored 2. One of the white women spends part of the summer in
)
--
ing for funds in the North.
names and plantThe estimated annual income of about $1,000 is from donations and tuition.
t consists of two frame buildings, valued at $s, Son The buildings are in need of repair.
p
mendation.That the trustees of the institutions and friends of Mr. and Mrs. Blundon prevail
R
upon th -to combine the two institutions and reorganize the work on a sound business and educational b .s. Further support to the institutions should be given only on this condition.
Date f visit: February, '914.
ORLEANS PARISH NEW ORLEANS.
DRIDGE HOSPITAL AND NUHSE-TRAINING SCHOOL.
Superintendent: R. T. Fuller.'
'
A well-managed hospital and nurse-training school. The buildings have recently been put in
good condition and equipped with modem conveniences. The hospital building has capacity for 59
patients. There are 27 nurses in attendance. The income in 1914-15 was approximately $ss,000, of
which $6,400 was from hospital charges and $3,400 from the Freedmen's Aid Society. Tuition fees
FLINT-G
and endowment constituted the other sources of income.
Property.Estimated value, $97,000. Of this,115o,000 was in endowment. The plant consists of
a large lot and three buildings, valued at $4o,000, together with equipment and furniture valued at
$7,000, An old three-story brick residence is used for the dean's office and home, and for classrooms.
The hospital building and the nurses' home arc frame structures. The hospital equipment is valued
at $5,000.
Recommenclation.That the institution receive more liberal financial support.
Whitt!.
MARYL1/4AND.
scilooi, FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are in Maryland 232,250 colored people, forming 17.9 per cent of the total
population. The number decreased 2,814, or 1.2 per cent, between 19c)1 and 4191o.
Negroes constitute 28.7 per cent of all persons engaged in agricultural pursuits. in
the State. The number of farms cultivated by them increased 9 per cent between 19oo
and 1910.
As farmers renting and owning land, they have Charge of 358,509 acres of
land; as farm laborers they undoubtedly cultivate a much larger amount. While the
United States census indicates hopeful progress in the decrease of illiteracy and in the
improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still 23.4 per cent of the colored people
lo years old and over, and 9.5 per cent of children to to 14 years of age, and the death
rate is very high. In view of these facts, it is important to note the following summary
of the public school facilities and educationalaneeds of Maryland, as they are shown in
the reports of the United States census and the State superintendent of public instruction:
Population, to to
Children 6 to 14 years of age, to to 1
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12 '
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in State '
...
Percentage living in rural communities.
Percentage illiterate, tom ...
.
White.
Negro.
1, 062, 639
186,147
$2, 567, 021
$13. 79
232, 25o
3.6
47.4
4.4, 315
$282, 519
$6. 38
23. 4
57. 3
Pitailic approprations.The public-school teachers of Maryland received $2,849,540
in salaries in .1911 t2. Of this sum $2,567,021 was for the teachers of 186,147 w ite
children and $282,519 for the teachers of 44,315 colored children. On a per ca ita
basis this isi$13.79 for each white child and $6.38 for each colored child.' Map 16
presents the per capita figures for each county in Maryland, the proportion of Negroes
being indica ed by the shading. The study of this map indicates a wide variation in
the per ca to for colored children. In Somerset and Anne Arundel Counties this
sum is less t an $1.60, while in the city of Baltimore it is $15.313.
In addi ion to the $2,567,021 appropriated for the publicischool teachers of white
children, th State appropriated $222,375 for the whole or partial support of two
normal sch ls, three colleges, and several private institutions of learning for white
people., To he $218,466 appropriated for the public-school teachers of colored children'
the State added $7,167 to maintain a colored normal school.
Private financial aid.The colored private schools of Maryland have an income of
$23,454, a property valuation of $99,624, and an attendance of 1,033 pupils, of whom
942 are in elementary grades. Witt the exception of two very small schools they are all
I Them figures were computed for each county in the State mime Garrett by dividing the teachers' salaries by the mamba*
of children 6 to u enumerated in the United States census. The teachers' salaries in public schools were obtained frgh the
report of the State superintendent of education. rotr-r 2.
Jr
11 2
7.51
MAIMINOT6M
-pciPulation.
-
The upper figure in each county.is-for White children,t.he lower for colored.
The shading indicates the percentage of Negroes in the total
MAP 16.PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR WHITE AND COLORED CHILDREN IN MARYLAND ON THE BASIS OP TEACHERS' SALARIES.
as to so per cent.
so to 75 pet ann..
TO tO 25 per Cent.
Percentage Negro in the populat1,:n.
Under Jo per cent.
9.98
MARYLAND.
319
owned by denominations. While the total number of private schools is to, only one
plays any important part in the edu tional activities of the State. One privately owned
school is largely supported by th .ederal Government. These two schools, with the
State Normal School, are shown
Map 17. Some of the remaining nine schools are
justified only on denominational grounds, and others are so hampered by small income
or poor management that the State receives little benefit from them.
Attendance. The United States census reported 45,233 colored children 6 to 14
years of age in 191o, of whom 31,968 were attending school. A study of the figures for
public and private schools shows that the majority of elementary and secondary pupils
are in the public schools.
Elementary.The need fo: increased elementary school facilities is indicated by
the fact that the attendance in both public and private schoolsis less than Ter cent
, of the children of elementary-school age. According to an investigation made recently,1
over half of the colored teachers received "postal card" certificates. That is, they are
unable to pass a satisfactory examination, but are given a license because -they'are the
best candidates available.
Secondary. The only public high school for colored pupils in the State is in the
city of Baltimore. The Maryland Normal and Industrial School also furnishes a partial secondary course. Of the 847 secondary pupils in the State, 669 are in the Baltimore High School, 85 in Princess Anne Academy, supported by Federal funds, 38 in the
Maryland Normal and Industrial hool, and 55 in Morgan College.
Teacher training.The nios urgent need of the colored schools in Maryland is
V
trained- teachers. The supply now depends largely on the secondary and normal
Schools outside of the State. Within the'State only the Baltimore Normal School, the
Bowie Normal School, and Princess
,rie Academy offer even a fair preparation for
teaching. The output of these school's is obviously inadequate to meet the needs of a
State with almost 235,000 colored people and 1,cxxi colored public-school teachers.
Industrla 1.No school in the State is adequately equipped to teach trades. Effort
is being made to provide industrial't raining by means of special State aid to one colored
school in each count v. The sum of 51,5oo is available for each county upon the establishment of,a school. About half of this sum is to be given toward the support of the
school and about half is to be used.to pay a supervising industrial teacher who is to
travel in the county introducing industrial vork in the ruraf schools and extending the
influence of the school into the community. In this way the State has made provision
for 16 industrial schools with the type of supervision furnished,py the Jeanes teachers
in other States. As vet these schools are of elementary grade, with a small amount of
manped training.
'Agriculture. The provision for teaching agriculture is very limited. The Princess
Anne Academy, which receives the Fedegal funds for agricultural, and mechanicareducation, is endeavoring to mace educational use of the school farm. The boys at the State
Normal School are required to work on the farm, but a systematic course in agriculture
is not provided.
"Public Education in Maryland." Abraham Pierian and Prank P. Bacbman, Genera/ lidtreation Board. los&
in the total population.
ft
The shading indicates the percentage of Negroes
MAP /7 .-PRIVATE SCBOOLS POR NEGROES IN MARYLAND.
The circles show the location and the annual income of the more important schools.
MARYLAND.
321
.
Supervision.Fifteen counties in the Stater have availed themselveg of the State
aid bit employ a supervisor of colored schools. These supervisors report progress in
introdhcing industrial work, holding teachers' institutes, and doing community work.
The Jeanes Fund_ supplements this work in two counties by an appropriation of $210
to each county.
SUMMARY OP EDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
r. The strengthening and extension of the elementary school system. The only
,agencies able to supply this nftd&re the State and counties.
2. The increase of teacher - mining facilities. To this end secondary schools with
teacher-training courses should be provided, more teachers' instiptes should be maintained, and the private schools should cooperate with the State department of education by placing more emphasis on teacher-training courses in accordance with State
standards. When the central industrial schools of the counkies are developed sufficiently
teacher-training courses should be added.
3. More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple industrial
work. In developing this work all counties should avail themselves of the State aid for
a central industrial school and an industrial supervisor of colored Schools.
a- ,
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the problems of rural life so that teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people 6o per cent rural.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
The private and higher schools are herewith .described. Counties and cities in
which the more important institutions are located are presented as a background for
the discussion of the individual schools. The counties are arranged in alphabetical
order.
BALTIMORE CITY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911 -t 2
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14
Percentage illiterate, J910
Wbite.
Nero.
473,387
84, 749
76,603
11,265
81, i61, 764 $173, 8o1
15. 16
3.8
15. 33
13. 2
The average 'length of the public-school term is nine months for both white and
The number of teachers is i,5o4 in white schools and 254 in colored
schools. The average attendance is 48,034 white pupils and 7,462 colored pupils.
The attendance in the colored schools is good, but some of the elementary classrooms
and the high school are dangerously crowded. With some improvements the publicschool system would be adequate to care for the pupils of the city. The small-private
schools are, therefore, of minor educational value. They are described in the summaries
of small Baptist and Catholic parish schools for the State.
colored pupils.
BALTIMORE HIGH SCHOOL
Principal: Mason A. Hawkins.
A large city high school with good teaching force but limited equipment.
Attendance. Total, 669; male 221, female 448.
ti
322
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Teachers . Total, 34; all colored; male 15, female 19; academic 19, girls' industries 4, boys' industries 6, commercial 2, physical culture 1, others 2.
Organization. Three four-year courses are offeredLatin, scientific, and cammercial. The Latin course is largely of the traditional college-preparatory type, but
includes some provision for manual training and natural sciences. The scientific course
requires German in place of Latin. Only one year of foreign language is required in
the commercial course and about 9 hours a week' are assigned to commercial subjects.
Industrial: All pupils are required to take 4 hours a week of manual training.
A special two-year vocational course is provided, with 14 hours a week of manual work.
The facilities for industrial work for girls are fairly good, but the equipment for industrial work for boys is limited.
Plant. The plant, estimated value $65,000, consists of a city lot, a large two-story
brick building with basement, a two-story brick shop, two rented buildings used for
domestic science, and the chapel.
.Date of visit: March, 1916.
BALTIMORE COLORED NORMAL SCHOOL.
cipal: J. H. Lockerman.
A cit eacher-training school taught in connection with one of the elementary
schools.
Attendance.
Total, 112; male 25, female 87. The attendance increased from 49
in 1914-15 to 112 in 1915-16 as a result of the passage of a State law requiring professional preparation for teachers.
Teachers.Total, 8; all colored; mai,! 2, female 6; pedagogical subjects 4, practice
teachers 4.
Organization. High school graduation or an equivalquired for entrance. The
course covers two years. The subjects are: Psychology, history of education, methods,
reviews, management, and practice teaching.
Date of visit: March, 1916.
MORGAN COLLEGE.
President : John 0. Spencer.'
A school of secondary and collegiate grade.
The institution was founded in 1867 under the patronage of the Baltimore, Washington, Wilmington, and Delaware Conferences of the Methoaist Episcopal Church. It
is owned by an independent board of trustees and receives the contributions of the
conferences. through the Freedman's Aid/ Society. Two branch academies, at Princess
Anne,Md., and Lynchburg, Va., are nder the same trustee board.
Attendance.Total, 81; college p paratory 55, collegiate 26. Of those reporting
home address, 27 were from Baltimore, 33 from other places in Maryland, and 21 from
other States. There were 38 boarding at the school. The total enrollment for the
year was 128.
.
Teachers and workers. Total, i 1 ; white 7, colored 4; male 5, female 6; full time 7,
part time 4, academic 8, others 3. The teachers are well trained-
MARYLAND.
323
Organizalton.Secondary: The four-year college preparatory course includes:
Mathematics, 4 years; English, 3; geography, 1; history, 2; Latin, 2; German, 1 ;
; drawing, ;; chemistry,
physics, i; Bible, i ; music,
An additional year of
Latin may be elected.
College subjects: The college subjects offered are Latin, Greek, French, German,
English, algebra, trigonometry, history, physics and chemistry, and international law.
In alternate years sociology and economics are substituted for some of these subjects.
The teaching force and equipment are inadequate for the work undertaken.
Financial, 1913r4.--The accounts are kept in the president's office. The system
is simple and effective. The boarding department is conducted privately and figures
for the department are entirely omitted from the following statement. The more
important items were:
Income....
$16,419
Expenditure
Indebtedness
Value of school property
13, 102
18, °co
96,874
Sources of income: Freedman's Aid Society, $6,733; tuition and fees, $3,285;
endowment funds, $2,866; conference collections, $1,523; building and improvement
fund, $1,025; public funds, $538; donations for current expo
19; interest on current accounts, $19; other sources, $11.
Items of expenditures: Salaries, $6,843; payment on debts, $2,073; interest on
debts, $1,514; light and heat, $673; traveling expenses, $574; office expenses, .$33o;
books, $230; printing and advertising, $222;
and supplies, $198; scholarships, $153; trustees' expenses, $109; repairs, $85; commencement and lectures, $65;
taxes and insurance, $33. The unexpended balance for the year was $3,317.
so Indebtedness: A mortgage of $18,000 represents balance due on land and building
and current accounts.
Property: The property consists of $4o,7oo in the plant and $56,174 in endowment.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $2o,00o. The land comprises six large city lots
in a good neighborhood. There is no campus space.
Building: Estimated value, $15,000. The one school building is a large four-story
stone structure. The floors and interior were in need of renovation.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,7o0; furniture, $700; laboratory equipinent, $1,000; books and library fixtures, $4,000.
Recommendation.That the institution be moved to the new site now being purchased and the courses reorganized so as to emphasize training of teachers, physical
science, social science, and community work both for urban and rural people.
Date of visit: May, 1915.
PRINCE GEORGES COUNTY.
Population, 1910...
Children 6 to 14years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-1a
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 54 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
fi
White.
14, 643
4, 848
85$7,
11988
1
$6,
$6 774
8o
$3.37
3,5
311- 5
MVO.
11: 493
20862
324
NEGRO EDUCATION.
.
The entire population is rural. The average length of the
puplic-school term is
9.25 months for white pupi'i and 6.5 months for the colored. The number of teachers
is 135 in white schools and 4o in colored schools.
The average attendance is 3,413
white pupils and 1,217 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened.. With reorganization
and
additional boarding facilities, the Maryland Normal School at Bowie
would provide a
central institution for the surrounding counties, where pupils might board
and supplement
the training given in the rural schools. The Croome Settlement School is
very small,
and unless its support can be materially increased it will be of little
value
to
the community. The House of Reformation for
Colored Boys is described in the summary of
special institutions
Maryland.
BOWIE.
MARYLAND NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
President: D. S. S. Goodloe.
A small school of secondary grade with a few elerne/tary pupils.
The boys devote
much time to farm labor, but the work is of little educational value.
The small attend-
ance is due to the inadequate dormitory facilities and is not proportionate
to the
income and value of the plant.
The school was founded in 1911 by the State of Maryland as Normal School
No. 3,
and is controlled by the State board of education. Practically all its supporicomes from
the State.
Attendance.-- Total, 5o; elementafy 12, secondary 38; male 19, female 31.
Nearly
all the pupils board at the school.
Teachers and workers.Total, 8; all colored; male 5, female
3; academic 5, domestic
science r, matron 1, and superintendent.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary class has arithmetic, grammar,
spelling, reading, and history.
Secondary: The three-year secondary. course includes: Latir., 2
years; mathematics, 2; English, 4; elementary science, 2; physiology, pedagogy,
and
history
of education. History may be substittited for the seco year of Latin.
Financial, 1913-r4.The finances of the sc ool are controlled by the State board
of education, and no records other than the president's
memoranda are kept at the
school. According to the annual report of
the State board the more important items,
excluding the boarding department, which is conducted privately by
the president, were:
Income
$8, 053
8, 003
Expenditures
Value of plant
33, Soo
Sources of income: State appropriations $7,i67; tuition and fees, $865;
other
sources, $21.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $2,800; student labor, $1,562 ;.fucniture
and school supplies, $725; farm implements and supplies, $7o4; fuel
and light, $464;
repairs, $459; farm labor, $4F; discount and interest, $225;
expenses of practice school,
I
V2
MARYLAND.
325
$195; books, stationery and printing, $168; live stock, $75; freight and hauling, $46;
supervision of colored schools, $38; miscellaneous expenses, $85.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $1o,000. The land comprises 190 acres and is well
loc4ted for school purposes. Creditable efforts have been made to beautify the grounds.
Over half the land is being worked with a view to its improvement. Crops for the use
of the school are raised on about 25 acres. -7
Buildings: Estimated value, $19,000. The main building, a four-story brick
structure, is used for office, classrooms, and girls' dormitory; the boys' dormitory. is a
two-story frame structure. There are two other small frame buildings. The buildings
arc clean and in good repair.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $4,500. Of this, $2,500 is in furniture and
$2,000 in farm equipment and live stock.
Recommendations. r. That the dormitory facilities be increased, in order to provide for a larger attendance.
2. That the course of study be adapted to the preparation of teachers for rural districts.
3. That the farm work and other manual activities be carried out with more regprd
for their educational value.
4. That the boarding department and the farm be conducted as departments of
the school and the proceeds applied to the support of the institution.
5. That a system of accounting be installed at the school and an annual audit
made by an accredited accountant.
Date of visit: November, 1914: Facts verified, 1915.
SOMERSET COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, toto
Teachers' salaries in public schools, ott-T 2
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 19 10
"lb
White.
16,978
Negro.
9, 476
3?4s8
2,250
140, 862
.=11. 9s
$4, 622
St. 52
34. 6
7. 2
The rural population is 86 9 per cent of the total. The average length or the publicschool term is 9 months for white pupils and 6 months for the colored. The number of
teachers is 103 in white schools and 38 in colored schools. The average attendance is
2,233 white pupils and 1,115 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should he extended and strengthened.
The Princess Anne Academy, which is being developed as a State 'school, should
be encouraged to increase its provisions for agriculture, industry, and teacuer training.
PRINCESS ANNE.
PRINCESS ANNE ACADEMY.
President : Thomas, H. Kiah.
A small, well-managed school of secondary grade with a few pupils in elementary
classes. Effort is made to adapt the work to the needs of rural teachers. Manual
training and agriculture, though well taught, are subordinated to literary studies.
326
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The school was founded in 1886 as branch of Morgan College, and is owned
by the
trustees of that institution.
It recei
Methodist Episcopal Church. As the
aid from the Freedmen's Aid Society of the
Eastern Branch of the Maryland Agricultural
College" it receives part of the Federal ,land -grant appropriation for
agricultural and
mechanical education.
Attendance. Total, 123; elementary 38, secondary
85; male 51, female 72; boarders,
80. The reported enrollment for the year was 159.
Teachers. and workers.Total, 12; all colored; male 8, female
4; academic 9; girls'
industries 2, agriculture 1. Three of the academic teachers
give
part time to boys'
industriiS.
-Organization.Elementary: The elementary work is done in the seventh and
eighth grades.
Secondary: The secondary courses are given in two groups, "normal" with
63 pupils
and "college preparatory" with 22. The chief difference in the courses is the inclusitm
of Latin in the college preparatory. Both courses include elementary
subjects in the
first year. Both give the student a complex
schedule, including a large number of
subjects studied only two or three hours a week.
These subjects are well selected, but
the short time allotment weakens the value of the work.
The senior year provides
some teacher training. The organization is now being simplified.
Industrial: All seconda
pils are required to take 20 periods a week in industries.
The industries are carptnt
*th i8 pupils, blacksmithing with 12, printing with 6.
The industrial equipment is airly good. All the work is classed
manual training.
One teacher and a part-time assistant instruct the girls in sewingas
and
cooking. The
equipment, hitherto inadequate, is being rapidly improved.
Agriculture: One teacher handles both the ,theory and practice
of agriculture.
The normal students take botany in the second year and agriculture
in
the
fourth year.
At the time the school was visited 12 pupils were specializing in
agriculture
and cultivated garden plots.
Summer school: The summer courses are arranged for the
improvement of rural
teachers. The attendance in 1915 was 35.
Financial, 1913-14.--:All accounts, except those for the boarding
kept by the president of the Morgan College Corporation in Baltimore.department. are
The principal
at the school keeps the records of the boarding department and
semiannually to
the president. The more important financial items for 1913-14 reports
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$15, 528
14,245
44, 95°
Sources of income: Federal funds, $10,000; balance of Federal funds
from previous
year, $887; tuition and fees, $2,584; Morgan College Corporation for
current
and scholarship, $1,0oo;.other sources, $1,o57. The noneducational receifits expenses
amounted
to $7,676, of which $6,638 was from the boarding department and
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $7,762; material and labor in $1,038 from the farm.
boarding department,
$6,450; scientific apparatus and machinery, $3,424; farm labor,
$1,159;
light and heat,
$r,o94; library and text books, $545; furniture, $342; taxes and
insurance, $318; farm
MARYLAND.
327
supplies, $207; repairs, $13o; office and traveling expenses, $99; miscellaneous, $391.
The unexpended balance for the year was $1,283.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $6,000. The school land comprises 118 acres, of
which about 85 are cultivated and three or four acres used for school grounds. The
campus is clean and in fairly good condition.
Buildin. Estimated value, $30,500. There are it frame buildingsthe mains
building, cotilaThii ng classrooms and offices; the two dormitories, three stories high;
the students' dining room building and the mechanics building, both two-story structures;
and a number of cottages and barns. The buildings are in good condition, but fire protection is inadequate.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, IN
_.,.4.50. Of this $4,950 was in scientific
apparatus, machinery, and furniture; $2,000 in library books; $1,50o in live stock.
Recommendations. -1. That the provision of the land-grant act for agricultural and
mechanical training be more fully recognized in the general management of the school.
2. That the boarding department be used for practice work of domestic science
pupils.
Date of visit : October, 1915.
BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
There are two small Baptist schools in Baltimore, both of which are supportal by
divisions of the local Baptist association.
BALTIMORE CITY.
A
CLAYTON WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY.
President: J. R. L. Diggs.
A poorly managed school with 16 pupils of elementary grade. The president and two other persons
were reported as teachers. The president spends most of his time soliciting for the school. The school
is taught in a large dwelling house. The rooms were disorderli, and dirty. It appears that no regular
classes meet. The institution is owned by a local Baptist association and is supported by an appropriation from the association and by contributions collected by the president. The financial management is entirely in the hands of the president and nothing could be learned concerning the income and
expenditure.
Recommendation. In view of the condition and management of this school it can not be recommended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: November, tots.
LEE AND HAYES UNIVERSITY.
President. ..lis J. Winton.
A school more in name than ;J:Ireality, with two poorly trained teachers and to theological" pupils.
The pupils were u:Imost all ministers with little preparation. Though large claims are made, there are
practically no facilities foi .>enool work. The school is owned by a local Baptist association which was
formed as a result of a split from the association that controls Clayton Williams University. It is supported by the association and by contributions to the president, who spends much of his time soliciting
funds. The financial management is entirely in the hands of tht president and nothing could.. be
learned of the income and expenditure. The institution occupies a large residence which contains
practically no school furniture.
Recommendation.In view of the condition and management of this school it can not be recommended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: November, 1y15.
328
R
NEGRO EDUCATION.
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
The Catholic work in Maryland includes several parochial schools and the St. Joseph's
Seminary and Epiphany Apostolic College for training white priests for mission work
among the colored people The latter institution serves as a preparatory school, while
the former school gives courses of college grade. This institution is unique in that it
has for its primary object the preparation of white 'church workers for ministering to
the colored people. The number of seminarians is 29 and the number of workers is 7.
The parish schools in Baltimore have large enrollments. The religious interest is strong
in all these schools. The following is a list of the Catholic schools:
County.
Baltimore City.
Baltimore City.
Baltimore City.
Charles.
Town.
Baltimore.
Baltimore.
Baltimore.
Bryantown.
School.
St. Augustine's School.
St. Barnabas, school.
St. Cyprian's School.
St. Mary's School.
Attendance. Teachers.
17o
5
700
36o
158
4
8
3
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.
There are three small independent schools in Maryland. Two of these are maintained for private gain and the third is of only slight educational value.,
HARRIRD COUNTYBELCAMP.
BUSH DOMESTIC AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Printipal: S. Thomas Bivins.
The school had no pupils in 1914-15, but the principal was still soliciting money. In 1913-14
there were two teachers and the average attendance did not exceed to pupils. All the work was
elementary. Mattress making and upholstering were the only industrial work. The reported income
was $185, of which $157 was from donations and $28 from other sources. The plant, consisting of an
acre of land and an old frame building, is rented for ix5 per month.
Recommunedation.That donations be withheld.
Date of visit: August, 1915.
PRINCE GEORGES COUNTYCROOME.
CROOME SETTLEMENT SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Susie Willes.'
A small elementary school owned and controlled by the principal, a white woman of the community, and taught by a well-trained colored woman. There were 28 pupils in attendance, all below
the seventh grade. The school is taught in one room of a frame dwelling, in which the teacher and her
family live. Two or three hours a week are devoted to sewing. The income in 1913-14 was $1,200,
practically all of which was from donations. The plant, estimated value $75o, consists of an acre of
land, the house used by the teacher, and meager equipment.
Rscotasseadatiow.-1. That the school be turned over to the public authorities or to a board of
trustees.
That the vacant space about the building be used to teach gardening.
Date of visit: October, 1914.1 Facts verified, 1916.
-
MARYLAND.
329
PRINCE GEORGES COUNTYTUXEDO.
TUXEDO INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: S. J. Lamkins.
A small venture of doubtful value. A few pupils are taught in a house owned by the trustees of
the school. The principal, who is a minister in Washington, D. C., spends hii spare time soliciting
funds for the school and a new church, while the school is taught by a colored man. The plant,
estimated value $2,000, consists of a small lot and an old frame house. There was an indebtedness
of $1,4co on the plant.
Recommendation. That donations be withheld.
Date of visit: June, 1916.
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS.
Besides the schools already described there are three ehild-casing institutions in
Maryland. Two of these are State reform schools. Though these are in need of more
modern methods of treating juvenile delinquents, they both render valuable service.
In view of tikse State institutions there seems a be little need for a private institution
to do similar work.
BALTIMORE COUNTYELLicurr CITY.
MARYLAND HOME FOR FlgENZLESS COLORED CIIILDIIEN.
President: P. F. Bragg.
An orphans' home for boys between the ages of 2 and 10 years. Some of the children are committed
by the juvenile court and some pre placed in the institution by parents who can not care for them at
home. The orphans are on a charity basis, while the boarders pay $1.5o per month. The city and
State appropriate a per capita sum for children committed by the courts. The_ attendance was 31.
Four workers care for the children. The matron and assistant matron prepare the meals and look after
the rooms. Pupils who are old enough attend a day school taught by one teacher. A few of the older
boys work on the farm.
Financial, 1913.The income amounted to $3,369, of which $1,600 was from a special savings fund,
$807 from the city of Baltimore, $442 from donations, $162 from rents, and $558 fro other sources.
Of the income $793 was expended (Pr salaries, $pa for groceries, $359 for farm supplies, 19 for interest,
and $1,395 for other purposes. In addition, $i,00a was paid on the indebtedness, which was reduced
to $3,500.
Plant. Estimated value, Sio,000. The plant consisted of 34 acres of land, a three-story brick
building, and equipment \raked at $1,0oo. The building is well kept.
RecommenclatiorThat the question of the
uance of this institution be submitted to a committee representing the trustees and the
workers of Baltimore.
Date of visit: November, 1915.
BALTIMORE COUNTYMELVALE.
INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR COLORED GIRLS.
Superintendent: Mrs. J. C. Pennington.'
A State home for colored girls committed by the juvenile courts or the magistrates The institution was founded in 1883 with a gift from George M. Griffith, of Baltimore, and is controlled by a board
of prominent white men, six of whom are appointed on the part of the Griffith estate, two on the part
of the city of Baltimore, and two on the part of the State.
Attendance. Total, III; all girls.
Workers.Total, 7; all white women. In addition a playground teacher gives instruction two
days in the week.
I White.
o
330
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Organization.The younger girls have two hours a day in school, and the older girls one hour
day.
a
The remainder of the dal, is spent in making overalls for a near-by factory. This work is done
with good equipment under the supervision of four employees of the home. A fairly good outdoor
playground is provided, but the indoor recreation space is inadequate. As no placing-out officer is
employed, girls have to remain in the institution until theyibecome of age.
Financial, 1914-r5.The income amounted to $13,670, of Which $6,26.4was from the city of Baltimore, $4,877 from the workrooms, $2,5oo from the State, and $33 from other sources. There was a
balance on hand of $6, r8o from the previous year. The expenditures amohnted to $15,125, of which
$4597 was fdr boarding supplies, 13,871 for salaries, $1,749 for improvements and repairs, $1,336 for
fuel, light, and power, $931 for "dry goods" and shoes, and $2,642 for other expenses. The unexpended
balance amounted to $4.724.
The indebtedness amounted to 14,000, which was borrowed the year before and secured by a mortgage on part of the school property.
Plant. Estimated value, $35,000. The plant consisis-/tHot, two large buildings, one of which is
of brick, and equipment valued at $2,000.
Recommendations. r. That the institution be reorganized according to the standards of modern
reform schools.
2. That additional recreation space be provided.
3. That effort he made to diversify the industrial work.
4. That a parole system be adopted and a placing-out officer provided.
Date of visit: April, 1916.
PRINCE GEORGES COUNTYCHELTENHAM.
HOUSE OF- REFORMATION FOR COLORED BOYS.
r
Superintendent: :John B. Pyles.'
A reform school for colored boys with a large corps of workers and excellent equipment. It was
founded in 1872 by a bequest from Enoch Pratt, of Baltimore. The government of the institution is
Vested in an incorporated association, 12 cl whose directors are chosen by the association, two by the
State of Maryland, and two by the city of Baltimore.
Attendance.Total, 326; all male. The institution is somewhat crowded since it was built to
accommodate only 300.
In addition to the number present in the institution there are about 300 on
furlough or working outside under contracts made with the managers.
Boys are received by commitment from the juvenile courts of Baltimore and the counties of Maryland. Neglected children, and those convicted of incorrigibility, larceny, and
vagrancy form a large
portion of the number admitted. Though the age of admission is from io to 16, a few exceptions are
made.
Teachers and workers.Total, 30; white 27, colored 3; mae 28, female ; executive 4, teachers 6,
night watchmen 6, industries 4, farm 2, nurse 1, other workers 7.
Organization.Elementary: The boys are divided, according to size, among six houses. 'They
have one-half day of school work and a half day of industrial work. The work is elementary and includes
reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography, and history.
Industrial: All boys are assigned for a half day to one of the industries. The work is practical
rather than educational in its aim and organization; it includes broom making, shoemaking, tailoring,
and agriculture.
The broom factory is leased to a private concern and the labor of the boys is done under.
the direction of one of the teaching force. The shoes and uniforms of the boys are made in the shops
and much of the produce used in the dining room is raised on the farm.
Placing out: A placing-out officer gives full time to the investigation of homes, making contracts,
and collecting money due on contracts. The merit system prevails and when a boy has made his required
number of ." merits" he is eligible for parole. Some arc returned to their parents, but many are placed out
to work in homes. In such cases the contract is made by the institution and the wages paid are kept to
the credit of the boy and turned over to him when he becomes of age. In this way some boys have
from $15o to'$3oo with which to start life when they leave the care of the institution.
I
White.
MARYLAND.
331
Financial, 1915.The books are carefully kept in accordance with a good system. The more
important items were
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$43, 444
43, 310
6,306
285, 000
Sourcei of income: City of Baltimore, $25, L59 State of Maryland, $15,000, other sources,
The noneducational receipts amounted to 84,67o, of which $2,340 was from the shops and $2,330 from
the farm.
Items of expenditure: Material and supplies, 822,555; teachers' salaries, S18,400; repairs, $3,00o;
fuel, light, and water, $2,65o: traveling expenses, $350: other expenses, St,o25.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $60,000. The land comprises 1,250 acres, of which 700 are
cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $175,000.- There are nine well constructed brick buildings and 82.X
frame structures of varying sizes. The grounds and buildings aye clean and well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $50,000. The school owns a large amount of live stock
and farm implements, machinery for shops, and good furniture and equipment for the buildings.
Recommendations. i. That as soon as possible the plan to provide a separat school building for
all the boys be carried out and that the school work be organized to conform more closely to modern
standards in reform schouls.
,
2. That the supervision given to ,boys working outside the institution be increased by the
vision of more placing-out officers.
pro-
3. That a system of supervision be developed so that the staff of night watchmen may be reduced.
Date of visit: March, 1916.
46927' B u l.39 -17 -22
qo
An.
XII. MISSISSIPPI.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 1,009,487 colored people in Mississippi, forming 56.2 per cent of the total
Population. They constitute 69.6 per cent of all persons engaged' in agricultural pur-
suits in the State.
The number of farms cultivated by them increased 28:2 per cent
between 1900 and 1910. As farmers, renting and owning land, they have charge of
6,445,077 acres; as farm laborers, they undoubtedly cultivate a much larger area.
While the United States census indicates hopeful progress in the decreast4 illiteracy
and in the improvement of h.lt1)/conditions, illiterates are
35.6 per centlpf the
persons lo years of age and over and 19.4 per cent of the child r& to to 14 years of age,
and the death rate is almost twice as hi fel as that of the white people. Such a degree of
illiteracy and ill health is certain evidence of extensive waste of ecpnomic resources
and human energy. In view of these facts, it is important to note the following summary of the public-school facilities and educational needs of Mississippi as they are
shown in the reports of the United States census and the State superintendent of public
instruction:
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910.
A.
Children 6 to 14 in 51 counties, 1910
\\Teach:-rs' salaries in public schools, 51 counties '
Teachers' salaries per child in 5t counties, 1912-13 I
Percentage illiterate in 1910
Percentage living in rural communities in 1910..
White.
786,111
173,020
Nora
1,009,487
238, 1,0 t i
121, 233
150, 'g.
$1, 284, 910
$1a 6o
$340, 459
$2. 26
5. 2
35 6
.
85. 8
90 6
'
Public, appropriations.Teacbers' salaries are not reported by ince in the biennial
repat of the State superintendent. An effort is, however, made by the
superintendent
to give the averages expenditures for salaries for each white and colored child
enrolled.
Owing to obvious inaccuracies in many of these averages, per capita figures based
on
them were computed for only 20 counties. Throtigh correspondence both with
the State
office and the comity superintendents, facts were obtained for 31 other counties.
Map
18, therefore, includes the per capita figures for only 51 of the counties in the State.
The public-school teachers of the 51 counties reporting received $1,625,369 IA saki=
ries in 1912-13. Of this sum $1,284,910 was for the teachers of 121,233 white children
and $340,459 was for the teachers of 0,758 coloredchildren. On a per capita basis
this is $10.6o for each white child of
ool age and $2.26 for each colored child.' Map
18 presents these figures for each county in Mississippi, the proportion of Negroes
being
indicated by the shading. The inequalities are greatest in counties with the largest
proportion of Negroes. The per capita sums fbr white children decrease and
those for
f Teachers' salaries for other counties not available.
These figures were computed by dividing the teachers' salaries in public schools by the number of chiklren
1, to 14 year*
of age enumerated by the United States census of Iwo.
333
NEGRO EDUCATION.
334
9.09
18.44
I-seorroo
DI 11073
2.15
16.23
3
1
..T
9.43
LAIMITTO
(a)
ITAWASSA
.5.60
C111.1001
e.,44
a
waste.
11.19
9.59
1.101J1111
2.08
8.02
uen
2,43
042
43
23.01
5.13
ONIIIOSA
3 46
12 65
18.70
NOWT1).
1-VOIESOAUI
4
9.75
moms
11.55
4.88
2.08
1459
Pacesstage Negro In the potxtlitket.
Under to per cent
to to es pet cent.
Aiumo
8.97
sweat
3.29
as to so per cent.
1111 so to ttper mot
(e) names oce evadable.
75 per cent or over.
MAP 18.Plta CAPITA 8XP9TMITIRtS FOR WATTS AND COLOR1FID emu:heart IN
MISSISSIPPI ON'TtI8 BASIS OP TOAdMIRS' SMARMS.
The Appar figure in each county is for white children, the lower fly colored.
The shading indicates the percentage of Negroe4 in the total population.
MISSISSIPPI.
335
colored children increase with considerable regularity as the proportion of Negroes
becomes smalftr. The extent of this regularity
appears in the following table, which
shows the per capita expenditure for county groups, based
on the percentage of Negro,
population:
County groups, percentage of Negroes in the population.
Counties under 10 per cent
Counties 10 to Ts per cent
Counties 25 to so per cent
Counties 50 to 75 per cent ..
Counties 75 to roc, per cent
.
White school Negro school Per omits Per capita
population. population
'white.
Nevi*.
2, 846
28o
$5.67
$3. 52
13,06.2
3, 580
6. 54
2. 51
71, 668
45, 202
9..24
2.29
24, 882
54, 112
14 25
2.24
8.837
47, 584
20 49
2.23
The high per capita cost for white children in the "black belt"
counties is partly
explained by the fact that the children are few in number and
widely scattered. The
smaller cost of schools for colored children is due partly to the lower
wage scale of colored
teachers and partly to the very limited proVision for high-school education.
It is apparent, however, that these explanations by no means account for the
wide divergencies in
the " black belt " counties. In addition to the salaries of
teachers in white public schools,
the State appropriated $336,584 to maintain one normal school and
three institutions of
higher learning. To the salaries of colored
public-school teachers the State added
$11,000 to sil5plement the income of the agricultural and mechanical
school for colored
peXple, largely,maintained by the Federal
Government.
Private financial aid The deficiencies in the public expenditures for
the education
.of the colored people largely explain the active campaigns for
private
schools
since the
Civil War As a result of this activity the private
schools have a property valuation
of $1,282,902, an annual income of $177,425. and
an attendance of 7,044 pupils, of
whom 6,278 are in elementary grades. In this connection it is important
to note the
concentration of these facilities in Hinds County, as indicated by
the following figures
for private schyols in that county : Value of property $487,692,
annual income $71,893.
It is sometimes thought that the liberal private .contributions
to these schools make up
for the inequalities in the public appropriations for the education of
white and colored
youth. In Mississippi, however, the
total expenditures-Of both public and private
schools for colored people are considerably less than the expenditurealor
white teachers
in public schools alone. A) summary of the income and
property of the, private and
higher colored schools, grouped according to ownership, is given
in the following table:
Number of
Ownership of colored schools.
schools.
Total private sehoals
Independent
Denominational
State and Federal .
46
4
42
1
Annual
income.
rue of
$177,425
33,618
143,807
$1, 282, 902
47, 774
314, 220
968, 68a
258, 500
According to this table the annual income and property value of
the denominational schoolS are much higher than those of the independent schools.
The
annual income
of the colored schools owned by denominations whose
membership is white or largely
In counties reporting.
336
NEGRO. EDUCATION.
so aggregates 1110,434, as against $33,374 for those of the colored denominations. The
property owned by the former group is valued at $743,092 and that owned by the latter
at $225,59o. Some of the schools controlled by white denominations receive consid-
erable sums of money from their colored members. The statistics of the State and
Federal school, with an income of $47,774 and property valuation of $258,500, are in
striking contrast with those of the private schools. In addition to the private aid
reported in the above table, $4,249 was appropriated for general supervision and special
phases of edtcation by the Jeanes Fund and the Rosenwald Rural School Building Fund.
While there are in all 46 private schools, only 23 play any important part in
the educational activities of the State. Some of the remaining 23 are justified only on
denominational grounds; the majority, however, are so hampered by small income or
poor management that the State receives little benefit from them. The schools of the
first group are described under their respective counties and their location shown on
Map 19. The schools of the second group are summarized according to ownership and
discussed at the end of this chapter. The attendance of the private and higher colored
schools by ownership groups is indicated in the following statement :
Ownership of calmed schools
Total, private schools
Independent
Denominational
State and Federal
Number of
schools
Total
attendince.
46
'7, 044
4
858
' 6, 186
484
1
ale -
men-
tory.
6, 278
823
5, 455
337
Second-
ary.
738
35
703
147
In view of the frequency of the terms "academy" and "college" in the names of
these private institutions, it is important to note that less than one-tenth of their pupils
are of secondary grade and only 28 are in college classes.
Attendance.The United States census reported 238,101 colored children of elementary school age, of whom only 155,581 are attending school. A study of the figures
for the public and.private schools shows the while a majority of the elementary colored
pupils are in the public schools, the majority of the secondary and all of the college
pupils are in private schools. The majority of the white secondary and college pupils
are in public schools.
Elementary.The inadequacy of the elementary school system for colored children
is indicated by the fact that the attendance in both public and private schools is less
than 64 per cent of the childrenketween the ages of 6 and 14 years. The average term
of the public schools is under ,6 months for both races and still less for the Negroes
alone. Many of the teachers have' poor preparation. The 6,278 pupils in the private
schools are fairly well taught, but they form only asmall part of the 151,381 children attending school and a still smaller action of the 238, to! children of elementary
school age.
Secondary. --There is very little public provision for the secondary instruction of
colored people in Mississippi. The State school at Alcorn maintains a four-year secondary course. There are no four-year public high schools and the only three-year
public high school is at 'Yazoo City. This school shares its building with large elel Includes 35 Wiese pupils.
1
Iiii111111.551111;11111111111111111MnnalmmalmimMummammoo.303a----1---.
the in Negroes of percentage the indicates shading popuLation. total
The
tant
impor- more the of income annual the and location the show schools.
circles The
19.
MISSISSIPPI. IN NEGRO= FOR SCHOOLS PRIVATE
Vet. of cent pet so
cent. per so to
MAP
E223so
cent. pet so ElUnder
Petruistion.
the in Negro Percentage
over. o: Ito.coo
S
to tist.oco
Q
$3coos.
iss,coo. to 115,00o
sir. to s..soo
Ils.sco. Undo'
0
schoob. d Income
MISSISSIPPI,
338
NEGRO EDUCATION.
mentary grades. The/e are probably 8 or io other public schools enrolling a few pupils
above the elementary grades.
Of the 934 secondary colored pupils in Mississippi 738 are in 19 private schools.
Four-year courses are maintained in 5 of these private schools, with an enrollment of
355 pupils. The secondary work of the remaining 14 schools varies from a few subjects
above the elementary grades to a full three-year course. The courses of study of most
of these schools follow closely the college preparatory or classical type. Many of them
still require Greek and practically all make Latin the central subject.
College.Tougaloo University offers a college course for a few pupils. Jackson
College, Southern Christian College, and Rust College also have a few pupils in college
classes. None of these schools, however, have sufficient teaching force for college
work. A few have ministers' training courses consisting of a mixture of elementary,
secondary, and theological subjects.
Teacher training.The most urgent need of the colored schools in Mississippi is
trained teachers. The supply now depends almost entirely upon the secondary schools,
most of which are private institutions. Of these only five offer a fair course in teacher
training. Four others include one or two teacher-training subjects in their general
courses. The pupils in the graduating classes of all of these schools number about 16o,
an annual output obviously inadequate to meet the need for teachers in a State with
over i,000,000 colored people and over 4,10o-colored public-school teachers.
Industrial. The State school is equipped to teach trades. The industrial work of
the private schools is limited. Two of the schools have large industrial plants, but
their interest has been so centered on acquiring the plant that the simpler industrial
activities have been neglected; r1 other schools have satisfactory industrial work in
one or two lines and 7 are making some effort in this direction.
Agricultural. The facilities for agricultural instruction at the State school and at
Tougaloo University are good. Five other schools have farms on which their students
work as laborers, the educational value of this labor varying with the school. Most of
the schools have been so, intent on cultivating a -large farm that they have overlooked
the value of a well-planned course in gardening. Six of the private schools of the State
have such a course.
Supervision.In 1916 the State Department of Education with the cooperation of
the General Education Board employed a supervisor of colored schools to travel throughout the State, encouraging school improvement and urging the addition of industrial work
to the curriculum. Fourteen counties in the State have Jeanes Fund supervising indus-
trial teachers who travel among the rural schools encouraging industrial work and
extending the influence of the school into the community. The Jeanes Fund appropriated $3,949 to this work, the counties gave $1,012, and the supervisors raised $2,714
by appeals to the people.
SUMMARY OP EDUCATIONAL NERDS.
1. The strengthening and extension of the elementary school system. The only
agencies able to supply this need are the Stilts, the counties, and the local public- school
districts.
MISSISSIPPI.
339
2. The increase of teacher-training facilities. To this end secondary schools with
teacher-training courses should be provided, more summer schools and teachers' institutes should be maintained, and the private schools should cooperate with the State
department of education by placing more emphasis on teacher-training courses in
accordance with State standards.
3. More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple industries. In developing this work, counties should realize the possibilities of the Jeanes
Fund industrial supervisors.
.
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the problems of rural life, so that teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people 8o per cent rural.
5. The maintenance of industrial high schools in cities.
PRIVATE AND 'HIGHER SCHOOLS.
The private and higher schools of Mississippi are herewith described.
Counties and
cities in which the more important institutions are located are presented as a background for the discussion of the individual schools. The counties are arranged in
alphabetical order.
ADAMS COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers:salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1913
White.
6, 353
1,209
Nev.
18,908
4,144
(I)
(I)
1.9
(1)
411 3
The rural population is 53.3 per cent of the total. The number of teachers is 41 in
white schools and 48 in colored schools. The average attendance is 932 white pub and
2,242 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. Natchez College should be
developed as a school where pupils from the surrounding rural districts may board and
supplement the limited. training of the rural schools. The Ward Academy is of slight
educational value to the community; its work is described in the summary of small
schools of miscellaneous denominations, at the end of the chapter.
NATCHEZ.
NATCHEZ COLLEGE.
Principal: S. H. C. Owens.
" A school of elementary and secondary grade with fairly good management. Excessive time is given to instruction in foreign languages and the provision for industrial
training is inadequate.
The school vas founded in 1885 by the Mississippi Baptist State Convention and it
is owned and controlled by that body.
Attendance. Total, 174; elementary 133, secondary 41 ; boarders 76. Of the
secondary pupils 14 were male and 27 female.
Teachers.Total, 5; all colored; male 2, female a; academic 4, others 1.
Salaries not reported by race.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Organizarion.Elementary: The elementary work is done in ;:he "preparatory
normal" and the first year of the academic department. Only one regular teacher
reports elementary grades.
Secondary: The course includes Latin, Greek, geometry, civil government, and
natural science. The catalogue claims normal and academic courses. The teaching
force is inadequate and the pupils are not prepared for the subjects offered.
Financial, 1912-13.No financial records are kept at the school except the list of
- the receipts from board and tuition. The nonresident treasurer is minister in another
townof the State. As far as could be determined the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$4, 044
4, 044
11,745
36,200
Sources of income: Baptist State convention, $ 3,500; tuition and fees, $544. The
noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to approximately $2,000.
Iten,,s of expenditure : Supplies for boarding and other departments, $2,544; salaries,
$2,200; other expenses, $1,299.
Indebtedness: The entire school plant is mortgaged for $11, 000.
In addition $545
was due teachers for back salaries and there was an indebtedness of $200 in running
accounts.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $1o,000. The school owns about 16 acres of land
on the edge of town. NO' part of the land is used for teaching agriculthre.
Buildings:, Estimated value, $25,000. There are three 2-story buildings. Or,-,of
these, used for girls' -dormitory, is of brick; the others, used for classrooms and boys'
dormitory, are frame structures. The buildings were clean and in fairly good repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,2oo. The equipment consists of 'the
furniture for classrooms, dormitories, and office.
Recommendations .-1 . That the teaching foe be increased.
2. That the educational work be reorganize , the, pupils more carefully graded,
and provision made for teacher (raining, gardeni g, and simple industrial work.'
Date of visit : February, 1914. Facts verified, 1915.
BOLIVAR COUNTY."
White.
Population, 1910
6,098
a, r84
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912 -13
$2:8.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
23
2. 5
.
Negro.
V, 763
8, 819
$2x,13095
36
.
The entire population is rural. The number of teachers is 45 in white schools and
148 in colored schools. The average attendance is 798 white pupils and 4,979 colored
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities. The work of
the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Shelby Normal
Institute and the Rosedale Nortnal School are both Baptist schools receiving support
1 See rtaaminendations
summary dx4ter, p. as.
(MISSISSIPPI.
341
from the county. They are the only schools in their communities, and the county
should be urged to take them over. The BaptiSt school at Mound Bayou is of slight
educational value to the community. In addition to the public school two private
schools are maintained in Mound Bayou. One of these is supported by the colored
Baptists and the other by the American Missionary Association. All of the people
in the town are colored. Effort should be made to have the public school care for the
elementary grades so that the Mound Bayou Normal and Industrial Institute may
develop as a central .training institution where pupils may board and supplement the
limited schooling received in the rural schools.
MOUND BAYOU.
MOUND BAYOU NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: B. F. Ousley.
An elementary day school with a few high-school pupils. The school was founded
in 1892 by the American Missionary Association, and is owned and supported by that
board.
Attendance.Total, 226; elementary 220, secondary 6. The reported enrollment
for the year was 245. Of the elementary pupils 143 were in the first three grades.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female 4. The teachers are doing good
work under adverse conditions.
Organization. The regular elementary subjects are taught, with a small amount
of time devoted to sewing. The rooms, especially in the first four grades, were
crowded. There were 8o in one room on the day of visit.
Financial, s9i3 -r4.The accounts are kept in accordance with a simple system
recently installed by the American Missionary Association.
for the year were:
Income.
Expenditures.
Value of plant
The more important items
11, 720
I, 720
4, 300
Sources of income : Tuition and fees, $1,036; American Missionary Association, $515;
other sources, $169.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,5o1; other expenses, $219.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $1,000. The land comprises 25 acres. None of
the land is used for teaching agriculture.
Buildings: Estimated value, $3,000. There are two frame buildings. They are
fairly well kept but in need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, f3oo. The equipment consists of simple
classroom 'furniture.
Recommendations. -1. Thit the board endeavor to have the public authorities provide
for all the pupils in the lower elementary grades so that this school may become a county
training school.
2. That provision be made for teacher-training, theory and practice of gardening,
and manual training.'
3. That the plant be improved and enlarged.
Date of visit: March, 1914, March, 1915.
See recommendations in summary chapter, p. at.
342
NEGRO EDUCATION.
CHICKASAW COUNTY.
Population, 19143.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.........
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
White.
Negro.
10, 130 x2,714
2,200
3, 111
$23,p41
$4, 853
88
3. 0
Si. 56
27. 5
The rural population is 88.7 per cent of the total. The number of teachers is 89 in
white schools and 48 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,865 white pupils
and 2,282 colored pupilS.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and. strengthened. In view of the need for
training to supplement the work of the rural schools the town of Okolona should provide for the elementary pupils so that the OkolonaIndustrial School may center its
energy on industrial and agricultural work for boarding pupils.
OKOLONA.
OKOLONA INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Wallace A. Battle.
An industrial and agricultural school of elementary grade with a few pupils in
secondary subjects. The school is coutroffed by an independent board of trustees who are
capable northers and southern men of both races, and whose activities indicate a real
interest in the school. It is worthy of aid, but in need of improvement in organization and administration.
Attendance.Total, 23o; elementary 182, secondary 19, special 49; boarders, 82.
Most of the elementary pupils are from the town of Okoiona.
Teachers cmd workers.Total, 16; all colored; male 7, female 9; academic 8,
industrial 7, agriculture 1. There were also 7 student teachers. A majority of the
teachers are graduates of this school or institutions of similar rank..
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work coven: the kindergarten and the
regular eight gradeS. To these grades only four regular teachers are assigned, with such
assistance as the industrial teachers can give.
Secondary: The subjects offered in the secondary course are wisely selected to prepare the pupils to teach in rural schools. Two teachers give all their time to secondary
work, while the principal and industrial teachers give part time.
Industrial: All boarding pupils are required to work one school day acrd Saturday
at some trade or industry. Two periods a week, beginning with the fifth 'grade; are
given to cooking and one period a we6k, beginning 'with the seventh grade to sewing.
Eight teachers, including one teacher' for agriculture and two for cooking and sewing,
are assigned to industrial subjects. The teacher of agriculture reports 20 pupils in his
department. The trade teachers report five pupils in engineering, four in printing,
eight in shoemaking, and two in blacksmithing. The scant attendance in these four
-tradetand in carpentry indicates the need for simplifying the trade instruction.
MISSISSIPPI.
343
Financial, 1914-15.The accounting system was inadequate but effort was being
made to install a new system. As far as could be determined, the more important items
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational infeipts
Indebtednenk,
Value of plant
88, 6zo
8, 610
22, 463
133, 740
Sources of income: General donations, $8,1 io; tuition and fees, $5o0. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department, farm, and shop, and amounted to
$8,542.
Items of expenditure: Salaries and supplies, $9,042; payment on debt,
319;
steam heating system, $1,500; interest and insurance, $1,403; repairs and addi nns,
$1,310; shop equipment, $2A; other purposes, $300.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness $14,500 was in bonds issued by the scLoit
$6,485 in promissory note,, and $1,478 in miscellaneous accounts.
.11
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $49,5oo. The land comprises 38o, acres, of whi
6o acres are in city lots. Most of the remainder of the land is under cultivatio
=Buildings: Estimated value, $76,540. The buildings include a large fou
ry
structure, used for administration, classrooms, and girls' dormitory, two large frame
buildings, two neat cottages, and several small structures. The buildings are heated
by steam and lighted by the school Electrical plant. Most of them are in good repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $7,7oo. Of this $3,500 was in farm implements and live stock, $2,000 in laundry, printing office, and shop equipment, $1,200 in
furniture and classroom equipment, and $1,000 in library books.
Recommendations. -1. That the trustees, in cooperation with the principal, simplifythe organization, especially the industrial activities.'
2. That the boarding department be enlarged so that the advantages of the school
may be available to as many communities as possible. This will probably necessitate
an appeal for aid to Okolona City for the large elementary department of local pupils.
3. That so far as possible the teachers employed shall ly_ from schools of higher
grade than Okolona.
4. That expenditures for enlargement of plant or equipment be deferred until all
debts are paid.
5. That a committee of trustees study carefully the business management to" effect
all necessary economy.
6. That a good accounting system be installed and the books audited annually
by an accredited accountant.
Dates of visits: February, 1914; March, 1915; February, 1916.
CLAIBORNE COUNTY.
Population, ro to.
Children 6 to 14 yelUS of age, 191o.
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
1 See recommendations In summary chapter, p.
White.
Negro.
3,786
13, 608
8o6
2.6
3,238
35. 8
344
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The entire population is rural. The number of teach,srs is 44 in white schools and
49 in colored schools. The average attendance is 738 white pupils and 2,513 colored
pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeanes Fund supervising
industrial teacher travels among the rural schools aiding the teachers to do industrial
work and to ext4nd the influence of their schCol into the community.
ALCORN.
ALCORN AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE.
President: L. J. Rowan.'
A school of secondary grade with over two#hirds of its pupils enrolled in the elementary department. The large industrial-and agricultural equipment is not ade-4.,
quately used.
The school site, formerly owned by "Oakland College," an institution maintained
by southern Presbyterians for white students, was purchased by the State in 1871. In
1878 the institution received its charter and present name. As the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical School it is owned by the State and supported largely by the
Federal funds for agricultural and mechanical education. Control is vested in a board
of nine trustees, consisting of the governor and other white men appointed by him.
itendatice.Total, 484; elementary 337, secondary 147. Of the 199 pupils
Vve the seventh grade, 136 were male' and 6a female; 179 were boarders. All but
to were from Mississippi. The reported enrollment for the year was 577.
Teachers and workers.Total, 24; all colored; male 20, female 1.; academic 11,
apiculture 5, industrial 6, matron and nurse. The majority of the industrial teachers
have one or two classes in addition to their regular work. The number of the teachers
trained at Alcorn is entirely too large' Of 18 teachers repOrting previous training, 5
have never attended any other school, while 7 received the larger part of their training
at Al6om and have supplemented it only by attending summer schools.
Organization.Classroom work is done in the forenoon and industrial work from 2
to 5 in the afternoon.
,
Elementary: The elementary work is done in the three upper elementary grades
and in the first grade of the so-called preparatory department.
Secondary: The second year of the preparatory department and the four years of
the so-called college constitute a fairly good high-school course. The subjects are:
Latin,' yeas; English, 2%; mathematics, 2' ; elementary science, 5 ; physical geography,
X ; history and civics, 2X; sociology and economics, IX ; psychology, 1; education, X;
ethics, X; bookkeeping, X. An additional year of Latin is elected by 15 pupils.
The variety of courses attempted in these subjects limits the time -allowedto each and
affects especially psychology and other teacher-training subjects. Practice teaching
is omitted from the regular program of the secondary students.
Elected since date al visit.
s President Rowan states that this policy has now been changed.
ti
MISSISSIPPI.
345
Industrial: Four men teach trades to boys. The shops are fairly well equipped.
The attendance of pupils above the seventh grade in the trades was: Carpentry, 41;
blacksmithing, 33; shoemaking, 19; painting, 15. Interest in industrial work is maintained by allowing a compensation to all students who have completed their first year
in the shop. Two teachers handle the courses in sewing and cooking. Nurse training
is reported by five girls. The equipment for the training of girls is not adequate.
Agriculture: The teaching force, land, and equipment are ample. Good crops are
raised, despite the somewhat lax organization. Classroom agriculture and some practice
gardening are required of all preparatory classes. In the upper classes theoretical
courses are given to the students selecting agriculture as a trade. Twenty-three pupils
are reported in this group. Many of the boys help to pay their expenses through farm
labor.
Discipline: The boys' rooms are not well supervised. There is lack of the thoroughness'-that could be developed through a military system.
Financial, 1912-13.The books are carefully kept, but the system does not facilitate a clear analysis of all the financial operations. The nonresident treasurer handles
the cash funds appropriated by the Federal Government and the State, and also receives
a monthly report of the local transactions. The more important items for the year
were as follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of pint
$47.774
45, 779
258, 5oo
SourceS of income: Federal Government, $36,774; State appropriations for current
purposes, $11,000. The noneducational receipts amounted to $20,845, as follows:
Boarding department, $17,727; farm, $2,71 2 ; industrial department, $4o5.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $21,748; material and supplies for boarding department, $12,771; student labor, $12,303; repairs and additions to buildings, $5,75o; light
and heat, $4,997; equipment, $3,640; farm supplies, $2,250; shop supplies, $1,485;
outside labor, $1,380; printing and miscellaneous expenses, $3oo.
The large expenditure for student labor is accounted for partly by the fact that
most of the students on the farm and in the shops receive from 2 to 8 cents per hour
for their time.
PlantI and: Estimated value, $9,000. The school land comprises goo acres, of
which 25o acres are cultivated. A few acres are used for school campus and the remainder
is in woodland. The school site is located 9 miles from Lorman, the nearest railroad
station. The school grounds are well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $22o,000. The main building is of brick and contains
recitation rooms, chapel, libraty, and offices. There, are six dormitories for boys and
one for girls, each valued at about $15,00o. The( students' infirmary and clinical
laboratory are worth about $80o each. The brick/industrial building, which contains
all the school shops, is worth about.Sto,000; theAining hall is a frame structure, worth
about $8,000; the barns are valued at $1,800. In addition there are the president's
home and 17 teachers' cottages of varying sizes and values. All the buildings are in
good repair and fairly well kept.
346
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $29,506, as follows: Scientific apparatus,
machinery and furniture, $16,000; live stock, $to,000; books in library, $3,500.
Recommendations. r. That the president be given more authority in the employment and management of teachers.
2. That provision be made for teacher training.
,..\2 3. That the teaching force be selected from institutions with larger facilities for
education.
4. That the industrial and agricultural departments be more effectively orgInized.
5. That an accounting system suited to the needs of the school be installed and the
books audited annually by an accredited accountant.
6. That there be closer cooperation betWeen the president and the treasurer and
all the books be kept at the school under the supervision of the treasurer.
7. That theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
Dates of visits: February, 1914; March, .1915.
,
CLAY COUNTY
Negro
Population, 1910
Children 6 to z4 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912 -I)
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county .
Percentage illiterate, 19zo .
6,096
14,105
1,257
3,393
$19,377
$6, 265
$15. 41
$1. 85
I.
31.9
The rural population is 75.9 per cent of the total. The number of teachers is 64 in
white schools and 56 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,103 white pupils
and 2,573 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for increksed public-school facilities. The work of
the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. In the city of West
Point a fairly good colored school is maintained. With some increase in accommodation
it could care for all the elementary work. The Ministerial Institute and College is,
therefore, of slight educational value to the community. This school is described in the
summary of local Baptist schools for the State. The Mary Holmes Seminary enrolls
boarding p..upils only, and therefore does not enter into the local situation to a marked
)
degree.
/
WEST POINT
MARY HOLIVEFS SEMINARY
President: E F. Johnston.'
A well-managed girls' school of setndary grade, with a large elementary enrollment, good home training, and industrial work.
The school was founded at Jackson, Miss., in 1895 by the Presbyterian Board of
Missions, and it is owned and controlled by that board. The buildings were burned in
1897 and the school was then transferred to its present site.
Attendance.Total, 199; elementary 15o, secondary 49. The reported enrollment
for the year was 241. All the pupils are required to board at the school.
Teachers and workers.Total, 14; all white; male t, female 13; academic 7, in-
dustrial
2,
music 2, other workers 3.
The teachers are well trained and earnest.
1 Sep 11eammEnenintkas in summary chapter. p.
1 White.
MISSISSIPPI.
347
Organization.--Elementary: The elementary work is done in 'grades 4 to 8.
Secondary: The three-year secondary course includes: Latin, 3 years; mathematics,
3; history, 1; Bible, 2; English, 2 ; 'elementary science, 1; ethics, t; psychology, 1.
The senior pupils do some practice teaching.
Industrial: Good work in plain sewing and dressmaking is done. The course in
cooking comprises the theory of the subject and practical work in connection with the
boarding department.
Financial, 1913-14.The' financial management is good but the accounts do not
show clearly the cost of the Varding department. The more important items were :
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expend i tides, less notieducational receipts
Value of property
S6.517
6,517
71, 000
Sources of incom- Presbyterian board; $4,280; scholarship endowment, $2,237.
The noneducational receip s
re from the boarding department and amounted to
$10,301.
Items of expenditure: Supp es for boarding department, $7,575; salaries, $4,280;
student labor, $237; other expenses, $2,726.
...School property: The property consists of $5i,000 in the plant and $2o,00o in endowment.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $3,000. The land consists of 25 acres on the outskirts of town. Most of the land is used for school campus.
Buildings: Estimated value, $45,
The main building is a large 3-story brick
structure containing 112 rooms. The domestic science cottage is a small frame structure. There is an cellent electric lighting plant. The buildings and grounds are neat
and well kept.
Movable equipmen : Estimated value, $3,000. The equipment consists of furniture
for dormitories, classrooms, and the domestic science cottage.
a
Recommendations.-1. That the curriculum be reorganized to include teacher
training, elementary science, and theory and practice of gardening.'
2. That the institution enlarge its contact with the schools of the State.
Dates of visit : Jarnsory, 1914; February, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
COPIAH COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years, of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public.schoiis
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14. in county
Percentage illiterate, 19 to
15927
Negro.
19, 981
3,565
5,207
3.7
37.9
The entire population i ural. The number of teachers is 103 in white schools
and 74 in colored schools. The average attendance is 3,172 white pupils and 5,207
colored pupils.
The Utica Normal and Industrial School is the only private school in the countyJok et-2,
and exerts much influence upon the community through its extension work.
I's
.
11
I See reconualadatloas In summary chapter. D. 12.
40927 *Bull. 39-17---23
j.
348
NEGRO EDUCATION.
UTICA INSTITUTE.
UTICX NbRMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: W. H. Holtzclaw.
4
An elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It is located in a
rural community and has done much good work in the county. The agricultural and
industrial departments are undergoing needed reorganization.
The institution was founded in 1903 by the principal, a graduate of Tuskegee Institute It is owned and controlled by a boad of influential northern and southern men.
Attendance.Total, 317; male 114, female 203; boarders 241. .
Teachers and workers. Total, 27; all colored; male 10, female 17; academic 12,
boys' industries 4, girls' industries r, agriculture 1, matrons 3, office and other workers 6.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work is done in the first eight years,
which are divided into "primary," "preparatory," and "junior" classes. A night
school is provided for the pupils of the lower grades who work for the school during the
day.
Secondary: The three-year "normal' course offers secondary work. The course
includes: MatheinItics, 3 years; English, 2; agriculture, ; history and civics, 2; elementary science, 3; bookkeeping, 1; economics, r ; and education, 2.
lndustnal: Each pupil spends a day and a half a week in industrial course. Carpentry, blacksmithing, tailoring, shoemaking, and printing are provided for boys; sewing,
millinery, housekeeping, cooking, mattress making, and printing for girls. A simple
by a few girls. The industrial instruction is
now being centralized on the more important trades.
Agriculture: Considerable provision is made for instruction in agriculture, but
sufficient emphasiS has not been given to the educational side. Influence is exerted on
the agriculture of the community through extension work.
Financial, 1911 -13. The books are carefully kept and a printed report of receipts
and disbursements is submitted by the principal and treasurer to the board of trustees
at the end of each year. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of property
$19, 499
19,.375
6, op?
76o, Igo
Sources of income: General donations, $16,893; tuition and fees, $510; colored
people of Mississippi, $365; endowment, $319; Slater Fund, $300; county funds, $too;
other sources, $1,012. The noneducational receipts amounted to $12,096. Of this
$7,096 was from the boarding department and $5,000 was a legacy to be applied to the
endowment.
Items Of expenditure: Repairs and additions to buildings, $9,101; supplies for
boarding department, $6,896; teachers' salaries, $6,330; clerks' salaries, $1,500; outside
labor, $i,345; equipment, $1,1o5; extension and charity work, $916; advertising, $747;
student labor, $475; freight and express, $466; traveling expenses, $417; electriC light
plant, $370; interest, $269; Water works, $237; insurance, $137; other expenses, $i 6o.
MISSISSIPPI.
349
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness $3,051 was salaries due teachers, $1,877 bills
payable on interest, and $1,091 accounts payable for equipment and supplies.
School property : Of the school property $154,030 was in.plant and $6,150 in
endowment. The endowment is in United States Steel bonds.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $48,80o The land used by the school comprises
about 210 acres, of which about io acres are in the Campus and 200 in the school farm.
In addition the school owns 1,390 acres of land which was given as an endowment.
The appearance of the campus has been greatly improved since the first date -of visit
by concrete walks, shade trees, and the removal of the old buildings.
Buildings: Estimated value, $77,23o. All the buildings except one were frame
structures. A new building of concrete construction, three storif-, high, was nearing
completion in March, 1916. Of the frame buildings three are used for dormitories, and
one each for trades, offices, hospitals, and agriculture. There are also two barns and a
number of small cottages and houses.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $28,00o. Of this $5,000 was in furniture,
$7,00o in shop equipment, $2,50o in farm equipment and live stock, and $13,500 in
electric plant, sawmill, and other movable equipment.
Recommendations. -1. That a committee of the trustees in cooperation with the
principal simplify the educational organization, study carefully the building operations
purchase of equipment, and business management to effect-greater economy.
2. That the industrial teachers be selected from schools of higher grade than this
institution.
3. That the enlargement of the planb be not allowed to interfere with simple educational activities' whether in books or industries.
4. That a small amount of land be used for instruction in agriculture and the remainder sold or leased.
Dates of visits: February, 1914; March, 1916.
DE SOTO COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, two .
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912 -13
Teachers' salaries, per child, 6 to 14, in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
,
.,
Negro.
5,555
17,572
I, 189
$21, 93o
$9, 300
$18.44
$2.15
3. 4
36. 7
4,320
The entire population is rural. The number of teachers is 54 in white schools and
55 in, colored schools. The average attendance is 1,048 white pupils and 2,816 colored
pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities. The work of the elemen-
titry schools should be extended and, strengthened. With more liberal support the
Baptist Industrial High School can be developed as a central institution where pupils
may board and supplement the limited training provided in the rural schools. There
is special deed for such a school in this section of the State.
II
NEGRO EDUCATION.
350
HERNANDO.
BAPTIST INDUSTRIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Principal: Charles E. Physic.
Alma elementary school'founded in r9oo and owned by the Baptist Educational
Convention of North Mississippi. There were 70 pupils in attendance, 45 of whom were
boarders. Ten grades are claimed, but only two pupils were reported above the seventh
grade. Four colored teachers are employed.
Finoncial,r9r3-r4.The income amounted to about $9oo, all of which was frOm
board, tuition, and fees. Of this, $5oo was expended for salaries and the balance for
supplies.
PlantEstimated value, $9,000. The plant consists of 8 acres of land, two small
two-story brick buildings, and limitgd equipment for classrooms and dormitories.
None of the land is used for teaching agriculture or gardening. The buildings are in
good repair and fairly well kept. There is no industrial equipment.
Recommendations.i. That the work of the school be centered on the higher grades
and efforts be made to increase the attendance.
2. That simple manual training and gardening be a required part of the course.'
'Date of visit: March, 1914.
/
HINDS COUNTY.
Population, 19io
"Children 6 to 14 yecus-of age, x910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries"per child 6 to 14 in county, 1910
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Negro.
18,313
45, 407
3,370
10,8'6
$77, $48
$25,481
$34,
$3.35
31.7
The rural population is 66.6 percent of the total. The number of teachers is 169 in
white schools and 14i in colored schools. The average attendance is 2,931 white pupils
and 7,357 coloirred pupils.
These sktistics indicate a need for increased school facilities. The work of the
.
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The geographical importance of the city of Jackson and Hinds County has attracted a large number orprivate
schools. Over 5o per cent of the money expended on private schools in Mississippi
goes to support those in Hinds County. Three of the nine institutions are of State-wide
im rtance, but there is considerable duplication in their work. Although three attempt
to o college work, only Tougaloo is adequately equipped to teach college subjects. The
th own land and are attempting agricultural work on a more or less extended scale.
The total acreage owned by them aggregates 3,221. Jackson College wisely limits its
agricultural work to gardening. The Southern Ch
ran College would do well to
confine its farm operations to a smaller acreage, on whig the elementary and secondary
in agriculture. The surplus
pupils of the school could receive laboratory instruc
land should be cultivated. on a commercial basis or sold. Tougaloo is equipped to do
agricultural work for higher pupils.
See recomgoereletions In ginmary chapter, p.. ft.
MISSISSIPPIt
351
CLINTON.
MOUNT HERMON -SEMINARY.
Principal: Miss R. I. Simison.'
A small, well-managed elementary school with a few boarding pupils. It was
founded in 1875 by Miss S. A. Dickey. After her death in 1905 the school was affiliated
with Tougaloo University, and it is now owned and supported by the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church.
Attendance. Total, 78; all girls, except a few day pupils in the primary grades,.
The reported enrollment for the year was 83. The course includes eight elementary
grades, with instruction in sewing and cooking.
Teachers.Tot
training in good sc
ibite 3, colored 1; all female. All the teachers have had
Is.
Financial, 1913-14.The accounts are kept in accordance with a simpl and
Th more
effective system installed recently, by the American Missionary Association.
important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Facpenditures. less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
Si, 527
1, 527
14i,g00
Sources of income : American Missionary Association, $677; tuition and fees, $570;
donations, $34; other sources, $246. The noneducational receipts amounted to $1,o71,
of which $844 was from the boarding department and $227 from farm and other sales.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $752; supplies for boarding department,
student aid and labor, $456; general supplies,
light, and water, $22; other expenses, $377.
$184;
$576;
equipment, $151; repairs, $80; heat,
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $z,000. The school site comprises 156 acres of
land ideally located. The campus is well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $11,200. There are three buildings. The main build7
ing is a three-story frame structure used for dormitory and school purposes; an old manA
sion, of colonial design, substantially built of brick, is used for teachers' home and
The other building is a two-story frame structure.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,000. The equipment consists of furni-
offices.
ture and apparatus for girls' industrial courses.
Recommendation. That the work be encouraged and effort be made to have the
public authorities provide for lower elementary grades, so that this school may be devoted
to teacher training for rural schools.
Date of visit; February, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
EDWARDS.
SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN INSTITUTE.
President: J. B. Lehman.'
An economically managed school of elementary and secondary grades, with teachers
who are devoted to their work. A large part of the extensive acreage of land owned
I Whitt.
352
NEGRO EDUCATION.
by the school is successfully cultivated. There is, however, little systematic instruction
in agriculture. Simple industrial training is given in connection with the repair of
buildings and maintenance of the institution.
The school was chartered in 1875.and opened in 1881 by a private corporation. In
1890 it was taken over by the American Christian Missionary Society. In 19oo the
transferred to the Christian Woman's Board of Missions, and it is now supported a d supervised by that board.
A
nce.Total, 196; elementary 173, secondary 23, of whom 6 were claimed
in co.. ilege classes; boarders, 123.
Teachers and workers.Total, 18; white 15, colored 3; male 7, female re.
school w
Orgonwitton.Elementary: The elementary work covers the regular eight elementary grades.
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the four years of the, "academic" course
and in the two years of "college." The "academic" subjects are English, 4 Years;
mathematics, 4; history, 2; Bible, 3; music, 3; and pedagogy, 1. The "college"
cla;ses continue the same subjects and add elementary science. A night school is mainstained for pupils who are engaged in manual labor through the day.
iiiIhdustrial: Manual training in wood and iron is provided under the direction of
ne capable mechanic. This work is done in connection with the repair of the plant
Ind the erection of new buildings. Practically all the mechanical work of the institution,.
on, Including the care of the electric plant; is done in this way. The sawmill furnishes profitable labor for the pupils.
The training of girls in household activities receives considerable attention, the
school dining room and dormitory being utilized for instruction in this subject.
Agriculture: The cultivation of the garden and farm furnishes practice to the pupils.
Th girls assist in gardening and the boys work on the farm. There is very little classroo instruction in agriculture.
inancial, rer2r3.The financial records are carefully kept, and an annual report
is ma by the president to the board of trustees. According to the report for the year
the in re important items were:
In
e, txcluding noneducational receipts
ditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value'of plant
\
121, 006
Ex
..e
.
18, 185
160, 492
Sour of income: Christian Woman's Board of Missions, $17,261; cash balance
from previlous year, $2,614; tuition and fees, $602; rents, $529. The noneducational
receipts a.rOutiirsii to $9,307, of which $4,554 was from the boarding department, $2,594
from the far\7, $765 from the cannery, $499 from sale of live stock, $448 from the
printing office,, and $447 from the industrial departments.
Items of e e nditure: Repairs and additions to buildings and equipment, $5,737;
salaries, $5,725; tudent labor, $4,97o; supplies for boarding department, $3,906; grain
and feed, $2,328 \lighting,,.$1,i 64; farm supplies, $570; supplies for industrial department, $463; advanCes to students, $388; printing office, $369; interest, $240; postage,
$86; insurance, $58; other expenses, $1,488.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $47,215. The school owns 1,281 acres of land
located about a mile and a half, from the town of Edwards in one of the great cotton
t
MISSISSIPPI.
353.
sections. Of this, Soo acres are under cultivation. The campus comprises about 20
acres on an elevated part of the land in a magnificent grove of oaks.
Buildings: Estimated value, $92,500. The main school building is a two-story
frame structure containing eight recitation rooms and chapel. Allison Hall, used for
dining hall and kitchen, is of concrete-block construction, and will seat 30o students.
The girls' dornfftory, also built of cement blocks, is three stories high, with basement,
and has accommodation for about r5o. The 'boys' dormitory is a two-story frame
building. The president's home is a spacious old plantation mansion built of select
cypress timber in 1852. The smaller buildings include two neat cottages for teachers,
the printing office, the grain house, the laundry, the power house, and the blacksmith
shop.. There are also buildings for the large sawmill and planing mill and two large
barns.
MoVable equipment: Estimated value, $20,777.
Of .this, $8,384 was in shop equipment and machinery, $7,126 in furniture and library books, and $5,267 in farm implements and live stock.
Recommendations. r. That the industrial and agricultural work be organized on
an educational basis and correlated with the academic work.
2. That the effort to teach college subjects be discontinued and energy centered on
teacher training, including elementary science, hygiene, and history.
Dates of visits: February, 1914; March, 1915.
JACKSON.
Notwithstanding that in the city of Jackson there are three public schools for colored
children of elementary school age, the five private schools in the city all do elementary
work. The Holy Ghost Catholic School provides good elementary school facilities.
Jackson College should abandon its elementary grades and center its efforts on secondary
and teacher-training courses. Although Campbell College is intended for a higher school,
lax management and low standards render its work little more than a duplication of
that done by the other elementary schools. The type of work it attempts. is more
urgently needed in other parts of the State. The Christ's Missionary and Industrial
College,tmaintained by the Sanctified Church of Christ, and the Christ's Temple Parochial
School maintained in a Christian Church, are of littleogducational value. These schools
are descired in the summary of small schools of miscellaneous denominations.
C.AMPBEl COLLEGE.
President: A. Henry Attaway.1
A large school of elementary and secondary grade giving some instruction in COMnitrcial and theological subjects. A law department is claimed but no students were
enrolled in it on the dates the school was visited.
The school was founded in 1890 by the Mississippi Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and was first located at Vicksburg. It was moved to Jackson in
and is now located directly across the street from a similar ins ution. The property
and control are vested in a board of 25 colorel trustees elected by e conference. This
board appoints art honorary board consisting of 12 prominent white men of the State.
I Slated since date el visit.
354
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Atkndance. Total, 25o; elementary r7o, secondary 7o, commercial 5, theological
Of the 8o pupils above the flementary grades 37 were male and 43 female; 53 were
from Mississippi outside of Jackson d 14 from other States. There were abdut 7o
boarders. The reported enrollment fo the year was 34o.
5.
Teachers and workers.Total, 14; all colored; male
7,
female 7; tmcArrs i r,
president, matron, and superintendent of grounds. In addi n there are a fevestudent
assistants and some local lawyers claimed as part time instruct
in the law department.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary grades are taug t two in a room, four
teachers being assigned to the eight grades. The work does not appear to be thorough.
Secondary: The secondary work is divided into "normal" and "academy." The
courses differ only in the omission of Greek in the "normal." The subjects are: Latin,
3 years; Greek, 1; German, 1; English, 4; mathematics, 4 -, elementary science, 4 ; history, 1 ; Bible, 2; mu c, 1 ; psychology and ethics, I, ; logic, 1. The course is deficient
in history, hygiene, an teacher training, and the teaching force and equipment are
inadequate for the ela orate science and language courses outlined..
The five commercial pupils have the usual subjects of a business course. The five
theological pupils are studying Greek, Hebrew, ancient history, and elementary theological subjects.
Financial, 1913-Lt.There was no systematic bookkeeping and the financial items
are largely estimates. These estimates as given by the president were as follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness....
Value of school property
000
'7, boo
3, 000
47, 000
$.3,
Sources of income: African Methodist Episcopal Church for current expenses,
The noneducatiom receipts were from hoard and room
rent and amounted $4,000.
Items of expendi ure: Teachers' salaries, $4,500; material and supplies for boarding
department, $3,7 , el, light, and heat, $1,400; repairs, $1,000; other expenditures,
$7,00o; tuition and fees, $1 ,000.
$1,000.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $3,000 is secured by a mortgage on the school
property.
School property: The school property is represented bt, $36,000 in the plant at
Jackson, and $11,000 in endowment in the form of 1,000 acres Of land.* Bolivar County.
The school receives no benefit from this land.
Plattt.--;Land: Estimated value, $4,500. The school site comprises abgut So acres
on the outskirts of Jackson. No use Is made of this land except as campus and athletic
fields. Mach of it could be used for agrialural and gardening purposes.
The grounds
are not well e
BuildinWstimated value, $3o,00o. There are two tour-story thick buildings.
Tyree Hall contains girls' dormitory, sewing and music rooms, dining room and kitchen.
Salter Hall contains chapel, classrooms, and boys' dormitory. Other small buildings and
tht heating plant are valued at $4,000. The dormitories and classrooms are in fairly
good condition, but the buildings are in need of repair.
MISSISSIPPI.
355
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $1,5oo. Tile movable equipment is entirely
inadequate to the needs of the school. There is no scientific appatitus or manual
training equipment.
Recommendations. -1. That an adequate bookkeeping system be installed, an
annual audit by an accredited accountant made, and the financial
management carefully supervised by the trustees.
2. That the school be moved to some point in the State where it will not be in
conflict with other institutions of similar work, or that a scheme of cooperation
with
Jackson College be devised, which will avoid, as far as possible, duplication of
rk
by
these
istitutions.
3. That the energies of the school, whether located at Jackson or else ere, be
centered upon high-school or teacher-training courses, and that all collegiate, theological, law, and other higher courses be left to institutions better prepared in teachers
and
equipment to do such work.
Date of visit : February, 1914; February, 1915.
HOLY GHOST CATHOLIC SCHOOL.
Principal :Father P. A. Heick.'
A large elementary school with a few boarding pupils.
an order of the Catholic Church.
It is owned and taught by
A ttendance .
Total, 304; all elementary; boarders, 6.
Teachers. Total, 8; the principal and 7 white sisters.
Organization.The usual eight elementary grades are well taught.
work is limited to sewing. The discipline is good.
The industrial
Financial, 1913-14.The income amounted to $1,600, of which $75o was from
tuition, $5oo from donations, and $350 from the Catholic Board of Missions.
Of the
income about $1,200 was expended for salaries and $400 for running
expenses. There
is an indebtedness of $2,000 on one of the buildings.
Plant Estimated value, $23,000. The plant consists of 2 acres of land, two
neat two-story brick buildings, a frame cottage, and equipment and furniture
valued at
$i,000. The grounds and buildings are well kept.
Rec ommetuta lion That manual training and gardening be made
a part of the
regular course.'
Date of visit : February, 1914.
JACKSON COLLEGE.
President: Z. T. Hubert.
A secondary bschool for both boys and girls with large elementary
enrollment. It
is the leading-Baptist school of Mississippi.
The school was founded at Natchez, Miss., in 1877 and was moved to its present
site in 1882. It is owned and operated by the
American Baptist Home Mission Society.
Attendance. Total, 310; elementary 222, secondary 88. Fifteen of the secondary
students reported college subjects. Of the pupils above the third grade 88 were boys,
190 were girls; 120 boarded at the school.
White.
41, See rterenasecidations in summary chapter. p.
1
NEGRO EDUCATION.
356
Teachers and workers.Total, 16; all colored; male 6, female to; grades 4, academic
6, agriculture 2, matron 1, girls' industries 2, boys' industries t. The teacher of the
first three'rades is paid by the parents of children in those classes.
Organization.Elementary: The usual eight grades are provided.
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the "college preparatory" course. This
course includes Latin, 4 years; German, 2; English, 4; mathematics, 2; science, 2; history, x ; Bible, 2; music, 134; education, civics, and bookkeeping, or Mississippi history, i.
A teachers' course is listed, but there were no pupils. In this course teacher-training
subjects and practice teaching are to be substituted for the last two years of the collegepreparatory cOuise.
Industrial and agricultural: Manual training and sewing begin in the fourth grade,
agriculture and cooking in the eighth grade. The four subjects are continued through
the second year of the "college-preparatory" course.
Financial, r912-13.The accounts are kept in accordance with the requirements
of the American BaPtist Home Mission Society.
Income, excluding noneducational receipts......
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
The more important items weir
10, 227
:oo, coo
Sources of income: American Baptist Home Mission Society, $9,574; tuition and
$1,165; Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society, $5oo; donations
and other sources, $352. The noneducational receipts amounted to $8,048, of which
$7335 was from the boarding department and $713 from sale of books.
Items of expenditures Salaries, $9,671; supplies and labor in boarding department,
$4,366; other supplies, including books to be sold, $1,274; advertising, traveling, and
postage, $821; power, light, and heat, $665; repairs, $584; labor on farm and grounds,
$563; agricultural equipment, $288; other expenses, $43.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $20,000. The land consists of 5o acres, divided
about equally between the school farm and the campus. The grounds are neat and
fees,
r
well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $75,000. There are three large brick buildings, one
small brick structure, and two frame cottages on the grounds. Two of the larger buildings are three stories high, with basements; one is used for the boys' dormitory, class-
rooms, and manual-training shop, the other for the girls' dormitory, dining room,
kitchen, and domestic-science work. Other buildings include a two-story brick structure
containing chapel and classrooms, a small brick building used as the laundry, a neat
two-story frame house used as the president's home, and a small cottage used by the
farm manager.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5T000. The movable equipment consists
of furniture for classrooms and dormitories, a few farm implements, and some scientific
apparatus.
Recommendations.i. That the courses in teacher training and gardening be
given greater emphasis in the regular program.
2. That foreign languages be not allowed to hinder the development of other courses.
Date of visit: February, 1914; March, 1915.
MISSISSIPPI.
TOUGALOO COLLEGE.
357
TQUGALOO.
President: William T. Holmes.'
A school of secondary grade with few pupils in collegiate classes and a large elementary enrollment. The plant is extensive and beautifully located on a wooded
campus. The academic work is thorough and all students receive some industrial
training.
Tougaloo University was founded in 1869 by the American Missionary Association
and has been in continuous operation since that date. Twice in the past it has received
State aid as a normal school, and it has received aid from the Slater Fund continuously
since 1883. Some of the ablest men in the ,American
Missionary Association have
geried as president of the institution.
Attendance. Total, 444; elementary 275, secondary 130, collegiate 20, night 'school
19; male 189, female 255. Practically all of the pupils in higber grades
were from
Mississippi; 13o were boarders. The reported enrollment for the year was 455.
Teachers and wcakers.Total, 31; white 29, colored 2; male 8, female.,23; grade
teachers 5, academic teachers 8, administrator
4, boys' industries 2, girls'
industries 3, commercial 2, agriculture 1, music 3, matrons 3.
Organization.Elementary: The first six grades are taught by five well-trained
teachers in a separate building. These classes are used as a practice school for the
teacher- training department. Manual training and household arts form a part of the
work. The seventh and eighth grades, called the "lower
school," are taught by the
academy teachers.
Secondary: The secondary department offers six groups of electives; College
preparatory, with 32 pupils enrolled; English normal, with 33; manual training, 31;
musical; 9; commercial, 22; agricultural, 3. There is also a night school with 19 pupils.
The subjects common to all the courses are: English, 3 years; mathematics, 2 elementary science, 24; and history, r. The teacher-training work is effective. The course
in agriculture is largely classroom and observation work.
College: The selection of subjects for the college classes is good, but the limited
teaching ford, already fay occupied with the complex system of secondaryi courses,
is inadequate to handle a college course.' The present small attendance in these classes
(2o students at the time of visit) does not warrant the extra expense and lalior.
Music: Three well trained teachers are in charge of musical instruction.
Industrial: The young men are required to take manual training in wfod and iron
two periods a week in all courses except the commercial. A few pupils,ipecializing in
industries take two or three hours of shopwork every day. Three well/equipped build ings are devoted to the work. All the courses are handled by two teachers of moderate
training.
Work in household arts is req.iiired of all girls. There are three capable teachers in
charge of the courses.
4:
Agriculture: One full-time teacher and a farmer handle all classes and the practical.
work of this department. The school has an excellent. garden and a 5oo-acre farm,
I White.
Since date of visit two additional Wadies, have been accused.
.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
358
with 200 acres under cultivation.
The stock and equipment are good. Classroom agri-
culture is given to pupils of the eighth grade and the first year normal class. Nine
pupils from the three upper classes are also reported in agriculture. Very few pupils
take any practice or laboratory work in connection with the study of theory., The farm
work is done almost altogether by pupils desiring to earn their way through school.
Financial, 19r3r4.The financial management is supervised by the American.
Missionary Association, and the accounts are kept in accordance with the system required
by that association.
The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
$26, 169
26, 169
133, coo
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $14,928; donations, $4,132;
tuition and fees, $3,236; Slater Fund, $2,00o; other sources, $1,873. The noneducational receipts amounted to $11,983, of which $7,141 was from the boarding department and $4,842 from sales from farm awl shOps.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $11,69o; supplies for boarding department, $8,686;
other supplies, $2,224; equipment, $2,109; heat, light, and water, $1,907; repairs, $1,653;
student aid and labor, $1,581; other expenses, $8,302.
Estimated value, $3o,000. The school owns Soo acres of land. Of
Mani.
this 20 acres are used for campus and 48o for the farm. The campus is a grove of natural
beauty. The farm land is fertile and well cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $76,500. The president's home and administration
building is an old mansion; the girls' dormitory is a large two-story brick building; the
boys' dbrmitory is a two-gory frame structure. Each of the dormitories accommodates
over too students.
Strieby Hall, a two-story brick building, contains classrooms,
laboratories, and lecture rooms, and rooms for domestic science; Ballard School, a twostory frame building,' contains classrooms and a large assembly room; Daniel Hand
School for day pupils is a one-story frame building; the dining hall is a one-story brick
building with seating capacity for Soo; the church is a handsome brick structure with
lecture rooms, good furniture, and a fine pipe organ; a small cottage is used for hospital
purposes and instruction in nursing the sick; three one-story frame buildings are used
for shops. In addition there are two neat cottages, the large barn, and several farm
houses. The buildings are well kept and most of them in good repair; some, however,
are in need of improvement.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $26,500. Of this .$15,000 was in furniture,
$5,000 in farm equipment and live stock, $3,500 in shop equipment and machinery,
$2,500 in library books, and $500 in scientific apparatus.
'Recommendations.-1. That the school center its activities on teacher training
and agricultural courses.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening. be made a part of the regular curriculum for all pupils.
3. That the college department be strengthened and developed essentially as a
college for teachers.
Dates of visits: February, 1914; February, 1916.
MISSISSIPPI.
359
JEFFERSON DAVIS COUNTY.
Population. 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 19 t 2-13
*
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
White.
6, 103
1, 491
$18, 867
812.65
5.9
,4eirro.
6, 757
4,717
S i,
296
82. 50
; 34. I
The entire population is rural. The number of teachers is 65 in white schools and
42 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,286 white pupils and 1,188 colored
pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for increased public school facilities. The work of
the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teacher travels in the county, aiding the teachers in rural schools to
introduce industrial work and extend the influence of the school into the community.
The Prentiss Normal and Industrial Institute is a central institution where pupils may
board and supplment the training received in the rural schools.
PRENTISS.
PRENTISS NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. E. Johnson.
An elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. Though limited in
equipment, it is doing a much-needed work in a small town.
The school was founded fn 1907 by the principal and is owned and controlled by an
independent board of trustees.
Attendance. Total, 153; elementary t45, secondary 8; boarders, 41.
Teachers and workers.Total, 7; all colored; male 3, female 4.
Organization.Although eight pupils are reported in the ninth and tenth grades,
practically all the work is elementary. Pupils devote the mornings to classroom work
and the afternoons to the industries. The induStrial work consists of simple manual
training, shoemaking, and agriculture for boys and cooking and sewing for girls. The
value of the work is hampered by lack 9f equipment.
Financial, 112r 3.--The principal keeps the accounts on a simple cash basis. As
far as could be determined the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness.'
Value of plant..
$2, 240
3, 597
975
11,000
Sources of income: Donations, $870; Jeanes and Slater Funds, $560; county
funds, $450; tuition and fees, $360. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to $1,75o.
4
NEGRO EDUCATION.
360
'Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,77o; supplies for boarding department, $1,482;
repairs, .$706; industrial equipment, $450; office and traveling expenks, $450; fuel,
light, and water, $60; insurance, $20; other expenses, $409.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness, $7oo was in mortgage on part of the farm, and
the remainder in accounts payable for equipment and supplies.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $2,500. The school owns
acres of land; Go
acres are cultivated and 5 acres are used for campus.
`Buildings: Estimated value, $7,oQo. There are four fram6 buildings. The main
building is two stories high and contains 21 dormitory rooms, classrooms, and chapel.
The other buildings are cottages. The main building is poorly constructed and has
not adequate fire protection.
Movable eqhipment: Estimated value, $1,5oo. Of this, $45o is in farm implements and live stock, $350 in furniture, $30o in shop equipment, $175 in books, and
$225 in other equipment.
Recommendations.-1:,That this school be developed as the county training school
with.increased support from the county.
2. That better industrial equipment be provided, and the work in manual training
and gardening be made part of the regular course.'
3. That an accounting system be installed and the accounts,audited annually.
Dates of visits: February, 1914; March, 1915. Facts verified, 1916.
LAUDERDALE COUNTY.
The rural population is 5o.4 per cent of the total. There are no private
colored people outside of the city of Meridian.
or
MERIDIAN.
Population, row.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 19 1-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city.
Percentage illiterate, 1910 .
White.
Negro.
13,633
6, 321.
1, 670
$6, 495
2, 202
$53, 093
24. 11
1. 2
3 . 8a.
30. 4
The number of teachers is 84 in white schools, and 23 in' colored schools.
The'
average attendance is 2,459 white pupils and 887 colored pupils,
The three pn
schools in Meridian enroll a number of 'pupils not cared for in
, The Catholic and the Methodist schools furnish good supplementary
the public sch
es. Special effort should be made to reorganize the Methodist school
educational f
to meet the needs of the community for secondary work. The Meridian Baptist Academy
is of slight value to the community. This school is described in the summary of small
Baptist schools for the State.
See recommendations in summary chipter, D. 2 2 .
MISSISSIPPI.
HAVEN INSTITUTE.
Principal: M. S. Davage.1
A school of secondary grade with large elementary enrollment. Excessive time
given to ancient languages.
The school was founded in 1878 by the Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodi t
Episcopal Church, and is controlled and supported by that body.
Attendance. Total, 308; elementary 236, secondary 72; male 31, female 41.
the 72 in secondary grades 3o were from Meridian, 39 from other places in Mississip.i
and 3 from other States; 39 sere boardeis and 18 were from farm homes. The report
enrollment for the year was 338.
Teachers and -workers . Total, 9; all colored; 'male 3, female 4; grades 4, ac
dernic 4, matron and commercial teachers 1. Two of the four academic teache
devote practically all their time to Greek add Latin. One of the grade teachers gives
little instruction in sewing.
Organization. The courses are based on those outlined by the Freedmen's Aid
Society with additional time for languages.
Elementary: The eight grades are fairly well taught by four teachers. The upper
grades receive a little instruction in sewing.
Secondary: The fout-year courses are nominally divided into the "normal" and
college preparatory or " academic." In reality, however, only 8 of the pupils in
attendance were taking the normal course; the other 64 pupils were pursuing the collegepreparatory course. The subjects of this course were: Latin, 4 years; Greek, 2;' German, ; mathematics, 2; physical geography and botany, 1; science,
Bible, 1;
history,
Financial, 1973-14.The financial records aie kept in accordance with the requirements of the Freedmen's Aid Society. The more important items for the year Were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure, less'noneducational receipts.
Value of plant...
17, 194
-
7, 145
35, 01,0
Sources of income: Freedmen's Aid Society, $3,927 for salaries and running expenses
and $600 as a loan; tuition and fees, $1,446; general donations, $226; other sources
$995. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amolinted
to $3,453.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $
, supplies, $1,881; other purposes, $5,161.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $7,450! The land comprises 3 acres of city
property.
Buildings: Estimated value, $2
5o. There are three buildings. The main buildi
ing, a brick structure three stories high, is used for girls' dormitory and classrooms:
The boys' dormitory is a two-story frame structure. The Carnegie Library is a small
brick building.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,50o. The eqliprpent consists of class=
room and dormitory furniture, library books, and fixtures.
Widte; elected since dated visit.
l Reported discontinued since date at
362
.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Recommendations.-1. That the time and money spent on ancient languages be
devoted to a well-planned course for training teachers.
2. That industrial courses, including cooking, sewing, and gardening, be made
part of the regular course.'
Date of visit: February, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
ST. JOSEPH'S PARISH SCHOOL.
Principal: Father P. J. Wendel.'
A well-managed elementary school .With 206 pupils in attendance, of whom 12 were
boarders.. The school is operated by a German Catholic order, five white sisters of the
order serving as teachers. The work of the school covers nine grades, with instruction
jn cooking, sewing, and gardening
Financial, icor 3-4.----The income of $952 was derived from the Catholic Board of
Missions and from board and tuition.
Plant Estimated value, $20,000. The plant consists of a half acre of land, a
substantial brick building, two frame cottages, and good classroom equipment. The
grounds are well kept and the buildings in good condition.
Recommendation.That this work be encouraged and 'extended.
'
Tate of visit : February, 1914.
,
MARSHALL COUNTY.
White.
Pbpulation, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19to
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 19/2-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
i2e.toentage illiterate, 19ro
7, 454
I., 422
6, 565
Nero.
19,342
4, 965
iv. 65
$9,936
$2.00
3. 9
35. 6
The entire population is rural. The number of teachers is 77 in white schools and
98 in colored schools.. The average attendance is 1,269 white pupils,and 3,328 colored
pupils.
.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Mississippi Industrial
College should be reorganized and developed as a central training institution for the
pupils from the surrounding rural districts, while Rust College should center its energies on industrial and ttacher training courses in order to supply teachers for northern
HOLLY SPRINGS.'
MISSISSIPPI INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
'i
.
President: Frank H. Rodgers.
tary
A school of 'secondary grade with over thfet-foucths of its pupils in ele
classes. The industrial training i§ negligibre. Under a new administration eifort is
being tade to improve the management and discipline.
' The institution was founded in 1906 by the Mississippi Conference of the Colored
Methodist Episcopal Church. Ownership and control are vested in a board of 4o trustees
Sas recammendatioas ha summary chapter, D. as.
White.
MISSISSIPPI.
363
elected by the conference. The school is supported almost entirely by the colored
people of the State.
Ai letwlance.Total, 242; elementary 200, secondary 42; boarders, 67. Twelve
of the secondary students were reported in college subjects. Qf the students above the
seventh grade, 3o were male and 31 female; r§ were from Holly Springs, 26 from other
parts of the State, and 16 from other States.
Teachers and workers.Total, 12; all colored; male 4, female 8; elementary 6,
secondary 5, matron 1,
Organizalion. Elementary: Eight elementary grades and a kindergarten dead are
maintained with five teachers. One of these teachers also gives instruction in music
and another teaches typewriting and shorthand.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in two four-year courses, "college preparatory" with 15 pupils and "normal" with 14 pupils. The college preparatory course
includes ancient languages, 5 years; elementary science, 2% ; English, 2 ; mathematics, 4;
history, 1; civics, %; music, 2 ; bookkeeping, 1. The "normal" course covers four
years of ancient languages, two and one-hall of English, two of mathematics, two of
elementary science, one year of history, one-half year of ethics, and three years of sewing.
The 12 pupils reported in college ''aubjeCts take: Foreign languages, 5 years;
mathematics, 2 ; English, 1; science,
; education, 1; logic and ethics, r ; practice
teaching, ; economics, Y3; bookkeeping, 1.
All of these courses emphasize foreign languages to the exclusion of such useful
subjects as hygiene, nature study, agriculture and manual training, and provide only
brief time for history, social studies, and teacher training. Some of the subjects are
subdivided quite unnecessarily . into one-half and' one-third year courses. The five
secondary teachers are insufficient for the elaborate courses in languages and mathematics.
Industrial: Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided, one teacher and an
assistant giving their time to this work. No industrial training is provided for the
boys., though a Tew of the pupils assist on the farm and in the repair of -buildings.
Financial, r912-13.The bookkeeping is inadequate. The president keeps the
only records of the financial operations on a simple cash basis. As far as could be
determined the more important items were as follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of, plant
$3, 672
3, 590
21, boo
87, 000
Sources of income: Tuition and fees,-..$2,on5; -church contributions, $148; Slater
Fund, $200; rents, $77; other sources, $tot` The noneducational receipts were from
the boarding department and amounted to $7,216.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $4,017; salariei, $,748;
equipment, $866; material and supplies for farm and domestic science depiiitment, $515;
repairs, $280; refund to students, $125; office expenses, $62; ether expenses, $1,193.
Indebtedness: Bills payable on interest (unsecured), 11 3,000; salaries, $600; moltgagei, $8,000. The $13,000 is chiefly the accumulated indebtedness for current
expensei, while $8,000 is for buildings.
46927° Bull. 39-17-24
364
NEGRO EDUCATION.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $5,300 The land consists of io8 acres,'of which
4o acres were cultivated; about 5 acres were used for school campus.
Buildings: Estimated value, $75,9oo. Thera are three brick buildings and a frame
cottage. Washington Ball, value $4o,000, contains classrooms, offices, library, and
auditorium; Catherine Hall, value $18,000, contains girls', dormitories, kitchen, dining
room, recitation rooms, laboratory, and domestic science department; Hammond Hall,
value /47,5o°, contains boys' dormitories and a large basement which is not used. A,
frame cottage, value $400, is sometimes used as a hospital. The buildings are in grel
repair, neat in appearance and design, and clean throughout.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,800, as follows: 'Furniture, $3,000; equip'dent for shops, $2,000; farm equipment and live stock, $710; libniry, $too.
Recommendations.-1. That the energies of the school be centered upon teachertraining, college subjects to be excluded until the secondary classes are adequately
provided for.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening and simple manual training be made
part of the regultr course.'
3. That an adequate system of accounts be installed and the books audited annually
by an *credited accountant.
Date of visit : March, 1915.
RUST COLLEGE.
President : George Evans'
A secondary school with two-thirds of its enrollment in elementary grades and few
pupils in college classes. The management. is progressive, but the teaching force and
equipment are not sufficient for college work. Rust Home for Girls is maintained in
connection with the institution.
The school was founded in 1866 and is controlled by the Freedmen's Aid Society of
the Methodist Episcopal Church.
Attendance.Total, 196; elementary 128, secondary 60, in college classes 8. Of
the 68 pupils above the eighth grade, 17 were from Holly Springs, 39 from other places
in Mississippi, and 12 from other States; 51 were boarders. The reported enrollment
for
was 378.
VI:archers
and workers fTotal, 14; white 5, colored 9; male 5, female 9; grades 4,
academic 6, Kegisfilar 1, Commercial 1, music 1, matron
1.
Organization.Elementary: The four upper elementary grades are well taught.
Secondary :. Secondary work is given in two courses, "college preparatory," with
46 pupils and " normal," with 15 pupils. The college-preparatory course includes:
Latin, 4 years; Gentian, 2; mathematics, 3t; English, 5; history, 2; ; geology, ;4; chemistry, l ; music, 1. The normal course includes: Latin, 2 ycars; English, 4; mathematics,
4-i; chemistry, 1; geology and biology, 1; history, 2 ; music, 1; pedagogy, 1; and practice
teaching.
The effort to maintain college classes f6r eight pupilsqvith six teachers who are
already burdened with a heavy secondary program is a mistake.
1
Lea reponnendoloo ib uninerry chapter. p.
I Whitt; &pointed abet date of viekt.
Rot' Row workers are not Winded.
m
MISSISSIPPI.
365
Industrial: Though the school has some equipment to teach manual training, none
of the pupils report this work, and no trained teacher has been ernploytd. Cooking
and sewing are well taught by Rust Home workers.
Financial, 1913-14.The books are kept according to the system required by the
Freedmen's Aid Society. The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$14,656
13,956
111,300 *
Sources of in-Come: Freedmen's Aid Society, $5,600; tuition and fees, $4,733; insur-
ance, $400; Methodist Board of Education, $220; general donations, $125; other
sources, $3,578. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and
amounted to $9,344.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $7,800; salaries, $6,270;
power, light, heat, and office expenses, $3,000; repairs, $7oo; other expenses, $5,530.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $6,000. The school grounds comprise 6o acres
and occupy a beautiful site overlooking the town. The grounds are 1/2vell kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $loo,7oo. Rust Hall, a five-story brick structure, is the
principal building. It is used for classrooms, office, chapel, and dormitory. There
are four other moderately large buildings and five small structures. The buildings are
in fairly good repair and present a neat appearance.
Movable equipment : Estimated value: $4,500. Most of the equipment consists of
furnii,pre for classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendalions.-1. That teacher training be made the central work of the institution.'
2. That gardening and simple manual training be made a part of the rtgular secondary courses.'
3. That the effort to maintain college classes be deferred until the secondary courses
are adequately developed.
Dates of visits: February, 1914; March, 1915
ELIZABETH L. RUST HOME OF RUST UNIVERSITY.
Superintendent : Miss R. Barbour.'
A home school for girl's maintained and managed by thW Woman's Home Missionary
Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church., The work is a part of the educational activities of Rust University. It is clean Aid effective.
Attendance.Total, 55; all boarders.
Teachers and workers.Total, 4; white se colored r ; all female.
Organization.The 55 girls boarding in the home receive training in household carp
and attend classes at Rusitniversity. All the girls of Rust University receive training
in cooking and sewing at the Home. The work is well done.
Financial, 1914-75.The finances are carefully supervised by the central office
in Cincinnati and the mipagement is economical. The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, leas noneducational receipts
Value of plant
'Sae recommendations In euntesarty chapter, Rea.
$4, 893
4, 895
32,000
V/hite. EkctedOnce date al visit.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
366
Soutrces of income: Woman's Home Missionary Society, $4,895. The noneducational
receipts were-from the boarding department and amounted to $2,109.
Items of expenditure: Payment on debt, $2,097; supplies, $1,406; salaries, $1,16o;
student aid, $716; traveling expenses, $145; other expenses, $1,480.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $8,000. The land comprises 16 acres, part of
which is used for a garden.
Buildings: Estimated value, $22,000. The main building is a three - story frame
structure. This and the two smaller buildings are neat and well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,0oo. The equipment consists of furniture for classrooms and fairly good apparatus for teaching domestic science.
Recommendation. That the_ work be encouraged and made a more vital part of
Rust College.
Dates of visits: February, 1914; March, 1915.
PANOLA COUNTY.
Population, two
,
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries is public schools, 1912-13.
Teachers' salaries per chilcLa,to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910,
White.
Negro.
10,049
21, 224
2, 031
$32. 972
$16. 23
$7, 179
4. 1
43. 4
5, 282
Si. 36
The entire population is rural. The number ol.teachers is 95 in white schools and
164 in colored schools: The average attendance is 1,695 white pupils and 2,110 colored
pupils.
These statistics indicate the serious need for increased public-school facilities. The
work of the elementaryschools should be extended and strengthened. The Sardis
Industrial College provides a central institution where pupils may board and supplement the training 'received in the rural schools.
SARDIS.
SARDIS INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
Principal: S. D. Ross.
A school of elementary and secondary grade doing good work with limited equipment. Slle school was founded in 19o8 by the North Mississippi Educational Conference, an incorporated body of Baptist churches, and is owned and supported by the
conference.
Attendance.
Total, 109; elementary 89, secondary 2o; boarders, 48.
Teachers. Total, 5; all colored; male 1, female 4. In addition there were 3
student assistants.
Orgardzation.The work covers the regular 12 grades, with the usual elementary
and secondary subjects. Too much emphasis is placed on language and mathematics.
Only boarding pupils have industrial work. The boys work on the truck patch during
.garden season and receive good instruction. The girls are required to do housework in
connection with the boarding department.
MISSISSIPPI.
367
Financial, zaz 2-r 3.The financial records appear to be carefully kept and a
printed report of all school funds is made annually by the president.
report for the year the more important items were:
According to the
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$1,
623
1, 623
boo
3, 650
Sources of income: Chuich conferences and contributions, $675; tuition and fees,
$462; other sources, $486. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to $1,204.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,178; supplies for boarding department,
equipment, $393; fuel, $123; repairs and other expenses, $643.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $900. The land consists of 9 acres on the edge of
town. The school grounds are bare and could be improved by shade trees.
Buildings: Estimated value, $2,250. There are two frame buildings. The main
building is two stories high, the lower floor being used for classrooms and offices and the
upper floor for girls' dormitory. The boys' dormitory contains 12 rooms.
Movable equip-numi.Estimated value, $5oo. The equipment consists of simple
furniture for classrooms and dormitones and a few farm implements.
Recommendations.-1. That teaches training be emphasized.
2. That garden work be required of all pupils.'
3. That additional means and equipment be provided.
4. That the name " school" or " institute" be substituted for college.
Date of visit : February, 1914.
SIMPSON COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910 ..........,
TMtchers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
white.
-
: ..... .....
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
...
............ ................
11,232"
Nero.
5,969
2, 748
$27, 356
$9. 95
1, 510
$3, 197
$2. I I
82
39
The entire population is rural. The number of teachers'is 112 in white schools
and 41 in colored schools.
pupils.
The average attendance is 2,487 white pupils and 947 colored
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schciols should be extended and strengthened. The Piney Woods Country
Life SchoOl provides a good central institution where pupils may board and supplement
the training received in the rural schools.
BRAXTON.
PINEY WOODS COUNTRY LIFE SCHOOL.
Principal: Lawrence C. Jones.
An elementary school with 'provision for simple industrial training. Only pupils
from farm homes are admitted. The schdol has won the friendship of the local people
and exerts a helpful influence on the county.
I See recommendations In summary chapter, D. 311.
368
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The school was founded in .19o9 by the principal, a graduate of Iowa State University. gThe land for the school was donated by a colored man of the community. The
support is largely due to the princippl's energy in securing funds. Small appropriations
are made from the Simpson and Rankin County school funds.
Anendance.4---Total, 158; all elementary; boarders, 70.
Teachers and workers.Total, 8; all colored; male 4, female 4; academic 4, industrial 3, agriculture 1.
Organization.The work covers the usual eight elementary grades, with industrial
training. Pupils above the sixth grade attend classes four days and work in the industries
two days a week.
Simple equipment has been provided for work in carpentry, blacksmithing, shoe-
making, and printing for boys. The girls receive instruction in sewing and broom
making. Both boys and girls work on the farm. In view of the limited teaching force
and lack of equipment, the effort to teach a variety of industries is unwise.
Financial, r912-13.The accounts are carefully kept and a full statement of income
and expenditure is printed annually. According to the statement for the year the more
important items were:
Income, eXcluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$3, 269
3, 6i7
350
9, 309
Sources of income: Donations, $2,745; county funds, $468; other sources, $56. The
noneducational receipts amounted to $103, of which $73 was from students' boatd and
$3o from the industrial departments.
Items of expenditure: Purchase of land, $8o1; industrial departments, $75o; teachers'
salaries, $645; commissary, $506; .traveling expenses, $426; lumber, $264; office
expenses, $162; miscellaneous, $166.
PlantLand: Estimated valuer $2,000. The school owns 169 acres of land.
Of this, 8o acres are under cultivation7about 5 acres are used for campus, and t
der is in pasture.
Buildings: Estimated value, $5,000. The buildings rare all frame. The main
building is a two-story structure. There are several smali,structures. The buildings
are crudely built, but well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $2,300. Of this $1,200 was in farm implements and live stock, $800 in furniture, and $30o in library and other equipment.
Recommendations. -1. That the institution be developed as a county training school.'
2. That industrial training be limited to manual training in wood and iron, theory
and practice of gardening, and cooking and sewing for girls.'
3. That aid be provided to build a simple, substantial plant.
Date of visit : February, 1914. figures verified, 19 I 5
I See recommapdatious In summary chapter, p. 12.
MISSISSIPPI
SUNFLOWER COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, Iwo
Teachers' salaries in puplic schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910...
White.
5,'495
1, 084
$23, 232
4, 813
$10, 359
$21.43
$2. 15
3. 4
38. 3.
Negro.
23,28t
The entire population is rural. The number of teachers is 67 in white schools and
78 in colored schools. The average attendance is 869 white pupils and 1,976 colored
pupils.
These statistics indicate a great need for increased public-school facilities. The
work of the elementary .schools should be extended and strengthened. The Almeda
Gardner School provides a central institution where girls may board and supplement
the training received in the rural schools.
MOORHEAD.
ALMEDA GARDNER GIRLS' INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
Principal: Miss B. D. Hodges.'
A small, well-managed elementary school of eight grades, with a majority of the
pupils' boarding at the school.
The school was founded .in 1892 by Miss S. L. Emerson under the authority and
oversight of the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church, and it
is owned and supervised by that body.
A ttendaviZe.,--Total, 95; all girls". The reported enrollment for the year was tot.
Teachers.Total, 6; all white women. The teachers are graduates of good schools
and the teaching is effective. Instruction is provided in cooking and sewing.
Financial, 1913-1t.The accounts are kept in accordance with a simple and effective
system installed recently by the American Missionary Association. The more important
items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
Sources of income: Donations, $1,55
$3, 073
'3, 073
10, 900
; rt rican
ssionav Association, $753; tuition and fees, $260; other sources, $5o2.
he noneducational receipts amounted to
$3,301, of which $2,971 was from the boarding department and $330 from outside sales.
Items of expenditure: Supplies' for boarding department, $2,172; salaries, $1,644;
light, heat, and water, $681; outside labor, $450; student aid and labor, $437; repairs,
$363; equipment, $227; general supplies, $44; other expenses, $356,
Plant. Land: Estimated value $1,000. The land comprises about io acres. A
part of this is used for garden and the remainder for the neatlykept campus.
' Buildings: Estimated value, $57,500. There are four neat frame buildings, in good
repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,400. The equipment consists of simple
furniture for classrooms and dormitories and apparatus for girls' industrial work.
White.
ti
a.
370
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Recommendations.-1. That the public school authorities pNovide for- the elementary grades so that this institution may be devoted to the training of teachers.
2, That theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course."
Date of visit: March, 1914.
WARREN COUNTY.
White.
Population, 191o...
11, 290
Children 6 to 14 years of age, itslo
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage
Percentage illiterate, 19to
1,
Negro.
26, 191
815
$37, 059
$.2o. 42
0. 5
*23, 666
$4. 51
31. 8
The rural population is 44.5 per cent of the total. The number of teachers is 77
in white schools and 45 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,576 white
pupils and 3,665 colored pupils.
In the rural sections of the county special effort has been made to improve the
industrial work of the colored schools and to reach the farmers of the county through
the schools. The efforts of The county superintendent in this direction deserve special
mention. Besides the industrial training and gardening in the schools, many rural
clubs have been organized to raise corn, pigs, and chickens. The Colored Development
Club, organized among the farmers, meets at the various schools. The object of this
club is to improve the homes and promote better cultivatidn of crops. A Jeanes Fund
supervising industrial teacher assists the county superintendent in this work.
VICKSBURG.
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers'salaries'in public schools, 191a-13
-Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city
White.
Negro.
8,754
1,303
$19, 884
12,053
1,977
$7, 364
$x5.26
$3. 73
Percentage illiterate, 19io
0. 6
21.4,
The number of teachers is 32 in white schools and 22 in cblored schools. The
average attendance is 712 white pupils and 1,089 colored pupils.
The public schools for colored people in Vicksburg enroll about half the number of
children 6 tb 14., One of the buildings is an old frame structure which is cicIngerously
crowdecj. The St. Mary's Commercial College and the Vicksburg Industrial School are
supplementing the inadequate public school facilities. The Seventh-Day Adventist
school is of slight value to the community. It is described in the summary of miscellaneous small schools for the State.
ST. MARY'S COMMERCIAL COLLEGE. '
'Principal: Father Q. G. Steinhauer.'
A good elementiry day school with a commercial crse for advanced pupils. It
is owned and operated by a German Catholic order.
See reeoateseedatkeis to summers &neer. P.
22.
Whitt.
MISSISSIPPI.
371
Attendance.Total, 265; elementary 258, commercial course 7. The school has
no regular boarding department, but a few girls live in the home of the sisters. Religious
training is emphasized.
Teachers.Total, 7; all white Catholic sisters. The teachers are thorough in classroom work and in discipline.
Financial, 1912-13.The income of about $1,750 was derived from donations to
the order from churches.
Plant.Estimated value, $13,000. The plant consists of a large lot, two neat brick
buildings, and good classroom equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That teacher training be introduced.
2. That gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
Date of visit : February, 1914.
Facts verified, 1915.
VICKSBURG INDUST/IIAL SCHOOL
principal: R. F. pliddleton.'
An elementary d4y school with limited industrial equipment inadequately used.
The school is owned by a board of trustees and receives aid and supervision from
the American Church Institute for Negroes of the Protestant Episcopal Church and froin
the General Board of Missions of that church.
Attendance.
Total, 121 ; all elementary.
T eacher s .
Total,-5; all colored; male 2, female 3.
.
Organszadon.-..-The eight elementary grades are taught in crowded classrooms. A
high-sclhool course is outlined, but only one pupil was enrolled at the time the school
.
was visited. Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for girls and woodworking
for boys.
Financial, 9 3- z 4. As far as could be determined the more important items were:
Innothe
$2, 514
Expenditure
Value of plant
a, 400
5, 003
Si'mrces of income: Episcopal Board of Missions, $2,300; tuition, $203; other
sources, $11.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,300; materials and supplies, $100.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $1;000. The land consists of a city lot near the
town limits.
Building: Estimated value, $3,500. The school building contains to rooms; it is a
poorly built structure, part brick and part frame, badly in need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5oo. The equipment consists of classroo
furniture and a small supply of shop tools and domestic science apparatus.
Recommendation.There is a present need for this-School, but with the development of the public schools it should become part of the public school system or be
combined with one of the larger institutions. The gardening and industrial work
should be strengthened.'
Date of visit'. February, 1914. Facts verified, 1915.
'Si. reoquenesdatkos in sammary cininer, p. fa:
*Elected sines dated vbit.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
4,72
YAZOO COUNTY.
Statistics for the public schools of Yazoo County could not be obtained.
YAZOO.
White.
Population, 191c.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910....
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1914-15
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
2,642
..
Negro.
4,154
401
804
$x6, 100
40. 14
$4,2oo
o.7
5.12
16.9
Yazoo has one school for white pupils and one for colored. There are 2 1 white
teachers hand '14 colored. The attendance was reported to be 4(26 white pupils and 65o
colored pupils. Some high school instruction is provided for colored pupils.
COLORED HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: J. H. Webber.
A city high school offering three years of secondary work.
are taught in the same building.
The elementary grades
Attendance.Secondary, 49; male u, female 38. The elementary school is taught
in the same building.
Teachers.Secondary, 3; all colored; male z, female 1. Two. of the teachers
devote their entire time to the high-school grades and the other devotes over half of
her time to this work. There were to teachers for the elementary grades.
Organization. The secondary subjects include: English, 4 years; mathematics, 4;
Latin, T ; elementary science, 3%; history, 2.
Plant.Estimated value $4,000. Land: Estimated value, $5,000. The school
lot,including the playground, is 421 by 462 feet.
Building.Estimated value, $6,000. The building is a large frame structure. An
4
annex has recently been built.
Movable. equipment: Estimated value, $3,000. There is no industrial equipment.
Date of visit: December, 1915.
BAPTIST SCHOQLS.
In addition to Jackson College, aided by the American Baptist Home Mission
Society, there are 16 local Baptist schools reported in Mississippi. Of these, three were
considered important enough to discuss in the county summaries. Nine others were
visited and are described below. The other four are listecliat the end of this summary.
From the struggle for existence which these schools have it is evident that the money
now spent on the smaller schools might better be spent in strengthening the larger
institutions, such as Jackson College, Natchez College, Sardis Normal and Industrial
School, and the Baptiit Industrial High School.
ATTALA COUNTYKOSCIUSKO.
CENTRAL MISSISSIPPI COLLEGE.
President: W. A. Singleton.
A poorly managed elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It is owned by an
incorporated body of trustees representing five local Baptist associations.
.
MISSISSIPPI.
373
Attendance. Total, 15o; elementary 138, secondary 12; boarders, 4$,Teachers . Total, 8; all colored; male 2, female 6. The teaching is ineffective and the discipline
poor. Some effort is made to teach ampoing, gardening, and printing, but the work is of little value.
Financial, 1912-13. The financial records are so poorly kept that no accurate figures could be
obtained. The following estimates were given as the more important items:
. ......
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant.
.
Si, 38o
.
.
1, 200
1, 700
7, Boo
Sources of income: Baptist. associations, E,,00; tuition and tees, $680. The noneducational receipts
were from the boarding department, and amounted to $1,800.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,800; supp'iies and other expenses, $1,200.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $i,7oo is sekured by a mortgage on the school property.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $1,000. The school owns 6 acres of land.
Buildings: Estimated value, $6,200. There are two frame buildings. The main building is a
three-story structure, used for classrooms and girls' dormitory. The other building is a one-story structure used for boys' dormitory. The buildings are poorlyiept and there is no protection against fire.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $600. Of -this, $300 teas in furniture, $200 in shop equipment, and $ico in farm implements.
Recommendation.There is present fieed for this school. The work should be made more effective,
however, and with the development of the public schoolS the school should be combined with the
public school system.
Date of
March, 1913.
KOSCIUSCO INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.'
President : P. H. Thompson.
An elementary school of doubtful management with a few pupils in secondary subjects. The school
is owned by a private individual but has a nominal board of trustees.
1i6; elementary 94, secondary 22; boarders, 33. The classroom work did not
A ttendance .
appear to be thorough. The secondary pipits were' in the ninth and tenth grades. Some work in
millinery and cooking is done. A few of the boys cultivate the farm, which is operated on a commercial
basis.
Teachers . Total, 7; all colored; male 2, female 5.
4 Financial, 1912--13.The principal stated that the financial records had been destroyed by fire.
The following estimates were given for the more important items:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less nonedAcdtional receipts
Indebtedness.
Value of plant
It, 600
1,
2,
8,
600
400
940
Sburces of income: Tuition, $900; churches and other sources, $700. The noneducational receipts
were from the boarding department and amounted to $1,400.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,480; boarding department, $1,220; other purpose $3oo.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness is in the form of wmortgage on the school property.
e building
Plant. The plant consists of 322 acres of landpvalued at 6,44o; a large two-story f
valued at $2,00o, and equipment valued at Ssoo. Most of therind is in timbei:- The equipment consists of simple furniture, a little domestic science equipment, and a few farm implements.
Date of visit: March, 1913.
'Since date olvisit this sdiocil has been moved to Otoeuville Lad is called the Onewrille Iaduitri,al College.
374
NEGRO EDUCATION.
BOLIVAR COUNTY MOUND BAYOU.
MOUND BAYOU BAPTIST COLLEGE.
President: J. T. Simpson.
A poly managed elementary day school with about 150 pupils in attendance. Twelve of the
pupils are in a "ministerial" department. The school is owned and controlled by the local Baptist
Association and taught by the principal and two women, all colored. The income of about $900 was
from the Baptist Association and tuition. The plant, estimated value $1,500, consists of a town lot
and an old two-story frame house unsuited to school purposes. The equipment was very poor.
RecommendationsThat the support now given to this school he transferred to some of the larger
Baptist schools in the State.
Date of visit: March, 1914
BOLIVAR COUNTYROSEDALE.
ROSEDALE NORMAL SCHOOL.
Principal: I. J. Ellison.
An elementary school with a small number of boarders. It is owned by the local BaptistAssociation.and operated by the public-school authorities and the association. The 225 pupils were taught by
the principal and four women, all colored. The income amounted to $1,5oo of which $600 was from
the association, $500 from tuition, and 1400 from county and city. Of the income, $,2oci was used for
salaries and the remainder for generalexpenses. The plant, estimated value $3,500, consists of 10 acres
of land, a large two-story frame building, and meager equipMent.
Recommendations.-1. That the association endeavor to have the public authorities take over this
work.
a. That manual training and gaidening be made a regular part of the course)
Date of visit: March, 1914.
BOLIVAR COUNTYSHELBY.
THE INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE FOR NEGROES.
Principal: J. M. Williamson.
An elementary public school receiving aid from the local Baptist Association. The school had 3
teachers and 217 pupils.. The income amounted to approximately $1,55o, of which 51,000 was from the
county, &too from the town, rind $15o from the Baptist Association. Qf this, $1,200 was expended for
*salaries and $350 for other expenses. The plant, estimated value $2,000, consists of io acres of land,
a one-story frame building, and equipment v
t S3oo.
Recommendation. That the association ell
r to have the public authorities increase the
number of teachers and improve the equipment.
a. That additional provision be made for gardening and simple manual training)
Date of visit: Ittarch, 1914.
CLAY COUNTYWEST POINT.
MINISTERIAL INSTITUTE AND COLLEGE.
Principal: J. C. Bullen.
An elementary school with 52 boarders. The school is owned and controlled by the Mount Olive
Association of Baptist Churches.
Attendance. Total, 80. Ten grades were clairbed, but all the pupils were doing elementary work.
Teachers.Total, 5; all colored; male a, female 3.
Financial, 1913-14.The income amounted to $1,875, of which S1,125 was from the Baptist association and $750 from tuition. Of the income approximately $1,50o was expended for salaries and the
remainder for running expenses.
PlanteEstimatecl value, 111,5oo. The plant consists of about acre of land, an old frame building, and equipment valued at $500.
ReFovatitendatiorif--There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it- should become ,part of the public-school system eisr be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
as nocaussendatioos m
davits. P. al.
MISSISSIPPI.
375
r
LAUDERDALE COUNTYMERIDIAN.
MERIDIAN BAPTIST SEMINARY.
Principal: G. M. Repse.
A poorly managed elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects.
,rt
It is owned and
controlled by the consolidated Baptist associations of east Mississippi.
A tkrufance. Total, i89; elementary 167, secondary 23 ; boarders, 3.
Teachers. Total, 4; all colored; male I, female 3.
Financial, .1912-I 3. The income amounted to approximately $1,450, of which $700 was from
tuition and the remainder from the Baptist associations. Practically all of the income was expended
for salaries. In addition $530 was raised and expended for improvements. There is a mortgage indebtedness of St ,000.
Plant.The plant, estimated value Wow, consists of a city lot, a poorly constructed two-story
frame building, and equipment valued at $30o.
The building is badly in:heed of repair.
Recommendation. That this school be combined with some of the other Baptist schools of the
State.
Date of visit: February,a914.
LEFLORE COUNTYGREENWOOD.
GREENWOOD SEMINARY.
Principal: H. M. Thompson.
A poorly managed elementrar school conducted in a rented building. It is owned by the Baptists of Greenwood and vicinity, and controlled by a board of seven colored trustees. The 161 pupils
were taught by four colored teachers. The bricome amounted to $1,5oo, of which $1,250 was from the
association and $250 from tuition. Practically all of the income w1as expended for salaries. The association is buying land for a school site.
Recommendation. That the trustees endeavor to have the public authorities care forkhe children
now in this school.
Date of visit: March, 414.
MONTGOMERY COUNTYWINONA.
GRENADA AND ZION COLLEGE.
President: G. W. Hall.
A small elementary school with a few pupils of secondary grade. It was founded by the local
Baptist association and is owned and oontrollefty the association. Of the 196 pupils, 175 were elementary and 21 were in secondary subjects, '18 were boarders. Though 13 grades were claimed, only
two years of secondary work was done. The're were five colored teachers, two mee nand three women.
the Baptist assoThe income amounted to $1,419, of which $856 wasTrom board and tuition, $428 f
ciation, and $145 from donations. Of the income $821 was expended for salaries and practically all the
remainder for supplies for the boarding department. The plant, estimated value $i,soo, consi3ts of
about two acres of land. two old frame buildings, and meager equipment. The builditigs are poorly kept.
Recommendation.That the association endeavor to have the 'olic authorities provide for the
children now in this school.
Date of visit: March, 1913.
OTHER ApTISX SCHOOLS.
The following schools were also reported, but evidence indicates that they are of
minor importance.
Amite.
'Awn.
Gloster.
Lee.
Nettleton.
Union.
Marshall.
New Albany.
Holly Springs.
county.
School.
Harper College.
Nettleton High School.
New Albany High School.
Baptist Normal Institute.
376
NEGRO EDUCATION.
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
In addition to the schools described in the county summaries, there are so Catholic
parish schools in Mississippi.. The school at Greenville was visited'.and is described
below. The other 9 are listed at the end of this summary. The religious interest is
strong in all of these schools.
WASHINGTON COUNTY°GREENVILLE.
SACRED HEART SCHOOL.
Principal: Father P. 0. Stein.'
A good elementary day school owned and operated by a German Catholic order. The 13o pupils
were taught by four white sisters. Neatness, order, and religious instruction were emphasized. The
income of about $1,000 was derived from the Catholic Board of Missions and from tuition. The plant,
estimated value $20,000, consists of to acres of land on the outskirtsoiliown, two brick buildings, and
good classroom equipment. The buildings are substantial and well kept.
Recommendations.I. That this good work be encouraged by the denomination.
2. That manual training and gardening be made a part of the regular coutse.
Date of visit: October, 1914.
OTHER CATHOLIC SCHOOLS.
County.
Town.
Adams.
Hancock.
Harrison.
Jackson.
Jefferson.
Neshoba.
Union.
Warren.
Warren.
Natchez.
Bay St. Louis.
Pass Christian.
Pascagoula.
Harristown.
Laurelhill.
Waltersville.
Point Lookout.
Sandy Creek.
School.
Attendance.
St. Francis' School.
St. Rose of Lima School.
St. Philomena's School.
St. Peter's School.
St. Anthony's School.
125
Teacher..
s
3
68
2
;70
2
100
4
I
St. Mary 's School.
42
32
Sacred Heart School.
St. Joseph's School.
Sacred Heart School.
44
26
28
2
4
1
Income.
Si, 000.
350
385
675
300
300
25o
oo
300
1
SCHOOLS OF MISCELLANEOUS DENOMINATIONS.
In addition to the schools already described there are four ofher small denominaThey are operated by the African Methodist Episcopal
Church, .the Christian Church, the Sanctified Churches of Christ, and the SeventhDay Adventists air(re maintained largely for denominational purposes. In view of
the needs of Campbell C9llege, Ward Academy should be combined with the larger
AfricasrMethodist Episcopal institution.
tional schools in. Mississippi.
ADAMS COUNTYNATCHEZ.
WARD ACADEMY.
Principal: James-M. Richardson.
A small one-teacher school with poor equipment. It is located about a mile from a public school.
It was founded in toot by the African Methodist Episcopal Church and is now owned and controlled
by a board
elected by the church conference.
There
35 pupils in attendance. The reported enrollment for the year was 75 Ten grades
are claimed, butiill of the work is elementary. The principal does all the teaching.
White
4
/
MISSISSIPPI.
377
Financial, 1912-13.-111e income for the year amounted to $.4 5o, derived from district assessmeiits
in the churches of Natchez, and tuition. Practically all of this was lined for the teacher's salary. There
is an indebtedness of $204 against the school, most of which is back salary.
Plant Estimated value, i1,500. The plant consists of about r acre of city property in the colored
section of Natchez, a one-story frame building, and equipment valued at $200.
Recommendation.That the continuation of the school be conditioned upon an increased interest
by local colored people and upon the organization of the work in such a way as to supplement the
public school facilities.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
HINDS COUNTYJACKSON.
CHRIST'S TEMPLE PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Letitia Jones.
A small elementary school taught in the church of the Christian denomination. There were two
teachers, both colored women, and 52 pupils on day of visit. All the pupils were in elementary grades
and only 15 of them above the fourth grade. The income for the year, all of which was from tuition,
amounted to approximately f5oo.
Recommendation.This school should not, expect other than local support.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
CHRIST'S MISSIONARY AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
Principal: G. G. Mosely.
A poorly managed elementary school with 13o pupils, eight of whom are in secondary subjects.
It is owned and controlled by members of a small Negro denomination, known as the Sanctified Christ
Churches. There are six workers employed. As far as could be determined from the meager records,
for board
the income amounted to approximately $1,5oo, of which $1,000 was received from stud
and tuition and koo from contributions. The indebtedness amounted to $zo,000.
The plant, estimated value, $to,000, consists of 14o acres of land, four Dame buildings, and meager
equipment for dormitories. The land is cultivated on a commercial basis. The buildings are poorly
kept, and there is no equipment for industrial work.
Rec2mmendotton.This school should not expect other than local support.
Date of visit: February, 1954.
WARREN COUNTYVICKSBURG.
SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. Holston.
An elementary school taught in the Seventh Day Adventist Church. There were 3o pupils, all
below the filth grade. The teacher conducts the work for the tuition received, which amounts to
about $120. The building is in bad condition.
Recommendation.This school should not expect other than local support.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
XIII. MISSOURI.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 157,452 colored people in Missouri, forming
4.8 per cent of the total
population. The actual number of Negroes
decreased
3,782,
or 2.3 per cent, between
tcxx-.) and 1910. As farmers renting and owning
land they have charge of 229,255 acres,
while as farm laborers they undoubtedly cultivate
a much larger area. The United
States census shows that illiterates are still 17.4 per cent of the colored
people to years
of age and over and 5.2 per cent of the children
to to'14 years of age, and the
death
rate is high. These statistics indicate that
though the proportion of Negroes is relatively
small, it constitutes a vital part of the population of
the State.
Public appropriations.The State law provides that
each school district with 15 or
more colored children of school age shall maintain a colored school
unless the attendance falls below '8, in which case the school may be temporarily
discontinued and the
pupils may attend any other colored school in the
county. Effort is made to have the
same accommodations in colored schools as in the white schools
of the same district.
Public-school expenditures by race could not be obtained. Over
a
third of the colored
pupils of school age are in cities with well-established
school systems. In addition to
the public-school funds, the State appropriates $36,386
to maintain the Lincoln Institute
for the colored people of the State. This amount is supplemented
by the Federal funds
for agricultural and mechanical education.
Private financial aa.The three private schools in Missouri
have a preperty valuation of $117,5oo, an annual income of $15,843, and
52 are in elementary grades. These three schools an attendance of 158 pupils, of whom
are supported by different agencies
one is a small independent school,
one is supported by the Baptists of the State and
the American Baptist Home Mission Society, and
one by the Freedmen's Aid Society of
the Methodist Episcopal Church. The location and
relative income of these schools
may be seen from Map A.
'
Altendance.The United States census of 1910 reports 23,465 colored
children 6 to
14 years of age in Missouri, of whom 17,811 were attending school.
The
report
of the
State superintendent of education, 1912, indicates
an
enrollment
of
27,469
colored
pupils
of all ages and a seating capacity in colored elementary
and
secondary
schools
of
32,000.
The towns with a sufficient colored population maintain
colored public high schools.
Excellent secondary schools are maintained in Kansas City
and St. Louis. These
schools are described in the following summaries.
Other
colored
high schools which
are listed by the State department of education and classed
as
second-class
high schools
are located at Hannibal, St. Joseph, and Springfield.
Smaller
high
schools
are
reported
at Booneville, Chillicothe, Columbia, Fulton, Glasgow,
Higginsville, Lexington, Neosho?.
46927° Bull. 39-17-25
379
a
NEGRO EDUCATION.,
380
and Sedalia. Of the 1,50o colored secondary pupils in Missouri, about 1,400 are in
public schools and only zoo in private schools.
Special phases of education.With the fairly adequate provision of the public
schools for education of elementary and secondary grade, the field of the private schools
is limited to such special phases of education as teacher training, industrial training,
and agriculture. Although there is need of trained teachers in Missouri, only the State
school offers a special course for teachers. Two of the private schools list teachertraining subjects, but the work is not adequate. The industrial instruction is limited
to the manual-training courses of the State school and the high schools. Practically
no agricultural training is given in any of the.colored schools of the State.
These special phases of education could be materially aided by the two denominational schools if they were properly developed. With reorganization the Western College would represent a constituency of 22,000 colored Baptists in Missouri. George R.
Smith College represents about an equal number of communicants in the various Methodist bodies. In view of the small number of pupils in these schools, however, sage
plan of cooperation would be desirable. The Bartlett Agricultural and Industrial
School is fairly well located, but its work is not effectively organized.
SUMMARY OP EDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
1. The extension of the influence of the elementary rural schools. In providing
for this work the officials of the counties should consider the value of supervision such
as that given by the Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teachers in other States.
2. Better teacher-training facilities. To provide for this need the facilities of the
State school and the two largest'private schools should be strengthened.
3. More insfruction in agriculture and the problems of rural life.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
The private and higher schools are herewith described. Counties and cities in
which the more important institutions are located are presented as a background for
the discussion of the individual schools The counties .are arranged in alphabetical
order.
CHARITAN COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age in c',unty
Percentage illiterate
White.
Nero.
21,271
2,232
4, 137
491
2.3
23.8
The entire population is rural. The colored population is small, both actually
and relatively. Although the school facilities are fairly good, the percentage of illiteracy is still high. *he percentage of children 6 to 14 attending school was 73.
DALTON.
BA.RTLETT AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
Principal: N. C. Bruce.
A small elementary school founded to provide agricultural and industrial training
for the colored'children of Missouri. It was reorganized in 1911 by a group of influential
men of St. Joseph and St. Louis and located on its present site. It is owned and controlled by an independent bogrd of trustees.
MISSOURI.
381
Attendance.
Total, 19. The reported enrollment for the year was 93. A few of
the pupils board at the school.
Teachers and workers.Total, 6; all colored; the principal, his wife, and four
assistants. The teachers are from good schools and are reasonably well trained.
0,-9am:whamOnly two classes, both elementary, were in session on the day of
The industrial work is negligible and the farm is apparently maintained on a
commercial basis. Farm labor is done by hired men and a few of the work-pupils of
the school. The equipment for teaching tfades
consists of a few wood-working tools
visit.
and a small one-room shop.
Financial, 7973- r4. No systematic records are kept. As far as could be determined the income amounted to $2,837, of which $2,543 was from donations
and $294
from students' fees. The receipts from the farm amounted
to approximately $1,3oo.
Of the money received, $3,000 was expended for salaries and the remainder for
farm
and other purposes.
Plant Estimated value, $38,5oo. The plant consists of 189 acres of excellent
farm land valued at $16,000; two large frame buildings and three small
ones valued at
$17,500, and movable equipment and live stock valued at $5,000. Recmnmenclations.-1. The attendance hardly justifies the expense. The, school
should be reorganized on an agricultural and industrial basis and its attendance largely
increased.
2. That close supervision be xercised by the trustees.
3. That an accurate record o inattial transactions be kept and an annual audit
by accredited accountants be made.
Date of visit: April, 1914; February, 1915.
COLE: COUNTY.
Population, iyio.
Children O to 14 years of age
Percentage illiterate
White.
Negro.
19,80o
3,583
2, 157
241
17. 4
7. 8
The rural population is 46 per cent of the total. The colored population is small
both actually and relatively. Public-school facilities are fairly good. Of the colored
children 6 to 14 years of age in 191o, 77.2 per cent weie attending school.
LINCOLN INSTITUTE.
.jliFFERSON CITY.
President: B. F. Allen.
A school of secondary ade with
a large elementary enrollment: Industrial
features are subordinate to thy. academic. Agricultural activities are negligible.
Lincoln Institute is the State school receiving the Federal appropriations for agri-
cultural and mechanical education. The school was founded by the soldiers of the
Sixty-second and Sixty-fifth Utii,ted States Colored Infantry. The board of trustees
was organized and incorporated in 1866 and the school opened in the fall of that year.
Attendance. Total, 264; elementary 122, secondary 142. Of the secondary
.pupils 64 are male and 78 are female; rot board at the institution. The reported
enrollment for the year was 393.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
382
Teachers and workers. Total, 33; all colored; male 16, female 17; academic to,
agriculture 3, industrial to, music 3, matrons and executive workers 7. Most 9f
the teachers are well trained.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work is done in the six grades of the
practice school and the first three years of the "preparatory" department.t
Secondary: The secondary subjects are taught in the fourth " preparatory" year,
the four "normal" classes and theme" college" classes with few pup4st, These subjects
are: Latin, 2 years; English, 4; mathematics, 4; elementary scieike, j; history and
civics, 3; music, 1; education, 3; and ethics, 1.
Industrial: There are six industrial teachers and ample equipment foe industrial
courses for young men. The time allowance for each student is hour and 3o minutes
daily for two years. A few students take a vecial course requiring more time. The
courses offered are carpentry, blacksmithing, tailoring, machinery, shoemaking, woodturning, and drawing. Because of the limited time allowed in these courses and the
small number of pupils specializing in them, the industrial work amounts to no more
than manual training. Courses in cooking and sewing are provided for the girls. Four
teacherS handle this wcirk.
Agriculture: Two teachers and one laborer are reported in agr'iculture, but one
teacher gives a large part of his time to physics and biology. The work is chiefly of the
classroom type. Only six pupils were reported- as taking the subject, and only one pupil
reported agriculture as his trade." The farm of 60 acres recently purchased is used
only slightly for educational purposes.
Music: Four teachers are engaged in the music department.
Discipline: The supervision of the. pupils is not effective. The boys' rooms were
deficient in order and cleanliness.
Financial, 1912.The'books of the school were kept by the secret y of the .hoard
of regents. No financial records were kept at the school except the accounts of the
boarding department, which is conducted by the president of the school on a private
basis. Figures for the department could not be 9btained and are omitted entkelv
from the following statement: The printed biennial.report to the hoard of regents for.
1911 and 1912 was the only summary of the financial operations available at the school.
The following statement based upon the report gives the average annual income and
expenditure for the period:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Valul of plant
6
$2 442 21
36' (2; 5
Sources of income: State appropriations, $36,386; tuition and fees, $1,760; Federal
funds, $3,135; balance, Federal funds from previous year, $891. The noneducational
receipts were frWm the farm and shops and amounted to $537
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $25,491; fuel, light, and power, $5,366; repairs,
$3934; material, $2,705; advertising and printing, $796; summer school, $750; equipment, $703; expenses in connection with meetings of board of regerfts, $654; library
books, $500; improvement of grounds, $500; postage and stationery, $256; diplomas,
$134; insurance, $94; labor, $67; commencement speaker, $64; other expenses, $145.
MISSOURI.
383
Plant Land: Estimated value, $5o,000. The school land comprises 8o acres, of
which ay are under cultivation. The grounds present a good appearance.
Buildings: Estimated v,,lue, $145,000. The main building, a. 4-story brick
structure, contains chapel, classrooms and offices. The boys' dormitory and the girls'
dormitory are 3-story brick structures; the industrial .building is a 2-story brick structure, and a 2-story building is used for training school. There are also two cottages.
The buildings are in good repair.
Equipment : Estimated value, $31,375. Scientific apparatus, machinery, and furniture, $25,000; books inlibrary, $5,000; live stock, $1,375. Ample equipment for farm
and shops is provided and the selection of books in the library is good, but the dormitory
furniture is inadequate.
Recornmetidations.-1. That the mechanical and agricultural equipment be made
effective parts of the educational plant.
2. That supervision of class attendance and dormitory discipline he improved.
3. That the boarding department be conducted by the school and related to the
domestic science department.
4. That a cost - accounting system be installed and the books audited by an accredited
accountant.
Date of visit : April, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
MACON COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 yearsof age
Percentage illiterate.
White.
Negro.
29,863
1,004
5, 590
3. 4
21. 4
172
The rural population is 88.4 per cent of the total. The colored population is small
both actually and relatively. Although the public school facilities are fairly good, the
percentage of illiteracy is still high.
93 per cent were attending school.
Of the colored children, 6 to 14 years of age in 191o,
mAcoti.
THE WESTERN COLLEGE AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
President : Inman E. Page.'
A secondary school with small elementary enrollment. It was founded in 1890 and
is owned by a colored boated of managers elected !Sy the Missouri State Colored Baptist
Convention. The school receives aid and supervision from the American Baptist Home
Mission Society.
Allendancr.Total, 66; elementary 23, secondary 43; boarders,
20.
Of the
pupils reporting sex 26 were male, 25 female. The reported enrollment for the year
was 116.
Teachers and workers. 'Total, ii; all colored; male 4, female 7; grades 2, academic
4, office 2, music 2, matron 1.
Orga,.izatton.An elaborate otganiyation, with academic, college- preparatory,
college, theological, and industrial departments, is outlined in the catalogue. Only the
elementary grades and one secondary course enroll pupils, however.
xlementary: Elementary work is done in the fifth, sixthe,seventh, and eighth grades,
and he so-called " subacadeinic" year.
0...
1 lilected since date al visit.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
384
Secondary: The secondary course includes Latin, 3 years; English, 3; mathematics,
3; science, 4!4; history, t ; physiology, 1; education, 1; psychology and ethics, 1;
methods and practice teaching, 1; reviews, ; agriculture,
Industrial: There is no systematic industrial instruction. Pupils are required to
help in the care of the buildings and a few pay part of their expenses by working on the
land.
Financial, 1912 -13. The accounts are kept in accordance with the requirements of
the American Baptist Home Mission Society and a financial statement in good form is
printed at the end of the year. According to the statement for 1912-13 the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts .
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$4, 486
4, 463
569
20, 000
Sources of income: Tuition, $1,192; colored churches and individuals, $1,12 1 ;
American Baptist Home Mission Society, $1,000; Baptist conventions and associations,
$495; Woman's American Bantist Home Mission Society, $4m; white churches add
individuals, $118; other sou-ces, $t6o. The noneducational receipts were from the
boarding department and amounted to $2,553.
IternS of expenditure: Salaries and wages, $3,239; food supplies, $1,183; repairs
and renewals, $425; general supplies, $291; heat and light, $207; traveling expenses, $68;
other expenses, $1,130.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $2,40o.
property. The grounds are fairly well kept.
BuildinN Estimated value, $i6,000.
The land consists 'of 12 acres of city
There are tlioll 2 -story buildings, two of
frame ahd one of brick.
Movable- equipment: Estimated value, $1,6tx).
furniture for dormitory and classrooms. There is
The equipment consists largely of
actically no shop equipment or
scientific apparatus.
Recommendations.In view of the fact that the few colored pupils in Macon County
are adequately provided with public school facilities, the maintenance of a private
school with a small boarding attendance is questionable. The continuation of the institution should be conditioned on the increase of out-of-town pupils, the strengthening of
teacher-training, and the introduction of gardening and simple industrial training.
Dates of visits: April 2 1, 1914; January 27, 1915.
PETTIS COUNTY.
Population, 1910..
Children 6 to 14 years of age
Percentage illiterate
Whitt.
31, 197
5, 362
2. 1
Negro.
2, 715
.445
20. 2
The rural population is 47.4 per cent of the total. The colored population is small,
both actually and relatively: Although the public school facilities are fairly good, the
percentage of illiteracy is stillrhigh. Of the colored children 6 to 14 years of age in
1910, 74.4 per cent were attending school.
41
MISSOURI.
385
SEDALIA.
GEORGE R. SMITH COLLEGE.
President : 'R. B. Haves.'
A small school with 73 pupils scattered in elementary.; secondary and so-called
college subjects. Its management is hampered by the elaborate organization. A boarding department is maintained.
In 1888 the first building was completed and the school was opened in 1894 by
the Freedman's Aid Society. It is supported and supervised by that society.
Atkndance.Total, 73; elementary 10, secondary 57 (of whom 1 t report college
subjects), special students 6; male 31, female 42; from Sedalia, 13; from other parts
of Missouri, 36; from other States, 24. There were 25 pupils boarding at the school. The
reported enrollment for the year was 8'5.
Teachers and workers.Total, 12; white 2, colored to; male 4, female 8; grades 1.
academic 6, girls' industries 2, music 1, commercial 1, office 1. Five of the teachers
were trained at the school.
Organizatien.Elementary: Three elementary grades are taught by one teacher
and a student assistant.
Secondary: Secondary work is given in two courses "college preparatory" with
pupils, and "normal" with 29. The college preparatory Course includes: Latin,
3!2 years; Greek or German, 2; Englig, 3; mathematics, 3; elementary science, 2;
history and civics,
; Bible, t ; physiology, %; music,. The normal course covers:
Latin, 3 years; English, 3; mathematics, 3; elementary science, 2; history and civics,
Bible, 1; physiology,
)psychologyAnd education, 1; methods, 1; practice
teaching, !4 ; reviews, 1.
The so-called college classeS continue the secondary work. The small teaching
force and the preparation of eee pupils do not warrant the effort to maintain college
classes.
Industrial: A little swing and cooking is givenen the normal course. Work in
gardening is also planned.
Financial, 1913-14.The financial
management economical.
records are carefully kept and the business
The more important items were:
Income, exclueling noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of school plant
...
$8, 520
7, 697
59.000
Arces of income: Freedmen's Aid Society, $5,261; tuition, $1,635; general donations, $639; contributions front,colored conferences, $231; contributions from teachers
[Ind students, $131; other sources, $623. The noneducational receipts amounted to
$2,229, cf which $2,122 was from the boarding department and $107 from the.farm.
Items of expenditures...Salaries of teachers and workers, $4,300; old bills, $1,946;
supplies for kkoarding department, $1,ts1; fuel, light, and water, $875; sundries, $794;
repairs, $512; student labor, $348. Cash on hand and funds deposited for repairs
amounted to $823.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $5,000. 'The school land comprises 28 acres, of
which '26 acres are under cultivation. The grounds are in good condition and present
a neat appearance.
Inectad dace date al r6tt.
NEGRO EDUeANON
386
Building: Estimated value, $50,000. The bUilding is a large brick structure,
four stories high,, with basement. It contains 62 rooms, including the president's suite,
teachers' rooms, and students' dormitories. It wae. in need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated vialue $4,000. The movable equipment consists
chiefly of furniture and limited farm equipment. The scientific apparatus and shop
equipment are negligible.
Recommendalion.-1. That the continvation of the institution be conditioned on the
increase of out -of -town pupils, the strengthening of reacher.training, and the introduction
of gardening und simple indUstrial training.
2. That no attempt be made to do college work.
Date of visit: April, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL'S.
In addition to the private and higher, schools already described there are two important public high schools in Missouri.
Statements covering these schools follow.
KANSAS CITY.
KANSAS CITY PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: J. R. E. Lee.
A well-managed public high. school offering four years of secondary work and good
,
industrial courses.
Attendance. Total, 315; all secondary; male 112, female 203.
Teachers.Total, 15; all colored; male 9, female 6.
Organization.The secondary course is well arranged. Latin is only required in
the first year, but may be elected in the other three. German is also electiv.e. The
course makes provision for instruction in science, history, English, and mathematics.
Four years of industrial work are required. Domestic science and manual training are
provided. Considerable work has been done recently in stimulating community interest
through the churches and lodges.
PlantThe plant, estimated value $too,000, consists of a good brick building and
modern equipment.
Date of visit: April, 1914.
ST. LOUIS.
ST. LOUIS PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: F. L. Williams.
A well-managed public high school. In equipment, quality o work, and educational opportunities offered, this school stands first among the pub high schools for
colored ptople in the United States.
,Attendance.Total, 595; all secondary; male t97, female 398.
Teachers.Total, 3o; all colored.
Organization.The secondary subjects are arranged on the elective ?stem. The
teachers are well selected, and the classroom work is excellent. The usual trades for
boys are taught. Courses in domestic science and domestic arts are given for girls.
Plant.The plant, estimated value $330,500, consists of a city lot and an excellent
brick building of modern construction. The equipment for teaching science and industry
is excellent.
Dates of visits: April, 1914; January, 1915.
XIV. NORTH CAROLINA.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 697,843 colored people in North Carolina, forming 31.6 per cent of the
total populatiOn. The' constitute 37 per cent of all persons engaged in agricultural
pursuits in the State. The number of farms cultivated by them increase&19.4 per cent
between' 19oo and 1910. As farmers, renting and owning land, they have charge of
3,121,827 acres; as farm laborers, they undoubtedly cultivate much larger area of
North Carolina soil. While the United States census indicates hopeful progress in the
decrease of illiteracy and in. the improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still
31.9 per cent of the persons lo years of age and aver and 16.6 per cent of the children so
to 14 years of au, and the death rate is almost twice as high as that of the white people.
Such a degree of illiteracy and ill health is certain evidence of extensiw waste of economic
resources and human energy. In view of these facts, it is important to note the following'
summary of the public-school facilities and educational needs of North Carolina as they
are shown in the reports of the United States census and the State superintendent of
public instruction:
White.
500, 511
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age ,1910
Negro.
gr
.
'325,555
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-111
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in State
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Percentage living in rural communities, 1910
6194803434
$1, 715, 994
$5. 27
12.3
$34 86
86.5
8314
31.9
Public appropriations. The public-school teachers of North Carolina received
Of this? sum $1,715,994 was for the teachers of 325,555
white children and $340,856 was for the teachers of 169,034 colored children. On a per
capita basis this is $5.27 for each white child of school age and $2.02 for each ' colored
child. Map 20 presents these figures for-each county in North Carolina, the proportion
of Negroes being indicated by the shading.- The inequalities are greatest in counties with
the largest proportion of Negroes. The per capita sums for white children decrease and
$2,c,-,6,85o in salaries in 1910-11.
those for colored children increase, with considerable regularity, as the proportion of
Negroes becomes smaller. The extent of this regularity appears in the following table,
which shows the per capita expenditure for county groups, based on the percentake of
Negro population:
White
school
"'County groups percentage of Negroes in the population.
Coanties under 10 per cent
Coiinties JO to 25 per Cent
Counties 25 to so per cent
Counties so to 75per cent
Depute- t
tam.
38, 003
101, 223
139, 927
25, 502
Negro
school
popular-
Per
tion
c:15t
3, 180
23, 249
!3. 24
101, 467
41, 138
6. sz
*2.74
2.48
2.09
6. 78
1 r:
4. 36
'
Per
capita
"ea& Negro.
Excludes r,o34 children of foreign Parentage.
Although the appropriations foe colored schools have increased since ion, the salaries of whitg teachers have increased
much more rapidly than those of colored teadsas.
387
saadaN P atcluapiad alp salsoma! Salprqs aqy
pasoloa
10) Jamo1
'sat-is/vs
sollarndod rem
auger o) s! Ammo tvea a! irag saddn aqy
,S1111113val 40 SISVEI /1111 No vxiloavD FLOWN NI Nglial1H3 02180103 ciliv-ELIM1/41 ItOd SH751111alstadXS VIDIV3 Nacj'0C etVN
aq.4 u1
a
389
NORTH CAROLINA.
The high per capita cost of white children in the " black belt " counties is partly explained by the fact that they are few in number and widely scattered. The smaller cost
of schools for colored children is partly due to-the lower wage scale of colored teachers and
partly to the very limited provision for high-school education. It is apparent, however,
that these explanations by no means account for the wide divergencies in the "black
belt" counties. In addition to the $1,715,994 appropriated for the teachers of white
public schools, the State appropriated $302,000 to maintain two normal schools and two
institutions of higher learning. To the $340,856 appropriated for colored public-school
teachers the State added $28,379 to maintain three colored normal schools and to supplement Ole income of the State Agricultural and Mechanical School, largely maintained by
the Federal Government.
Private financial aidThe deficiencies presented above in the expenditures for the
education of the colored people largely explain the active campaigns for private schools
since the Civil War. As a result of this activity the private schools have a property
valuation of $2,282,486, an annual income of $262,032, and an attendance of 7,828
pupils, of whom 6,656 are in elementary grades. It is sometimes thought that the liberal
private contributions to these schools make up for the inequalities in the public appropriations for the education of white and colored youth. In North Carolina, however,
the total expenditure of both public and private schools for colored people is far less
than the expenditure for white teachers in public schools alone, In addition the income
of the 13 large private white schools, as reported to the Bureau of Education, was
$494,181, as compared with $262,032, the income of all colored private schools. A summary of the income and property of the private and higher colored schools grouped according to ownership is given in the following table:
Value ol
Annual
Number of
schools
income.
Propeity.
Total private schools
Independent
72
$262,032
$2,282,486
9
18,389
120,000
Denominational..
State and Federal
63
243,643
2, 162, 486
4
49,394
265,100
According to this table practically all the private aid goes to denominational? schools,
the independent schools being small and few in number. The annual ineorn of the
colored schools owned by denominations whose membership is white, or largely so
aggregates $194,759, as against $48,904 for those of the colored denominations. The
property owned by the former group is valued at $1,801,736, and that owned by the
latter at $360,750. Some of the schools owned by white denominations receive considerable sums of money fron their colored members. The statistics of ttke State and Federal
schools, with an income of $49,394 and property valued at $265,100, are in striking con-
trast with those of thtorivate schools. In addition to the private aid indicated in the
table, $15,842 was appropriated for general supervision and special phases of education
by the Jeanes Fund, Slater Fund, and the General Education Board.
While the total number of private schools is 72, only 3o play any important part
in the educational activities of the State. Some of the remaining 42 may be justified
on denominational grounds; the majority, however, are so hampered by small income or
poor management that the State receives little benefit from them. The schools of the
first group are described under their respective counties and their location is shown on
390
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Map 21.
The schools of the second group are summarized according to ownership and
discussed at the end of this chapter. The attendance of the private and higher colored schools by ownership groups is indicated in the following statement :
Owoership &colored schools.
Total private schools
Independent
Denominational
Number ol
schools
72
Total
Elemenattendance
tary.
' 7, 828
6, 656
9
63
State and Federal
4
4
'
Second-
ry.
597
537
7,231
6,119
i, 087
60
1,o27
791
493
298
In -view of the frequency of the terms "academy" and "college" in the names of
these private institutions, it is important to note that only about one-eighth of their
pupils are of secondary grade and only 64 are in college classes..
Attendance. The United States census reported 169,034 children 6 to 14 years of
age, with 1o8,20o attending school. A study of the figures for the public and private
schools shows that while a majority of the elementary colored pupils are in the public...)
schools, the majority of the secondary and all the college pupils are in private schools.
The majority.of the white secondary pupils, however, are in public schools, while the
white college students are about equally divided between public and private institutions.
Elementary.The inadequacy of the elementary School system for colored children
is indicated by the fact that. the attendance in both public and private schools is less
than 65 pert-of the children of elementary school age. The average term of the
public schools for North Carolina is 4.8 months. A study recently made by the State
supervisor of colored schools indicates that many of the eletentary teachers are very
poorly prepared.
Secondary.There are no four-year public high schools for colored people in North
Carolina except the State Agricultural and Technical College and the three normal
schools. Some high-school work is done in the city schools of Raleigh and Durham.
Of the 1,385 colored pupils in secondary schools in North Carolina, 1,087 are in 28
private schools. Four-year courses are maintained in 11 of these schools, with 749
pupils. The secondary work of the remaining 17 schools varies from a few subjects
above the elementary grades to a full three-year course. The coursea.of study of most
of these schools follow .closely the college preparatoi-ST'.or classical type.
Many of them
still require Greek and practically all of them make Latin the central subject. Very
few make adequate provision for physical or social science.
College.Shaw University is the only colored institution in North Carolina equipped
to do college work.. Livingstone College and Biddle University have some pupils in
college classes. Several other schools outline college courses, but the work done is
little -more than advanced secondary work. Theological subjects are taught at Shaw
University, Biddle University, and Livingstone College. Other institutions claim
"theological" courses, but their work consists largely of lectures to local ministers
who attend irregularly, or of a mixture of theological and academic subjects taught
to pupils of elementary and secondary grade.
Tacher training. The most urgent need of the colored schools in North Carolina
is trained teachers. The supply now depends almost entirely upon the secondary schools,
.
Includes Is college and prolesslostal students.
§
§
qi :4 M M
22
.0
2t
0003.0
1.t
NORTH CAROLINA.
g
2
%*
g
T.
8
3 .0
Fo
3
pF
9.
°
4
391
392
4
NEGRO EDUCATION.
most of which .are private institutions. Of these to offer fairly good courses in teacher
training. Five others include one or two teacher-training subjects in their general
course. To supplement these facilities, an effort is now being made to develop county
training schools. Through the cooperation of the Slater Fund and the General Education Board with the State department of education, six of these schools are maintained.'
As yet, however, their work is almost entirely of elementary grade. They are county
centers at which some secondary and industrial training may be supplied to those who
plan to teach in the rural schools. The pupils in the graduating classes of all th schools
offering teacher training aggregate only about 35o pupils, an annual output obviously
inadequate to meet the needs for teachers in a State with 697,843 colored people and
2,988 colored public-school teachers.
it:dash-is:it Only the Negro Agricultural and Technical College is equipped to
teach trades. Because of the limited time assigned,. the work, even in this school, is
hardly more than manual training. Sixteen schools offer satisfactory industrial work
in one or two lines and sixteen others are attempting to give manual training. Effective
instruction in cooking and sewing for girls is provided in a number of private schools.
Agriculture.The agricultural training of the colored people depends on the State
Agricultural and Technical School and a few of the smaller schools. Four of the private
schools in the State have farms on which the pupils are employed as laborers. the educatiohal value of this labor varying with the institution. Ten private schools in the State
have courses in gardening. Recently the State normal schools nave recogniied the
value of a well-planned course in gardening and are introducing the subject.
Supervision. Through the cooperation of the Stdte department of education and
the General Education Board a white supervisor is maintained or the colored schools.
This supervisor travels over the State observing educational conditions and encouraging all efforts for improvement. The more importarkt agencies with which he cooperates
are the Jeanes and Slater Funds and the Rosenwald Rural School Building Fund. In
the summer of 1914 summer schools were conducted by the State at the Negro Agricultural and Technical College and the Slater Normal School. Teachers' institutes
were also held at several places.
Eighteen counties in the State had Jeanes Fund workers in 1914 and four others
bad similar workers supported by the Slater Fund. These supervising industrial teachers
travel among the rural schools, introducing industrial work and helping to extend the
influence of the school into the community. In the 18 counties where the work is carried on by the Jeanes Fund, the Fund contributed $3,972, the counties appropriated
$1,875, and the supervisors raised $8,732 by appeals to the people. A portion of the
money raised was for the Rosenwald rural schools an the county training schools.
With the financial help of the General Education Board these supervisors and other
agents have organized "home-makers clubs" in 25 counties. These clubs, enrolling
colored girls and their mothers, stimula* interest in gardening, cooking, sewing,
canning, and other phases of home life. In the campaign for building better rural
'schoolhouses for colored children, $1,215 was expended by the Rosenwald Fund.
Pre ol thew ate described in the county aununaties. The sixth. Hatk County Training School was opened in late.
393
NORTH CAROLINA.
SUMMARY OP EDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
1. The strengthening and extension of the elementary-school system. The only
agencies able to meet this need are the State, the county, and the local public-school
districts.
2. The increase of teacher-training facilities. To this end secondary schools with
teacher-trainirtg courses should be provided, more summer schools and teachers' insti-
tutes should be maintained, and the private schools should-cooperate with the State
department of education by placing more emphasis on teacher-training courses in accordance with State standards.
3. More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple industries.
-
In developing this work, counties should realize the possibilities of the Jeanes Fund
industrial supervisors.
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the problems of rural life, so that teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people 8o per cent rural.
5. The maintenance of industrial high schools in cities.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
The private and higher schools are herewith described. Counties and cities in
which the more important institutions are located are presented as a background for the
discussion of the individual schools. The counties are arranged in alphabetical order.
BUNCOMBE COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19to
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910 -u..
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
41,814
Negro.
7,982
8, 46.4
1, 553
$67, 429
$7.97
$8 323
$5.36
&1
17. 4
The rural population is 62.3 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 7 months for white pupils and 7.I months for colored. The number of
teachers is 210 in white schools and 36 in colored schools. The average attendance is
6,819 white pupils and 1,157 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate that the school facilities for colored people are fairly satisfactory. A Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teacher travels in the county and aids
the teachers in rural schools to introduce industrial work and extend the influence of
the school in the community. The city of Asheville furnishes good elementary schools.
The Allen Industrial Home and School should give up elementary work, centering
its efforts on home training for girls and teacher training.
ASHEVILLE.
ALLEN INDUSTRIAL HOME AND SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Alsie B. Dole.'
A girls' school of elementary and secondary grade. Good training .in subjects
relating to home life is provided for those who board at the home. A " Training School
for Negro Deaconesses and Missionaries" was opened in 1914-15.
1 Whits.
394
NEGRO EDUCATION.
-
The school was established in 1887 and is owned by the Woman's Home Missionary
Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The supervision is effective and the management economical.
Attendance. Total, 24o; all female; elementary 218, secondary 2 2 ; day pupils
198, boarders 42.
-,
Teachers and Workers.Total, to; white 7, cajored 3 ; all female; academic 6,
industrial 2, others 2.
Organization.Elementary: The day pupils have an eight-grade elementary course,
with good instruction in sewing and cooking.
Secondary: The secondary work consists of three years of high-school subjects,
including mathematics, history, English, and physiology, with effective training in
cooking, sewing, laundry work, and general housework.
Financial, 1913-14.The finances are carefully supervised by the home office in
'Cincinnati, and the business management is economical. The more important items
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
.:
$ 44 :5533
20, 000
Sources of income: Woman's Home mission. Society, $4,174 ; tuition and fees,
$495; general donations, $184. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding
department and amounted to $1,482.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,340; supplies, $2,219; student aid, $55o; other
expenses, $1,226.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $3,0x0.
business section of Asheville.
The land comprises a large lot neat the
The premises are neatly kept.
Building: Estimated' value, $15,000. The school building is anitrtistic stucco
building with two stories and basement. The other building is a th ee -story frame
structure, used for dormitory and teachers' home. It is old but substantially built
and in fairly good repair.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $2,00o. The equipment consists of good
classroom and dormitory furniture and domestic - science apparatus.
Recommendations. -1. That the institution center its \ work on the training of
deaconesses and missionaries for the Methodist Church and on teacher training for
western North Carolina.
2. That the elementary grades be eliminated and the necessary arr0 ements for
practice work be made with the city school authorities.
3. That provision for instruction in household arts be increased and the theory
and practice of gardening made a part of t)le regular course.
Date of visit: April, 191$.
CABARRUS COUNTY.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, zgto
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910
Teacheir salaries per child 6 to 14 in county....
Percentage illiterate, 191.3.
White.
.. .
20, 145
Nevo.
6, o95
4.303
S22, 566
$3, 596
85. 24
11.5
$2.43
29.8
1, 480
NORTH CAROLINA.
395
The rural population is 66.8 per cent of the total. The average length of the publi.cschool tertn is,5.5 months for white pupils and 4.8 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 104 in white schools and 29 in colored schools. The average attendance is
3,284 white pup's and 956 colored pupils.
These statis 'es indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schoo should be extended and strengthened. The Scotia Seminary has
practically no loca pupils and therefore does not affect the county situation materially.
SCOTIA SEMINARY.
CONCORD.
President: A. W. Verner.'
A well-matmed girls' school of §econdary grade with a large elementary enrollment.
Good home training is given in the dormitories.
The school was founded in t866 by the Freedmen's committee of the General
Assembly of the Presbyterian Church and is owned and supervised by the Presbyterian
Board of Missions for Freednien.
Attendance.Total, 270; elementary 221, secondary 49. Practically all the pupils
are boarders. Of those reporting residence, 5 were from Concord, 16o from other places
in North Carolina, and 1o5 from other States.
Teachers.Total, 19; white 15, colored 4; male 1, female 18; academic :, music 2,
industrial 2, administration 1.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary subjects are taught in the three prepara-
tory years and in the first twb years of the "seminary" course. The work is thorough.
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the last two years of the "seminary"
course and in a higher course of three years. The course includes: English, 5 years;
mathematics, 3.; Latin, 3; science, 2; history, 1 ; civics, ; physiology, t ; psychology
and practice teaching,
Bible, 1. The instruction is thorough, but there is not
sufficient provision for teacher training.
Industrial: Good instruction is provided in cooking and sewing. 'Theory and
'practice are combined in the household duties.
Financial, 1913-14.The financial management is economical, but the book-
keeping is not in accordance with accepted principles of accounting.
determined the more imilortant items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
As far as could be
S12, 012
8, 738
6o, too
Sources of income: Presbyterian Board, $9,816; music tuition, $1,300; donations,
$896. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted
to $15,754.
Items of expenditure: " Running expenses," $0,576; salaries, $5,916.
were not available.
Details
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $2,1oo. The land consists of 7 acres 9f city
property. The general appearance is good.
48027°Bull. 30-17-28
Whitt.
411
NEGRO EDUCATION.
396
Buildings: Estimated value, $:5o,000.
There are three large four-story brick build-
ings, all connecting. The buildings are substantial, but they are old-fashioned and
without adequate protection against fire.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $8,00o.
Recommedations.-1. That the work of the institution be strengthened by the
reorganization of the curriculum to give more emphasis to teacher training, elementary
science, and theory and practice of, gardening.'
2. That the institution enlarge its contgct with the schools of the county and State.
Date of visit : December, 1914.
CARTERET COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910 -n.
Tea.chers'salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
White.
Negro.
11,484
2,297
' 2,292
$8,'759
$1,443
>f3. 8r
82. go
32. 6
13. 5
515
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public- school term is 4
months for white pupils and 3.6 months for colored. The number of teachers is 53 in
white schools and 6 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,266 white pupils
and 169 colored pupils.
There is evident need for strengthening the public school facilities. The small colored population of the county does not, however, warrant the maintenance of a private
school.
BEAUFORT.
WASHBURN SEMINARY.
Principal: M. N. Green.
A small elementary day school with a few high-school pupils taught in a building
planned for a much larger enrollment.
The school was founded in 1865 by the American Missionary Association of the
Congregational Church and is owned and supervised by that association.
AttendancetTotal, 46; elementary 36, secondary 10. The reported enrollment for
the year was 88. The classroom work is fairly well done.
Teachers.Total, 4; all colored; male 1, female 3.
Financial, 1913-14.The finances are supervised by the American Missionary
Association and the books kept in accordance with a simple system recently installed.
The more important items for the year Tre :
Incoine, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$1,731
1,731
6, zoo
Sources ofoincome: American Missionary Association, $1,480; tuition and fees, $217;
other sources, $34. The noneducational receipts were from sales of the industrial
department and amounted to $23.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $880; repairs, $686; equipment and supplies, $74;
outside labor, $51; heat, light, and water, $34; student aid and labor, $29.
1 See temonssmalations in summary chapter, p. ss.
NORTH CAROLINA-:`
397
PlantLand: Estimated value, $1,000. The land consists of a city lot.,
Buildings: Estimated value, $4,400. There is one large building, used for general
school purposes and a small shop building not in use.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $700. The equipment consists of classroom
furniture and a little industrial equipment.
Recommendation.That the plant be turned over to the public authoraies on
condition that they maintain the school for colored people.
Date of visit: May, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
CHOWAN COUNTY.
White.
Population, 149io.
Children 6 to 54 years doge, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-11.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
5,144
f
1. 104
Negro.
t.), 159
$6, 762
1) 509
2, 447
V. 12
$1.62
1o. 6
25. 5
The rural population is 75.3 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 5.8 months for white pupils and 4.3 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 3o in white schools and 24 in colored schools. The average attendance is
778 white pupils and 784 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
eleinentary schools should be extended and strengthened. On account of the local
political situation the school district of Edenton town has been so arranged that there
arc two public schools for Negroes, one within the local tax district and one outside.
Neither of these schools is efficient. The Episcopal parochial school and the Baptist
school are of slight educational value to the community. The Edenton Normal and
Industrial Institute should be reorganized, centering its energies on more advanced
work, so that pupils from the surrounding country may board and supplement the
limited training received in the rural schools.
EDENTON.
EDENTON NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: G. W. McCorkle.'
An elementary' school with a few secondary pupils. Its class work and boarding
department are in need of reorganization.
The school is owned and supported by the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
and controlled by a self-perpetuating board of trustees.
Attendance.Total, 1o9; elementary 93, secondary 16; boarders, 25. The reported
enrollment for the year was 148.
Teachers.7Total, 5; all colored; male 1, female 4.
Organization.=Elementary: The elementary worlecovers eight grilr. One hour a
week is devoted to sewing. The classrooms were crowded.
Secondary: The 16 secondary pupils are taking a three-year high-school course of
the college preparatory type. A little practice teaching is done by the students in the
third year.
I Elected since date ol
NEGRO EDUCATION.
398
Financial, 191 3-4. --The more important financial items, as far as could be determined, were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditure less noneducational receipts
S1,417
1, 528
Indebtedness..........
2,500
Value of plant..
3, 550
Sources of income: African Methodist Episcoftal Zion churches and conferences,
$792; tuition, $2oo ; entertainments and donations, $425. The noneducational receipts
were from the boarding department and amounted to Poo.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,o8o; supplies for boarding department, $800;
power, light, and heat, $15o; interest, $148; other purposes, $5o.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $2,5o0, secured by a mortgage on the school
property,.was reported to represent money borrowed to meet the running expenses of
the schoolA
Plant Land : estimated value, $350. The land consists of one large town lot.
Buildings: Estimated value, $3,090. There are two frame buildings, both in poor
condition.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $200. The equipment consists of meager
furniture for a few dormitory rooms and rough benches for seats in classrooms.
Recommendation. Provision should be made for paying the debt, and the school
should then be made a county training school.
Date of visit : December, 1914.
.
CRAVEN COUNTY.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 19ro-
Teachers' salaries pr child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, l'910
........
White.
Neva
11,279
2,187
14,310
$19,965
$6, 558
$9. 13
7. 6
$2.22
2,956
31.3
The rural population is 61.1 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school tettn is 6.; months for white pupils and 4.8 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 82 in white schools and ,2 in colored schools. The average attendance is
i,8751white pupils and 1,466 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additionaAehool facilities. The work of 4he
elementary schools should' be extended and strengthened. The small private school
in James City, just across the river from Newbern, should be confirmed only so long
'as the public schools are inadequate. As the public school in the city cof Newbern
is fairly good, the Eastern North Carolina Industrial School should abandon the attempt
to do primary work an should center its energies on the higher elementary and sec ondary work for boarding pupils. It should be encouraged to develop as a central
institution offering secondary, industrial, and teacher-training work.
NORTH CAROLINA.
399
NEWBERN.
EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA INDUSTRIAL ACADEMY
President : William Sutton.
An elementary school with a few secondary pupils. Though crude in many
ways, the
school provides needed industrial training and boarding facilities for
a
few
pupils
in a
thickly populated section.
The school was founded in 1901 by the principal and is owned
and partially supported by the general connection of the African Methodist Episcopal
A ttendance. Total, 134; elementary 120, secondary 14; boarders, Zion Church.
3o. The reported
enrollment for the year was 150.
Teachers . Total, 64 all colored; male 3, female 3.
Organization.The eleipentary work is done in six grades and in the first year of
the normal department. The secondary pupils
cover about two years of high-school
work. Latin is given in two years.
The senior year includes Greek and moral philosophy. In the endeavor to cover io grades in nine years, short-time recitations
are held.
In spite of this rushing process, however,. much of the teaching
is good. A college
course is outlined in the catalogue, but no pupils were enrolled.
A few hones of practice teaching is required in the last year of the "normal" course.
The industrial work consists of broom making, done on a commercial scale, a little
woodworking for boys, and some sewing for girls.
Financia/, z913=z4. As far as could be determined, the more important financial
items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness .
Value of plant .
$1,650
I,650
300
7, 000
Sources of income: Afrkati Methodist 'Episcopt4, Zion general conference and
district conference, $1,450; donations and tuition, $200. The
nonedufational receipts
were from the boarding department arid shops and amounted to $400.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,200; repairs, $300; rupning
expenses, $550.
Indebtedness: Theindebtedness of $.00 was back salaries due teachers.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $1,500. The land comprises five city lots on the
edge of Newbern.
Buildings: Eqtimated value, $5,000. There are three school buildings
and the
president's house, all'small structures poorly built but in faid? good repair.
The
classrooms and girls' domfitories were clean.
Movable equipment: Estimated value $goo. The equipment consists of
furniture
for classrooms and dormitories and a little shop equipment.
Recommendations.x. That the school abandon the elementary grades
possible and center its energies upon industrial and teacher-training work as soon as
of secondary
grade.
2. That a higher standard of preparation for the high school be required.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
400
3. That some of the vacant space in the lots be utilized to teach the pupils gardening.'
4. That more attention be paid to the home life of the pupils in the dormitories.
Dates of visits: December, 1914; April, 1915.
CUNIBERLAND COUNTY.
Population, 1910
,
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o..........
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-it
Teachers' salaries per child 6.to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
White.
Negro.
19, 88.
15. 353
3,977
824,315
$6. t t
3, 824
$5, 608
11. c
$1. 47
30. 84,
.1111%).
The rural ;population is 8o per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 5.5 months for white pupils and 4.4 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 124 in white schools and 66 in colored schools. The average attendance is
3,541 white pupils and 2,794 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need of increased school facilities. The work of the
public schopls should be extended and strengthened. The city of Vayeiteville should
be urged to care for all the elementary pupils, so that the State Normal School may
center its work on theesecondary, industrial, and teacher-training subjects.
FAYETTEVILLE.
STATE COLORED NORMAL SCHOOL.
s
A
Principal: E. E. Smith.
A school of elementary and secondary grades with practice teaching. The only
industrial work is for girls. There is no boyf dormitory, but a few boys live in small
.rented cottages.
The school was founded in 1877. It is one of three normal schools for colored
people in the State and is controlled by a board of six trustees, who are prominent white
men appointed by the Statt Board of Education.
Atlendance.Total, 227; elementary 174, secondary 53; male 114, female 113;
boarders, 56.
Teachers.Total, 7; all colored; male 3, female 4. The teachers are doing good
work.
Organization. Elementary: The eight elementary grades are well taught. On
account of the limited teaching force, however, it is necessary to have two grades to a
teacher. Student teachers of the senior normal year serve as assistants,-The
year of the "normal" is also elementary.
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the last three years of the "normal" course.
The course includes: Latin. 2 years; English, 3; elementary science, ; history,. 3;___
physiology, i ; mathematics, 1; physical geography, r ; music; 3; spelling, 2 ; writing,
54;arithmetic, 2. Although the pupils in the lower secondary clals-es-ii-e--pooilY
prepared; -the inclusion of spelling, writing,. and arithmetic in the ,secondary course
tends to correct this condition. The time allotment and equipment for elementary
science are inadequate.
I Bee recommend:taxi- in atanggiary chapter, p. 31.
NORTH CAROLINA.
401
Financial, 1914-r 5.As far as could be determined, the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant.
.85, 544
4, 930
38, 700
Sources of income: State appropriation, $4,969; Slater Fund,
$300; tuition and
fees, $275. The noneducational receipts amounted to $3,414,
of ',Inch $3,380 was from
the boarding Jepartment and $34 from the farm.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,880; student labor, exclusive of
boarding department, $2,300; supplies and labor for boarding department, $1,444;
heat,
fuel, and
water, $350; repairs, $250; advertising and printing, $120.
Plan!. Land: Estimated value, $4,000. The school owns 4o'acres
of land, of
which 3o are cultivated and ro acres used for.campus.
Buildings: Estimated value, $33,000. There are two two-story
brick buildings
owned by the,schoOl. Several cottages are rented for
boys' dormitories.
Movable equipment : Estimated value01,7oo. Of this $1,5oo is in furniture,
$100
in shop equipment, and $loo in
library booCs.
,Recommeidation.That provision be made for more teacher training, manual
training, theory slid practice of
gardening.'
Date of visit : December, 1914. Facts verified, 1915.
DURHAM COUNTY.
White.
9
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-11 .
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, r9 to.
22,893
Nem
13,383
4, 365
3, 663
$$6, 899
$1o, 838
$13.04
$4 07
8. 3
31. 2
The rural population is 48.3 per cent of the total. The average length of the
publicschool term is 8.4 months for both white and colored pupils.
The
number
of
teachers
is
125 in white schoolsiiiiid 44 in cored schools.
The average attendance is 3,33o white
'pupils
and 1,3447 co red pupils.
_
The county needs additional school facilities, especially for elementary
pupils.
The city of Durham maintains a fairly good two-year high school.
DURHAM.
NATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL. 2
President: James E. Shepard.
A school of elementary and secondary grade. College and theological
departments
are announced, but on the day of visit there were only three pupils in college
subjects
See reconunendations in summary chapter, p. 23.
2 Because of the sale and reorganization of this
school since the former visits to it in tors and tarn and the claim that it is now
In better condition than it was at that time, Dr. Samuel Paul Capen, the bureau's specialist
in higher education, and ilr. John
H. Hipon, of the firm of Judson, Hinson &
company, chartered accountants. sr Wall Street,
York, were sent in response to
a request of the president of the school to 'avert and report upon its present condition andNew
financial
status, including its mat
financial history in so far as this could be obtained from the records.
The
statement
here
made
inboard
on Dr. Ce.'s Misertion of November, me, and Mr. lEgson's report.
tr
ti
NEGRO EDUCATION.
402
and three in the theological course. No,teacher devotes full time to college work. Of
the i so pupils reporting troll:4ms, 52 were from purham.
the president in IA under the name of the National
The school was establish
In 1915 it was sold at auction to satisfy a large indebtedness and was bought by a group of former creditors incorporated as the "Golden Belt
Realty Company." Up to the date of sale the school had a colored board of trustees,
who exercised no authority in its affairs, and also a white advisory board. In May,
1916, the school was bought back from the Golden Belt Realty Company and the name
changed to the National Training School. The property is now unencumbered. Under
Religious Training School.
the presentarrangement the president continues in office and some of the original creditors,
who were also the incorporators of the Golden Belt Realty Company, are members of
the trustee board.
Attendance. Total, 123; elementary 39, secondary 60, college subjects 3, theological 3, coirmercial 6, specials in sewing 12.
Teachers.Total, 18; all colored; male 8, female so; academic 6, industrial 4, theological 2, music 1, office and administrative workers 2, matron and other workers 3.
Organization.In addition to the usual elementary and secondary subjects, some
instruction in commercial subjects is offered. The only industrial training is in cooking
and sewing. ` The establishment of a college of arts and letters and a teachers' college
is announced in the catalogue. As yet, however, the'school has neither the teaching
force nor equipment for this work. A theological cotirse, with two full-time teachers, is
maintained. Three pupils in theology were in attendance on the day the school was
Visited and an enrollment of 6 was reported. In view of the number of other and older
schools having facilities for college and theological work, there would seem to be no need
for work of either of these kinds in this school.
Financial.A special investigation of the financial affairs of this institution made in
November, 1916, by a chartered public accountant, showed that all financial records
except a cash book for the period prior to,May, 1916, had been destroyed, that no bank
account had been kept by the school, and that the journal entries were obtained from
the president's personal checks and memoranda. It was further shown that $42,000
was claimed by the president to be due him for salary and cash advanced to the school.
The report describes the present bookkeeping system as unsatisfactory.
A complete financial statement could not be obtained for any year subsequent to
5913-14.
As far as could be determined the more important items for that year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts'
Expenditures, less noaeducational receipts
Value of plant
$6, 325
5,031
55.000
Sources of income: General donations, $4,987; tuition and fees, $1,338. The
noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to $2,968.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,564; interest, $900; power, light, and heat, $780;
equipthent, $560; advertising and soliciting, $480; outside labor, $469; repairs, $250;
materials, $592; student labor, $160; other expenses, $1,644.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $15,00o. The la.ndcomprises 32 acres, with 10
acres under cultivation. The school grounds were neat in appearance and indicated
NORTH CAROLINA.
403
that considerable money and labor had been expended in their improvement and beautification.
Buildings: Estimated value, $35,000. There are several frame structures and a
two-story brick-veneer building. Of the frame structures the women's dormitory, the
administration building, the teachers' residence, and the president's house are two-story
structures. The auditorium and dining room are of one story. The buildings are of
good design and present a neat appearance.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,006. Of this, $3,000 was in dormitory
and classroom furniture, $1,000 in farm equipments and live stock, $7oo in industrial
equipment, and $30o in library books.
Recommendalion.In view of the very recent reorganization of the school and its
past failures, no recommendation can be made in regard to it.
EDGECOMBE COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in county.
Percentage illitemte, 1910
What.
Negro.
12, 555
2, 556
$18, 802
19,453
4,618
$5,724
$7. 36
61. 24
11. 4
38.5
The rural population is 93.7 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 6.8 months for white pupils and 4.9 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 69 in white schools and 44 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,433 white pupils and 2,040 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Joseph K. Brick School
provides a good central training institution where the pupils of this county and the surrounding counties may board and supplement the limited training received in the rural
schools. The small independent school at Rocky,Mount is of slight educational value to
the community. This school is described in the summary of small independent schools
for the Stairp
BRICKS.
J. K. BRICK AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND NORMAL SCHOOL
Principal:I. S. Inhorden.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with some provision for industrial and
agricultural instruction. The management is effective and the educational activities
have exerted considerable influence on the surrounding community.
The institution was founded in 1895 bl the American Missionary Association of the
Congregational Church. It was made possible by the kilts Mrs. Julia Elma Brewster
Brick, of Brooklyn, N. Y.
Attendance.Total, 26o; elementary 213, secondary 47; male 138, female. 132;
boarders, 178. The reported enrollment for the year was 336.
Teachers.Total, 19; all colored; male 7, female 1 2 ; grades 4, academic 4, agricul-
ture 2, matrons and household arts 4, manual training 1, music 1, others 3.
Orgarizaiion.Elementar)4: The elementary work covers the usual eight grades.
404
,a
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Secondary: The four-year secondary course includes English, 4 years; mathematics,
3; Latin, 4; elementary science, 3 ; history, 2 1 ; economics, y,
Industrial: One teacher of manual training conducts classes for boys, beginning with
the sixth elementary grade. Instruction in cooking and sewinglialso begins with the
sixth grade. In the secondary classes the time required is five periods a week.
In the regular course industrial subjects are subordinated to the academic. A group
of pupils known as the "work class" are engaged in manual work during the day and
attend night school. Much of this work has educational value.
Agriculture: The school owns a large amount of land and cultivate- over too acres,
but the educational phase of the work is not emphasized. The theory of agriculture is
taught in the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades. Some practice work in gardening is
required in connection with this course.
Extension: The stunmer school for rural teachers and the farmers' conference have
contributed much to the improvement of the county.
Financial, 1913-r4. The finances are supervised by the American Missionary Association and the books kept in accordance with a simple system installed recently, by that
association. The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of property.
1t6, ooh
.
16, 006
343,800
Sources of income: Endowment funds, $8,821; donations, $r ,208; tuition and fees,
$1,071; American Missionary Association, $988; other sources, $3,918. The noneducational receipts amounted to $11,657, of which $7,260 was from the boarding department,
$3,779 from farm and shop sales, and $618 from sale of books.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $6,426; salaries, $5,972;
repairs, $2,686; power, light, heat, and water, $2,352; genera I supplies, $2, t 56 ; equipment,
$1,222; student aid and labor, $353; other expenses $6,496.
Property: The property consists of $153,800 in the school plant and $190,000 in
endowment.
Plant. Land: E timated value, $6o,000.
this, about 4o acres ar
rented out.
The land comprises 1,129 acres. Of
sed for campus, 140 acres cultivated by the school and 260 acres
Buildings: Estimated value, $77,400. The academic and administration building
is a recently erected, well-built three-story brick structure ; Brewster Hall and Beard Hall
are three-story brick buildings used for boys' dormitories; Benedict Hall, a three-story
brick building, is used for girls' dormitory; the domestic-science building is a neat twostory building, partly of brick, used for dining room and domestic-science classes; ,the
shop building is a two-story brick structure. There are also three neat two-story
cottages for principal and teachers, a one-story frame building used as a laundry, a
storehouse, barn, and other small structures. The buildings are provided with steam
beat, running water, and fairly good fire protection. They are in good repair and the
classrooms and dormitories are well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $16,400. About half of this is in furniture.
There is good shop and domestic-science equipment, some farm implements and live
stock, and a small library.
NORTH CAROLINA.
405
Recommendations.-1. That teacher training and theory and practice of gardening
be-made part of the required course for pupils in the secondary grades.'
2. That the cultivation of the farm be more closely related to the educational activi,
ties of the sch ol.
Dates of visits: April, 1913; March, 1915.
FORSYTH COUNTY..
White.
33, 281
Population, piro.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-11.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 3910.
Negro
14, 027
6,579
2,754
844, 145
89, 118
VI 71
$3.31
10. 9
30- 7
The'rt:ral population is 52 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 6.2 months for white pupils and 6.2 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 17o in white schools and 45 in colored schools. The average attendance is
4,585 white pupils and 1,412 colored,pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities.
The city of
Winston-Salem maintains four good public schools for colored people, however. One of
these is taught in connectior. with the Slater State Normal School and is used as a practice
school for the teacher-training classes. There are no private schools outside of the city
of Winston-Salem.
WINSTON-SALEM.
SLATER INDUSTRIAL AND STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.
Principal: S. G. Atkins.
A secondary school enrolling some elementary pupils. Its practice school is owned
and operated by the city but supervised by Normal School teachers. Limited industrial
work is done. The progressive management recently installed is handicapped by lack
of funds.
The school was founded in 1895 and is controlled by a board of trustees appointed
by the State board of education.
Attendance.Total, 165; elementary 78, secondary 87; male 71, female 94;
from Winston-Salem, 93; from outside the city, 72; boarders, 65. There were also
234 pupils enrolled in the practice school, which was a part of the city school system.
Teachers and workers.Total, lo' all colored; male 8, female 2; academic 5,
boys' industries 1, girls' industries 2, agriculture 1, and an office assistant.
Organization.Elementary: The six-grade practice school is taught by six teachers
from the senior class. The other elementary work is done in the first two years of
normal course.
Secondary: The work is done in the last two yedrs of the " normal ".and two "postgraduate" years.' The course includes: Latin, 3 years; German, 1; algebra, 2; geometry,
English, 4; history, 2 ; pedagogy, 2; MUSIC, I ; and brief time in
sical g&ognaphy,I See recommendations in summary chapter.
.1.
Six practice-school teachers furnished by the city are not included.
The second "Oat-graduate" year has been added since date of visit.
406
NEGRO EDUCATION.
physics, agriculture, sewing, cooking, and manual training. The course is not strong in
the teaching of hygiene, elementary science, and agriculture.
Financial, z9r3z4.The financial management is economical and the accounts
are carefully kept.
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts....
Value of plant
ti
$5,258
4, 750
50
.51,700
Sources of income: State appropriations, $4,600; Slater Fund, $3oo; borrowed
money, $176; entertainments and Sunday-school collections, Sill; rents, $3o; diploma
fees, $17; other sources, $24. The noneducational receipts amounted
to $4,853, of which
$4,236 was from board and tuition, which could not be shown
separately, $364 from
farm and garden sales, $loo from sale of house, and $153 from other sources.
In
addition the State made a special appropriation of $3,000 for improvements,
all
of
which
was expended.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,837; supplies For boarding department,
$1,833;
fuel, light, and water, $882; improvements and repairs, $692J farm and
garden supplies, $416; furniture and equipment, $410; advertising and soliciting,
$277; telephone
and telegraph, $77; rent, $52; interest, $47; other expenses, $80.
Indebtedness: An indebtedness of $12,000 was incurred before the school was
taken over by the State. This debt is not secured by any lien on the school property.
When the institution was made a State school the trustees assumed
responsibility for
its payment.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $15,000. The school land comprises about 20
acres near the town limits. Oi this, 15 acres are cultivated as farm and garden
and 5
acres are used for campus.
Buildings: Estimated value, $32,5o0. There are four buildings.
ing is a three-story brick structure used for classrooms, chapel, and The main buildgirls' dormitory.
The boys' dormitory is a two-story frame structure with 16 rooms.
Other frame structures are the office building and the president's house. The buildings are without adequate fire protection.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $4,200. Of this, fie ,96o was in furniture,
$1,000 in library books and fixtures, $64o in farm implements, and $600
in shop equipment.
,
RecommendationWith the city operating a six-grade practice school on the
grounds the best organization for the Slater School is that of the "six-and-six"
plan,
with all grades of the high school doing departmental work. The, last
two years should
be considered as part of the high-school course and not as "post- graduate academic."
The present curriculum should be strengthened in accordance with modem
ideas of
teaching history, the social and natural sciences, and gardening.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
FRANKLIN COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 24 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 2910-21 .
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 4 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
.
White.
13, 126
Nero.
11, 564
2,790
2,975
$15, 745
$5. 64
z r. 4
$5, 013
Ss. 69
32'9
NORTH CAROLINA.
407
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is 5.4
months for white pupils and 4.9 months for the colored. The number of teachers is 85
in white schools and 51 in colored schools. The average attendance is 2,057 white pupils
and 1,475 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased public-school facilities. The work
of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The existing need
does not justify, however, the concentration of six private schools in the towns of Louisburg and Franklinton. With the exception of Christian College and Albion Academy,
all of these schools are doing elementary Work of low grade and are of little value to the
community. The Episcopal parochial, Presbyterian parochial, local Baptist, and Independent schoolS are described in the summaries of small schools for the State. The
Christian College could be developed to meet local needs. The Presbyterian Board of
Missions does not seem justified in operating the Albion Academy on its present scale
when the Mary Potter Memorial School, in Granville County, is so close at hand.
FRANI:LINTON.
ALBION ACADEMY.
re`
Principal : John A. Savage.
An elementary school with a few secondary pupils and a small boarding department.
The school was founded by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen and
it is owned and controlled by That board.
Attendance.Total, 198; elementary 155, secondary 43. Of the secondary pupils
15 were boys and 28 girls; all but 6 were from outside of Franklinton. A boarding
department is maintained. The reported enrollment for the year was 347.
Teachers.Total, 11; all colored; male 2, female 9.
Organization. Elementary: The elementary grades, enrolling most of the pupils,
are poorly taught.
Secondary: The secondary work covers three years. The course includes: Mathematics, 3 years; English, 3; physical geography, ;- elementary science, 1 ; history, 2;
sociology,
Students may elect three years of Latin, two years of Greek, and one
year of psychology. It will be noted that this course is weak science and omits such
important subjects as teacher training, hygiene, and botany.
Industrial: There is almost no systematic industrial tra
ng for boys. A few
pupils receive instruction in shoemaking. The girls have fairly satisfactory instruction
in cooking and sewing.
Discipline: The appearance of the grounds and boys' buildings indicates the need
of better supervision.
Financial, 1914-15.The accounts are kept in accordance with the requirements
of the Board of Missions for Freedmen. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure less noneducational receipts..
Value of plant
$6, 169
6, 169
42, 700
Sources of income : Board of Missions for Freedmen, $5,109; donations, $781; tuition,
$279. The noneducational receipts amounted to $4,825. Of this, $4,630 was from the
boarding department and $t95 from the farm.
10
4
408
NEGRO. EDUCATION.
Items of expenditure : Supplies for boarding department, $5,869; salaries, $2,765;
general supplies, $989; repairs, $690; outside labor, $389; equipment, $207; books and
stationery, $85.
z
In addition to the appropriation for salaries and current expenses, the Boa of
Missions appropriated $3,913 for new buildings and heating plant.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $12,000. The school owns 6o acres of land, 40
acres of which are cultivated. The grounds are bare and could be greatly improved by
trees and regular walks.
Buildings: Estimated value, $25,700. There are five frame buildings in good repair.
The dormitories and classrooms are not well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $5,000. Of this about $3,000 is in furniture and the remainder in the heating plant, farm implements, and live stock.
Recommendations.Since there are several other schools in the vicinity, this school
should look to consolidation with one of the other schools supported by the Presbyterian board
Date of visit : December, 1914. Facts verified, 1915.
CHRISTIAN COLLEGE
Principal: H. E. Long.
A school of elementary grade with few pupils in secondary and theological subjects.
The institution was reopened last year in a new building valued at $5o,000. Six teachers,
all
are employed. The attendance is 106. Dormitory rooms for boys and girls
are provided.
The school was founded in 1878 by the American Christian Convention. The original building located in the town of Franklinton was recently sold to the public-school
authorities. The institution is owned and largely maintained by the American Christian
Convention.
Financial, a t4- 15. As far as could be determined the more important items for
the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness..........
Value of poverty
.
S2)300
1, 910
3, coo
70, coo
Sources of income: American Christian Convention and donations, $1,20o; endow- .00'
went funds, $800; tuition and fees, $3oo. The noneducational receipts were from the
farm anTamounted to $2oo. The school also expended $3,000 for equipment.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,530; power, light, and heat, $250; interest, $i 8o;
supplies and other expenses, $150.
Indebtefiness: The indebtedness represents unpaid sums on the new building.
School property: The property consists of $58,000 in the plant and $12,000 in
endowment.
Plank Land : Estimated value, $5,000 The land comprises 83 acres, of which
about two-thirds are cultivated and the-remainder used for school campus.
NORTH CAROLINA.
409
Buildings: Estimated value, $5o,00o. The building is a new four-story and basement structure of cement block construction, with dormitories on the third and fourth
floors.
Movable equipment : Estimated slue, $3,000,
1,1,55o was in academic
classroom furniture equipment, $goo in
implemelej1114.1oo in shop tools, and $150
in boarding department equipment.
Recommendations. -1. That cooperation with the public- school authorities of the
county be established and the school developed as a county training school.
2. That teacher training and theory and practice of gardening be made part of the
regular course.'
3. That the teaching of cooking and sewing be correlated with the management of
the school boarding department and dormitory.
4. That an accounting system be installed and an annual audit made by an accredited accountant.
Date of visit : December, 1915.
GASTON COUNTY.
Population, 1910..
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, tom-I1
Teachers' salary per child 6 to 14 in county.
illiterate, 1910.._......
White.
Negro.
28, 56:
6, :57
$a8, 131
$1502
$4. 57
14. 5
.Percentage
2, :72
$2,927'
$1.35
33.3
The rural population is 83.5 per cent of the total. The average length of the
public-school term is 6.2 months for white pupils s 1 emonths for colored. The number
of teachers is 131 in white schools and 37 in colored schools. The average attendance is
3,879 white pupils and 1,389 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. Lincoln Academy, located
in Gaston County, could provide the facilities of a central training school for the counties
of Gaston and Cleveland.'
LINCOLN ACADEMY. j
KINGS MOUNTAIN.
Principal: I. Alva Aart.'
An elementary school with a few high-school pupils doing good work in a rural
community.
The institution was founded in 1892 by Miss E. C. Prudden and is owned and suppOrted by the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church.
Atkndance.Total, 120; elementary 116, secondary 4; boarders, 49. The reported enrollment for the year was 237.
_Teachers and workers.Total, 12; white 7, colored 5; male, 3, female 9; grades 6,
girls' industries 2, boys' industries 1, agricultural 1, music 1, matron, 1.
See rectinnundetions in sununary chapter, p. as.
The school is on the county line. In tact while it is located it Gasket Candy, its postvece eddies in Lisp Monate
Clivelend County.
.
White; appointed sintsdate of nit.
410
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Organization.The classroom work covers nine grades. The ninth grade includes
English, Latin, algebra, botany,-chemistry, and industrial courses. The teaching is well
done.
Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for the girls. Because of lack of
equipment the manual training is of little value. There is some work in agriculture.
Financial, 1913-14.The finances are supervised by the American Missionary.
Association and the accounts kept in accordance with a simple sy
by that association. The more important items for the year were:
recently installed
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$4, 530
4, 530
20, 720
Sources of income : American Missionary Association, $3,405 ; donations, $529; public funds, $145; tuition and fees, $i 2 2 ; other sources, $329. The noneducational
receipts amounted to $2,753, of which $1,990 was from the boarding department and
$765 from farm and shop sales.
Items of expenditure; Salaries, $3,162; supplies for boarding department, $1,726;
equipment, $467; repairs, $360; general supplies, $356; heat, light, and water, $318;
student aid and labor, $.232 othersource_s $664.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $3,320. The land
prises about 8o acres. A
part of this is cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $14,5oo. The buildings are all frame structures.
They include a four -story centro'_ school building, a three-story girls' dormitory, a fourstory boys' dormitory, a two-story building used for dining room and kitchen, a small
two-story shop building, a laundry building, three cottages for teachers, and a barn.
The rooms were well kept but some of the buildings were in need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,9oo. The equipment consists chiefly of
furniture, with some apparatus for shop work and domestic science.
Recommendation. That increased emphasis be given to teacher training and industrial courses adapted to the needs of rural sections of the State.
Date of visit: December, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
GRANVILI,E COUNTY.'
Population, x9xo
Children 6 to 14 years of age, lobo
Teachers' salaries in public schools, igict-I
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, ispzo
White.
I2,859
NegrO.
12, 239
,000
32Q
Sic, 27
$6.42
10.4
$5, 135
$1. 54
34
The rural population is 88 per cent of the total. The average 1pngth of the publicschool term is 5.6 months for white pupils and 4.7 months for colored.' Thc: number of
teachers is 98 in white schools and 48 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,88t white pupils and 1,481 colored pupils. These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities. The work of the elementary schools should be extended and
strengthened. The Mary Potter School at Oxford furnishes a good central institution
where pupils may board and supplement the training given insthe rural schools.
NORTH CAROLINA.
411
OXFORD.
MARY POTTER MEMORIAL SCHOOL.
President : G. C. Shaw.
A school of elementary and secondary grade giving good twim training. It was
founded in 1890 as a mochial school of the Presbyterian Board of Missions fot Freedmen.
It is owned and controlled by that I5oard. A mixed board,of trustees acts in an
advisory
capacity.
Attoulance.Total, 460; elementary 427, secondary 33. Of the pupils above the
eighth grade 31 were male and 63 female; 33 Were from Oxford, 47 from other places in
North Carolina, and 14 from other States. There were 151 boarding at the school.
.Teacikrs and workers.Total, i4; all colored; male 5, female 9; grades 5, academic 3,
girls' indtistries 2, boys' industries .1, music 1, matrons ?
Organi.ation.Elementary: Elementary work is done in the regular eight grades
and in the first two years of the " normal" course. Latin and algebra are included in
the last year. The classes are crowded.
Secondary : The secondary work is done in the last two years of the " normal" course.
The course includes : Latin, 1% years; Greek, I ; English, 2; mathematics,
2; science, I ;
history,
civics,
; agriculture, t z ; methods,
Bible,
and music, i 4. The
course is deficient in teacher training and elementary scienc!.
Industrial: The industrial work for boys is irregular. The shop is equipped with
several benches, but these are only slightly used. The farm land is cultivated on a commercial basis. Fairly good instruction in cooking and sewing is provided and all girls
above the fourth grade are required to take some training in these subjects.
Financial, 1913-14.The financial management is honest, but the bookkeeping
system is inadequate. The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
fndebtedness. .. .. .. .. ..
.
Value of plant
.
..
$4, 058
4, 778
520
52, 925
Sources of income: Freedmen's I3oa d, $3,5 ; tuition and fees, $5( )1 donations,
$40. The noneducational reef ipts were f on the boarding department and
amounted to
;
$5,796.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $5,603; salaries, $2,640;
fuel and light, $469; labor, $270; printing and apreFtising, $128; hooks and stationary,
$65; other expenses, $1,399. The deficit for tkeyear was $0720.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness represented money due for the current expenses
of the school.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $9,oc)o. The land consists of a farm of 70 acres
valued at $4,000 and 16 acres of city property used for school grounds, valued at $5,0e.n.
Buildings: Estimated value, $40,350. There are outhe, school grounds five, large
frame buildings, one brick building three stories high, ai
three cottages. The brick
building is comparatively new; the other buildings, though olli, are in reasonably good
repair.
46927°
Bull. 39-17
27
4
NEGRO EDUCATION.
412
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $3575. Furniture, $2,500; farm equipment and live stock, $90o; shop equipment, $ioo; library books, $75.
Recommendations. -1. That the Presbyterian board endeavor to have the public
school authorities provide for the large loca.1 enrollment of elementary pupils.
2. That more provision be made for teacher training, elementary science, theory, and
practice of gardening, and manual training.'
Date of visit : December, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
GUILFORD COUNTY.
White.
Population, 19ro .
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-11
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiteracy, 7910
45,115
8, 662
$73, 573
$8. 49
7-, 8
Negro.
15, 379
3, 334
$11, 198
$3 36
24.
2
The rural population is 58 per cent of the total. The average length of the public -.
school term is 6.9 months for white pupils and 6.1 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 261 in white schools and. 6o in colored schools. The average attendance is
7,237 white pupils and 1,723 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities.
A Jeancs Fund
supervising industrial teacher travels in the county and aids the teachers in rural schools
to introduce industrial work and extend the influence of the school into the commudity.
In the northern portion of the county the board of education is cooperating with the
Palmer Memorial Institute in developing a central rural school where pupils may board
and receive instruction in industrial work and teacher training. In the southern por-
tion of the county the Normal and Industrial School at High Point is another centei
where pupils may board and supplement the training given in the rural schools. The
threNehools in the city of Greensboro differ widely from each other. The Agricultural and Technical College is the State school for colored boys.
The Lutheran College is
maintained for denominational purposes, and Bennett College is the only school maintained by the Freedmen's Aid Society in North Carolina,
BENNETT COLLEGE.
GREENSBORO.
It
t
President: Frank Trigg.'
A secondary school with large elementary enrollment. Administrative difficulties
have hampered the work. The school was founded in 1873 by the Freedmen's Aid
Society and chartered in 1889. It is owned and controlled by that society. Kent Home
is maintained in connection with the college.
Attendance.Total, 312; elementary 235, secondary 77; male 102, female 21o. Of
the I io pupils above the seventh grade, 48 were from Greensborii, 52 from other parts of
North Carolina, a-dd so from other States; 53 were boarders.
Teachers and workers.Total, 12;3 all colored; male 6, female 6; grades 3, academic 7, matron's, registrar 1.
,
A
See recommendations In summary chapter, p. os.
s Not Including 2 workers In If
I Elected since date of visit.
Hosise.
NORTH CAROLINA.
413
Organization.Elementary: The elementary grades are taught by three teachers
and student assistants.
Secondary: The secondary pupils are divided into two groups" college preparatory" with 17 pupils and "normal" with 46. The college preparatory course covers:
Latin, 4 years; German, 1%; English, 3; mathematics, *4; science, 3;4; history and
civics, 3; Bible, 1. The normal course includes: Latin, 2 years; English, 3; mathematicsi 2; elementary science,
history and civics,
physiology, ; agriculture,
psychology and education, 1; methods, 1; practice teaching, 34.
The college subjects reported are not warranted in view of the small attendance (10
pupils) and the limited teaching force (7 teachers each with a full prograth of secondaiy
classes). Cooking.and sewing are provided for the girls by the Kent Home teachers.
'A little gardening has recently been introduced.
Finaltcial, 19r3-14.The more important financial items were:.
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$6, 000
6,050
4-4, 500
Sources of income: Freedmen's Aid s.._Thciety, $3,747; tuition and fees, $1,563; general donations, $50; other sources, $t4o. The noneducational receipts were from the
boarding department and amounted to $3,720.
Itenisuf expenditure: Salaries, $4,069; supplies, $2,433; student aid, $5o; other
items, $3,218.
nt.Land: Estimated value, $18,6(x). The land consists of 37 acres within the
city limits. Of this about zo acres ate under cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value, $22,900. The central building is a four-story brick
structure used for office, library, classrooms, dining room, and girls' dormitory. Carolina Hall contains chapel and boys' dormitories. A presidept's house has recently been
erectud. Two large frame structures are used for the industrial building and laundry.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,00o. The equipment consists mostly of
furniture. The scientific apparatus and farm equipment are inadequate.
Recommendationr.-1. That the plan to make this a school exclusively for girls be
.
encouraged.
2. That the training of teachers be the central aim.
3. That the courses in gardening and home economics be made a partiof the regular
course.'
4. That the school authorities endeavor to have the city of Greensboro take over
the large enrollment of local elementary pupils.
Date of visit: March, 1915.
KENT HOME OF BENNETT COLLEGE.
Superintendent: Mrs. M. L. Donelson.2
A home school for girls, owned and supported by the Woman's Home Missionary
Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The work is thorough and the
management effective. The work of the home is a part of the educational activities of Bennett
College.
I See recommendations in summary chapter, p. 21.
White.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
414
Attendance.Total, 140; boarders, 38.
Teachers and workers.The teachers were three earnest white women, well trained
for their Work.
Organization.The girls Who board in the home receive training in sewing, cooking,
and household care. Instruction in sewing and cooking is also provided for the girls
in Bennett College whose schedule of literary classes permits thi., work.
Financial, r9r3-r4,The finances are carefully supervised, by the home office in
The more important items
Cincinnati, and the business management is 'economical.
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts ,
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
......
$2, 635
0418
13, 000
Sources of income : Woman's Home Missionary Society, $1,860; donations, $75; other
sources, $700. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and
amounted to $80.
_Items of expenditure: Salaries, $88o; student aid, $800; supplies, $20o; traveling
expenses, $138; other expenses, $400.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $1,000. The land comprises about half an acre.
The premises are well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $11,000. The building is a neat three-story brick
structure. It is clean and well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,000. The equipment consists of good
furniture and domestic science apparatus.
ReccnnmendatiozeThat the work he encouraged and made a more vital part of
Bennett College.
Date of visit: March, 1915.
NEGRO AGRICULTURAL AND TECIINICAL(COLLEGE.
President : J. 13. Dudley.
A school of secondary aide' with four elementary classes. Thy, industrial and
agricultural departments are well planned, but the work is loosely administered. The
attendance is limited to men.
The school was established by the North Carolina Legislature in 1891, and until 1915
was known as the "Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes:: The act of
establishment declares the leading object of the institution to be "instruction in agriculture and mechanic arts and such branches of learning as relate thereto." The school
ceives&ral funds for agricultural and mechanical education. It is controlled by a
board of 15 white trustees elected by the Gneral Assembly.
Attendance.Total, *150; all male; elementary 60, secondary 90. Many of the
students board at the school. The reported enrollment for the year was 240.
Teachers and workers.Total, 26; all colored except the treasurer; academic
7,
trades 8, agriculture 5, other workers 6.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary work is done in the four years of the " trade
school," corresponding to grades 4 to 8. This gives those who have had but little
NORTH CAROLINA.
415
elementary training an opportunity to learn trades. The course comprises gramniar,
arithmetic, geography, Uni d States history, physiology, and civics.
Secondary: Secondar work is done in the four years of the so-called college. The
course includes: Vathe tics, 2% years; English, 2%; elementary science, 2 ; history
and civics, s ; bookkeeping, 1. Each pupil takes subjects relating either to agriculttitt\
or industries.
Industrial: The equipment and teaching force for industrial work are adequate.
Each pupil must devote 15 to 18 hours a week to this work. All students are required
to divide their first year among the4rades taught. Following this a student spends three
years in the trades of his choice. The trades are carpentry, with 12 pupils; brick masonry,
7; machinery, to; blacksmithing, 8; broom making, 6. Much of *the work is only manual
training. The trade work includes general repairs to buildings and thigvection of new
buildings. The wood-kurning shop is a factory for. making broom handles, chair rails,
and baseball bats. The industrial work is.dene with fair thoroughness, mainly with a
direct commercial end in view. the weekly time allotment is not sufficient to produce
a tradesman in three years. There is further weakness due to the irregularity of some of
the students and the failure to require all students to, take full time before graduation.
Agriculture: The agricultural department is well equipped and the teachers are
prepared for their work, but lax organization results in considerable waste of time and
equipment. The laboratories contain apparatus for testing milk and soils and for bacteriological cultures. Physics and chemistry are taught in this department. The dairy
greenhouse, poultry)
and garden plats are on the campus. The school farm
of too acres is located aboYt a mile from the,school. It has a brick house for the fanner
and farm pupils, barns, and farming implements. For elementary pupils electing agriculturt a three-year course has been arranged. This course consists of to hours a week of
peaiseice work, divided equ'allyidnong the dairy, the greenhouse, and the farm. For
'tlftirsecdirdary agricultural pupils a three-year course is offered. -'f he pupils have prac-,
tic in thetifferent divisions of farm activities. Instruction is also given in the theory of:
h( ulture, botany, agronomy, animal husbandry, and soil chemistry.
Discipline: The plan fol. supervising the dormitories is good, but it is not systemati4Ifenforced. The other buildings, especially the offices, are not clean.
Financial, 1914 -15. The treasurer, who resides in the city, has control of all funds
and keeps the books. The bursar on the grounds carts students' fees and tposits and
turns them over to the treasurer. The system of keeping the books and handling school
funds it complicated and unsatisfactory. Although 40 or so financial forms are used,
it is impossible to ascertain without considerable difficulty the actual cost of operation
during any month, the amount of cash on hand, and the amount of outstanding bills.
The more important items for the year, as given by.the treasurer, were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
'
$32,518
47, 890
10, 500
129,700
Sources of income: Federal Government, $16,500; State, $13,750; tuitiqn and fees,
$1,956; other sources, $312. The noneducational Yeceipts amounted to $20,210, st 114
which $8,957 was from the boarding department, $5,813 from the farm and dairy, an
NEGRO EDUCATION.
416
$5,44o from the shop. In Iddition to this the products used by the school amounted
to $8,o72, of which $6,446 was from the trade school, $1,514 from the farm and dairy,
and $112 from the boarding department.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $22,2o0; materials, $11,200; student labor, $1o,000;
repairs, $5,500; power, light, and heat, $3,20o; outside labor, $2,700; equipment, $2,680;
advertising and soliciting funds, $1,95oi miscellaneous,
670.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness, $8,00o was bills payable on interest, $2,000 was
accounts payable for equipment and supplies, and $500 was owed for miscellaneous purposes.
acre
Plant. band: Estimated value, $22,000. The school owns 129 acres, of which lio
cultivated. Very little had been done to beautify the campus, but at the time
the khool was visited effort was being made to correct this condition.
Buildings: Estimated value, $8o,000. There are four main buildings and several
smaller ones. The main buildings,re of brick and well constructed; they are inadequately protected from fire, however. The dormitories are well supervised and in good
condition.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $27,700. Of this $7,900 was in shop equipment, $7,000 in farm equipment and live stock, $6,1oo in furniture, $4,000 in library
books, and $2,7oo in scientific apparatus.
Recommendations.--7-i. That the organization and equipment be more effectively
used. To this end supervision should be improved and the students be made to conform
to the regular courses of instruction.
2. That the secondary course be strengthened in history, physiology, and teacher
training.
3. That the business management adopt an annual budget and adhefe strictly to it,
install a cost-accounting system, and exact an annual audit by an accredited accountant.
4. That a matron be employed who shall give her whole -time to the home life of
the institution.
Dates of visits: April, 1913; November, 1914; March, 1915.
IMMANUEL LUTHERAN COLLEGE
President.: F. Berg.
A school of elementary and secondary grade maintained for the purpose of preparing colored Lutheran preachers and missionaries. The organization and discipline are
ineffective.
The school was founded in 1003 by the Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference
and is controlled by the board of colored missions.
Attendance. -- Total, Ito. A few pupils board at the school.
Teackers:Total, 6; white 4, colored 2; male 5, female 1.
Organization. The usual eight elementary grades' are provided. A four-year
"college" course is offered, consisting of a mixture of elementary: and secondary subjects,
but there were only a few pupils in the course. The age and previous preparation of
the pupils indicate lax standards.
I White.
.
N
NORTH CAROLINA.
417
Theological: The four theological pupils are reported to be studying " isagogics,
dogmatics, symbolics, catechetics, homiletics, exegesis,Inethodology, Greek, and church
histor." Such a course obviously affords little preparation for a ministry, to
a people
struggling for the simple essentials of life.
Financial, 1913-L4.Apparently no systematic books are kept. As far as could be
ascertained from the president of the institution the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
.. . .
$6,919
6,919
46,5oo .
Sources of income: Lutheran Board, $6,895; donations, $24. The noneducational
receipts were from the boarding department ancramounted to $1,152.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,98o; supplies for boarding department and
other
expenses, $3,091.
P/ant.--jLand : Estimated value, $5,000. The land comprises 1 3 acres on the edge
of Greensboro. Little effort has been made to beathify
the grounds. Buildings: Estimated value, $37,500. The main building is a two -stor'
granite
structure of an inconsistent, mixed, and wasteful type of architecture. It is heated by
stoves. The interior shows bad workmanship, inexperienced planninsk and poOr
material. The building is poorly kept and disorderly. There are two neat cottages for
teachers and a well-planned brick building, one story high, used for primary grades.
Movable equipment: Estimated Value, $4,000. The equipment consists' of a pipe
organ, value $2,000, and a little furniture for dormitories and classrooms. There is no
industrial equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That the work be entirely reorganized and adapted- to the
needs of a people 8o per cent rural and 3o per cent illiterate.
2. That the discipline be strengthened to guarantee cleanliness and order
among the
pupils.
3. That the officers develop cooperation with the public-school authorities and with
the colored people.
4. That teacher training and the theory and practice of gardening be made a part
of the regular course.'
5. That a simple system of accounting be installed and an annual audit made by
an accredited accountant.
Date of visit : March, 1915.
HIGH POINT.
HIGH POINT NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR COLORED STUDENT'S.
Principal: A. J. Griffin.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with some 'provision-for
industrial
courses. By arrangement with the town board of education a majority of the colored
children of the town attend this school. Some, however, attend
a public school which
is supervised by the private school.
13er recommendatiocu in summary chapter. p. it.
.
418
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The institution was established in 'got. It islawned by the New York Yearly
Meeting of Friends, the southern committee of this association acting as trustees.
Attendance.., Total, 408; elementary 374, secondary 34; male 18ojfemale 228;
boarders, 70. The reported enrollment for the year was 573.
Teachers. Total, 14; all colored; male 7, female 7. The industrial teachers have
academic classes until 2 p. m. each day.
Organization.The elementary classes cover the eight elementary grades. There
are three years of high-school work. The course includes English, Latin, mathematics,
elementary science, history, and psychology. Some teacher training is given in the
senior year.
The afternoons are devoted to manual training in carpentry, masonry, and blacksmithing. The industrial work is not as effective as it should be because of the large
amount of time the teachers give to academic subjects.
Instruction in sewing begins with the fourth elementary grade. The equipment
for teaching cooking is inadequate.
The school conducts a farm, but the work is of little educational value.
Financial, 1913-14.According to the printed annual report the more important
items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures. less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
St 2. 366
lo, 202
39, coo
Sources of income: Donations, $7,372 ; city school fund, $2,350; sale of land, $1,425;
tuition and fees, $4o0; other sources, $819. The noneducational receipts were from the
boarding department and amounted to $2,164.
Items of expenditure: "Maintenance and supplies," $5,962; salaries, $4,291; repairs and additions to buildings, $1,043; equip er\cao5; interest on mortgages, $286;
traveling expenses, $145; fire insurance, $36.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $12,500. The school owns.5o acres of land in the
town limits.
A large part of the land is cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $25,000. There are two 2-story brick buildings,
two neat frame cottages, and several small structures. The buildings are in good repair
and fairly well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $t,soo. There is good equipment for classrooms and dormitories and limited equipment for farm and shops.
Recommendations.-1. That teacher training receive more emphasis.
2. That the industrial courses be limited to instruction in theory and practice of
gardening, manual training in wood and ir7sn, and household arts.'
3. That a teacher of gardening be employed.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
Facts verified, 1916.
See reconuatudatiossa is summary chapter, p. .c.
NORTH CAROLINA.
419
SEDALIA.
PALMER MEMORIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: Mrs. C. H. Brown.
An elementary school doing good work in a rural community. It was founded in
1902 and is owned by a board of trustees of northern and Southern men of influence.
A small appropriation is made by the county.
Attendance. Total, 143; all elementary. A boarding department is maintained.
Teachers. Total, 7; all colored; male 2, female 5. The teachers are fairly well
t rained.
Organization. Eight grades of elementary classroom work are provided. Fair
instruction is given in manual training, cooking, and sewing The dormitories are
carefully supervised. The farm is successfully cultivated with student labor and includc7
a small dairy, poultry, and piggery. No classroom instruction in agriculture is given.
Financial, 1913-r4.The more important financial items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$2, 200
.
2, 323
25,000
Sources of income' Donations, $1,850; county funds, $ 50. The noneducational
receipts amounted to $4,377, df which $3,3oo was raise
new buildings and $1,077
was from the boarding department.
Items of expenditure : New buildings, $3,3oo; salaries, S1,96o; material and supplies, $1,1oo; other expenses, $240.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $12,000. The school owns 300 acres of good farm
land 9 miles from Greensboro. About 75 acres were under cultivation as the school farm.
Buildings: Estimated value, $12,000. There are four two-story frame buildings
and three small structures. They are painted and neatly kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, St ,coo. The:equipment is limited to furniture for cliw:roonas and dormitories, a little farm equipment, and domestic science apparatus.
Recommetulation.That the agricultural course include theory as well as practice.'
Dates.of visits: November, 1914; January, 1916.
HERTFORD COUNTY.
Population, icto
^0
Children 6 to :4 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Nero.
6, 338
9, 098
2, 336
1,260
$7,429
. $5.90
in 2
$31416
St. 46
30- 9
The entire population is rural: The average length of the public-school term is 3.8
months for white pupils and 4. months for colored. The number of teachers is 39 in
white Schools and 47 in colored schools. The average attendance is 714 white pupils
and 1,447 colored' pupils.
g Si. teccomeodatkes In summary chapter, p.
420
NEGRO EDUCATION.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Waters Normal School
should be developed as a central institution where pupils may board and supplement
the training given in the rural schools.
WINTON.
WATERS NORMAL INSTITUTL.
President : C. S. Brown.
A rural community school of elementary grade limited by poor equipment and
Its president is influential among the colored baptists of North Carolina.
The school was founded in 1886 by the Chowan Educational Association of the
'Baptist Church, and has a board of 3 white and 21 colored 'trustees selected by that
association. It receives aid and supervision from the American Baptist Home Mission
small income.
Society.
Attendance.Total, 123; all elementary; boarders, 61. The reported enrollment
for the year was 279.
Teachers and workers.Total, 9; all colored; male 3, female 6.
Organization.Over half the pupils are in/he first five elementary grades. The
four "normal" classes cover the subjects of the upper elementary grades. Secondary
course is outlined but the attendance is negligible. Because of lack of funds all industrial
coutses haVe been discontinued. The real work of the, school kias been the successful
effort of the principal and teachers to develop thrift among the colored people of the
county.
Financial, 1913-14.The books are kept with a fair degree oficare, in accordance
with 'a system adapted to the needs of the schobl. The more important items for the
year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducationalireceipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$4,946
5,7o5
2,400
3o, 000
Sources of income: Woman's American Home Mission Society, $1,000; colored
churches, $995; American Baptist Home Mission Society, $600; county government,
$400; tuition and fees, Slot; other sour.,s, $1,850. The noneducational receipts were
from the boarding department and aniTinted to $2,822. There was a cash balance
from the preceding year of $1,85o.
Items of expenditure: Supplies and labor in boarding department, $3,177; repairs
and additions to buildings, $2,811; salaries, $2,115; insurance, $222 ; other expenses, $202.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness $2,000,was in the form of a mortgage representing money borrowed to make up most of the deficit indicated in the statement. There
was $400 due on current accounts for supplies and miscellaneous items.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $2,500. The school owns 8 acres of land, most of
which is used for 'campus. None of the land was under cultivation:at the time the
school was visited.
Buildings: Estimated value, $25,00o. There is one large brick building, besides
three moderately large frame buildings and three small frame structures. The buildings
and grounds present a neat appearance.
4
NORTH CAROLINA.
421
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,500. There is practically no equipment
except furniture in classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendation. That financial aid be supplied to enable the school to maintain
effective courses in teacher training, gardening, and simple industrial training for boys
and girls)
Date of visit: March, 1915.
/1
JOHNSTON COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910
Children6tot4ycarsofage, 1910
$3 1, 649
$4.48
$2. 16
16
32
7,058
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910 -i t
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Negro.
to, 169
2,404
$5,177
3 1,232.
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is 4.5
months for white pupils and 4.4 months for colored. The number of teachers is 163 in
white schools and 43 in colored schools. The average attendance is 5,114 white pupils
and 1.463 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeanes Fund supervising
industrial teacher travels in the county and aids the teachet:s. in rural schools in intro clueing industrial work and extending the influence of the school into the community.
The county, with the cooperation of the Slater Fund and the General Education Board,
is developing a school at Smithfield to serve as a central training institution for pupils
from the surrounding rural schools.
SMITHFIELD.
JOHNSTON COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL,.
Principal : John Byrd.
An elementary school selected as a central training institution to supplement the
work of the public schools.
Attendance.Total, 308; all elementary; boarders, 20.
Teacher .Total, 7; all colored; rnale.i, female 6.
Organization.The regular eight elementary grades are provided. The industrial
work is confined to cooking and sewing for girls. The school term is seven months.
Financial, 914-I5.The income amounted to $1,690. of which $1,190 was from
public funds and $5oo from the Slater Fund. Of the income $1,540 was expended for
salaries and $15o for other expenses.
Plant.Estimated value, $6,500. The plant consists of 4 acres of land, value $1,000;
one 8-room building, value $4,50o; and equipment valued at $1,000.
Recommendations. -1. That the work be encouraged and, as need appears, additional facilities be furnished for secondary and teacher-training work.
2. That theory and practice of. gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
' See recommendations In summary chapter. D. S3.
422
NEGRO EDUCATION.
LENOIR COUNTY.
Population, giro
Children 6 to 14 yearsof age, 19a3
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 19to- t t
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, igto
White.
12,543
2, 594
Negro.
10,225
2,423
$17, 685
83, 694
$6. 82
ix. 52
11.
31- 5
The rural population is 69.3 p, .r cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 5.4 months for white pupils and 4.9 months for colored.
The number of
teachers is 82 in white schools and 32 in colored school-. The average attendance is
2,015 white pupils and 1,277 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate that the work of the elementary public schools should be
strengthened. Kinston College should be reorganized to serve as a central training
school for the county. The McDaniel Normal School is of little educational value to the
community.
KINSTON COLLEGE.
KINSTON.
President: J. I). Fields.'
An elem,entary school with one or two pupils in secondary subjects.
The teachers
erz two colored men and two colored women. The work is poorly done. On the day
the school was vis'
there were 6o pupils'in attendance. The reported enrollment for
the year was 99.
mall boarding department is maintained.
The school is
ported by the Free Will Baptist Church and supervised by a board
of trustees.
Financial, 'la] 3-14.----The income amounted to $1,700, of which $1,5oo was from
the Free Will Baptist churches and $2o1 from other :;ources. A further contribution of
$500 was made by the churches during the year to meet a payment on the school land.
The boarding department was said to be self-sustaining and figuresfor the
department
are omitted. The expenditures amounted to $1,700, of which $1,155 was for salaries,
$185 for heat and light, $150 for interest on debt, and $210 for other purposes.
The indebtedness, amounting to $3,000, is 'the balance due on land and buildings and
is secured by a mortgage on the entire property.
Plant Estimated value, $15,000. The.plant consists of $5,000 in land,
S9,000
in buildings, and $1 ,000 in movable equipment. The school site comprises 26 acres of
good land located near the railroad on the edge of Kinston. None of the land is used for
teaching agriculture. The two 2-story frame buildings are poorly kept and in bad repair.
The equipment consists of furniture for classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendations.-1. That the school be developed as a county training school and
provision made for instruction in the theory and practice of gardening and simple industrial training.
2. That the supervision of the dormitories be improved.
3. That a simple system of accounting be installed.
Date of visit: May, 1914.
.. .
NORTH CAROLINA.
423
MARTIN COUNTY.
Population, 1)10
.
Children 6 to 14 years of age. 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-11
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, loco
White.
.
..
at
...
Negro.
8, 838
2, 129
8, 959
1,933
$9, 786
$5. 06
$4, 831
$2. 27
146
f 39.7
,
e4-T-Ikg) entire population is rural. The average length of the public school term is
5.2 months for white pupils and 4.9 months for the colored. The number of teachers is
55 in white schools and 36 in colored schools. The average attendance is 2,080 white
pupils and 1,52o colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for increased school facilities. The work of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The county with the cooperation of the Slater Fund and the General Education Board, is developing the Parmele
Industrial Institute as a central training institution for the pupils from the surrounding
rural schools. Higgs Memorial Institute, described in the summary of small Baptist
schools for the State, is of minor importance.
PARMELE.
MARTIN COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.'
Principal: William Claudius Chance.
A school of eleinenta.67 grade which has been selected as a training center for supplementing the facilities of the surrounding county schools..
The school was founded by the principal and received county aid for some time
previous to 1914, when it was taken over by the county. It has aniadvisory board of
prominent southern white men.
.4 ttendance.Total, I 5o; all elementary; borders, 15.
Teachers.Total, 4; all colored; male 1, female 3.
Organization.The regular eight elementafy grades are fairly well taught. Some
instruction in cooking and sewing is provided. The school plans to develop a course in
the theory and practice of teaching as soon as possible.
Financial, zgx4 -i5. The income amounted to approximately $1,500, of which
$750 was from the county, $500 from the Slater Fund, and $250 from tuition and other
sources. Of the income $1,168 was expended for salaries and $332 for other purposes.
Plant.Estimated value, $6,5o0. The plant consists of 33 acres of land, a twostory brick building, a small frame house, and equipment valued at $300.
Peccminutuialions.-1. That a teacher of agriculture be secured who will use the 33
acres of lard for Instructional purposes.
2. That adequate industrial equipment be provided and the instruction.in industrial training be made effective.
Dates of visits: May, 1914; August, 1914; April, 1915.
Formerly Parmele Industrial Inatittite.
J
424
NEGRO EDUCATION.
MECKLENBURG COUNTY.
White.
Population, 291o.
Children 6 to . 4 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910 -11
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to r4 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
.
Negro.
.41, 547
7,983
-25,481
1,66, 034
SS. 27
4. 6
$12, 591
$2. 20
28. 8
5., 726
The rural population is 49.3 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 7.4 laonths for white pupils and 5.7 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 198 in white schools and 78 in colored schools. The average attendance is
7,017 for white pupils and 3,454 for colored pupils.
There are no private schools in Mecklenburg County outside of the city of Charlotte.
In the city one public school for colored people is provided. Although this is a large
school, it is not sufficient for a city the size of Charlotte. The St. Michael's Training and
Industrial School supplements the work of the public school and will need to be continued as long as the public schools are inadequate. Special effort should be made
to reorganize Biddle University to meet the needs of teachers and preachers.
BIDDLE UNIVERSITY.
CHARLOTTE.
President : H. L. McCrory.
A young men;s school of econdary grade with pupils in college subjects. The work
is poorly organized and the large plant is ineffectively used.
The school was founded in 1867 by the Presbyterian Board of Mt sions for Freedmen and it is owned and controlled by that board.
AttendanceTotal,
: Total,207; elementary 24, secondary 131, secondary and collegiate
subjects 44, theology 8. Of those reporting home address 29 were from Charlotte, 79
from other places in North Carolina, and 98 from other States. The reported enrollment
for the year was 221.
Teachers and workers. Total, 16; all colored; all male; elementary 1, academic
8, theology 2, industrial 3, administration 2. Ten of the 16 full-time teachers were
graduated from Biddle University. Two of these studied two years at other schools and
three have taken summer courses.
Organization.Elementary: The first year of The "college preparatory" course is
elementary.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the last three years of the "college
preparatory" course and in the college classes. The course includes: English, 2 years;
Mathematics, 2 ; Latin, 2; Greek, r ; elementary science, I ; physiology, 3;; history, 1;
Bible, 4.
College subjects: In the college classes about a third of the time is given to foreign
languages. The course covers: English, 1 year; mathematics, 2 ; Latin, 2; Greek, t;
German, 2 ; elementary science, i;; history,
sociology,- economics, and psychology, l ;
Bible, 1; logic and ethics, 1,. The course is deficient in history and English.
The subjects taught and the limited equipment are indicative of the secondary
character of much of the work classed as collegiate. The preparation'of the pupils both
in secondary subjects and in those ranked as of college grade is considerably below stand-
FilliiiiMMIMillii...111.1.1.11M11WM11.1..M11.1.1111.111.11.111111111111.11117
NORTH CAROLINA.
425
ard. While there are some gocid teachers on the faculty, the teaching force is weakened
by the undue number of those with no training beyond that given at Biddle.
Theological: The theological course covers three years of the usual theological subjects, including Hebrew, Grk, systematic theology, and church history.
Industrial: All pupils of the secondary classes are required to take two periods a
week Of industrial training. The courses include printing, carpentry, and broommaking,
each taught by a special teacher. Bricklaying, painting, plastering, and cement work
are taught by student teachers. The school also possesses outfits to teach blacksmithing, shoemaking, and tailoring, but it has not been found possible to employ teachers
for these occupations.
Financial, 1913-4.The bookkeeping system is inadequate. Periodicreports are
made to the Presbyterian Board. The school accounts do not provide- for a separate
statement for the boarding department and figures are obtainable with difficulty. The
more important items, exclusive of the boarding department were:
$17 121
17,672
293,310
_.
ditures
Value of property.
Ex
.
Sources of income: PresbyOrian Board, $12,520; endowment, $1,245 ; tuition and
fees, $379; other sources, $2,977. The deficit for the year was $55o.
Items of expendit& %lanes, $12,940; fuel, light, and power, Viol ; books,
stationery, and postag.. 4798; repairs, $793; janitor services, $572; printing and advertising, $276; periodicals for library and reading room, $230; expenses of school singers
to general assembly, $222; other expenses, $740.
School property: Land, buildings, and equipment, $242,285; endowment, $51,025.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $70,000. The land comprises 68 acres within the
city limits. Most of the land is used for campus. About 20 acres are cultivated on a
commercial basis. No effort seems to have been made to beautify the grounds.
Buildings: Estimated value, $154,01o. The administration building, Carter Hall,
the library and industrial.building are large brick structures. Thereje two small brick
buildings. Other buildings include two dormitories, both of frame construction; six
frame cottages used for professors' homes, and a neat two-story brick building used for
the president's home. The buildings are generally in need of repair.
Movable equipment : Estimate , e, $18,275. Furniture and apparatus! $1,3,275;
library books, $5,000.
Recommendations. -1. That the school be reorganized, the course of study changed
and the president allowed more time for administration.
2, That care be taken lest the effort to maintain college classes hamper the development of a teaching force and equipment necessary for a thorough secondary course
with adequate provision for training teachers and preachers for a people 8o per cent
rural.
3. That the large proportion of Biddle graduates in the faculty be reduced and
teachers from other institutions employed.
4. That the industrial training be simplified and limited to theory and practice of
gardening and manual training in wood and iron.'
Date of visit: December, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
bar recommendatioaa ha summary chapter, p. as.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
426
-
ST. MICHAEL'S TRAINING AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: A. M. Cochran.
An elementary day school with a few secondary pupils. It was founded in T885.
by Rev. P. P. Alston, the local rector, and is maintained by the St. Michael's and All
Angels' Church. It is owned by a white board of trustees. o
Attendance.Total, 15o, of whom to were in the ninth and tenth geades. The
reported enrollment for the year was 240.
Teachers.Total, 7; all colored; male 3, female 4. One teacher of manual training
spends part of his time soliciting funds.
Organization. Although the seven teachers were teaching in five classrooms, fairly
good work was done. A little cooking and manual training are given to the older pupils.
Financial, 1913 -Lt.The income amounted to $3,000, of which $1,7oo was from
donations, $800 from the Episcopal Board, and $500 from tuition. Of this, $2,2oo was
xpended for salaries and $800 for current expenses.
Plant. Estimated value, $to,000
The plant consists cf a city lot, a tworstory
brick building and meager equipment. The classroOms are small and dark. The large
auditorium and chapel are practiCally unused,.while the to grades are crowded into 5
rooms.
Recommendation. There is a present need for this school, but with the develop-
ment of the public schools it should become part of the public-school system or be .N.
combined with one of the larger institutions.
Date of visit : November, 1914. Facts verified, 1915.
MONTGOMERY COUNTY..
White.
11,302
Pap tion, 1910.
Chi! ren 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools. 1910-! I
Toachers' salaries per child 6-14 in counhy
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Negro.
2,617
3, 660
921
$8;
$ 3279o
$;' 2.4
3494
14. 4
36
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
about four months for both white and colored pupils. The number of teachers is 68
in white schools and 33 in colored schools.
and 684 colored pupils.
The average attendance is 1,743 white pupils
a
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The Peabody
Academy at Troy serves as a central institution where pupils may board and supplement the training received in the rural schools.
TROY.
PEABOD-Y ACADEMY.
Principal: F. W. Sims.
A school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects. Industrial
training is limited to cooking and sewing for girls.
The institution was founded in 1880 by the American Missionary Association and
is maintained chiefly by that organization. An annual appropriation is received from
the county.
NORTH CAROLINA.
427
Attendance. Total, 15o; elementary 144, secondary 6. A small boarding department is maintained, The reported enrollment for the year was 225.
Teackrs.Total, 7; all colored; male 1, female 6, The teachers are well trained.
Organization.The course covers eight elementary and two secondary grades. The
secondary subjects are Latin, English, history, algebra, biology. A classfoo'in course
in agriculture is given in the seventh grade.
Financial, 1913-14.The finances are controlled bythe American Missionary Association and a simple and effective system of accounts has recently been installed. The
more important items for the year were:
*.s4
Income, excluding noneducational.reccipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$1,985
1,985
2, 800
Sources of.income: American Missionary Association, $1,303; public funds, $569;
tuition and fees, $73; other sources, $40. The n;meducational receipts were from sales
by the industrial department and amounted to $66.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $i ,o6o; supplies for teacher's' dining room, $307;
equipment and other supplies, $181; heat, light, and water, Sr4o; student aid and labor,
$124; repairs, $75; other expenses, $164.
Plant Land : Estimated value, $500. The land comprises a large city lot.
Buildings: Estimated value, $1,600. The one h'tilding is a two-story frame struct ure.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $7oo. The equipment is practically all in
furniture fur classrooms.
Recoinmoufation.-.-That teacher training and the theory and practice of gardening
be Ade part of the regular course.'
Date of visit : February, 1916.
NEW HANOVER COUNTY.
The public-school facilities of New Hanover County are 'good. The rural population is only 19.6 per cent of the total. No private schools for colored people are maintained outside of tie city of Wilmington.
WILMINGTON.
White.
13,627
'Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, roro
Teachers' salaries in puiilic schools, 1910-11.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city.
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
Nero.
r1,107
21 143
2,067
424,489
$11.4'
$7,345
$3.55
28.2
3. 1
There are 3 schools for white pupils and Z for colored, with 42 teachersjit white
schools and 23 it colored schools. The average attendance is 1,378 white pupils and
833 colored pupils.
Extensive improvements were made in the public schools of Wilmington for both
races in 1914. Three new brick buildings were erected for colored schools, and the
elementary pupils are fairly well cared for in these schools. The work of the public.
See recommendations in summary chapter. p. as
413927*Bull.
'NEGRO EDUCATION.
428
school system is supplemented by the Catholic school. The secondary and teachertraining work for the city is done by the Gregory Normal Institute.
GREGORY NORMAL INSTITUTE.
6.,
Principal: F. W. Fletcher.'
A day school of secondary grade doing the high school and teacher-training work
for the colored population of Wilmington. The equipment is limited but the teaching
force is capable.
The institution was founded in 1866 by the American Missionary Association of
the Congregational Church and it is owned and supported by that association.
Attendance.Total, 250; elementary 209, secondary 41. Of the secondary pupils
8 were male arI 33 female. The reported enrollment for the year was 287.
Teachers and workers.Total, io; white 9, colored i ; male 2, female 8; grades and
academic 8, girls' industries 1, boys' industries 1.
Organization.Elementary: the elementary work covers the regular eight elementary grades.
Secondary: In secondary subjects four groups of electives are offeredthe "normal
course," enrolling 19 pupils; domestic science, 13 pupils; "college preparatory," 6
pupils; and manual training, 3 pupils. The subjects common to all are: English,
years; mathematics, 4; history, 1,14; Bible, 1; music, ;; elementary sciences, 2.
The college preparatory course adds four years of Latin; the normal course, pedagogy
and one term of practice teaching, while the manual training and domestic science
courses have an additional to hours of industrial work.
Industrial: The instruction in cooking and sewing is good. Sewing and manual
training are begun in the elementary grades, while cooking i,s given only in the second.
grades. The equipment for industrial training is limitetl.
Community relations.The school enjoys the hearty approval of the white and
colored people of the town. In rebuilding the public schools of Wilmington the plan is
to allow Gregory Institute to use one of the old buildings as a manual-training shop.
Financial, 1913-14.-7The finances are .supervised by the American Missionary
Association and the accounts kept in accordance with a simple system recently installed
_ by that association. The more important items for the year were:
15,748
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
5; 748
21, 500
Val de of plant
Sources of income: American Missi-,nar Atsodation, $3,469; tuition and fees,
$1,730; donations, $510; other sources, Z39. The noneducational receipts amounted
!
to $455, of which $424 was from sale of school products and $31 from books.
halt,
$951;
supplies
for
teachers'
dining
Pems of expenditure: Salaries, $3,1 t5;
$427;
student
aid
labor,
$354;
equipment,
other supplies, $43o; heat, light, and water,
$306; repairs, $223; outside labor, $85; other expenses, $112. 1.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $5,000. The land onsists of a large city lot.
The grounds are fairly well kept.
I
NORTH CAROLINA.
429
Buildings: Estimated value, $14,500. The school building is a large two-story
frame structure. Other buildings are the teachers' home, a brick building and a small
one-room brick structure used for shop.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,000. The equipment consists of classroom furniture and linfited equipment for trades and domestic science.
Recommendations. i. That the work be encouraged and plans, made to abandon
the lower elementary grades so that the energy of the institution may be centered on
teacher-training and secondary courses.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made part of the regular course.'
3. That. a boarding department be maintained in order to enlarge the influence of
the school.
Date of visit: December, 1914. Pacts verified, 1916.
NORTHAMPTON COUNTY.)
Population: solo ..
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o..
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-11...
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.......
rercentage illiterate, 1910
White.
9, 26x
1, 897
Negro.
13, o62
! $14, 424
3, 339
$5, 017
$7. 60
$1. so
12. 1
35. 5
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is 4.9
months for white pupils and 4.2 months for colored. The number of teachers is 79 in
white sch-oo. Is and 54 in coloreo schools. The average attendance is 1,563 white pupils
i
and 1,705 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need. of additional school facilities. The wb-A.Of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The public authorities of
Rich Square are cooperating with the Rich Square Academy in operating a central
training institution doing the elementary. work for the town and offering facilities for
pupils who wish to board and supplement the limited training received in the rural
aschools.
RICH SQL:AR
RICH SQUARE ACADEMY.
Principal: W. L. Crecy.
An elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. Limited industrial
training is provided. The school was founded by the local colored Baptist convention
and is owned by a self-perpetuating board of trustees. It is doing the public-school
work of the town and receives county aid.
A ttendance . Total, 75; elem tary 67, secondary 8, boarders 3: The reported
enrollment for the year was 18o
Teacher
. Total, 4; all co ored; male 1, female 3. In addition a practical job
Printer gives part time instruction in printing.
Organization.The work covers 11 grades. Some instruction in printing, gardening,
and sewing is provided.
See recommendations in summary chapter, p. a.
NEGRO. EDUCATION.
430
Financial, r9r3AAs far as could be determined the more important 'financial
items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational reeeipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Sr, 300
200
5, 000
Val* e of plant
Sources of income: County funds, $728; donations, $572. The noneducational
'receipts were from the boarding department and truck garden asid amounted to $700.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $i ,3o0; other expenses, $600.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $500. The school owns 3 acres of fertile land
cultivated by student labor.
Buildings: Estimated value, $4,200. There are two 2-story frame buildings and
two small cottages. The buildings are badly in need of repair.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $5oo. The equipment consists of furniture
for classrooms and dormitories and a sntill amount of printing equipment and garden
tools.
Recommendations.-1. That the school be developed as a county training school.'
2. That manual training and gardening be made a required part of the course.'
3. That the plant be improved and the boarding department extended.
Date of visit : April, 1915.
PAMLICO COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910
.
Children, 6 to 14 years of age, 191 o
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 19 co-r 1
Teachers' salaries'per child 6 to r4 in county, 1910
Percentage illiterate
.
Negro.
6, 193
1, 392
3, 773
Set 97o
$1, 845
$2. of
27. 8
$5 oo
11
910
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is 4.5
months for both white and colored pupils. The number of teachers is 45 in white schools
and 20 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,200 white pupils and 625 colored
pupils.
These statistics indicate that the work of the public schools should be strengthened.
The county, in cooperation with the Slater Fund and the General Education Board, is
developing a school at Stonewall to serve as a central training Institut iorifor pupils from
the surrounding rural schools.
sToN.EWALL.
PAMLICO COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: W. A. Wethington.
'A public school of elementary grade selected as a central training institution to sup:
the work of the public schools.
Attendaace.--if 5, all elementary; boarders, 6.
Teachers.Total, 5, all colored; male r, female 4.
Organization.-The regular eight elementary grades are provided, with some atten-
"bout
. tioa to gardening. The industrial work consists of simple manual training and shoe
repairing for boys, and cooking and sewing for girls. The school term is 7 months.
1 See recommendations in summary chapter. p. is.
)
2
NORTH CAROLINA.
431
Financial, 1914-15.--The income amounted to $1,580, of which
$1,000 was from
public funds, $500 f rom the Slater Fund, and Poll-am
other sources.
Plant : Estimated value, $5,000. The plant consists of about
3 acres of land; value,
$250; a six-room building, value $4,000, and equipment
valued at $750.
Recommendation. That the work be encouraged and facilities
added, as the need
appears, for secondary and industrial work.
PASQUOTANK COUNTV.
Population, z9 to.
Children. 6 to 14 yearsofage, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910- 1 t
Teachers' salaries per child Ato 14 in county
Percentage illikrate, .1910
White.
8,334
1,732
Neva
8,357
$14, 688
11939
S4, 077
ta. 48
6. I
$2. zo
27. I
The rural population is 49.6 per cent of the total.
The average length of the publicschool term is 6.7 months for white pupils and
5.2 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 49 in white schools and ;3 in colored schools.
The average attendance is
1,362 white pupils and 851 colored pUpils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school
facilities. The work of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened.
The public school facilities of
Elizabeth ity should he increased so that the State Normal School will
not be burdened
with elementary pupils. The Roanoke Collegiate
Institute,
described
in the summary
of local Baptist schools for the State, is of only minor
educational value to the community.
ELIZABETH CITY.
NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLORED NORMAL SCHOOL.
,
Principal: P W. Moore.
A small elementary school doing two years of high
work and offering a very
limited amoint of industrial training. It was founded inschool
1891 by the State and is supported largely by State appropriations. Its ownership and control
are vested in a board
of white trustees appointed by the State board of
education.
Attendance. Total, 249; elementary 181, secondary 68;
. male 86, female 163;
boarders, t 13.
Teachers and workers.Total, 8; all colored; male
2, female 6; grades and academic
5, domestic science 1, matron and bookkeeper. There
was also a part-time teacher of
agriculture. The teachers were fairly
well trained and interested in their work.
Organization.The first six grades are fairly well taught.
These grads are followed
by the so-called "normal course," which, covers four
subjects of the last two years of the normal course, years of departmental work. All
except algebra, rhetoric, and Latin,
are elementary. The seniors have four
months of classroom practice, three hours a
week, directed by an exceptionally good teacher.
No industrial work is provided for boys. The girls receive good
home training in
the dormitories and excellent instruction in sewing.
The limited cooking equipment is
supplemented by the occasional use of the school kitchen.
432
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Financial, 1913-44.The financial management was good, but the bookkeeping'
system was not such that detailed figures could be optained without considerable trouble.
re
As far as could be determined the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
6, 074
45, 000
Sources of income: State appropriations, $4,7oo; tuition and fees, $420; Slater
Fund, $300; city funds, $285; county fulids, $75; other sources, $294. The principal
stated that the net gain of $594 from the boarding department was sufficient to offset
the deficit of the other income.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $5,040; fuel and lights, $957; materials, $252;
repairs, $88; other expenses, $331.
Plant Land : Estimated value, $2.750. The land consists of 24 acres near Elizabeth City. A lot of about two acres is used for campus and the remaining land is
rented out.
Buildings: Estimated value, $41,000. The main school building is a two-story
brick structure with seven classrooms and a chapel. The girls' dormitory and dining
hall is a two-story brick building containing 40 rooms. The buildings are in good repair
and well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,250. Practically all the equipment is in
furniture. There are good school desks and dormitory furniture, but the equipment
for cooking and sewing is inadequate.
Recommendations. -1. That the grade of work be raised until advanced work in
history, physiology, nature study, gardening, and teacher training can be done.'
2. That a better system of accounting be installed.
Date of visit: December, 1914. Facts verified, 1916
ROBESON COUNTY.
White.
33, 531
Population , 19 o
Children 6 to 14 years of age. 1910..
Teachers' salaries in public schools. 1910-tr
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county..
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Nero.
22, 518
5, 539
5, ot8
$33.903
$13, 153
U. 76
.4.! 2. 37
13. 5
36. 6
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public school tertii is 6.5
months for white pupils and 4.1 months for colored. The number of ttachers is 129
in white schools and 96 in colored schools. The average attendance is 3,639 white pupils
and 3,76o colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extetded and strengthened. The Thompson Institute
serves as a good central institution, where pupils may board and supplement the training received in the rural schools. In view of the work of this institution and theublic
school facilities of the town there seems to be little need for the Redstone Academy.
1See irooestmeadations In stunsnatif chapter. p.
u.
NORTH CAROLINA.
THOMPSON INSTITUTE.
433
LUMBERTON.
Principal: W. H. Knuckles.
A school of secondary grade with an elementary department. As a county teachertraining school its work is good, though limited by meager equipment.
The school is owned by the Lumber River Baptist Association and controlled by
a board of nine colored trustees elected by the association. It receives aid and supervision from the American Baptist Home Mission Society.
Attendance. Total, 75; elementary 53, secondary 22; boarders, 28. Of the secondary pupils, 7 were boys and 15 girls.
Teachers.Total, 7; all colored; male 1, female 6.
Organization. Elementary: The elementary work covers the regular eight grades.
Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for girls and gardening for boys.
Secondary: The three-year secondary course includes Latin, algebra, geometry,
general history, elementary science, physical geography, psychology, and agriculture.
Financial, 1912 -13. The books are kept in accordance with the requirements of
the American Baptist Home Mission Society. As far as could be determined the more
important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$4, 132
4, 078
3o, 000
Sources of income: General donations, $2,500; American Baptist Home Mission
Society, $i;o8o; tuition- and fees, $400; other sources, $152. The noneducational
receipts amounted to $4,906. Of this, $2,879 was from the boarding department and
$2,027 a special fund for building.
Items of expenditure: New building, $4,000; salaries, $2,300; supplies for boarding department, $1,946; repairs, $436; light and treat, $195; other expenses, $113.
Pl ant . Land: Estimated value, $6,000. The land co:uprises 8 acres on the out-
skirts of Lumberton, some of which is used.for a school garden.
Buildings: Estimated value, $22,50o. A large brick building, three stories high,
containing girls' dormitory, five classrooms, and dining room and kitchen, has just been
completed. The administration building is a two-story frame structure containing
offices and five classrooms. The boys' dormitory with 12 rooms and the girls' industrial
building with 9 rooms are both of'frame construction. A small two-room house is used
for the boys' workshop.
Movable equiRment : Estimated value, $1,500. Of the movable equipment $1,150
is in furniture for eassrooms and dormitories and $35o in shop and farm implements.
Recommendation. That the Institute be further developed as a teacher-training
To this end the cooperation of the county and State school authorities should
school.'
be obtained and the industrial training for boys increased.
Date of visits: December, 1914.
'See seccounsadmiom iu summary chapter, V. as.
.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
434
ROWAN COUNTY.
Population, tom.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, rgro.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 5950-I
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to I4 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
.
White.
ag, 445
Negro.
9, 074
5, 943
2, 05s
$35, 485
$6, 506
33. 17
26. 9
$5.30
7. 3
The rural population is 80.9 per cent of the total. The average length of th\e public school term is 5.2 months for white pupils and 4.7 months for colored. The number
of teachers is 166 in white schools and 47 in colored schools. The average attendance
is 4,964 white pupils and 1,38o colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional public school facilities. The work
of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. Livingstone College
should, as rapidly as possible, turn over the elementary grades to the public schools,
in order that its energies may be centered on secondary, industrial, and teachertraining work.
LIVINGSTONE COLLEGE.
SALISBURY.
President : D. C. Suggs.'
A secondary school with a few pupils in college and theological classes and some
pupils in elementary grades. The institution has suffered from lax management.
Reorganization has now begun.
The school was founded in 1882 by a group of colored ministers "for the promotion
of self-reliant education among colored people," and is now owned and controlled by a
board of trustees of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. It was chartered
in 1885.
Attendance.
Total, 191; elementary 48, secondary 112, collegiate 17, theological 14, male 86, female toy; boarders, rob. Thirty-seven pupils were -from Salisbury,
1Z from other places in North Carolina, and 42 from other States. The reported
enrollment for the year was 250.
Teachers and workers. Total, 2o; all colored; male 12, female 8; grades 5, academic 6, theological 3, trades 2, domeltic science r, matron 1, the president and a farm
manager.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work is confined chiefly to the five
upper grades, but the first year of the ," normal" course includes some elementary subjects. The instruction is fairly good.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in a four-year "normal " course with strong
classical emphasis and in the first year of the so-called college. The course includes:
Latin, 4 years; Greek, 2 ; knglish, 3; algebra, 2;; ; history, 2 ; civics,
psychology,
pedagogy, ; and science, 2. The science work is divided into four half-year courses.
College: Two and one-half years of Latin, one and one-half of Greek, and one year
of German are given. With the exception of two and one-half years of English, the other
college subjects are half-year science courses, together with half a year each of trigonometry, geometry, calculus, mental and moral philosophy, economics, and " Christian
evidences."
Elected since date of visit.
NORTH CAROLINA.
435
Theological: One part-time and two whole-time teachers are assigned to the theological department. An " English" and a " classical" course arc claimed; both follow
closely the usual theological courses.
Fairly creditable work is done, though the entrance
requirements are lax. The theological building is much larger than is necessary.
Industrial: The industrial training for boys consists of a little woodworking, printing, and tailoring, very limited use being made of the large trades building. The coursea
in cooking and sewing are rendered ineffettl've thropgh lack of equipment.
Apiculture: A Lourse in agriculture is claimed; the school is purchasing a farm of
270 acres, and an agent has been soliciting money to pay for the farm and buy equipment.
No instruction is given in theoretical or practichl agriculture.'
Library: The Carnegie Library seems to be little used by the pupils. Changes' in
its internal arrangement have been made without regard to the safety or appearance of
the building.
Discipline: A military system is claimed for the school, but military discipline is
not in evidence. Some of the boys wear uniforms and engage in irregular drill.
Financial, 1914-15.----No systematic accounts are kept at the school; no adequate
audit is made, and there is no rule as to when and how funds are to be accounted for.
The boarding department is conducted privately, but the system provides that the
school shall pay a fixed sum for each boarder. As far as could be deterniiried the more
important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts..
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of school property
$r9, 101
19, 439
14,000
207, 400
Sources of income: Church appropriations, $8,386; donations, $8,101; tuition and
fees, $786; Slater Fund, $600; loans to school, $540; other sources, $788. The noneducational receipts amounted to $5,145, of which $4,428 was from the boarding
department, $310 from sale of farm products, $305 from the printing office, and $102
from sale of books and stationery.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $12,773; supplies for boarding department, $4,428;
purchase of farm land, $1,618; interest, $1,210; fuel and water, $1,003; farm expenses,
$853; ttaveling expenses, $648; hardware and merchandise, $617; printing and postage,
$509; repairs, $347; insurance, $200; books for library, $146; medical fees, $121;
telephone, $43; other expenses, $68.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness was for a large loan to the school and for current
unpaid bills.
School property: Of the estimated value of the property $14o,9o0 was in the, plant,
$34,500 in a special building fund, $27,000 in a farm of 270 acres, and $5,000 invested
as a scholarship fund.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $4o,000. The school grounds comprise 4o acres
within the city limits. The grounds are poorly kept ; the ruins of a brick building burned
several years ago have never been removed.
A practical farmer has..been employed since the school was visited.
436
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Buildings: Estimated value, $84,000. There are four large brick buildings, one
large frame building, and two small frame structures, as follows: Ballard Hall, value
$25,00o, a three-story brick building used for industrial work and for classrooms for the
preparatory department; Hood Theological Seminary, value $22,000, a three-story
brick building containing classrooms, chapel and dormitory for the theological students;
Carnegie Library, value $15,000, a neat building of the colonial type; Dodge Hall, value
$ro,000, a four-story brick structure used for the boys' dormitory; and Huntington
Hall, value $8,00o, a three-story frame building used for the boarding department and
for the girls' dormitory. There is also an auditorium valued at $2,5oo and a cottage
worth approximately $1,5oo. At the date of visit the buildings were for the most part
in bad repair. The dormitory rooms were not in good condition and indicated a lack
of control.
Movable equipnient: Estimated value, $16,90o. Of this, $1o,000 is in furniture,
$2,000 in shop equipment, $3,000 in library books and fixtures, $1,600 in farm equipment and live stock, and $3oo in scientific apparatus.
Recommendations. -1. That an adequate system of accounting be instilled and the
books audited annually by an accredited accountant.
2. That the boarding department he conducted as a department of the school.
3. That the boys' dormitories have closer supervision and the general discipline be
improved.
4. That the large farm be used for teaching agriculture or sold.
5. That the secondary and college courses be reorganized and made to conform to
the claims of the school.
6. That the theological building be more effectively used.
Date of visit: December, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
SAMPSON COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, Iwo
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910-I
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, x910,
.
.
19, 726
4,211
$22, 153
$5. 26
..
14. 3
NegrIt
to, 043
2, 519
$4, 42o
$1. 76
28. 9
The population is entirely rural. The average length of the public-school term is
4.9 months for both white and colored pupils. The number of teachers is 135 in white
schools and so in colored schools. The average attendance is 3,588 white pupils and
1,698 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The county, in cooperation
with the Slater Fund and the General Education Board, is developing the school at
Clinton as a central institution for the trainingof pupils from the surrounding rural
schools.
NORTH CAROLINA.
437
CLINTON.
SAMPSON COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: W. L. Neal.
A public school of elementary grade selected as a central training institution to
supplement the work of the public schools.
Attendance.-242 ; all elementary; boarders, 18.
Teachers.Total, 5; all colored; male 1, female, 4.
Organization.The regular eight elementary grades are taught. There is some
cooking and sewing.
The school term is seven months.
Financial, r9r4-15.The income amounted to $1,870, of which $1,170 was from
public funds, $5oo from the Slater Fund; and $200 from other sources.
Vigo was expended for salaries and $68o for other purposes.
Of the income,
Plant: Estimated value, $4,5oo. The plant consists of 4 acres of land, value,
$1,000; a six-room building, value, $3,000; and equipment valued at $5oo.
Recommenelation.-1. That the work be encouraged and facilities provided, as the
need appearS, for a boarding department and secondary and industrial work.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made part of the regular courses.
SCOTLAND COUNTY.
Population, 19 ro
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 19 ro-11
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Negto.
6,815
1,363
8.473
$9, 355
$6. 86
18. 6
ta, 423
2, 115
$2. 09
39. 9
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
6.5 months for white pupils and 5.5 months for colored. The number of teachers is 36
in white schools and 31 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,397 white
pupils and 1,525 colored pupils..
These statistics indicate the need for strengthening the work of the public schools.
The town of Laurinburg should provide a school that will at least care for the elementary
grades. The Laurinburg Normal and Industrial Institute should be reorganized so as
to provide a central institution where pupils may board and supplement the training
received in the rural schools.
LAURINBURG.
LAURINBURG NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: E. M. McDuffie.
An elementary school with limited industrial equipment. The institution provides
school facilities for the colored children of the town. The management is ineffective.
The school was founded by the principal. The ownership is vested in a board of trustees of local colored farmers and a few persons from the North, who seem to know very
little about the affairs of the school. The city makes a small appropriation.
Attendance.Total, 110, practically all elementary; boarders, 42. The reported
enrollment for the year was 25o. A majority of the pupils were from the town of
Laurinburg.
438
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Teachers and workers. Total; 13; all colored; male 6, female 7. Most of the
teachers are poorly prepared.
Organization.The work is divided into nine grades. The four upper grades are
called Junior, B Middle, A Middle, and Senior. .A few secondary subjects are included
in the senior class; otherwise the instruction is of elementary grade.
About a dozen
pupils are taught in a night class. Industrial training includes printing,
blacksmithing,
and farm work for a few of the boys and cooking and sewing for the girls.
ncial, 1913-14The books were fairly well kept and an annual statement of
me and expenditures is published. According to the report for the year the more
important items were:
F
7,ixita
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts..
Value of plant
1,6,
282
5, 808
23, 600
Sources of income: General donations, $4,360; town of Laurinburg, $700;
tuition,
$500; loan to school, $275; other sources, $446. The noneducational receipts amounted
to $2,153, of which $1,23o was from board and $923 from the industrial departments.
In addition $2,000 was raised and expended for a hospital building.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $3,000; "general expenses," lil$1,930;
supplies for boarding department, $1,117; industrial departments, $823; repairs and
additions to buildings, $350; other purposes, $711.
Plant.Land: istimated value, $4,000. The school owns 13 acres of land in
Laurinburg and 28 acres 12 miles from town. About 5 acres of the town land is cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $15,000. Tile buildings are e#11 frame structures.
They include the main building, two dormitories, a hospital, a cottage; and two roughboard shops. The hospital building contains six rooms, but at the time the school
was
visited there were no patients or nurse training students. The larger buildings are two
stories high. They were fairly well kept, but some of them are in need of repair.
Movable equipment: E)timated value, $4,649. Of this P2,2oo was in shops and
hospital equipment, $1,500 in furniture, $700 in academic equipment, and $200 in live
stock and garden tools.
Recommendations. -1. That effort be made to have some of the leading white citizens of Laurinburg become members of the board of trustees.
2. That the school be more effectively organized in its educational and business
management.
.
3. That the work be adapted 'to the rural pupils as well as to the town pupils ot
Laurinburg. To this end the school should be relieved of the overcrowded lower grades,
gardening should be effectively taught,' and the hospital should be used as a dormitory.
4. That an adequate system of bookkeeping be installed and an annual audit made
by an accredited accountant.
5. That contributions be conditioned on more liberal local support and the reorganization above recommended.
;$ Dates of visits: April, 1915; May, 1915.
ilee recommendations in summary chapter, p. es.
NORTH CAROLINA.
439
VANCE COUNTY:
Population, 19 to
Children 6 to r4 years of age, x 9 to
Teachers' salaries in public schools. 19zo-x t
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, x9 to
Whitt.
Neva.
5,421
10,004
1,929
$14,3S5
2,707
83,927
87.46
$1- 45
8. 2
29.8
The rural population is 76.8 per cent of the total. The average length of tIm publicschool term is 6.4 months for white pupils and 5.4 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 6o in white schools and 31 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,648 white pupils and 1,315 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Henderson Normal
Institute in Henderson provides teacher-training facilities for the pupils of the rural
schools of the surrounding counties. As the only African Methodist Episcopal school in
North Carolina, Kittrell College should be developed as an inslitution for training tears
and preachers.
HENDERSON.
liENDERSON NORMAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. A. Cotton.
A school of secondary grade with a large elementary enrollment. The work is well
done.
The school was founded
.7
the Board of
of the United
Presbyterian Church and is owned and supported by that board.
attendance. Total, 375; elementary 334, secondary 41; male 152, female 223.
Of those reporting, 26 were from Henderson, 42 from other places in North Carolina, and
8 from other States. There were 43 pupils above the seventh grade boarding at the
school.
Teachers and zeorkers.Total, 18; all colored; male 5, female 13; academic 9,
music 1, girls' industries 3, boys' industries r, matrons 2, superintendent of broom
factory and superintendent of hospital.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary work is done in the regular eight grades
and in the first year of the so-called normal course.
Seconda14: Secondary subjects are given in the last three years of the ..normal"
course. The course includes: Latin, 2 years; Greek, 1; English, 1; mathematics, 1;4;
elementary science, 1; history, 1,1i; Bible, 2; psychology, .;; bookkeeping, ;. There is
insufficient provision for teacher-training.and no attention is paid to physiology and,
hygiene. Four courses in elementary science, amounting in all to one year's work, are
provided.
Industrial: The industrial courses for boys are limited to instruction in printing,
brooinmaking, and simple manual training. The girls above the seventh grade receive
good instruction in cooking and sewing under thedirection of three teachers. The work
is related to the.fiome life of the pupils.
Nurse training: Nurse training is provided in a well-equtpped hospital built by the
women's board, with a trained nurse in charge. Students needing medical attention and
_.1
440
NEGRO EDUCATION.
patients from the community or surrounding counties are admitted. The number of
patients is comparatively small.
Financial, 19/3-14.Tbe accounts are carefully kept and the financial management appears to be economical, The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$8, 500
8, 000
so, 400
Sotirceof income: United Presbyterian Board, $8,000; tuition and fees, $500. The
noneducational receipts amounted to $4,roo, of which $4,000 was from the boarding
department and $roo from the trade school.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $6,300; boarding department and shops, $4,loo;
general running expenses, $1,700.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $2,000.* The land comprises 13 acres just outside
the corpdrate limits of the town. AbOut,lialfpf the land is used for campus and recreation purposes. The remainder is used for orchard, pasture, and a small farm. The
campus.is clean but bare and could be greatly improved by shade trees and walks.
Buildings: Estimated value, $41,5oo. The main building is a frame structure, two
stories high, and contains classrooms and a chapel seating 500. Fulton Home, the
girls' dOrmitory, accommodates 75. It contains the dining room, domestic science de. partment, laundry, and matron's office. The boys' dormitory; a two-story frame building,
accommodates 75, also houses the printing office. The teachers' home is a neat twolitiostory building. Jubilee Hospital is a two-story brick building with wards for men,
women, and children, an operating room sand several private rooms. There are also
several small buildings, including the janitor's cottage. The buildings are simple in
construction, in good repair, aqd neat in appearance.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $6,900. Of this $5,7oo was in furniture and
hospital equipment, $5oo in farm implements and live stock, $45o in library books, and
$25o in shop tools.
Recommendations.-1. That the institution gradually center its work on the upper
grades, leaving the large enrollment of local pupils to the public schools.
2. That
the courses
in teacher-training, elementary science, and history be
strengthened.
3. That the theory and pr ice of gardening be made part of the regular course.'
Date of visit: December, 194.
ts verified, 1915.
KITTRELL COLLEGE,
KITTRELL.
President: C. G. O'Kelly.
A school of secondary grade with over two-thirds of its pupils in elementary classes.
It was founded in 1886 by the North Carolina Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and is controlled by a board of trustees elected by the tonference.
Attendance. Total, '176 ; elementary 124, secondary 52; boarders, 128; Of the
57 pupils reporting home address, 41 were from North Carolina and 16 from other States.
The reported enrollment for the year lvas 284.
See recommeadatimas In summary chapter,
al.
.
NORTH CAROLINA..
441
Teachers.Total, t2; all colored; male 5, female 7. The teaching was good.
Organization.Elementary, normal, college, and theological departments were
Only two pupils were reported in the college and there were none in the theological department. The elementary department comprises eight grades. The secondary work is done in the " normal" department. The course comprises three years of
Latin; one year each of Greek, algebra, geometry, English composition, physics, chemistry, and general history; and a half year each of physical geography, botany, astronomy,
civics, history of education, psychology, English literature, geology, pedagogy, ethics,
American literature, political economy, and elocution. The course is too elaborate in
the wide range of subjects and lacks thoroughness because of the small amount of time
given to important studies. Because of the destruction of the trades building in 1914,
claimed.
no industrial work has recently been done. The plans contemplate the addition of
courses in sewing and cooking for girls.
Financial, 1913-14.The financial management was under the supervision Of the
president and books were kept at= the school.
The accounts were not well classified and
many important financial items could not be shown separately.
figures as given by the president were:
The more important
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$9, 046
9, 175
26,000
6x,500
Sources of income: African Methodist Episcopal Conference of North Carolina,
Maryland, and Virginia, $7,901 ; tuition and fees, Si ,000; general donations, $145
The noneducational receipts were from board and amounted to $6,055.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, £5,220; supplies and labor for boarding
department, $7,000; interest on debt, $1,200; light, heat, and water, $1,000; equipment, $600; printing and advertising, $210.
Indebtedness : The indebtedness amounted. to $26,o0o and was secured by mortgage
on the entire school property. This large indebtedness has accumulated through a
series of loans to the school to meet running expenses and pay teachers' salaries.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $1o,000. The land comprises 62 acres, 30 acres
of which are cultivated on a commercial basis. The campus comprises 32 acres. The
grounds ate well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $42,000: Duke Memorial Hall, a large four-story
brick structure, contains chapel, dining room, office) and girls' dormitory. The modelschool building contains classrooms for the lower grades. The other buildings are frame
cottages, used as residences by the president and the deans of the theological department and students' home for boys. The dormitories are clean and tidy. The girls'
rooms are in exceptionally good conditiori.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $9400. Of this, $5,000 was iu dormitory
furniture, office fixtures, and classroom equipmnt, $2,000 in farm equipment and live
stock, and $2,5oo in books and library funiis4ings.
Recomme
ions. t. That a better system of accounting be installed.
442
NEGRO EDUCATION.
2. That the course of study of the secondary department be reorganized, industrial work inaugurated, and-the farm land utilized iu teaching agriculture and school
gardening.'
3. That the name be changed to one more descriptive of the work done.
Date of visit: December, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
WAKE COUNTY..
white
Population" solo.
Childr41 6 to 14 years of age. 19 to
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1919-It
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, Iwo
37, 359
7, 378
$58, 857
S7. 98
9. 8
\
Negro
25, 870
5, 973
$15, 782
$.7. 64
26. 9
The rural population is 69.6 6e, cent. of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 6.6 months for white pupils and 5.6 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 207 in white schools and 109 in colored schools. The average attendance is
4,844 white pupils and 3,086 colored pupils.
The Schools of Wake County are increasing in efficiency, Last the schools for colored
people need strengthening, The county, with the cooperation of the Slater Fund and
the general education board, is developing the school at Method as a central institution
for the, pupils Irons the surrounding rural schools. Four unimportant private schools
are operating in the rural sections of the county. The Wakefield and Zebulon Baptist
schools, described in the summary of small Baptist schools for the State, should be com-
bined and taken over by the county. The school at Wake Forest is of minor educational value, and the Catholic school at Nazareth is justifiable chiefly on religious
grounds.
Ni ;THOD.
WAKE COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: Charles N. Hunter.
An elementary public school selected as a central training institution to provide
more advanced training for the pupils of the County.
ance.-160; all elementary.
s.=-Total, 5; all colored; male r, female 4.
ganizatwn.The regular eight grades are taught with industrial work in handicrafts, cooking, and sewing. Good instruction in gardening is provided.
Financial, 1914-15.The income amounted to $2,o5o, of which $1,55o was from
public funds and $5oo from the Slater Fund. Of the income, $1,880 was expended for
salaries and $13o for other purposes.
Plant. Estimated value, $14,150. The plant consists of so acres of land, valued
at $2,000, a two-story brick building, valued at $12,000, and equipment valued at $150.
Recommendalion.That the work be encouraged and facilities added, as the need
appears, for a boarding department, secondary work, and teacher training.
See reconunendations in summary chapter, p. S2.
4
NORTH CAROLINA.
443
RALEIGH.
Population, 1910
Children to lig years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1910 -1 r
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Negro.
11,695
1,837
7,372
2,425
$8,266
$30, 601
$16. 22
5.0
$5.8o
21. 6
There are eight schools for white pupils and four for colored,
with 59 teachers in
white schools and 3o in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,531 white pupils
and 981 colored pupils.
The public schools of Raleigh are crowded. With the addition of
one elementary
school, however, the public schools could accommodate the children
6 to 14. The Garfield School has
grades, including about one and a half years of high-school work.
Good training in school and home gardening is given in this school.
Shaw University
is of State-wide i1
rtance and does not enter materially into the local situation. As
rapidly as the public sch Is expand, the St. Augustine
School should abandon the
lower elementary grades ant center its energies on teacher
training and industrial work.
ST. A.UGUSTINE'S SCHOOL.
Principal: A. B. Ilunter.'
A school of elementary and secondary grade with provision
for industrial training.
The institution is effective in its influence on the character of the pupils.
The school was founded in r.$_¢.7 by Dr. J. B. Smith.
It is owned by an independent
board of trustees and is supporteNand supervised by the Board of
Missions and the,
American Church Institute of the Protestant Episcopal Church.
A ttenda
Total, 264; elementyy 200, secondary 64; boarders, 195.
Of the
elementary p
ils 30 were in the "evening school." Of the secondary and night-school
e and 55 were female. The reported enrollment for the
year was 35o.
Of the pupils in e higher classes 27 were from Raleigh,
42 from other places in North
Carolina, and 23 from other States. There were 37 pupils in the
nurse-training department.
pupils 39 were
Teachers and workers.Total, 28; male ro, female 18; white 9, colored 19; grades 8,
academic 8, girls' industries 3, boys' 'industries 3, music r, drill
1, bookkeeping 1,
librarian 1, nurse training 2.
Organization.Elementary: Good elementary work is done in t* eight grades
of
the daf school. The evening school has three
classes corresponding roughly to the
fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. The students work during
most of the day for pay and
go to school from 4 to 6zo p. In..
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the four-year "collegiate"
course with 4o
pupils and in the two-year ''normal" course with 24 pupils.'
The so-called collegiate
course includes Latin, French, Greek, matherna.ics, English, elementary science,
history,
econorni,Bible, and psychologY.' A few pupils take a half year of histocy, sociology,
and geometry.
I White. Recently succeeded by Rev. Edgar H. Gadd.
Rev. Hunter Is now honorary'prbscipal.
Beginning tot y-16, the normal course covert three years.
46027°:Bull. 39-17--29
NEGRO EDUCATION.
444
The "normal" course includes history, English, algebra, civics, botany, Bible study,
drawing, pedagogy, methods, practice teaching, and social studies.
.Industrial: Considerable provision is made for industrial training. The required
courses are cooking, sewing, printing, woodworking or bricklaying. There are also
classes in basketry, chair caning, and weaving. The time given to this work varies from
seven to nine periods per week. Though all the manual work Jor boys is practical, it
lacks organization. As trade training, it is insufficient both in amount of time and in
the essential elements of the occupation. Though the school cultivates about 75 acres
of land, practically no instruction in agriculture is provided for the pupils.
The work in cooking and sewing for girls is well planned and effective.
Nurse training: A two-year course is given in a well-equipped hospital under the
direction of competent instructors. The resident staff consists of a physician and a head
nurse.
Financial, r9r3-14.An excellent system of accounting has been installed and the
7 books are audited annually. According to the statement for 1913-14 the more important
items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipt.%
Expenditures. Icss noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of property
$25, 929
22,655
1,500
100, 000
Sources of income: Episcopal Board of Missions, $13,017; American Church
Institute, $4,400; general donations, $3,242; special donations and scholarships, $2,066;
endowment, $1,737; special funds, $687; Slater Fund, $600; rent of house, $180. The
noneducational receipts are not shown separately, but the net costs of the various departments after deducting these receipts arc shown as expenditure items. Figures for the
St. Agnes Hospital are not included. The income of this department amounted to
approximately $12,000, practically all of which was used for maintenance.
Items of expenditure: Salaries in all departments amounted to $11,514. The net
cost of the several departments, including salaries, was as follows: General maintenance,
$6,86o; academic and normal, $4,385; administration, $3,990; trades and industries,
$3,821; boarding department, $2,154; agricultural department, $616; other expenses,
$829.
School property: The school property Consists of $163,000 in the plant and $37,000
in endowment.
Plant. band: Estimated value, $22,000. The land comprises 110 acres, of which
75 are used for the farm. The school has a beautiful campus of over 20 acres.
Buildings: 4timated value, $523,000. There are 15. buildings, including the hospital, chapel, and library: Eight of the buildings are of stone or brick; the others are
of frame constructioh. Three are four stories high and five are of three stories. The
Windings are in good condition and the rooms are well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $18,000. A large part of the equipment is
in hospital, industrial, and farm equipment.
.Reconsmendattions.-1. That the work of this good school be encouraged.
NORTH CAROLINA.
445
2. That the terms "normal" and "collegiate" be eliminated and
the courses combined or more closely related to each other.'
3. That industrial courses for boys be limited to manual training
in wood, iron,and
possibly masonry.
4. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular
course.
Date of visit: December, 1914. Facts verified, 1915.
SHAW UNIVERSITY.
President: Charles F. Meserve.'
A school of secondary and collegiate grade, with students
in medicine, pharmacy,
and ministerial graining. The simple industrial
courses are well taught. The business
management is effective.
The school was founded in 1865 by the American Baptist
Home Mission Society.
It is controlled by, a ,board of trustees composed of
northern and southern men. It
receives aid and supervision from the American Baptist
Home Mission Society, and the
Woman's American Baptist Horne Mission Society.
Attendance. --Total, 221; elementary 52, secondary 123, collegiate
24, medicine 9,
pharmacy 13; male 114, female 107; boarders, 143.
Of the students reporting home
address, 62 were from Raleigh, 119 from other places in North
Carolina, and 38 from
other States. Forty of the students
were from farm homes: The reported enrollment
for the year was 291.
Teachers and workers.Total, 3o; white 14, colored
demic 14, girls' industries 4, boys' industries 3, ministerial 16; male 15, female ;5; aca2, medicine and pharmacy 3,
matron 1, other workers 3.
,
Organization.Elementary: A subpreparatory class
provided 'for pupils not
prepared to enter the secondary course. The work of thisisclass
consists of the usual
eighth-grade subjects and industrial training.
Secondary: The subjects reported by practically all the
secondary students were
English, 4 years; Latin, 3; mathematics, V4; history, 1 ;
Bible, 1 j4. Half-year courses
in agriculture and civics are elected by 35 students,
one year of physics by 13, chemistry
by 6, 'history by 15, French by 6, and education by
5.
courses elected by two
or three students are Greek, psychology, teacher training, Other
and shorthand. All students
are required to take some, industrial course each year.
The selection of subjects indicates a freedom from the usual overemphasis on foreign
languages. There is, however,
a need for centering the course on some deAnite object such
as teacher training or premedical preparation.
Collegiate: The distribution of students by subjects on the day of visit was:
English 20; biology, 17; physics, 12; chemistry,
to; French, 12; mathematics, 11; logic, 7;
geology, 7; Latin, 5; psychology, 5.
History, theology, and education were each re7-ported by one student. While the.emphasis
on the physical sciences is in accord with
modern ideai of education,
it has evidently made necessary- the neglect of history,
social science, and teacher-training subjects.
Some progress has aIrrody been made toward this reorgenizatics..
See reccenmeodations la summary chapter. p. sr.
White.
-NEGRO EDUCATION.
446
Industrial: Manual training includes carpentry, cabinet making, painting, woodturning, blacksmithiug, and mechanical drawing. The time devoted to these courses varies
from two to eight. hours a week during the preparatory and seconary years. The
training of young women in cooking and sewing is unusually thorough.
IIXedicine and pharmacy Three teachers devote all their time and two others half
time to the courses in medicine and pharmacy. One academic teacher also gives a part
of his time to these courses. The medical building is a three-story structure containing
lecture rooms and laboratory facilities. The plan of the medical department, as outlined in the catalogue, is to give the first two years of a medical course following- two
years of college work. At the completion of the four ytArs the student is to receive
the degree of B. S. in medicine and be prepared to take up the last two years of the medical course at anbther institution. The pharmacy course required high-school education
-for entrance and three years of study for graduation. It is apparent that the courses
outlined can not be adequately carried out with the available teaching force and clinical
facilities.
Ministerial training: Two teachers are reported for ministerial courses, but one
gives a large part of his time to academic classes. Onl.y/i few students were present on
the day of visit, and these appeared to be poorly prepared.
Financial, 19r4-15.----The books are kept in accordance with the requirements of
the American Baptist Home Mission Society and an annual statement is made by the
president to the society. According to the statement for 1914-15 the more important
items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures,jcss noneducational receipts
Value of property.
,
4
$31, 973
a8, 406
373, 251
Sources of income: American Baptist Home Mission Society, $ '3,793; tuition and
fees, $8.715; sale of lots, $3,1o6; Slater Fund, $2,250; Woman's American Baptist Home
Mission Society, $t,o5o; laboratory and other fees, $858; contributions' from Negro
churches, p24; contributions from white churches, $93; other sources, $1,884. The
noneducational receipts amounted to $5,573. Of this $4,791 was from the boarding
department, $782 was from sale of books, and the balance was from board aid tuition,
which could not be shown separately.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $16,65o; supplies for boarding department, $4,791;
heat, light, and power, $3,257; wages, $1,692; repairs and renewals, $1,3oo; educational
supplies, $9o7; traveling expenses, $483; chemical laboratory, $367; postage and stationery, $329; athletic association fees, $256; library expenses, Poi ; expressage, $68;
other items, $3,778.
'School property: Of the property $365,690 was in the school plant, $3994 in houses
and lots held for sale, and $3,567 in cash on hand.
Mont.Land: Estimated value, $132,55o. The land comprises about 12 acres of
valuable city property. The campus is well kept and neat in appearance.
Buildings: Estimated value, $19o,39o. There are 14 buildings of varying sizes on
the grounds, of which 8 are large brick structures. Most of the buildings are in good
repair and all are exceptionally clean.
NORTH CAROLINA.
447
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $42,750. Of this $16,000 is in power-plant
Machinery, $13,000 in hospital and medical equipment, $8,800 in_ dormitory and classroom furniture, $2,00o in the administration building, $1,250 in boarding department
equipment, $900 in chapel furniture and $800 in gymnasium,
Recommendations.-1. That the organization be simplified and the energy of the
school centered on two or three well-planned courses.
2. That teacher training and premedical work be made the main objects of
instruction.
3. That the theory and practice of gardening be made part of the secondary and
teacher - training courses.'
Date of visit : December, 1914.
Facts verified, 1916.
LOCAL BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
Besides the three schools aided by the American Baptist Home Mission Society, the
North Carolina State Baptist Convention reports 25 Baptist schools in the State. Of
this number one was considered important enough to be discussed in the county
summaries above. Fourteen were visited and are described below.
The io not visited are
listed at the end of this summary. Some of these are probably in Albion
irregularly
but are of little importance; othefs represent property held by the various Baptist
associations and used for the local public schools, while others are merely planned for the
future: From the struggle for existence which many of these schools have it is evident
that 24 is too large a number for the Baptists of North Carolina to maintain efficiently.
No new schools should be planned. Efforts should be made to have the public
authorities assume responsibility for those now aided by the public and sonic cooperation should
be developed between the remaining association 'schools.
It is also evident from the small amount of money available from the associations
that much more efficient work could be done if the Baptists would concentrate all their
money on six or seven of the stronger Baptist schools of the State. Of the schools described below, Western Union Academy, Burgaw Institute, and Bertie Academy are
most worthy of further development. These institutions, with the four described
under
the counties, would require all the money now available.
ANSON COUNTYWADESBORO.
ZION ACADEMY.'
Principal: J. R. Faison.
A crude one-teacher school, enrolling 32 pupils in 5 elementary grades. It is owned and partially
supported by the local Baptist Association. As the school only operates 7 months, the 26 day
pupils
could be better cared for in the public school, which is about a half mile distant.
The income amounted to approximately $200, which was used for the teacher's salary. The
plant,
estimated value $1,5oo, consists of 2 acres of land on the edge of Wadesboro, two small frame buildings,
and meager equipment. The buildings were dirty and in bad repair.
Reconssendation.In view of the proximity of a good public school and the pnigresSive spirit of the
public-school authorities, it is recommended that the plan to combine the public an4 private schools
be carried out.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
See recormssendations in summary chapter, p. la.
It is reported that since date a( visit some improvement has
:sirs&
been made.- Three teachers and r to pupils were reported In
NEO1.0 EDUCATION.
448
BERTIE COUNTYWINDSOR.
BERTIE ACADEMY.
Principal: W. S. Etheridge.
An elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It is owned by the Bettie County
Baptist Association and partly supported by Bertie County.
f Attendance. Total, 68; elementary 6o, secondary 8. There were x7 girls boarding at the school.
Telt-her .Total, 4; all colored; male 2, female a. In addition there was one part-time teach' -r.
OrAnization.The school work is poorly organized. The school land is rented out, and agriculture
is taught from a text-book. A little sewing is provided for the girls, but there is no industrial work for
.
boys. ,
Financial, 1913 -1¢. The income amounted to $1,764, of which $652 was from the Baptist Association, $55o from county funds, $541 from tuition and fees, and $21 from other sourceS41a-Of the income
$1, m a was expended for salaries, $250 for light and fuel, $110 for repairs,, and $283 for other purposes.
Plant. Estimated value, $15,000. The plant consists of 7 acres of land in Windsor. two frame
buildings, one of which is a two-story structure with 20 rooms, and equipment valued at $700
Reconunendations.x. That the land now rented out be utilized for a school garden.
2. That industrial work for all the grades be provided.
Date of visit: December, 1914
CHOWAN COUNTYEDENTON.
ALBEMARLE TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: J. E. Ti Ile t t .
A one-teacher school supported by a few churches in the Roanoke Baptist Association. The attend'.
ance was 27. The school building is a very old, dilapidated frame structure, valued at about $200.
Recommendation. The school should not expect other than local support,
....
DUPLIN COUNTYFAISON.
AISON EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. Z. Horton.
...
%
'
A small elementary school with a few pupils doing some secondary work. It is owned by a board of
moored trustees and maintained by the local Baptist Association. The 24 pupils were taught by the
principal and two colored women. Some slight educational use is made of a blacksmith shop. The sew-
ing' is of little 'value. The income, excluding the boarding department, amounted to approximately
..,/
of which $500 was from the Baptist asscoiations, $350 from general donations, and $250 f ram tuition
and ees. Of the income about $7oo was expended for salaries, $303 for repairs, and $100 for general
There is an indebtedness of $750. The plant, estimated value $3, coo, consists of about 3
acres land, twb frame buildings, and equipment valued at $800.
Rekornaiendation.In view of the small funds available for maintaining this school and the existence of a public school next door, this school should be combined with one of the stronger Baptist schools
of N
viiaa.
Date visit: December, 1914.
111.14
s"
FRANKLIN COUNTYFRANKLINTON.
GIRLS' TRAINING SCHOOL
A small el entary school with 21 pupils and two teachers. It is owned by the local Baptist Association. It is
ported mainly by tuition, which amounts to approximately $250 a year. The plant,
estimated value ,000, is in very poor condition. There is no need foY this school.
Reariaawadotiofs.That the property be sold and the proceeds devoted to assisting one of the
larger Baptist schools of the State.
NORTH CAROLINA.
449
LENOIR COUNTYKINSTON.
McDANIEL NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
President: W. H. Bryan.
An ungraded school with so pupils all doing lower elementary work. The school was started in
two. It is owned by the local Baptist Association and taught by the principal and a colored woman.
There were no financial records at the school. The income, estimated at $7oo, was derived from the
association and tuition. Practically all the money was expended for salaries. The plant, estimated
value $6,000, consists of '26 acres of land, two rough frame buildings and equipment valued at tsoo.
There is an indebtedness of $2,0oo on the land. The buildings are poorly kept.
Recommendation . That the school be combined with one of'the larger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
MARTIN COO NTYPARM ELE.
HIGGS MEMORIAL INSTITUTE.'
Principal: Miss Sarah C. Riddock.
A small elementary school doing low grade work. Efforts have been made to unite this school
with the Middle Ground Institute at Williamston, N. C. Both schools are owned by local Baptist
Associations.
There were io elementary pupils in attendance, taught by two colored women. The income
amounted to approximately tr,000, of which about $Soo was from Baptist Association and $2oo from
tuition. Most of the income was used for teachers' salaries. The a acres of land and the old frame
buildings were worth about $1,000.
Recommendation . In view'of the county training school at Parmele these associations should give
their support toone of the stronger schools of the State.
Date of visit: May,
PASQUOTANK COUNTYELIZABETH CITY.
ROANOKE COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE.
Principal: C. F. Graves.
,r
A disorganized elementary school with four secondary pupils. It is owned by the local Baptist
Association. The 1o7 pupils were in x i grades, practically all.dotng elementary work. The six teachers,
all colored, were poorly trained. Part of the accounts were .kept by the president and part by the
treasurer of the association. None of the records were systematic. As far as could be determined the
income amounted to approximately $4,5oo, which came from the association, tuition, and donations.
Of this $2,000 was expended for salaries and the balance for other purposes. The plant, estimated value
$9,jo6, consists of 10 acres of land, two frame buildings, and equipment valued at $3oo. The indebtedness amounted to86,800.
mmendation.In view of the poor management of this school and the existence of other institution it is recommended that the school be combined with one of the larger Baptist schools of the
State.
Da e of visit: December, 1914.
PENDER COUNTY BURGAW.
BURGAW NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE-
Principal: I,. H. Powell.
An elementary school with a small boarding department doing the, public school work for the town.
It was founded in 1902 by the local Baptist Association, and is aided by e county.
A ltendance . Total, ri4; all in eight grades; male so, female 64.
l Also called "Middle Ground Institute."
NEGRO EDUCATION.
450
Teachers. Total, 4; all colored. AR the instruction is given in one large mom curtained off for
classes.
Limited instruction in sewing and gardening is proiOded.
Financial, 1913-lg.The incorpe amqunted to ;1,972, of which $1,100 was from the Baptist Asso-
ciation, and $872 from the county' Of this $936 was expended for salaries and $1,036 for running expenses
and improvements.
t
Plant Estimated value, $6,5oo. The plant consists of 51, acres of land on the edge of Burgaw,.
two 2-story frame buildings in poor repair, and equipment valued at $30o.
Recommendation.That the plant be improved and gardening and manual training be made part
of the regular course.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
PITT COUNTYGREENVILLE.
_
TAR RIVER INSTITUTE.
Principal: C. C. Clark.
A poorly managed elementary school with 85 pupils in eight grades. It is taught by two colored
teachers with limited training. The control is vested in trustees chosen by the local Baptist Association, and the income of about $5oo is for the most part from the association. The plant, estimated value
$2,400, consisted of 4 acres of land on the edge of town, a rough, unpainted frame building, and equipment valued at $2oo.
Reconimenclation.That the school be combined with one of the stronger Baptist schools in North
Carolina.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
RUTHERFORD COUNTYRUTHERFORDTON.
WESTERN UNION ACADEMY.
Principal: P. F. Maloy.
- A school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It was founded by the local
Baptist Association, by which it is owned and controlled. The school term is 7 months.
Attendance. Total, 102; there were 35 boarders. The classroom work is fairly well done. Some
garden work is done by the boys and sewing by the girls.
Teachers.Total, 5; all colored.
Financial, 19r3-14.The more important financial items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, lese noneducational receipts
Value of plant
ST, 844
2, 228
5, 000
Sources of income: Baptist Association, $1,26o; tuition and fees, $270, donations, $2 ro: other sources,
The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to $525.
Items of expexiditure: Salaries, $1,16o; supplies, Saco; traveling eliptnses,. Si io; student aid, $96;
other expenses, $593.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $s,000. The land consists of 23 acres on the outskirts of Rutherfordton, ,
$104.
Buildings: Estimated value, $2,5oo. There were four Poorly constructed frame buildings, comprising a large school building, a small dortnitery. r and two cottages.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5co.
Reconstlieion.That the course be adapted to the preparation of teachers for rural districts,
ing and gardening be made a required part of the course.
and manual
Date of visit: April 1914.
NORTH CAROLINA.
451
WAKE COUNTYWAKEFIELD.
HICKORY GROVE ACADEMY.
Principal: S. H. High.
An elementary school with one teacher and 24 pupils. Though it is taught in a building owned by
the county, it is supported by neighboring Baptist churches, which raise about $aoo annually to pay the
teacher.
Recommendation.That the school be combined with the public schools.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
WAKE COUNTYZEBULON.
Zr- tJLON BAPTIST SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss M. B. Hilliard.
An elementary school taught in a one-room building on the Baptist Church property. Only 3!
pupils attended. It was taught by one colored teacher. About $2oo is raised annually by the church
to pay the teacher.
Recommendation,That di* school be combined witthe public schools.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
WARREN COUNTYNORLINA.
SHILOH INSTITUTE.
Principal: E. M. Bridgeford.
An elementary school with 9 pupils. The income amounted to approximately $xio, all of. which
was from the Baptist Association. The plant, estimated value $2,5oo, consists of 5o acres of land and a
frame building, and has just been purchased by the local Baptist Association.
Recommendation.That the school be combined with some of the larger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: February, 1914.
OTHER BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
In addition the following schools were reported, but evidence indicates that they are
either out of existence or too small to be worthy of consideration in this report.
Bladen County: Clarkton, Hodges Normal School.
Craven County: James City, Atlantic and North Carolina School.
Forsyth County: Winston-Salem, Yadkin Valley High School.
Halifax County: Essex, Essex High School. Littleton, Reedy Creek institute. Weldon, Neuse
River Institute.
Johnson County:,Smithfield,'Johnson High Shool.
Northampton County : Garysburg, Garysburg High School.
Onslow County: Jacksonville, Trent River High School.
Richmond County: Hamlet, Pee Dee Insititute.
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
There are six Catholic parish schools in North Carolina. The principal facts reported
concerning them are listed below. The religious interest is strong in all of these schools.
County..
Craven
Gaston.
Gaston.
New Hanover.
Sampson.
Wake.
Town.
Newbern.
Belmont.
Gastonia.
Wilmington.
Newton Grove.
Nazareth.
Schools.
St. Joseph's School.
St. Benedict's School.
St. Joseph 's School
St. Mary's School.
St. Francis' School.
Sacred Heart School.
Attendance.
150
32
Teachers
3
40
ISO
20
IS
S
Income.
$403
300
400
, Oco
225
575
452
NEGRO EDUCATION.
EPISCOPAL SCHOOLS.
Besides the St. Augustine Normal School, described under Wake County,
there are
five Episcopal parochial schools in North Carolina. Three of these schools
were visited
and" re described in this summary. The two whose existence
was verified by cor-
respondence are listed at the end of the summary. The Episcopal Board of Missions
has records of other schools, but their existence is so doubtful
that they are not considered in this study.
CHOWAN COUNTYEDENTON.
EPISCOPAL PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: W. J. Herritage, the local rector.
.
A small Episcopal parochial school with 39 pupils. The wife of the local rector teaches the
school,
the rector himself giving some assistance. It is supported by tuition amounting
to about $200, and is
taught in the Sunday school room of the Episcopal Church.
Recommend° liox.In view of the other public and private schools in Edenton
and the present
condition of this school, the effort to continue the work does not seem warranted.
Date of visit: December, 1914
FRANKLIN COUNTYLOUISBURG.
GOOD SHEPHERD PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: George C. Pollard.
A parochial school owned by the Episcopal diocese of North Carolina and aided
by the Episcopal
Board of Missions. It has two teachers.and
an enrollment of 137 pupils. Practically all the work is
elementary. Three pupils assist in the teaching.
Industrial work is limited to cooking and sewing.
Financial, 1913-14.The income was.$7oo, of which $5oo was from the Episcopal
Board and $2co
from tuition and donations. This was all used for teachers' salaries.
PlantsEstimated value, $1,.5co. The plant consists of an
acre of land iu Louisburg and a new
two-story frame building, The Episcopal Board gave $5oo
toward
the building, and the rest was raised
by subscription.
Recommendation.That the Episcopal board endeavor,to develop cooperation with
the public.
school system.
Date of visit: December, 19.4.
WARREN COUNTYWARRENTON.
ALL SAINTS MISSION SCHOOL.
Principal: J. H. Hudson.
A small parochial school with so pupils and one teacher, taught in the
basement of the church.
The minister of the church is in charge of the work. It is owned by the diocese
and is maintained by
the Episcopal Board 01 Missions. There were 5o pupils, distributed
through
eight
grades, and one
teacher, a colored woman, who gave all her time to the school.
FinewicaijiThe income of the school was $240, of which Simi was from the Episcopal
Board of Missions and $40 from tuition. All of this was used for teacher's salary.
Recommendation.The donations from the Board of Missions might better he used
in connection
with the public schools or at one of the other Episcopal schools of the State.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
OTHER EPISCOPAL SCHOOLS.
The following schools were reported by correspondence, but
evidence indicates
that they are not of sufficient importance to enter into the
present study:
County.
Town.
Edgecomb.
Halifax.
Tarboro.
Littleton.
School.
St. Luke's School.
Littleton Mission School.
NORTH CAROLINA.
4nt
453
LUTHERAN SCHOOLS.
Besides Immanuel Lutheran College the Board of Colored Missions of the Evangelical
Lutheran Synodical Conference reports eight parochial schools in North Carolina.
Evidence indicates that they are not of sufficient importance to be considered in this
study. They are listed as follows:
Totyn.
Albemarle.
Charlotd.
Concord.
Fayetteville.
Sandy Ridge.
SalisbUry.
Southern Pines.
Wilmington.
County.
School.
Stan ly.
Mecklenburg.
Cabarrus.
Cumberland.
Stokes.
Rowan.
Moore.
New Hanover.
Parochial.
St. Paul's School.
Grace School.
Parochial.
Mount Calvary School.
St. John's School.
Parochial.
Parochial.
PRESBYTERIAN SCHOOLS.
The Presbytirian Board of Missions for Freedmen reports 31 schools in North
The fMir that are considered of most importance have been discussed in
the county summaries. . Of the others, t r were visited and are discussed below. The
other 16 are listed at the end of this summary. These'small parochial schools are of
Carolina.
Many of them are considered as littlesmore than Sunday schools by
the Board of Missions. Five of these schools are, however, either maintained in cooperation with the public authorities or located in communities where their limited facilities are needed to supplement inadequate public schohls. These schools are: Yadkin
local significance.
Academy at Mebane, Gould Academy at Chadbourn, Billingslee Academy at States-.
ville, Sarah Lincoln Academy wt Aberdeen, and Daytou Academy at Carthage. The
Presbyterian Board should support these five schools only until the public-school authori-
ties are able to assume their full maintenance. It is obvious that with the pressing
needs of Biddle University and the larger Presbyterian schools in the- State, the money
now spent on many of the smaller schools might better be applied to the maintenance
of the larger institutions.
YADKIN ACADEMY.
ALAMANCE COUNTYMEBANE.
Principal: P. J. A. Corte.
An elementary school owned by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen and largely supported by the county of Alamance. The principal is the local pastor. There was an attendance of
6o pupils in nine grades. The reported enrollment for the yea, was r go. The school is taught by four
colored women.
Financial.The income for 1913-14 was it ,25o, of which $625 was from the county, $350 from the
Presbyterian Board, Sato from contributions, and $65 from tuition. Of this sum, 81,125 was expended
for salaries and $125 for other purposes.
The plantestimated value, $2,5ooconsists of five acres of land on the edge of the village, a
two-story frame building, and a little furniture.
Recommindations.-1. That time Presbyterian board endeavor to obtain complete support from the
r:
county authorities and the school turned over to them.
a. 'That instruction in gardening and elementary industrial subjects be made a part of the regular
course.
Date of visit: April, tots.
,
454
NEGRO EDUCATION.
ANSON COUNTYWADESBORO
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL.
Teacher: Mrs. E. A. McCorkle.
A small school of five grades, enrolling 43 pupils, taught by the minister's wife.
The school has an
income of $117, of which $90 is from the Pre.c,)yterian Board of Missions and $27 from
tuition. The
schoolhouse is a one-room building in the rear of the church.
Recommendation.In 'view of the good public-school facilities for colored children in Wadesboro
and the existence of a larger primate school there, this school seems
unnecessary.
Date of visit: December, 1914. Facts verified, 1915.
BUNCOMBE COUNTY ASHEVILLE.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL.
Principal: C. B. Dusenbury.
A disorderly elementary school taught in an old. church building by the Presbyterian preacher,
his wife, and a student teacher. On the day the school was visited there
13o pupils in io grades,
all doing elementary work.- The support, amounting to $700, was paidwere
partly by the Presbyterian
Board of Missions and partly by tuition.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
BURKE COUNTYMORGANTOWN.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: F L. Brodie.
A smal
en -grade school, in session six months in the year, taught by the Presbyterian preacher
and two me bers of his fainily. The school is operated in a town where
there are few colored people.
At the time of visit the school was not in session.
The reported enrollment for the year was'87. Its
support, amounting to about too, is from the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen
and from
tuition. The plant consists of 5 acres of land,
value $soo; a two-story frame building, value $i so°, and
equipment valued at $200.
Recommendalion.k1 view of the sparse Negro pOpulation of Iklrgantown and the
counties the appropriation of the Presbyterian Board might better be used to increase the surrounding
efficiency of
the public school.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
COLUMBUS COUNTYCHADBOURN.
GOULD ACADEMY.
Principal: H. L. Fuller.
A small three-teacher parochial school owned by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for
Freedmen,
and largely maintained by Columbus County. The Jeanes Fund worker for the
county does some
teaching. The attendance is 144, all elementary.
The reported enrollment for the year was 225.
The reported income for 1913-14 was $663. Of this, $45o was from the county, ,Si8o From
the Presbyterian Board, and $33 from tuition. All the income is used to pay teachers'
salaries. The plant
estimated value $2,000consists of 2 acres in Chadbourn and a four-room schoolhoAe
Recommendation. That the plant be given to the county authorities on condition that total
support
be taken over by them.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
FRANKLIN COUNTYLOUISBURG.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Teacher: Miss Zena Hill.
A small One-teacher school of four grades, taught in the rear of a church. Attendance,
22. The school
Is supported in part by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen and
a.smallamount of tuition
is raised. In view of other school facilities in Louisburg,
there is n¢ need for this school.
Date of visit: December, 2914.
NORTH CAROLINA.
455
I REDELL COUNTYSTATESVILLE.
BILLINGSLEE ACADEMY.
Principal: J. C. Dockery.
Nit elementary school with 28 pupils in attendance and a total of 8o enrolled. The school term is
seven months. The school provided for a small amount of gardening and sewing. The teachers are the
pastor and three colored women The Presbyterian Board of Missions owns the plant, which consists of 6
acres of land and a two-story frame building. The estimated value of the plant is fa ,oco. The board pays
the pastor's salary and contributes toward other salaries. In addition a small amount is raised by tuition.
The total income is approximately $5oo.
Recommendation. In view of the proximity of this school to public schools, and in view of the small
Negro population of Statesville, this school should be with the public school.
Date of visit. December, 1914 -
MOORE COUNTY--ABERDEEN.
SARAH LINCOLN ACADEMY.
Priniipal: W. J. Rankin.
A small parochial school of elementary grade, owned by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for
Feedmen and supported partly by that board and partly by tuition. There was an attendance of 55
on day of visit, with a few pupils in each of the eight grades. There were three teachersthe pastor of the
church.his wife, and one assistant. The income of the school amounts to about Sboo, all of which is used
for teachers' salaries. Of this sum, $395 is from the Presbyterian Board and the balance from tuition.
There is no public school for the 800 Negroes in Aberdeen. A public fund, to erect a school for
colored children, is now accumulating.
Recommendation: --Efforts should be made to combine the public and private funds to support one
good public school.
Date of visit:,-December, 1914.
MOORE COUNTYCARTHAGE.
DAYTON ACADEMY.
Principal: I. H. Russell.
A small three-teacher parochial schoolowned and maintained by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen. There were 47 pupils present op the day of visit, all of whom were elementary.
The reported enrollment for the year was too. The principal also teaches a night school with an enrollment of 27. The income for 1913-14 was $30i, of which $217 was from the Presbyterian Board and $84
from tuition. This was all expended for teachers' salaries. The plant, estimated value, Si ,soo, consists of a six-room frame building and two acres of ground. There is a three-room cottage on the school
grounds, which is not used at present. The school building is not in good repair, and the seating facilities are poor.
Recommendation.There is a present need for this school, but with the dev.elopment of the public
schools it should become part of the public - school system or be combined with one of the larger institutions.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
ROBESON COUNTYLUMBERTON.
REDSTONE ACADEMY.
Principal: J. H. Hayswood.
An elementary school with a few pupils in high-school subjebts and a small boarding department.
It was founded in too4 and is owned and maintained by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen,
The school term is seven months.
An attendance of ,00 pupils was claimed. Only seven are studying secondary subjects. The
is grades are taught by the principal and four women teachers.
Financial. Exclusive of receipts from the boarding department, the income of the school was
about $86o, of which $600 was from the Presbyterian Board and $26o from tuition and fees. This was
,offset by an expenditure of $6co for salaries, Si to for fuel, and $65 for other expenses.
0
0.
456
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Plant. Estimated value, $2,930. The property consists of four
acres of land, two frame buildings,
and meager equipment.
Recornitiendurion.In view of the fact that there is a good public school fob
Negroes in Lumberton,
and one other private school which ii doing fairly good work, this school
shottld be discontinued and
the funds transferred to another school or used for the
improvement of the public school.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
WAKE COUNTYWAKE FOREST./
WAKE FOREST NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: A. L. Young.
A privately controlled elementary,school with a fete secendars; pupils.
There *ere 38 pupils in
attendance. The plans is poor and management doubtful. The school was formerly
a parochial school
and still receives a small appropriation from the Presbyterian Board of
Missions for Freedmen. It is
owned by a board of five trustees but is controlled by the principal.
The school is taught by three full-time and two part-time teachers,
of whom are men. The
principal, in teddition te teaching, conducts a small store and spends part two
of his time soliciting money.
Financial, 1913-14.aqo systematic accounts are kept.
The principal keeps a list of donations in a
memorandum book. As far as could be determined the income for 1913-14
WAS $2,460, most of which
was from donations. About half of this sum was used for
running expenses and the balance on new
building. The indebtedness was $2,222, of which $1 ,202 was on the uncompleted
building, $220 on notes
_payable for supplies, and $8oci due the principal on land be had sold
to the school.
Plarit.Estimated value, $5,000. The school owns 21 % acres of land in the town. A large frame
building of 3o rooms is now in course of erection. The school building contains
5 rooms, 3 of which are
used for classrooms. Two small cottages are used for teachers' homes.
Recommendation. This school should not expect other than local support.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
i
OTHER PRESBYTERIAN SCHOOLS.
The following schools were also reported by the Presbyterian
Board,
idence
indicates that they are hardly worthy of consideration in this report.
They are transi-
tory in nature and frequently move when the pastor goes to
a new church. They are
listed as follows.
County.
Alamance:
Alamance.
Bladen.
Caldwell.
Craven.
Fortyth.
Granville.
Henderson.
Town.
1
Mebane.
Graham.
Elizabethtown.
Lenoir.
Newbern.
Winston - Salem.
Fairport.
Hendersonville.
County.
Mecklenburg.
Richmond.
Scotland.
Surrey.
Wake.
Wilson.
Yadkin.
Hoke.
Town.
Pineville.
Hamlet.
Laurinburg.
Mount Airy.
Raleigh.
Elm City.
Booneville.
Raeford.
SCHOOLS OF MISCELLANEOUS DENOMINATIONS.
In addition to the denominational schools already described, there.
are two other
small denominational schools in North Carolina. These schools are maintained
by the
African Methodist Episcopal Zion and the Methodist Episcopal
view of the uncertainty of their support and the-need of the larger denominations. In
tchoofs in the State
maintained by these denominatins, their present condition does ua justify
the effort
to continue their work.
NORTH CAROLINA.
457,
BLADEN COUNTY CLARKTON.
AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL ZION SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. A. L. Lomax.
A one-teacher elementary school of seven grades, with an attendance of 3o pupils. There is no
material difference in the grade of work or the facilities of this private school and the public school
which is located next door to it. It is owned by the District Conference of the African Methodist"
Episcopal Zion Church and its support comes in part from the conference and in part from tuition.
.
The income is about $250.
The plant, estimated value $1,5oo, consists of 2 acres of land, a very crude building which has
never been finished, and equipment valued at t3oo.
-Recommendation.That effort be made to combine this private school with the public school next
door so that a full-time two - teacher school may be operated instead of two small one-teacher schooli
with short terms.
Date of visit: April, tors.
CLEVELAND COUNTYLAWNDALE.
DOUGLAS ACADEMY.
A four-teacher elementary school formerly maintained by the American Missionary Association.
It was sold to the Western North Can;lina Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church and is to be
reopened and supported by the Conference.
The plant, worth about $4, soo, consists of two 2-story frame buildings and to acres of land near Lawn-
dale Junction.
INDEPENDENT, SCHOOLS.'
Besides the schools aiscussed in the. county summaries, there are seven small inde
pendent schools in North Carolina. The James City primary school Is taught for tintion
and should continue only until the public schools are adequate. The school at Rockingham should be t`nerged with the public-school system. The other five schools are
extremely doubtful iu management. As their maintenance is dependent upon individual
initiative, donations should be withhtld.
.ANSON COUNTYPEE DEE.
BARRETT COLLEGIATE AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
President: A. M. Barrett.
A one teacher school with six pupils. It is mimed by the principal. The income amounted to
approximately $300, all of which was from donations and was used to pay the teacher. The plant,
estimated value $3,000, consists of 28 acres of land, an old brick building, and equipment valued at
Ssoo. The building was dirty apg in bad repair.
Recommendation.Vbis school should not expect other than local support.
Date of visit: December, 19'4.
CRAVEN COUNTYJAMES CITY (NEWBERN).
JAMES CITY PRIMARY SCHOOL.
Principal: M. P. Sawyer.
A private school taught by the principal and supported by the tuition, which amounts to apptoxiniately $aoo a year. There were so in attendance on day of visit. The school is taught in a house
next to the principal's home.
0
Recommendolion..This school should not expect other than 1pca1 support.
Date of visit: December, x9z4
458
NEGRO EDUCATION.
EDGECOMBE COUNTY ROCKY MOUNT.
ROCKY MOUNT INDUS TRIAL HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: 'J. B. Harper.
An elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It is owned by a private board of
trustees and supported by tuition. The ro5 pupils are taught by four teachers. Although such subjects as-Latin, rhetoric, and civil government were reported in the higher classes, the spelling and writing of the pupils indicated that they are hardly more advanced than low-grade elementary pupils.
The income amounted to approximately $soo, all of which was from tuition.
The plant, estimated value $1, too, consists of a small lot, a 4-room frame building, and equipment
valued at itoo. The rooms were crowded and the scats poor. Where is a mortgage indebtedness of
$sco on the plant.
Recommendation. That the trustees endeavor to have the public- school facilities improved so
that this poorly managed private school may not be needed.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
FRANKLIN COUNTYLOU I SBURG.
LOUISBURG NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL TRAINING SCHOOL
Principal: S. P. Hawkins.
The principal claims to have an elementary school with an attendance of 4o pupils . Though the
building was visited on two school days, no pupils were discoverid. The plant, estimated value $2,000,
,consists of about an acre of land, a two-story frame building, and equipment Willued at $300.
Recommendation.--That all donations be withheld.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
MOORE COUNTYSOUTHERN PINES.
THE INDUSTRIAL UNION INSTITUTE TRAINING SCHOOL AND ORPHANAGE.
Principal: James M. Henderson.
A poorly managed school with a few pupils. The work has practically no educational value.
'4l'hough the school is incorporated, the ownership is largely in the control of the principal, who spends
most of his time soliciting funds. The principal and his wife and three others are employed as teachers.
Thirty pupils were present on day of visit. Of these nine ware orphans.
Financial, rpr 3-r4. The income, exciumte of the boarding department and farm, amounted to
approximately $1,2oo, which was raised throurh donations, tuition, and entertainments. The boarding
department and farm were said to be self-sustaining.
running expenses.-
All of the income was expended for salaries and
Plost.Estimated value, $11,84o. The plant consists of 4 acres of land on the edge of town, 24
eats miles from town, 7 small,poorly-constructed frame houses, and equipment valued at S600.
Reanntnendation.TiThis school should not expect other than local support.
Date of visit; March, 1915.
RICHMOND COUNTYROCKINGHAM.
ROCKING
NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL TRAINING SCHOOL
. C. DeBerry.
An ere
school controlled by a board of tg tzustees, two of whom are white. The school wilts
founded in 1910 by the prinCipal and his wife and the school property in Rockingham is owned by
them. The trustees are to hold the ttle to the him which the school is trying to putchasc.
VAttodasce.Total, 83. Only one pupil, who was an amistant teacher, was doing secondary work.
About so pupils lioard at the school. The reported enrollment for the year was 10.
nachers.Total, 6; all colored; male t, female 5. Three other teachers give part of their time to
the school.
.
Print
NORTH CAROLINA.
459
Organization.All the classes are small. Little emphasis is placed on industrial work. The boys
in the advanced classes are taught blacksmithing and woodworking in a shop in Rockingham.
Financial, 1913-.4.As far as could be determined from the meager financial records the more
important items for.the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness.
Value of plant
$1, 383
2,057
4, 745
8, 500
Sources of income: Tuition and fees, $1,265; school entertainments and donations, 3118. The
noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to $6425.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $1,200; suppliesafor boarding department, $4qpi equip- gpil.
ment, $336; power, light, and heat, $331; repairs, $130; other expenses. $175.
Indebtedness: 'The indebtedness was in the form of mortgage on the school plant.
PlantsLand< Estimated value, $4,000. The school campus consists of a large city lot. A farm
of aro acres a miles from Rockingham is being purchased.
Buildings: Estimated value, $3,000. The one building which is used for girls' dormitory and
classrooms is a two-story frame structure. Another small house is rented for the boys' dormitory. The
school building is poorly constructed but fairly well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,00o, of which $65o was in furniture and $350 in farm
implements, live stock, and other equipment.
Recommendations. t. That contributions be withheld so long as the school property is owned by
the principal.'
2. That the county authorities make this school a part of the public-school system and use it is a
county training school.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
WAKE COUNTYRALEIGH.
L.kTTA UNIVERSITY.
Principal: M. L. Latta.
No such institution exists, though a representative of the venture was soliciting in 1916. At one
time, it appears, a few pupils attended as elemtntary day pupils, but all pretense of teaching was abandoned many years ago. The name " Latta University" has been used for a number of years as a means
of soliciting funds, ostensibly for the school, but actually for the principal.
The so-called " Latta University" was incorporated under the laws of North Carolina in 1894. Title
to the property, which has apparently been acquired by funds contributed for the supposed school,
is vested in the principal's wife. The property, at the present time, consists of 300 acres of valuable
land on the outskirts of Raleigh, a comfortable cottage used for the home of the principal, and a dilapidated frame building -formerly used for teaching a few pupils. The !and is now said to be worth over
$25,000.
Latta, who professes to be a minister -and uses the title "Reverend," wrote a aoo-page book,
"The History of My Life and Work." The following statement Made on page 55 of this book is a
good illustration of the many extravagant statements made in the interest of this fraud:
" Latta University is located in West Raleigh, N. C., 1 mile west froln the capitol building. The
location is the very best that could be desired for this school, being outside the busy city, but within
easy reach by means of the electric street cars, whit run near Lift institution. It is one of the largest
schools in the South in every respect, having capacity to accommodate more than fourteen hundred
students. We have twenty-three buildings on the campus."
Reconimendation.That all donations be withheld.
I See recommenclations in summary chaPto.1).
48827 ° Bull. 89-17-30
O
XV. OKLAHISMA.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 137,612 Negroes in Oklahoma, forming 8.3 per cent of the total population.
The increase in the Negro population was 82,00o, or 147 per cent, between 1906 aid
This is the largest percentage of increase in Negro population for any of the States.
The Negroes constitute 9.8 per cent of all persons engaged in agricultural pursuits in the
State, the number of farms cultivated by them having increased 107.9 per cent between
1900 and 1910.. As farmers, renting and owning land, they have charge of 1,066,863
1910.
acres; as farm laborers. they undoubtedly cultivate a much larger area. -While the
United States census indicates hopeful progress in the decrease of illiteracy and in the
improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still 17.7 per cent of the colored people
to years of age and over, and over 6.2 per cent of the children to to 14 years of age, and
the path rate is very high. In view of these facts it is important to note the following
summary of the public school facilities and educational needs of Oklahoma as they are
shun in the reports of the United States census and the State Superintendent of Education.
Population, to to
so
Children 6 to 14 years of age in State, 1910
Children, 6 to 14, in 52 counties, 1910'
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 52 counties, 19 t 2-131
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in 52 counties
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Percentage living in rural communities, 1910
White.
Negro.
1,444, 53!
137, 612
308, 715
227, 489
30, 818
83,.232, 7°6
. $14. 21
$283, 385
4. I
17. 7
80. 7
73. I
18,449
$9.96
4
Public appropriations,The public-school teachers of Oklahoma received $3,516,091
in salaries in 1911-13. Of this sum 53,232,706 was for the teachers of 227,489 white
children and $283,384 for the teachers of 28,449 colored children. On a per capita basis
this is $14.21 for each white child and $9.96 for each colored Child. Map 22 presents
these per capita figures for each county in Oklahoma the proportion of Negroes being
indicated by the shading. It will be noted that in the large majority of the counties of
the State the Negroes form less than To per cent of the total population, and in no county
do they form more than 5o per ceritsof the total. The relatively high per capita is partly
due to this wide distribution of Negro population. The following table gives the expenditures for county groups based on the percentage of Negro pdpulation:
vitae
r..
. . ....
County group, Percentage el Negro population.
Counties under to per cent
Counties 10025 Percent
Counties as to so per cent,,,
'
school POW
ulatko.
148,926
Negro school Per cook' Per cooks
from/atlas. toe white. foe Nona
6,a76
a 791
913.5o
Is. 01
$13.18
55) 0,19
23,534,
12.384
16. 79
9. 37
% Only re counties In OklehOuta are Included. The remaining as remain have en inarpieedabie Negro populatioa.
0 Teachers' salaries tarnished by State departm ent el edeogion.
461
8.65
462
NEGRO EDUCATION.
In addition to the expenditures for public schools, the State appropriated $640,863
to daintain for white pupils two preparatory schools, six normal schools, and three
institutions of higher learning. For colored pupils the State appropriated $36,000 to
maintain the State Agricultural and Mechanical School, which also receives Federal
funds.
Private financial aid.The four private schools for colored people in Oklahoma have
an annual income of $4,o26, a property valuation of $9,300, and an attendance of 289
pupils, practically all of whom are elementary.
Only one of these is considered an impor-
tant part of the educational system of the State. The two small Catholic schools and
the small colored Methodist Episcopal school are described under ownership groups on
page 467.
Attendance. The United States census reported 30,818 colored children 6 to
14
yeats of age, of whom 23,581 or 76.5 per cent were attending school. The average length
of the school term for the State is 6.5 months.
The cities with a sufficient number of
Negroes of school age have fairly good public high schools. Five 4-year high schools are
maintained and there are probably to to 12 other town schools which enroll a few pupils
above the elementary grades.
Teacher training, agricultural courses, and industrial instruction for colored people
are limited to the high schools and the State school. The State school has been so hampered by poor management that these courses have not been effective. All of the high
schools have industrial training and some of them have courses in gardening.
SUMMARY OP EDUCAtkaNAL NEEDS.
t. The strengthening and extension of the elementary school system, The only
agencies able to supply this need are the State, the county, and the local public-school
districts.
2. The increase of teacher-training facilities. The policies of the State school
should be directed to this end. The counties, or groups of adjacent counties, should
endeavor to organize central training schools where secondary, industrial, and teachertraining facilities may be provided.
3..More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple industrial
training. In addition to supplying more trained teachers, central schools developed as
a. part of the public school system should provide instruction in these branches. In
developing this work the counties should realize the possibilities of industrial supervisors
such as those provided by the Jeanes Fund.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
Theiprivate and higher schools are herewith delcribed.
Counties and cities in winch
the more important institutions are located are presented as a background for the discussion of the individual schools. The counties are arranged in alphabetical order.
LOGAN COUNTY.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
TeacIrrs' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
'teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910 ,
1,
Whits.
23, 510
4, 608
$79, 087
$17.16
1.9
Nero.
8,196
T,976
$26, 070
$13.19
16.9
.1
OKLAHOMA.
463'
The rural population is 63.3 per cent of the total.. The number of teachers is soi
in white schools and 41 in colored schools. The average attendance is 4,097 white
pupils and 1,604 colored pupils.
t
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11.02
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23.44i
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11
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19.36 l - I
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nava*
i 36.151
11.2.39
8.62
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OKLAHOMA
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14 881
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14.68 1 1101-A4.-'-1--.../1-113.95
t12.51
po,:oro, j.-.
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9.39
MAMMA
2281 MATOMM
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27.41 =13.51
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13 19
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19 . 12
20.30 2,8
1.0..3 58 :"..: "9- 911/4a.,...2
0441/11L0
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13 42
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JOMPHITOH
7. / 4
ImAMINALL.,
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LATort
10 07""
ri 1 512 0
.g njam
2 4.4 6
..-1 1228 I
13.09L. ---.3 5 1
44.10111011 F. 307
5 48
Pi mums B 15. 4 9
ATOK
4.2 2
v
8.72
11 31
MIHMATAMA
9 63
r
11.63 = 5 7
14.79
7.38
6.80
Percentage. Negro In the population.
Under zo per cent.
to to .5 pet rent.
1
.3 to so per cent.
"0
MAP .2 .-PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR WHITE AND COLORED CHILDREN IN OICLAROMA OH
THE BASIS OP TEACHERS' SALARIES.
The upper figure in each county is for white children, the lower for colored. The shading indicates
the percentage of Negines in the total population.
-
These statistics indicate that the public-school facilities are fairly satisfactory. The
city of Guthrie maintains a good high school for colored people and the State AgriCultural
and Mechanical School for Negroes is located at Langston, in this county.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
FAIEfbi HIGII SCHOOL.
GUTHRIE.
Principal: George W. Carry.
A city high school offering foar years of secondary work with some industrial f raining for girls.
A ttendanie.Secondary, 85; male 28, female 57.
Teachers.Seco ndary, 5; all colored; male 3, female 2.
'Organization.Secondary: The course includes: Latin, 3 years; English, 4; mathematics, 4; history, 2; physics, 2; psychology and physical geography.
is elected by a few of the girls.
Domestic science
Plant.Estimated value, $12,000. The plant consists of a city lot and a neat
two-story frame building and good equipment.
Date of visit : December, 1915.
LANGSTON.
COLORED AGRICULTURAL AND NORMAL UNIVERSITY.
President: J. M. Marquegs.1
A secondary school with a lai-ge elementary enrollment and a few pupils in college
Industries and agriculture are subordinated to literary studies. The institution has been seriously hampered by ineffective administration.
The school was organized by the Territorial Le' gislature in 1897 and is supported
by State appropriations and the Federal funds for agricultural and mechanical education.
It is under the direct control of a subcommittee of the State board of education.
subjects.
Z'
Attendance.Total, 408; elementary 219, secondary',44, teacher training 23,
I
u
commercial it, and collegiate 11. Of the 205 pupils above the seventh grade, 82 were
male, 123 female; 168 were boarders,2o were from Langston, 129 from other parts of
Oklahoma, and 56 from other States. There were 93 from farrn homes. The reported
enrollment for the year was 478.
Teachers and workers.Totai, 28; all colored; male 18, female so; grade and
academic teachers 12, music 2, agriculture 2, boys' industries 4, girls' industries 3,
nurse training 2, matams 3.
Organization.. Elementary: The elementary divisi , limited to the our upper
grades, is the largest in the school. Owing to the swat number of teachers assigned,
the classes range as high as 65, 75, and ao to a teacher during the winter when the greatest
number are in attendance.
Secondary: A large majority of the pupils above the elementary grades are taking
a four-year course composed of the traditional high-school subjects, including Latin and
German. One of the teachers repoilt Greek. Many of the schedules outlined by the
pupils are too heavy and complicated for good work. The normal course continueSthe
secondary work for two years with courses in physiology, theory and history of educlhtion, and a very limited amount of practice teaching in the lowest class in the institution. The commercial pupils congine secondary subjects with the study of stenography,
Ihipewriting, and bookkeeping.
College: The college division includes is students scattered through four classes.
The waste involved in this is accentuated by the fact that the entire institution has only
* Elected sham date <I visit.
OKLAHOMA.
465
12 grade and academic teachers, and classes range from 30 or 4o pupils in the preparatory division to 3io and 8o in the elementary classes.
Industrial:1 Four teachers of boys' industries are employed. The equipment is
ample. The time required is 15 hours a week. The trades reported are blacksmithing
with 7 pupils, carpentry 13, foundry work 7, and mechanical, electrical, and steam
engineering 13. The school has neither equipment nor teachers for the engineering
courses reported.
Courses in- cooking and sewing are taught by three teachers. The equipment is
satisfactory. The school boarding department is conducted without regard to the course
in domestic science.
Agriculture: The elaborate courses of this division are handled by only one teacher.
The equipment consists of a large farm and a good supply of farm implements. Only
nine pupils have selected agriculture as their chosen vocation. Elementary pupils have
theory and practice of gardening.
Discipline: Direction of students in the dormitories and on the grounds was weak.
Supervision. of the girls' dormitories was done largely by student monitors. No paid
matron or teacher lived in these dormitories.
Financial, 1911 -13.The principal books were kept in the office of the State superintendent of education at Oklahoma City. The only. records-kept at the school were of
tuition, and of the boarding department, which is conducted privately by the president.'
An elaborate registration system was used which entailed delay, expense, and much
unnecessary work. As far as could be determined the more important items for the
year ending June 30, 1913, were as follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
$46,40o
.
Sources Of income: State appropriation, $36,000; Federal funds, $10,400
38, 183
153,8z7
The non-
educational receipts amounted to $18,327, of which $17,550 was from the boarding
department, $626 from the farm, and $151 from the-shops.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $27,806; materials, $18,663; light and fuel, $2,660;
student labor, $2,069; advertising and printing, $2,
outside labor, $1,738; equipment,
$1,269; repairs, $231; postage and sundr f-- I nse ,. 4Plant.---Land: Estimated value, Si ,b 9
The school site comprises 32o acres of
it
...
.
land, with about 200 acres under cultivation. The general appearance of the school
campus could be greatly improved.
Buildings: Estimated value, '$107,5oo. There are six school buildings and a barn,
all in good repair. The main building is a substantial pressed-brick structure containing
offices, classrooms, assembly room, and laboratories. The dorthitories, two for young
women and one for young men, are two-story frame buildings. The mechanical build. ing is built of unfinished stone.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $30,327. Scientific apparatus, machinery,
and furniture, $24,250; live stock, $3,000; books and pamphlets, $3,o77.
N
*Owing to the destruction of the industrial building by fire, most of this work was temporaribr dim:manna
*Since date of visit the boarding department has been let out on contract.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
466
Recommendations.-1. That supervision of dormitories and grounds be improved,
and especially that paid matrons be placed in charge of the girls' dormitories.
2: That classes be,reorganized to give more teachers to the lower grades. .
3. That agricultural and industrial instruction be made a more important part of
the school work.
4. That the boarding department be conducted by the school under the direction
of the domestic-science teacher.
5. That a simpler and more effective method of bookkeeping be installed at the
school, which will show the expenditures for each department and make possible useful
,comparisons monthly or annually.
Dates of visits: March, 1914; April, 1914; September, 1916.
McCURTAIN COUNTY.
Population, 1910.,
Children 6 to 14-years of age, 191o..
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910......
13,569
3,596
$53, 096
$14.77
3
4,576
1,125
$8, 303
$7. 38
28. 2
The entire population is rural. The number of teachers is 89 in white schools and
19 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,958 white pupils and 725 colored _
pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional public-school facilities. The work
of the elementary schools should be extyded and strengthened.
Effort should be
made to reorganize the Alice Lee Elliot Memorial School in order to provide a central
training institution where pupils may boarclaand supplement the training received in
the rural schools of the county.
VALLIANT.
-ALICE LEE ELLIOT MEMORIAL SCHOOL
Principal: W. H. Carroll.
An elementary., school, with limited equipment, doing a much- needed work in a
,rural commtwity.
The school was founded in 188o by the l'resbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen and is owned and supported by that board.
,Attendance. Total, 93. Only one pupil was reported as above the eighth grade.
About 6o were boarders. The enrollment for the year was 120.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male, 2, female, 4; elementary 4, matron
1,
sewing 1.
Organization.The classroom work is fairly satisfactory. Little attention is given
to the home life of the pupils. The dormitories and boarding department are carelessly administered.. No educational use is made of the 30o acres of land.
Financial, 1-913-Lt.There were no accurate Accounts. The following financial
items are estimates given from memory by the principal:
Income, 'excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
11,976
5, 976
8, 000
OKLAHOMA.
467
Income: Presbyterian Board of Missions, $1,576; tuition and fees, $400. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to $1,5oo.
Expenditures: Salaries, $1,576; operating expenses, $400.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $3,500. There 'are about 30o acres of good farm
land, part of which is cultivated on a commercial basis.
Buildings: Estimated value; $4,000. The girls' building, erected about 15 years
ago, is a large two-story frame structure with dormitory rooms, dining hall, and kitchen.
The school building is a three-room frame structure in poor repair. The boys' dormitory is a small whitewashed building. The buildings are not well cared for
and the
dormitory rooms are crowded and disorderly.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $500. The equipment consists of a little
furniture for classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendations. -1. That the dormitory accommodations be improved.
2. That the land be used to teach gardening and that simple manual training be
gjven.i
3. That the leaching force be increased and the advanced classes
teachertraining subjects.
Date of visit : March, 1915.
1
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
There are two Catholic parish schools in Oklahoma. These are small elementary
Their religious interest, is strong. The principal facts reported concerning
them are as follows:schools.
County.
Logan.
Logan.
Town.
Schools.
Langston.
West Guthrie.
Pupils.
Teachers.
Holy Family School.
Income.
40
a
St. Catherine's &hoot
25
2
$300
460
COLORED METHODIST EPISCOPAL SCHOOLS.
The Colored Methodist Episcopal Church maintains one school in Oklahoma at
Boley, described below. The condition of the school hardly justifies the effort to continue the work.
OKFUSKEE COUNTYBOLEY.
OKLAHOMA NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: S. H. Johnson.
A small elementary day school with a few pupils taking high-school subjects. It is owned and
controlled by the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church of thC State.
Attendance. Total, 131. All but 18 were below the eighth grade. In the so- called eighth, ninth,
and tenth grades the enrollment was 8, 6, and 4, respectively. The secondary subjects are negligible.
Industrial work is limited to a little sewing.
Teachers.Total, 4, all colored; male 2, female 2. The teachers received their training at
some
of the larger Methodist schools.
,
Financial, 412-13.No boobs or financial records are kept. According to a statement of the principal, the income for the year amounted to $1,300, all of which was from tuition and church contributions. About $1,2oo. was expended for teachers' salaries.
The indebtedness was $i,t3o, of which
ti,000 was salaries in arrears and $z so balance due on the land.
I Set recommendations in summary chapter. P. Si.
it
NEGRO EDUCATION.
468
Plant. Estimated value, ir,3oo. Of this $350 was in the 5-acre tract of land, $65o in a two-story
frame building, and $3co in limited classroom equipment.
Recommendations. -1. That the school be combined with the public school,
Date of visit: April, 1914.
PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.
In addition to the Faver High School, described in Logan County, there are four
Several other colored public schoog. in
the State have a few pupils above elementary grade. The four high schoBls are
described in this summary.
public high schools for Negroes in Oklahoma.
,
MUSKOGEE COUNTYMUSKOGEE.
MANUAL TRAINING ,HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: C. B- Bryant.
A city high school, offering four years of secondary work with good industrial training. The seventh
and eighth grades, and one section of the sixth, are taught in the same building.
Attendance.Secondary, 138; male 46, female 92.
There were 285 pupils enrolled in the three
loWer grades.
Teachers.Secondary, 8, all colored; male 4, female 4. The teachers devote all or more than
half of their time to high:school work. Two others teach in the high school, but give the larger part
fo their time to the grades.
and eighth grades.
There were also four teachers who give their entire time to the sixth, seventh,
There are two courses, the "general course" and the " manual training
course." Fifty-one students take the manual training course and 87 the general course. Latin is not
required, but is very generallrtaken by the students in the last three years of the course. The sciences
are well taught.
Industrial: For the boys the work consists of woodwork and mechanical drawing. The girls have
sewing alternately with cooking. Three double periods a week are devoted to induStrial classes. The
work is well done.
Plant.Estimated value, $70,000. Land: Estimated value, $5,000. The school lot comprises
somewhat more than an acre. The grounds are equipped with playground apparatus...
Building: Estimated value,'S6o,000. The building is a modern brick structure of to rooms.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, P5,000. The movable equipment consists of desks, industrialrequipment, and an excellent library.
Date of visit: January, 1616.
OKFUSKEE COUNTY BOLEY.
HOLEY PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: E. M. Watson.
A small city high school, offering four years of secondary work. The eight elementary grades are
taught in the same building.
Attnedana.--Seconclary, 25. There were 363 pupils enrolled in the elementary grades.
Machat.Secondary, a, both colored; male 1, female a. There were nine teachers for the
elementary grades. .
Orgasisabbs.Secondary: The classrodm Work is fairly well done. Besides the usual high-school
subjects, there is'some instruction in cooking.
PlastEstimated value, $15,000. The plant consists of about 2 acres of town property, one neat
s-story brick building, and two r-story frame buildings. It is planned to use some of the land for gar?
Date of visit: April, 1954.
0
OKLAHOMA.
469
OKLAHOMA COUNTYOKLAHOMA. CITY.
OKLAHOMA CITY PUBLIC ILLCH SCHOOL.
Principal: T. R. Debnam.
A city high school, offering four years of secondary work with industrial training. The elementary
grades are taught in the same Nilding. The plant is owned by the county and the teachers
are paid
from county funds, but the school is supervised by the city superintendent.
.4itendance.Secondary, 8o; male 23, female 57. The elementary enrollment was 719.
Teachers.Secondary, 5; all colored. The two industrial teachers divide their time
between the
high school and the grades.:
Organization.Secondary: The high-school course covers.; English, 4 years; mathematics, 4; Latin,
4; physical geography, 1; physics, ; chemistity, %; botany, ; history, 3; civics, %; manual training,
a; domestic science and art, a.
Industrial: In the seventh and eighth grades and in the high school three double periods a week
are given to woodworking for boys and cooking and sewing for girls. The work is well done, but is
hampered by lack of space.
Plant. Estimated value, $63,750. Land: Estimated value, $20,000. The school site occupies a
block and a half.
Buildings: Estimated value, $40,000. The main building, where the high-school work
is done, is
of brick. There are two other frame buildings. The total number of rooms in use is
37.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,750. This includes desks, industrial equipment, and a
small library.
Date of visit: January, 1916.
TULSA COUNTYTULSA.
TULSA. PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: E. W. Woods.
A city high school, organized on the plan of six years of elementary and six years of secondary work.
Industrial coursesiare provided.
A tienclanCe.Secondary, 40; male it female 21). There were 61 pupils in the seventh and
eighth
grades and the advanced section of the sixth.
Teachers.--Secondary, 5; all colored; male 4, female 1. All the teachers devote part of (heir
time to the 'lower grades. The teachers are
trained.
Organization. Secondary: The subjects of the four upper grades are: English, 3% years; mathematics, 3%; Latin, 2%, elementary science, 1%; history, a; psychology. %; manual training,
3:
domestic science and art, 3.
Industrial: All studcntj in the sixth and higher grades spend five double periods a week in industrial work. The industrial work for girls consists of cooking and sewing; for boys,
working and
furniture making, shoe repairing, chair caning and mat making. This work, especially the lower.
grades, is thoroughly..practical.
Plant Estimated value, $6,odo. Land: Estimated value, Si,000. The school lot comprises
a
little less than one acre.
, Building: Estimated value, $4,000. There are two buildings, one of brick and
of frame construction. The high-school classes are taught in the frame building, which is a tem
structure.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,000. The egiiipment consists of desks and industrial
apparatus.
-
XVI. SOUTH CAROLINA.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 835,843 colored people in South Carolina, forming 55.2 per cent of the
total population. They constitute 63.6 per cent of all persons engaged in agricultural
pursuits in the State. The number of farms cultivated by them increased 13.3 per cent
between r 900 and 1910. As farmers, renting and owning land, they
have charge of
3,939,592 acres; as farm laborers they undoubtedly cultivate a much larger area. While
the United States census indicates hopeful progress in the decrease of illiteracy and in
the improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still 38.7 per cent of the persons
io years of age and over and 23.1 per cent of the children to to 14 years of age, aild
the death rate is almost twice as high as that of the white people. Such a degree of
illiteracy and ill health is certain evitlence of extensive waste of economic resources and
human energy. In view of these facts, it is important to note the. following summary
of the public-school facilities and educational needs of South Carolina as they are shown
in the reports of the United States census and the State superintendent of public instruction :
White.
679, 161
population, 191o.
Children 6 to z4 years of age, Two..
Teachers' salaiies in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in State 2
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
Percentage living in rural communities, 1910
I '45, 384.
$1,454,098'
Negro.
835,843
212, 125
$305, 084
Szo. oo
$1.44
38.7
87. 8
10. 3
8t. 9
Public appropriations. The public-school teachers of South Carolina received
$1,759,182 in salaries in 1911 -12. Of this sum $1,454,098 was for the teachers of
145,3841 white children and $305,084 for the teachers of 212,125 colored children.
On a per capita basis this is $io.00 for each white child of school age and $1.44 for each
colored child.' Map 23 presents these per capita figures for each county in South _Carolina, the proportion of Negroes being indicated by the shading.
e inequalities are
greatest in counties with the largest proportion of Negroes. The p r capita sums for
white children decrease and those for colored children increase,-with considerable regularity, as the proportion of Negroes becomes smaller. The extent, of this. regularity
appears in the following table, which shows the per
based on the percentage of Negro pulation:
County groups, percentage of egroes
in the population.
Counties 10 to 25 per cent 3
Counties 25 to so per cent
Counties so to 75 per cent
Counties 75 per eclat and over
s
9,361
,
51, 961
7%637
31, 669
156,542
207738
6. 0
I. 68
t.
41 435
14.79
1. 18
Includes 84 Indians and Asiatics.
+ These per capita sums were computed by dividing the teachers' salaries in public schools by the number of chilaen
6 to
enumerated by the United States census. The teachers' salaries were obtained In= the repcst al the State superintendent,
1952, pp. s31-132.
+ There are no counties in South Carolina with less than so ps trent Negro population.
471
NEGRO EDUCATION.
472
The high per capita cost for white children in the "black belt" counties is partly
explained by the fact that they are few in number and wiaely scattered. The smaller
cost of schools for colored children is partly due to the lower wage scale of colored teachers
and partly due to the very limited provision for high-ichool educaticin. It is apparent,
however, that these explanations by no means account for the wide divergencies in the
"black belt" counties. In addition to the $1,454,098 appropriated for the teachers of
white public schools the State appropriated $452,672 to maintain one normal school and
Percentage Negro in the population.
1
to per cent.
u mto to as per cent.
111111 as to so per cent.
MO so to 75 per cent.
e
n7s per cent or over.
is
MAP 23.PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR WRITE AND COLORED CHILDREN IN SOUTH CAROLINA ON
/
TER BASIS Or TEACHERS' SALARIES.
The Upper figure in each Rounty is for white children, the lower for colored - The shading indicates
the percentage of Negroes in the total population
three institutions of higher learning. To the $305,084 appropriated for colored publicschool teachers, the State added Si 2,614 to supplement the income of the State Agricultural land Mechanical School, largely maintained by the Federal Government.
Private financial aid.The deficiencies in the expenditures for the education of the
colored people largely explain the active campaigns for private schools since the Civil
War. As a result of this activity the private schools have a property valuation of
$4,126,04,an annual income of $214,379, and an attendance of 8,616 pupils, of whom 7,431
likillM01.1111111111111111INIMMINEognnumgamonion
-
SOUTH CAROLINX.
473
are in elementary grades. It is sometimes thought that the
liberal private contributions
to these schools make up for the inequalities in the public appropriations for
the education of white and colored youth. In South Carolina, however, the total
expenditures for°
both public and private schools"for colored people is far less than the
expenditure for
white teachers in public schools alone. In addition, the income af the it-large
private
white schools as reported to the Bureau of Education, was $319,980,
as against $2 I 4,379,
the income of all colored private schools. A summary of the income and
the private and higher colored schools, grouped according to ownership," property of
is given in the
following table:
Number al
Total private schools
Independent
Denominational
State and Federal
schools.
Annual
income.
Value cd
60
$214, 379
Ix
49
51,235
163,144
I
tennettr.
$2,126, 434
416,205
1,710, 229
44,216
297,300
According to this table the annual income and property value of
the denominational
schools are much higher than those of the independent schools.
The annual income Of
the colored schools owned by denominations whose membership is white,
or largely so,
aggregates $125,910, as compared with $37,234 for those of the colored
denominations.
The property owned by the former group is valued at Si 4195,729 and that owned
by the
latter at $214,500. Some of the schools owned by white
denominations receive considerable sums of money. front colcIred members. The statistics of the State and Federal
school, with an income of $44,20 and property valuation of $297,300,
are in striking
contrastivith those of the private schools. In addition to die private aid
shown in the
table, ti3,28o was appropriated for general supervision and special phases
of education
by the Jeanes and Slater Funds, and $300 from the Rosenwald Rural
School Fund.
While the total number of private schools is 6o, only 26 play
any important part in
the educational activities of the State. Some of the remaining 34 may be justified on
denominational grounds; the majority of the schools, however, are so hampered by small
income or poor management that the State receives little benefit from
them. The schools
of the first group are described under their respective counties and their
location shown
on Map 24. The schools of the second
group arc summarized according to ownership and
discussed at the end of this chapter. The attendance of the private and
higher colored
schools by ownership groups is indicated in the following statement:
Ownersbip of colored schools.
Total private schools
Independent .
Denominational
State and Federal
Number d
Pcbools.
Total attessclance.
81616
Me-
mentary. Seconders.
11
1,012
7.431
954
1, 114
58
49
7, 604
726
6, 477
529
1.056
197
In view of the frequency of the terms "academy" and "college" in the
names of
these private institutions, it is important to note that only about one-eighth of their
pupils are of secondary grade and there are only 71 students in college
classes.
Atiendance.The United States census reported 212,125 children t to 14 years of
age, of whom 118,981 were attending school. A study of the figures for the publi'c
and
Includes rtcoilege students of whom to were In 01111111.Utdvemity and 41 in Benedict College.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
474
private schools shows that, while a majority of the elementary colored pupils are in the
public schools, the majority of the secondary and all of the college pupils are in private
schools. The large majority of the white secondary students and two-fifths of the college
students are in public institutions.
Income d schools:
O
Under $3, soo.
80,soo to $5,000.
O
ts.cco to 815.0oo.
Q
$, 5,o00 to $30,000.
$30,000 Of OVVT.
Permute Negro in-the population:
Under to per cent.
MIto to so per cent.
'AAA; so per cent or over.
MAP 24.--PR1 VATS SCHOOLS POR NEGROES IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
The circles show the location and the annual income of the important schools.
cates the percentage of Negroes in the total population.
The shading hull -
Elementary.The inadequacy of the elementary school system for colored children
is indicated by the fact that the attendance in both public and private schools,is lesi than
57 per cent of the children of elementary school age. The average term of the colored
schools for South Carolina is 4.4 months. The teachers are very poorly prepared. The
7431 pupils in private schools receive fairly good instruction, but they form only a
SOUTH CAROLINA.
475
small percentage of the 118,981 children attending school and a still smaller fraction of
the 212,125 children of school age.
Secondary. The Howard High School in Columbia is the only colored public school
in the State doing a considerable amount of secondary work. This school is not equal
to the work of a full three-year high school. Several other schools enroll a few pupils
beyond the elementyy grades. The State school at Orangeburg offers a four-year
secondary course. Of the 1,468 secondary pupils in South Carolina, 1,114 are in 18
private schools. Four-yefir courses are maintained in 7 of these schools with an attendance of 784. The secondary work' of the remaining 11 schools varies from a few subjects
above the elementary grades to a full three-year course. The courses of study of most
of these schools follow closely the college preparatory or classical type. Many of them
still require Greek and practically all make Latin the central subject. Very few have
adequate provision for science or history and social studies.
College.Benedict College and Claffin University are the only two institutions in the
State equipped to do college work. Together they have a collegiate attendance of 71.
Neither has equipment or teaching force sufficient to make possible a broad selection
ollelectives. Several other schools claim college courses, but their work is not above
Skonclary grade.
Teacher training.The most urgent need of the colored schools is trained teachers.
The supply now depends almost entirely upon the secondary schools, most of which are
private institutions. Of these only six offer a fairly goal course in teacher training.
Four others include one or two teacher - training subjects in their general courses. To
suppletnent these facilities, an effort has been made to develop county training schools.
Through the cooperation of the Slater Fund and the General Education Board with the
State department of education, one of these schools is now maintained As yet, however, its work is almost entirely of elementary grade. The pupils in the graduating
classes of all of the schools offering teacher-traiiiing subjects number about 25o, an
annual output obviously inadequate to meet the need for teachers in a State with over
835,000 colored people and 2,760 colored public-school teachers.
Industrial.Although three of the schools in the State provide some trade training,
none of them devote sufficient time to the work to produce efficient trade workers. The
work done at Penn Ichool is excellent, but students specialize in the chosen trade
for only one year. Ae State school has adequate equipment, but the time allotment
is not sufficient. The number of pupils who may elect trades at Schofield is restricted
and the industrial activities are conducted on a commercial basis. In addition to these
schools the Voorhees Industrial Institute has large trade equipment, but has not made
sufficient educational use of it. While Clatlin University has considerable trade equipment, the instruction is in the nature of manual training. Thirteen other schools offer
fairly satisfactory industrial work in one or two lines and 8 or to schools are making some
attempt to do industrial work.
Agricultural. Only the State Agricultural and Mechanical School, Penn School,
and Voorhees Inttitute are beginning to make effective educational use of their farms.
The number of pupils specializing in agriculture at the State school is small The other
48927 ° Bu II. 39-17---81
,NEGUO EDUCATION.
476
three schools in the State which have farms have overlooked the value of a well-planned
course in agriculture. Seven schools have courses in gardening.
Supervision.No State supervisor of colored public schools is employed. Practically the only special supervision given to Negro schools is provided by the Jeanes
Fug supervising industrial teachers. Ten counties in the State have these supervising
teachers, who travel among the rural scho s introducing industrial training and extendiiunity. In 1915 the Jeanes Fund approing the influence of the school into the
priated $2,480, the counties contributed $775, and the supervisors raised $8,612 by
appeals to the people. A summer school was held at the State Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes.
SUMMARY OF EDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
1. The strengthening and extension of the elementary school system. The only
agencies able to supply this need are the State, the county, and the local public-school
district. The greatest possibilities of State aid lie in the employment of a white supervisor of colored schools, whose duties will correspond to those of the supervisors now
employed in ro Southern Statis.I.
2. The increase of teacher-training facilities. To this end secondary schools with
teacher-training courses should be provided, more summer schools and teachers' institutes should be maintained, and the private schools should cooperate with the State
department of education by placing more ,emphasis on teacher-training courses in
accordance with State standards.
3. More provision for instruction in ,gardening, household arts, and simple industries.. In developing this work, counties should realize the possibilities of the Jeanes
Fund industrial supervisors.
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the problems of rural life, so that teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people 8o per cent rural.
5. The maintenance of industrial high schools in cities.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
Thelevate and higher schools are described in the sections which follow. Counties
and cities in which' the more important institutions are located are presented as a background for the discussion of the individual schools. The counties are arranged in alphabetical order:
AIKEN COUNTY.
White.
18,997
ibpdation, 1910.
Children 6 to wears of sae, 1910
Teachers' salaM in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
....
Nero.
22, 850
3.976
5,576
$45, 448
$11.43
112,372
$2 21
zo. 8
35. 8
The rural population is 90.7 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 6 months for white pupils and 3.9 months for colored. The number of
teaches* is 128 in white schools and ioi in colored schools. The average attendance is
2,377 white 'pupils and 3,150 colored pupils.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities.
477
The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeanes Fund county
supervising industrial teacher travels in the county, aiding the teachers in rural schools
to introduce industrial work and to extend the influence of the,khool into the community. The Schofield School should be reorganized so as to become a central insti-
tution where pupils may board and supplement the training received in the rural
schools. In view of the inefficiency of the public school in the city of Aiken, effort
should be made to combine with it the Andrew Robinson Institute, located on the
same block, and cooperation should be developed with the public authorities in the
support of 1 he work.
AIKEN.
SCHOFIELD NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss S. Louisa Haight.'
A school of elementary and secondary grade with a small boarding department.
The institution has done an imvortant work, but uncertainty of policy during the past
few years has hampered its inNience. Effort
now being made to reorganize the
work.
The institution was founded in 1868 by Miss Martha Schofield, one of the pioneers in
Negro education. It is owned by an independent board of trustees and supported by
endowment and donations from members of the Society of Friends of Philadelphia.
Attendance.Total, 258; elementary 226, secondary 32. Of the secondary pupils
There we4 33 boarders.
Teachers and norkrzs.Total, 21 ; white'4, colored 17; male 7, female 14; grades
and academic 9, boys' industries 5, girls' industries 3, farmer 1, executive officers 3.
Or9unization.Elementary: The elementary work covers the regular eight grades.
,
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the ninth and tenth grades. The attempt to
cover a large amount of ground in these two years leads to a crowded schedule for the
students and a short time allotment to important subjects. The course includes:
English,
years; algebra, 2 ; Latin, X; physiology, X; ancient history, IX; botany,
X ; spelling, X; agriculture, X; business methods, 2 ; and review work.
Industrial: Some manual traMing is given to all pupils, but the trades are open only
to the 33 boarders. The work, as done on a commercial scale, furnishes fair trade train
ing, but the enrollment is small. The trades were carpentry with 6 boys, hamessmaking
with 8, and carriage painting and wheelwrighting with 7. Printing is also provided. A
good course in sewing and dressmaking is given, but only 6 girls were taking the course.
A course in chair caning is also.provided.
Finaticial,z9t2-13.-"--The records are not such as to afford a clear analysis of the
financial 'operations of the school. As far as could be determined the more important
io were male and 22 female.
items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Rxpenditurrs, less noneducational receipts
Value of property
White. Elected than dated vied.
$5, 580
5, 075
157r0°0
4
NEGRO EDUCATION.
478
Sources of income: Endowment, $3,880; donations, $1,2oo; tuition and fees, $5oo.
The noneducational receipts amounted to $6,933, of which $4,121 was from the boarding
department, $2,033 from the shops, and $779 from the farm.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $6,16o; shop expenses, $3,178; dining-hall expenses,
$1,945; farm expenses, $725.
School property: The property consists of $97,00ct..in endowment and $6o,000 in
plant.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $ro,000. The school *owns* two blocks of city
property, which is used for campus, and a farm of 38o acres about.? nail,m _from the town.
Little use has been made of the large farm.
Buildings: Estimated value, $45,000. There are four large buildings and several
smaller structures on the campus, besides a neat frame cottage and other buildings on the
farm. The academic building is a brick structure two Stories high, containing classrooms, chapel, library, and sewing room; Verlenden Hall and Wharton Hall are threestory brick buildings containing girls' dormitory, dining room, teachers' rooms, and
industrial departments; Carter Hall, a frame building, contains the primary department
and shops fin- carpentry, shoemaking, and chair caning. The buildings'' are in need of
repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,000. Ot this about $2,000 was in furniture for classrooms and dormitories, $1,5oo in industrial equipment, $1,000 in farm implements and live stock, and $5oo in library books and fixtures.
Recommendations. -1.
That a committee of the trustees reorganize the work of
this institution so as to provide for the adequate wie of the plant and endowment.
2. That cooperation with the public-school authorities of town, county, and State
be established and the institution developed into -A teacher-training school.'
3. That the theory and practice of gardening, instruction in cooking. and sewing,
and simple manual training be made a part of the regular course.'
March, 1915.
Dates_of visits: November,
ANDREW ROBERTSON INST
Principal: J es E. Jackson.
A small Presterian parochial school of elementary grade with limited boarding
facilities. The term is 7 months.
This school was reopened in Tim by the Preibyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen
after having been closed for several years.
AUendance. Total, 42; boarders, 15. The reported enrollment for the year-was 125.
Teachers.Total, 6, all colored; male 1, female 5. The work covers the regular
eight elementary grades. One afternoon a week is given to sewing and one afternoon
to gardeMng. Boarding pupils have good instruction in caring for rooms.
Financial, 29/2-43.The income was Pc's, of which $56o was from the Presbyterian Board and $245 from tuition. The expenditures were $805, nearly all for salaries.
Plata.Estimated value, $o,000. The plant consists of a city lot and two buildings
situated near the residence section of Aiken, together with meager'equipment.
1
Si, recommendations in strrarnary chapter, p. se.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
479
Rmommendatson.That this parochial school and the public--school, which are in
the same block, be corqined under,the supervision of the county and the school term
extended to nine months.
Date of visit: November, 1913
BAMI3ERG COUNTY.
White.
Population, -.9 if
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
TellartIS' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percenage illiterate, Iwo
5,670
1, 188
$23, 396
$19. 07
4. 2
Net
12, $7,4
3,506
$3, 274
$0o. 93
33
The entire population :s rural. The average length of the public-school term is 6.8
months for white pupils and 3 months for colored.' The number of teachers is 57 in white
schools and 36 in coloied schools. The average attendance is 329 white pupils and 1,370
Colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the serious need 'for additional school facilities. The work
of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. Efforts should be made
to have the county provide an elementary practice school near the Vorhees Industrial
Institute, so that the private school can center its energies on the industrial, agricultural, and teacher-training work.
DENMARK.
VOORHEES INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Jesse 0. Thornas.'
A setio01 of elementary grade with some pupils in secondary classts. it is located
in a rural community and owns considerable industrial equipment and 400 acres of
The institution has exerted much influence on the community and won the
friendship of its white neighbors. The educational activities, however, are not well
land.
organized.
The institution was founded in 1897 by Elizabeth E. Wright, a young colored
woman who was a graduate of Tuskegee. It is owned and 'controlled by a board of
influential northern and southern men.
Attendance. Totall 207 ; elementary 173, secondary 34; boarders, 16. A small
proportion live dutside Ithe county. The reported enrollment for the year was 296.
Teachers and workers.Total, 23; all colored; !hale 12, femile, it ; academic 6,
music 1, boys' industries 5, agriculture 3, girls' industries '2, matrons 2, executive 4.
Organization. Elementary: The first four elementary grades are taught in the
"model school." The work is completed in the three "preparatory" years and in the
first year of the "normal" course. Night-school classes are provided fors few pupils
who work hiring the day.
"
Secondary: The subjects of tie last three yea's of th " normal" course include:
Mathematics,
years; English, 24; physical geography, 1; elementary science, 1; "
psychology,
;
civics, 1; Bible, 1; agriculture, 1; mechanical drawing.
I likened since date 41 visit.
480
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Industrial: Boys above the fourth grade are required to engage in manual training'
for two days each week. Instruction is provided in carpentry, blacksmithing, " engineering," "electrical engineering," and printing. Carpentry is the only, industry with
sufficient attendance to justify a special teacher.
The training. of the girls includes instruction in sewing and cooking. The supervision of dormitories is effective in the developement of sound ideas of home life. A
nurse training course is offered to a few girls in a hospital owned by the school.
Agriculture: Classroom agriculture' is required of all pupils. Though a number of
the pupils work in the barns and on the farm, there is but little emphasis on the educational possibilities. The department is well supplied with live stock and machinery.
The attention given to the cultivation of garden truck is of definite educational value
to the community.
Financial, 19r2-13.The books arc carefully kept in accordance with an approved
system of accounting.
The more important items for the year were
tional receipts
Income, excluding noneducational
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts...
Value of property..
........
.
...
.
.....
Sts, 548
17, 437
176, 014
Sources of income: (mineral donations, $14;083; endowment funds, $3,579; fees
from students, $636; county appropriations, $250.
The noneducational receipts amounted
to $4,828, of which $4,t36 was from the boarding department, $335 from the shops,
$187 from salesrooms and bookstore, and $170 from sale of farm products. The value
of the products used by the school was estimated to be $7,971, of .which $3,578 was
furnished by the industrial department, $3,132 by the farms, and $1,261 by the boarding
departnient.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $7,448; boardlig department expenses, $6,236;
tabor and supplies in industrial department, $3,866; labor'and supplies for farm, $25o8;
administration, including supply room and store, $1,621; farm equipment, $400; supplies and labor in academic department, $1801
School property: The property consists ofTroi,793, in endowment, $63,500 in plant,
and $10,721 in cash and supplies on hand, notes receivable, and other cash assea.
PlantLand: Estimated -value, $11,5oo. The school owns 400 acres of land,
about half of which is cultivated. The campus comprises about to acres and is fairly
well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $45,000.
The main building, used for administration,
classrooms, and chapel; Hie girls' dormitory and girls' trade buildings; and the boys'
dormitory, are large two-story frame buildings. The boys' industrial building and the
hospital are two-story brick structures. A neat one -story brick building is used for
dining-room and kitchen. There are also several smaller structures and a substantial
barn. The buildings are in good repair and the dormitories are clean and well supervised.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $7,000. Of this, about $3,000 was in farm
implements and live stock, $2,000 in classroom and dormitory furniture, and $2,000 in
equipment for hospital and industrial department.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Recommendations. -1. That the trustees and school officers simplify the educational
organization of the school, centering the industrial teaching on agriculture; carpentry,
cooking, and sewing.
2. That adequate provision be made for teaching the large elementary classes.
3. That the educational phases of farming and gardening be emphasized.'
Dates of visits. December, 1913; January, 1914; January, 1916.
BEAUFORT COUNTY.
Population, 19to
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 19to
.
Whit .
Negro.
3,03
26,376
745
6, 667
$13, 234
$10,776
$17.76
;1.61
2
43
...
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is 7.5
months for white pupils and 4 months for colored. The number dr teachers is 28 in
white schools and 7o in colored schools. Thy average attendttce is 482 white pupils
and 3,307 .colored pupils.
'
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened.' The Penn Normal Industrial
and Agricultural School provides good facilities for pupils who wish to supplement the
training received in the rural schools. The Mather Industrial School. just outside of Beaufort, is an effectively managed boarding school for girls. The Port Royal Agricultural
School is a good small school. In view of the prtvence of the Penn School and the
Mather School, it might be well for the Port Royal Agricultural School to confine its
work to boys. The Old Fort Plantation is of little educational value. This school is
described in the summary of small independent schools for the State.
BEAU FORT.
MATHER INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Carrie A. Hunt.'
A well managed industrial school for girls. All the pupils are of elementary grade.'
The school was founded in.1868 by -Mrs. Rachel C. Mather. Control is vested in a
board of trustees. Aid and supervision are provided by the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society.
Attendance. Total, 125; all elementary; boarders, 72,
Teachers.Total, Lc, white ir, colored 3; all female; academic 4, industrial 4,
principal, matron, and 4 other workers.
Oryznization.The classroom instruction in the usual eight grades is effective.
Good work in chair caning and sewing is done in the primary grades. Instruction in
cooking, sewing, and gardening is given from the third through the eighth grade. Millinery is taught in the three upper grades.
'See recommendations in summary 5bapter. p. as.
White.
'Since dated visit twv-yekr high-school course has been added.
NEGRO ERUCATION.
482
Financial, 1912-13.The accounts/are cailefully kept and the business management
is economical. The more important items for the year, eliminating the boarding department, which is self - supporting, were:
Income..
Expenditures
Value of plant
$7,446
5,400
1,5,500
%
Sources of income: Woman's Aiarican Baptist Home Mission Society, $2,740; sale
of goods donated' to the school, $2,382; tuition and fees, $1,434; donations, $1,058; miscellaneous, $132.
Items of expenditure: Salalies, $3,353; repairs and additions to buildings, $658;
light, heat, and water, $601 ; labor, $48; other expenses, $741.
Phila.Land: Estimated value, $1,000. The school owns 6 acres of land and
leases 12, all of the land being used for the school campus. The grounds are well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $13,000. There are three frame buildings and a barn
on the grounds, all in good repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,500. Of the equipment $2,300 was in
furniture and $zoo in books in library.
.Recommendation.That additional facilities be provided so that secondary work
and teacher training may be given in connection with the excellent elementary and
industrial work of the school.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; January, 1914.' Facts verified, 1916.
BURTON.
PORT ROYAL AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: J. S. Shanklin.
A rural school of elementary grade doing good agricultural work. The school was
established in 1902 and is owned and managed by an incorporated board of trustees' of
local white people.
Attendance.Total, 113; all elementary. Many of the pupils board at the school.
Teachers and workers. Total, 7; all colored; male 2, female 5; grade teachers 4,
sewing 1, agriculture 1, matron and laundry 1.
Organization.--The usual elementary subjects are offered.
The work is done in seven
poorly organized classes or grades, and only the forenoons are devoted to classroom
work. The girls receive training in sewing and in the care of a crudely equipped kitchen
and dormitory. The farm is cultivated with more than usiii success and the boys
receive valuable experience it farm work.
Financial, r9r3-14.The more important financial items were:
#
Income, excluding noneducatimal receipts
Expenditures, less noneducationakreceipts.
Value of property
$2, 369
2,12s
25.500
Sources of income: General donations, $1,536; endowment funds, $630; tuition and
fees, $165; other sources, $38. The noneducational receipts. amounted to $1,009, of
which $995 was from the farm and $14 from other sales.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
483
Items of expenditure: Farm expenses, $943; salaries, $811; insurance, $134; repairs,
$44; other expenses, $1,203.
Property: The property consists of $15,5oo in the plant, $7,900 in endowment, and
$3,000 in cash on hand.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $7,000. The school ow goo acres of land, a large
part of which is in timber. About too acres are cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $7,000. There are three two-story frame buildings
used for school purposes. The barn is whitewashed and the barnyard is well cared for.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,500. The equipment consists of fairly
good farm implements, live stock, and furniture.
Recommendations. ). That better classroom equipment be provided and more
attention given to classroom work.
2. That the girls be encouraged to attend one of the other private schools of the
county so that this school may be devoted to the training of boys.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; January, 1914; Janpary, 1 916
FROGMORE, ST. HELENA ISLAND.
PFININ NORMAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL
Principal: Miss R. B. Cooley.'
An excellent community school of elementary grade located on an island whose
large population is almost entirety colored. The school provides industrial and agricultural training adapted to the needs of the island. The neighborhood activities exert
a strong influence for the improvement of the 'people.
The school was founded in 1862 by Miss Laura E. Towne and Miss Ellen Murray,
two Friends from philadelphia. The school ivas operated by .these ladies' until 19o1.
In that year a capable board of trustees was organized and two white teachers from
Hampton Institute were appointed' to direct the work.
Attendance. Total, 249; all elementary; male 113, female 136; boarders, 24. The
reported enrollment for the year was 301.
Teachers and workers.Total, 25; white 2, colored 23; male 7, female 18; academic
8, boys' industries 5, girls' industries 3, agriculture r , community workeis 3, executive
workers 5. All the teachers are well trained and.earnest in their work.
Organization.- -Seven grades of elementary work are taught with unusual skill and
thoroughness. Especial emphasis is laid on health and character development. Work
of more advanced character has recently been added so that the graduates may be
equipped to teach the schools of the.Sea Islands. In order to give the pupil teachers
adequate experience under rural conditions, a one-room country school is maintained
on the grounds. This ungraded school not only prtvides valuable reaching experience
or the pupils, but also serves as an experiment station wherewith to discover better
methOds for rural schools.
Manual training in wood and basketry for boys is begun in the third grade. In the
seventh grade the boys have one yrar of training in the trade of their selection. Daring
I White.
..
484
NEGRO EDUCATION.
this-year they go to school three days and work three days. The industries offered, are
carpentry, blacksmithiug, brick masonry, and shoemaking. The courses are well
organized and much good work is done.
The training of girls begins with sewing in the first grade and cooking in the third
grade. All the housekeeping of the school is correlated with the education of the girls
4 in household management.
Agriculture: Considerable provision has been made for instruction in gardening
and farming. The school has worked vigorously to improve the condition of the sandy
soil and to make the farm an example to the island. Effort has also been made to
improve the live stock on the farms.
Community 4ork: In addition to the work of the farm demonstrator and the close
supervision which the school exercises over its graduates who teach on St. Helena Island,
the hofiae life of the community is influtinced in several ways. Among the more important agencies are the community classes, in quilting and weaving, the children's publicservice work, the farmers' clubs, and the patrons' leagues. The school nurse pays frequent visits to the sick in the community and teaches simple lessons of hygiene to all.
Probably the most important organization is the St. Helena Cooperative Society. This
is an,effort to apply the principles and methods of the Irish Organization Society to the
community problems of the island.
Financial, 1914-15.An excellent system of account s is followed at the school.
she annual report to the board of trustees presents a full statement of all funds, togetherwith a full list of donors, and the respective amounts contributed. The more important
items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of property.. ..
.
.
$18,400
17.537
.-)
.
143,724
Sources of income: Contributions for general purposes, $1'0,349; contributions for
scholarships and other designated purposes, $3,691 ; endowment funds, $3,173; tuition
,and fees, $696; Slater Fund, $3oo. The noneducational receipts amounted to $9,151,
of which $3,630 wasfrom the boarding department, $3,266 from the industrial department, $3,032 from the farm, and $223 from sales of academic supplies.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, excluding principal, $6,976; supplies and other
expenses of boarding department, $4,920; supplies and materials for farm and industrial
department, $419438; administration expenses, including principal's salary and expenses
of soliciting funds, $3,894; labor on farm and in industrial department, $2,092; extension work, $1,n5; repairs and maintenance of plant, $1,396; new equipment, $556;
academic supplies, $348; other expenses, $13.
School property: The property consists of $77,728 in endowment and $65,996 in
he school plant.
,
Plant Land: Estimated value, $1,7 o. The school owns about 200 acres of land,
with about ioo acres under cultivation.
he campus is well shaded and picturesque.
Buildings: Estimated varue, $55746 The main school building, the girls' dormitory, and the principal's ,home are neat two-story frame, structures. The industrial
building, an unusually attractive structure, is built of oyster shells and concrete; in
485
SOUTH CAROLINA.
addition to these there are to small frame cottages-used as bain and farm buildings.
The buildings are in excellent condition.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $8,500. Of this, $3,500 was in shop equip-
ment, $2,000 in furniture, $2,000 in farm implements and live stock, and $1,000 in
library books.
Recommendation.That ntore ample funds be provided to carry on the important
work of this institution.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; January, 1914; January, 1916.
CHARLESTON COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' notaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate. 1910......
.
.
Whke.
Negro
32, 548
5,251
$71, 326
$13. 5
1. 8
56,033
II, o86
$42, 596
32. 7
The rural population is 33.6 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 7.7 months for white pupils and 6 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 148 in white schools and 126 in colored schools. The average attendance is
3,25o white pupils and 5,236 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. Laing Normal and Industrial
School is the only important private school outside the city of Charleston.
CHARLESTON.
Whim.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools
271764
3,614
(I)
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in city.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
(1)
0.9
Nara.
31.096
3, 329
(I)
(1)
27. 9
There are five schools for white pupils and three for colored. The lumber of teaches is 91 in white schools and 52 in colored schools. The average attindance is 2,659
white pupils and 1,818 colored pupils.
The public schools of Charleston are doing effective work, but the attendance is only
about one-third of children 6 to 14 years of age. The Southern white teachers, who have
worked continuously in the colored schools since the Civil War, have developed a strong
system of elementary training. The industrial school is a sern-grade school with excellent work in industries and gardening. Its plant is modern and well equipped. The
Bishop CumNings Training School should either bke organized into a real ministerial
school or continued only until the public schools become adequate. Avery Institute
provides secondary and teacher-training facilities for the city. The Jenkins Orphanage
is described in the. surnmary of special institutions for the State. The private venture
known as the Charleston Normal and Industrial Institute is described in the summary
of small independent schools.
1 Figures oat aveflabSa
486
NEGRO EDUCATION.
CHARLESTON INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
Principal: H. L. Guy)
A well-managed public school of elementary grade with effective industrial courses
and some provision for teacher training. The good work of the Southern white teachers
in this school illustrates the value of the interest and efforta of Southern people in behalf
of the colored people.
A tiendance. Total, 43o; all elementary.
4
Teacher s Total, 1 2 all white; male 2, female to; grades 7, agriculture I, manual
'training 1, domestic science 1, physical culture t , and principal. Several of the teachers
have taken graduate courses in some of the best schools of the country.
Organization. Elementary: The elementary grades are well taught. An extra
grade has been added to give teacher training to those who wish to become teachers.
Emphasis is placed on English, writing, and spelling, and care is exercised in grading the
pupils and in the adaptation of school work to their needs.
Industrial; The classes are so arranged that about two fifths of the time is devoted
to industrial training. This time is increased in the "special" class, composed of pupils
whose work indicates that they can make more progtess in industrial training than in
academic subjects. Instruction is given in carpentry_ , laundering, sewing, and cooking.
The equipment in these departments is good.
Agriculture: The instruction in school and home gardening is directed by a welltrained teacher who also conducts contests in home-gardening.
PlankThe plant, estimated value, $45,000, consists °Pa city block of land, a large
brick building, and a frame shop. The brick building is a modern two-story and basement structure. It contains classrooms, recreation rooms, model kitchen, dining room,
1 and offices. The shop is a neat frame building constructed by students.
Recommendation. That the work of this school be extended and instruction of
secondary grade added, in order that the school may more effectively train teachers
for the surrounding rural districts.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; January, 1914; February, 1914; January, 1916.
AVERY INSTITUTE.
...Principal: B. F. Cox.
A day school of secondary grade with limited industrial work and teacher training.
Its location in cramped quarters in a residential district is a serious handicap.
The school was founded in 1865 by the _American Missionary Association of the
Congregational Church turns owned and supported by that association.
Attendance. Total, 234; elementary 106, secondary 128; male 82, female
152.
The reported enrollment for the year was 259.
Teaihers and workers.ITotal, to; white 7, colored 3; male 2, female 8.
All the
teachers are well trained.
Organization.Elementary: Pupils are admitted as low as the fifth grade.
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the four upper classes. Two groups of electives are offeredthe "classical," enrolling 48 pupils, and-the "English normal," enroll1 White.
I Colored workers have since been substituted for the white principal and teachers.
487
SOUTH CAROLINA.
ing 80. The subjects included in both groups are: English, 4 years; mathematics, 5;
history, 2 ; elementary science, 3 ; agriculture, 1. The ,..oll.zge preparatory group adds
four years of Latin, and Greek or Frey -b. Eight pupils were taking Greek and three
French. The " normal" course offers psychology and pedagogy.
Industrial: The instruction in cooking and sewing is effective. The manual training
is of little value.
Financial, 1913-14.The financial management is Controlled by the American Missionary Association. A simple and effective system of accounts has recently been
installed. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneduCational receipts....
Value of plant
$6, 790
6, 790
28, 600
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $4,112; tuition and fees,
$2,569; donations and other sources, $189. The noneducational receipts were from
sales of the domestic-science department, and amounted to $40.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,750; supplies for teachers' dining room, $844;
student aid and labor, $497; equipment and other supplies, $424; outside labor, $211;
heat, light, and water, $145; repairs, $138; other expenses, $821.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $6,000. The school owns nearly an acre of city
property.
Buildings: Estimated value, $20,000. There are three buildings. The main school
ers' home is a stucco
building is a two-story brick structure with 11 rooms. The t
d for shops. The
building containing 7 rooms. A two-story brick building is
buildings are in need of repair.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $2.600. The equipment consists of gobd
classroom furniture, domestic-science apparatus, and a small amount of industrial
equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That the present property be sold and the institute moved
to a suburban section with street-car facilities.
2. That courses be planned to supplement the city schools.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; January, 1914; March, 1915.
MOUNT PLEASANT.
LAING NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
Principal: Miss Antoinette O'Neil.
A day school of elementary grade. Some instruction is given in sewing and shoe
repairing.
The school was started in 0365 by Cornelia Hancock, of Philadelphia, and soon
afterwards taken over by the " Friends' Association of Philadelphia for the Aid and
Elevation of the Freedmen." The school is owned by the "Pennsylvania Abolition
Society." The "Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends" contributes to the work.
Miss Abbey D. Munro, a Rhode Island Friend, was principakof this school from 1869
until her death in 1914a remarkable record of faithful service. The county pays the
salaries of four of the teachers and the Slater Fund pays the two industrial teachers.
ct
488
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Attendance.
Total, r5c., ; all elementary.
The teaching is well done.
Teachers:Total, io; all colored; male i, female 9; grades 8, industrial 2.
Financial, 1912-13. The finances of the school are supervised by the Pennsylvania
Abolition Society. An annual statement of receipts and disbursements is published.
According 'to the report for the year the inore important items were:
Income.
Expenditures
Value of property
4
S2,972
3, 172
23,000
Sources of income: Contributions, $1,039; county appropriations, $800', interest
on endowment, $624; Slater Fund, $300; rents, $96; other sources, $112.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $2,44o; repairs to buildings, $175; student
aid, $t 21 ; books, stamps, and stationery, $11o; other expenses, $326.
,Schpol property: The property consists of about $12,000 in endowment and $1 ,000
in plant: The endowment fund is administered by the Pennsylvania Abolition Society.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $6,000. The land consists of three valuable city
lots.
Buildings: Estimated value, $4,000. There are four frame buildings, one of which
is a two-story cottage. The others are one-story structures. The bdildings are well
kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1 ,000. The equipment consists of furniture
fox classrooms and dormitories and a limited amount of industrial and domestic science
apparatus.
Recommendations. r. That the Friends Society study the school to determine the
educational value of the present organization.
2. That the institution be developed as a county training school and provision
be made for teaching home and school gardening.'
3. That a simple accounting system be installed.
Dates of visit : February, 1914; March, 1915.
CHESTER COUNTY.
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1921-11.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 24 in county
Percentage illiterate, 2910.
White.
Negro.
2184
$32, 471
$5, 691
$14 91
$1. to
6. 2
44. I
The rural population is 83.8 per cent of the total. The average.length of the publicschool term is 7.1 months for white pupils and 3.7 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 111 in white schools and 6o in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,6x8 white pupils and 2,733 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work offhe
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. Brainerd Institute, at
Chester, is a good central school where pupils may board and supplement the training
received in the rural schools of the county:
Nina reroasaandaticao in IPMEISMISY ChWter. R sa.
489
SOUTH CAROLINA.
CHESTER.
BRAINERD INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. S. Marquis.'
A well-managed school of to grades providing some industrial training.
The school was founded in 1868 by the Board of Missions for Freedmen of the
Presbyterian Church and is owned and supported by that body.
Attendance. Total, 175; elementary 132, secondary 43. Of the pupils above elementary grade 27 ware boarders; 19 were boys and 24 girls. The enrollment reported
for t'he year was zoo.
Teachers.Total, 9; white 7, colored 2; male 2, female 7.
Organization.The classroom work is well done. Instruction in sewing is provided
for all girls. Those boarding at the school also have cooking. The boys have an hour
and a quarter every week in simple woodworking. Fairly good home training is given
in the dormitories.
Financial, 1912-13.The bookkeeping system is inadequate, and few details of
income and expenditures were available. As far aescould be determined, the more
important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
SO, 370
6,170
45, 000
Sources of income: Presbyterian Board, $5,628; tuition and fees, $742. The noneducational receipts amounted to $2,700, of which $2,500 was from the boarding department and $20o from the school garden.
Expenditures: Salaries, $4,540; supplies and equipment, $3,380; power,
heat, $800; repairs, $150.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $2,too. The land comprises 21 acres in the town.
Most of this is used for campus, only about half an acre being undercultivation. The
grounds presented a neat appearance.
Buildings: Estimated value, $41,000. There is one iarge brick building and several
smaller structures. The buildirte are clean and well kept.
Equipment: gstimated value, $1,9oo. The equipment consists of furniture for
classrooms and dormitories. The industrial equipment is inadequate.
Recointnctidations.-1. That the work of this institution be encouraged and cooperation with the city and county school system be developed.
2. That the elementary grades be gradually eliminated and the energy of the institution centered on secondary and teacher-training courses.
3. That the theory and practice of gardening he made a part of the regular course
and neighborhood work begun.
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, December, 1915.
CHESTERFIELD COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to :4 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911r 2
I White.
15,738
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Negro.
10,557
3, 3.72
3,650
333, 690
S6. 63
$3, 432
So. 91
19. 5
43. 5
490
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The rural population is 89.1 per cent of the total. The average length of the public,
school term is 4.9 months for white pupils and 2.1 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 88 in white schools and 28 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,835 white pupils and 632 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the serious need for increased public - school facilities. The
work of the elementary schools should be extended and :strengthened. Special effort
should be made to reorganize the Coulter Memotial Academy so that it may become a
central institution where pupils may board and supplement the limited training received
in the rural schools. The Chesterfield parochial school is of slight value and effort should
be made to have the public authorities care for the pupils of this school. It is described
in the summary of small Presbyterian schools for the State.
CHERAW.
COULTER MEMORIAL ACADEMY.
Principal: G. W. Long.
An elementary school with a seven-month term. The school is doing good work but
is hampered by limited equipment.
The school was founded in 1881 by the Prebyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen
and is owned and supported by that board.
Attendance. Total, Zoo; boarders, 12. All the pupils are below the eighth grade
Good work in cooking, sewing, and house cleaning is done. The reported enrollment
for
Teachers.Total, 7; all colored; male 1, female 6.
Financial, 19 r 2-13.The income was $910, $710 being from the Presbyterian Board
and $2oo from tuititon. The salaries amounted to $840.
Plant. Estimated. value, $5,100. The plant consists of a tot i,t lot and two 2-story
frame buildings, one used for the school building and the other for ormitory and teachers' home. Both buildings were badly in need of repair, but the rooms were in good
condition.
Recommendations. -1. That industrial work for boys be added.
2. That effort be made to enter into cooperation with the public-school authorities.
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 1915.
-CLARENDON COUNTY.
White.
Population, 1910..
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14 in 6-Unty.
Percentage illiterate, 1910...
8,794
1, 967
$23, 403
$I I.
7. 8
Negro.
23, 393
6, 274
$6, 186
so. 89
35. 9
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
6.6 months for white pupils and 3.2 months for colered. The number of teachers is
74 in white schools and 77 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,312 white
pupils and 2,762 colored pupils.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
491
These statistics indicate the serious need for increased public-school facilities. The
work 'of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeanes Fund
county supervising industrial teacher travels in the county and aids the rural-school
teachers in introducing industrial work and extending the influence of the school into
the community. The county, in cooperation with the Slater Fund and the General Education Board, is developing the school at Manning to provide a central institution where
pupils from the surrounding rural schools may receive more advanced training.
MANNING.
CLA.RENDON COUNTY THALNLNG SCHOOL.
Principal: I. M. A. Myers.
An elementary public school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It has been
selected as a central institution to supplement the work of the public schools.
A ttendance.Total, 291; elementary 272, secondary 19; boarders, S.
Teachers.Total, 6; -all colored; male 1, female 5.
Organization.Elementary: The work covers the regular eight grades.
Secondary: The secondary subjects are taught in the ninth and tenth grades. In
order that the pupils who go out to teach in the county schools may have some training,
practice teaching is provided in the tenth grade.
Industrial: The industrial work is limited to a little sewing, shuck and raffia work.
Financial, r9r4-15.The income amounted to $1,998, of which $75o was from
public - funds, $748 from donations and tuition, and $5oo from the Slater Fund. Of the
income, $1,222 was expended for salaries and $326 for other purposes.
.
Plant: Estimated value, $5,500. The plant consists of about 2 acres of land,
value $1,000; a seven-room building, value $4,000; and equipment, valued at $5oo.
Recommendation.That the work be encouraged and facilities added, as the need
appears, for secondary work and teacher training.
EDGEFIELD COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries is public schools, 1911-12.
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Nem
White.
8, 165
1, 724
20, 114
5, 457
$21,oio
$4,497
$12. 18
$o. fla
3. 4
41
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
5.5 months for white pupils and 2.7 months for colored. The number of teachers is 75
in white schools and 79 in colored schools.
and 3,747 colored pupils.
The average attendance is 1,484 white pupils
!these statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeanes Fund supervisingindustrial teacher travels in the county and aids the rural-school teachers in introducing
industrial work and extending the influence of the '.hoot into the community. Bettis
Academy has done much to create a favorable, attitude toward Negro educator in
the county. This school serves as an educatiowd center where pupils from the
surrounding rural districts may board and supplement the limited training received in
the rural schools.
48927 Bull. 89-17-82
492
NEGRO EDUCATION.
.
TRENTON..
BETTIS ACADEMY.
Priricipal: A. W. Nicholson.
A school Qf elementary and secondary grade doing good work in a rural commtnity.
In spite of limited equipment, agriculture and simple industries are taught. The institution, supported mainly by the colored Baptists, has done much to improve the condition of the colored people. .
The school was founded in 1881 by Alexander Bettis, an ex-slave, who exerted a
great influence for good in this section of South Carolina, founding many churches and
gaining the confidence of the white people. The school is owned by an incorporated
board of trustees and supported by contributions from Baptist associations, donations,
and a small appropriation from the. county.
Attendance. Total, 231; elementary 187, secondary 44. Many of the pupils board
at the school.
Teachers and worker c.Total, 12; all colored; male 4, female 8; academic 9, industrial 1, agriculture I, others 1.
Organization.Elementary: The work covers the regular eight grades. The first
year of the "normal " course is also elementary.
Secondary: The secondary work is done.in the last two years of the "normal "
course. The course is simple and well selected.
Industrial: The industrial training consists of some instruct;on in sewing, cooking,
woodwork, and farming.
Financial, 1973-14.The more important items, excluding the boarding department, which is maintained on the club plan by the students themselves, were:
Income
Expenditures
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$2,817
2, 817
2,000
,
32, soo
.
Sources of income: Baptist liciations, $1 ,400; Slater Fund, $600; general donations, $54o; county funds, $250; other sources, $67.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,735; payment on notes, $350; repairs, $2oo;
equipment, $50; other expenses, $482. About $4,000 was raised and expended for a
new building.
Plant.Estimated value, $32,5oo. The plant consists of 209 acres of land, four
frame buildings, a cottage and etipment valued at $1,000. The buildings are clean
and the grounds well kept.
Recommendations.-1. That financial aid be obtained to employ teachers of agriculture and industries and to increase the plant. and equipment.
2. 1Cliat teacher training and theory and practice of gardening be made a part of
the regular course.'
3. That a system. of accounting suited to the needs of the school be adopted and
an annual audit, made by ar accredited accountant.
Date of visit : December, 1913. Facts verified, 1916. 1
See recoonnendailoas la
stisianary chapter, p. es.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
493
GREENWOOD COUNTY.
Population, 19ro
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
12, 923
Negro.
21,302
2; 820
51548
$37, 94.4
$13. 45
6. 0
$6, 794
$1. 22
33. 5
The rural population is 80.7 per cent of the total. The
average length of the public
school term is 6.4 months for white pupils and
3.9 months for the colorgd. The number
of teachers is 89 in white schools and 68 in colored
schools. The average attendance
is 2,018 white pupils and 3,647 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school
facilities. The Brewer Normal
School is a good central institution where pupils
may board and supplement the limited
training received inthe rural schools.
GREENWOOD.
BREWER..NORMAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND AGRICULTURAL
INSTITUTE.
rincipal: H. W. Stevens)
.
A school of elementary and secondary grade doing'
some industrial and teachertraining work. A small boarding department is
.
maintained.
The school was founded by the American Missionary
Association .of the Congregational Church in 1872 and is owned'and maintained
by that association.
A ttendance.Total, 250; elementary
i.22 t, secondary 29. Of the 6o pupils above
the sixth grade 14 were male and 46 female; 20 were boarders.
The reported enrollmenvfor the year was 289.
Teachers and workers.Total, i i ; white i o, colored
1; male 2, female 9; grades
5, academic 2, music I , girls' industries 1, boys' industries
1, matron 1.
Organization. Elementary : The work covers the regular
eight
Secondary: The four-year secondary course includes English,elementary grades.
4 years; agriculture and botany, 3; chemistry, %; mathematics, 4; history,
3; pedagogy, 1; and physiology, i . The selection of subjects indicates
a regard for the needs of theitpils and
an appreciation of recent movements in secondary education.
Industrial: The instruction in cooking and sewing is good.
Provision is also made
for gardening and for manual training in wood and iron.
Financial , 1913-14.The financial management is
controlled by the American
Missionary Association. A simple and effective
system of accounts has recently been
installed. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts...
Value of plant
$6, 836
6, 836
as, 300
Sources df income: American Missionary lessociation, $4,41;
tuition and fees,
$1,527; donations, $382; other sources, $32. The
noneducational receipts amounted
to $1,586, of which $1,516 was from the boarding
department and $'o from sales.
a
I NIVbite.
494
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,664; supplies for boarding department, $1,381;
equipment, $1,309; student aid and labor, $782; heat, light, and water, $592; general
supplies, $186; other expenses, $,:o8.
Plant Land: Estimated valire, $2,000. The sch,ctol owns 20 acres of land, about
12 acres being cultivated by the principal with student labor.
Buildings: Estimated value, $2o,000. The school building is a two-story structure,
part brick and part frame; the girls' dormitow is a four-story brick building. The
buildings are in good repair and are well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $3,3oo. The equipment consists of furniture, good apparatus for small domestic-science classes, and limited shop equipment
and farm implements.
Recommendations.i.jhat the institution be encouraged in the betyr adaptation
of its educational work to the needs of the pupils.
2. That the theory andiractice of gardening he made a. part of the regular course.'
3.4That dormitory facilities for boys be provided.
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified December, 1915.
yay
KERSHAW COUNTY.
Population; 1916
Children 6 to 14 years ottge, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911 -12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to r 4 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
What
10,648
3,355
$23, 930
Sic. 16
8.2
Neva
16 !444
4,343
$4, 949
$1.13
49.2
The rural population is 86.8 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 5.8 months for white pupils and 3.4 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 73 in white schools and 52 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,646 white pupils and 1 ,977 colored pupas.
These statistics indicate the serious need for additional school facilities. The
Browning Indusqial Home and Mather Academy serves as a central training school
where pupils may board and supplement theitraining received in the rural schools.
CAMDEN. .
BROWNING INDUSTRIAL HOME AND MATHER ACADEMY.
Superintendent: Mrs. H. E. Mower.'
A well-managed home school for girls prodding day-school facilities for .1apys and
girls. Most of the wotk is elemcntary, but a few pupils take secondary subjects.
The school was founded in 1$64 by Mrs. Mather, of Boston,.who later transferred the
property to the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist 'piscopal Church.
She also gave $14,000 with the proyision that this sum should be invested and allowed
to accummulate until the total amounted to $20,000. This amount was reached in 1915.
The institution is still owned and managed by the Woman's Home Missionary Society.
Attendance.Total, 279; elementary, 256, secondary 23; boarders, 6i.
Teachers and workers. Total, 12; white 7, colored 5; all female.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work covers the regular eight grades.
ft
'See recommeadatioar in summary chapter. p. a.
a Whlte.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
495
Secondary: The " norms" course includes algebra, general tiistoiy, Latin, English,
bookkeeping+Bible, and pedagogy.
Industrial: Instruction is provided in sewing, cooking, and laundry. The sewing
begins with the third grade. The girls living in the school home receive
excellent training in the various forms of home activities.
Financial, 1913-14.The finances are carefully supervised by the home office in
Cincinnati and the management is economical. ,The more important itetns_ were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures. less mmeducational receipts
. Value of property
$5, 373
5,373
75, 500
Sources of income : Woman's Home Missionary Society, $4,680; tuition and fees, $540;
donations, $28; other sources, $125. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and autounted to $1,648.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,280; supplies, $2,880; student aid, $55o; other
expenses, $311.
Property: Of the property, $53,000 was in the plant and $22,500 in .a special fund.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $5,000. The land comprises 16 acres within the
town limits. The premises are kept in excellent condition.
Some of the land is under
cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value, $45,o00.
ings.
There are five neat two-story frame. build-
Hubbard Hall is a beautiful build, well adapted to its purpose and one of the
hest buildings of its type to be seen anywhere.. Except for a few minor repairs needed
on the older buildings, tlity were in good condition throughout.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $3,000. The classrooms and dormitories are
well furnished. The industrial building -contains good
equipment for domestic science.
Recommendations. -1. That the work be encouraged and that the secondary instruction be adapted to the training of teachers.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts velified November, 1915.
'LANCASTER COUNTY.
Population, 1910
White.
13, 524
.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-1
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, isito
3,143
-.44524,779
I
87.88
:1.6
Negro.
13,115
3,454
$4,336
$1.x5
46.7
The entire rfopulation is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
4.8 months for white pupils aad 2.5 months for colored. The 'number of teachers is
86 in white schools and 64 in tblored schools. The average attendance is 2,398
white
pupils and 2,378 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schoOls should be extended and strengthened. The Lancaster Normal and
Industrial School should 1.2 reorganized to meet the nee q fOr trained teachers in the
county.
See recommendations in summary chapter. p. ss.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
4%
LANCASTER.
LANCASTER NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
President: M. D. Lee.
An elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It was founded in
1897 and is owned and controllzd by 'board of trustees elected by the conference of the
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The county makes an appropriation to it
as the colored public school of Lancaster.
Attendance.Total, 239; elementary 218, secondary 21; boarders, 49. The reported enrollment for tije year was 257.
Teachers and workers.Total, 8; all colored; male 4, female 4. The teachers have
attended good schools, kuit they seem to be unable to awaken the interest of their pupils.
Organization.Though the catalogue outlines "scientific," "normal," "industrial," and "nurse-training" departments, the instruction is*confined mainly to elementary work. The few secondary studies are poorly taught.' Many of the pupils can not
spell the /lames of the subjects they are studying. A little cooking and sewing is the
only industrial work offered. A farmers' conference is held annually at the school and
a county fair for colored people is held by the trustees.
Financial, rchr 2-13.--The financial records are poorly kept. As far as could be
determined the more important financial items were as follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value df school plant
it, 900
sib
S
1, 900
14, cam
Sources of income: County appropriation, $900; tuition'and fees, $400; A. M. E. Z.
Church, $4o0; general donations, $200. The noneducational receipts tvere from the
boarding department and amounted to $1,5oo,
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $1,532; material and supplies, including
boarding department, $1,302; light and fuel, $325; repairs, $202; advertising and
.incideptals, $39.
'Plant.Land: Estimated value, $6,000. The 4 acres of land are near the town
limits.
Buildings: Estimated value, $6,000. There are three frame buildings. Two of
these are tiAto-story structures and are used for dormitory and classrooms. A one-story
building is used for the lower grades. The buildings are of infer'i constniction'but are
fairly well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,o00. The movable equipment consists
of furniture for dormitories and classrooms. The equipment is fairly good.
Recommendations.-1. That greater emphasis be placed upon thorough work in the
clat;sroom.
.
z. That provision be made for teacher training, gardening, and simple industrial
training.'
----VT-hat a better system of student registration and financial accounts.be adopted.
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 1915.
See recesomendatiaas In summary chapter, p. n.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
497
LEXINGTON COUNTY.
Population, toto
Children 6 to 14 years of age, zoto
Teachers' ralarics in public school.5,,, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
.
.
Percentage illiterate, quo ...
White.
Negro.
20,402
11,638
4, 356
$270 996
$3, 'r6
$6, 4o
$1.05
7. 2
39, 2
3,060
The entire. population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
4.6 months fc:. white pupils and 2.2 months for colored. The number of teachers is
114 in white schools and 52 in colored schools. The average attendance is 3,134 white
pupils and 2,039 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. With reorganization Harbison College could become a gOod central institution where boys might board
and supplement the limii,ed training re4ived in the rural schools. A small parochial
school operated in connection with Harbison College serves to care for the elementary
pupils of,,he surrounding districts.
IRMO.
i HARBISON COLLEGE.
President : C. M. Young.
A boys' school of elementary grade with a small secondary enrollment. Connected
with the schooleis a "farm home" plan to aid colored families to purchase land. The
valuable school plant and the land project are not effectively managed.
The school is(owned and supported by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for
Freedmen and was formerly Ferguson Institute at Abbeville, S. C. It was moved to
.
Irmo in 1911.
Attendance. Total, 89, all male; eletnentary 62, secondary 27.
board at the school. The reported enrollment for the year was 129.
About 6o pupils
Teachers and workers.Total, 9; all colored; male 8, female 1; teachers 7, superintendent of' building 1, matron 1. All are from schools that do not give agricultural
or industrial trai ing.
..
Organizatio Eleinengry: Elementary work corresponding to the five upper
grades is
in the four preparatory years and in the first year of the so-called
"nc-mal" course.
Secondary: The subjects taught in the last three years of the "normal" course are:
Latin, 3 years; Greek, t; English, 4; mathernaterm- 3; elementary science, 3; history, 2;
civics, 1; education, r 2 ; religion, I ; and agriculture, 3.
.
.
Agriculture: Little agricultural instruction is given beyond the three years of class
study. The boys are, employed in clearing the' and and cultivating the crops. The
teacher is a graduate of literary schools with practically no systematic training in agriculture but with some experience in practical farming.
"Farm home" plan: To carry out the "farm home" plan 85o acres of land adjoining the school were purchased by the bard. This land is to be divided into small tracts
Lto be sold to colored farmers. Only a few tracts had been sold up to the date of visit.'
1 It is reported that options have since
..... tracts, but no payments midi-
.
St
NEGRO EDUCATION.'
498
Financial, 1914-15.The financial records are kept in accordance with tl e requirements of the Board of Mi ions- for Freedmen. Thr more important items for the year
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
,
$7,169
13, 203
54, 700
Sources of income: Board of Missions for Freedmen, $7,142; donation, $20; day
tuition, $7. The noneducational receipts amounted to $3,373. Of this $1,972 was
from the farm and $1,4oi from the boarding department.
Items of expenditure: Payments on indebtedness, $3,266; supplies for boarding
department, $2,574; salaries, $2,461; plumbing and electrical fixtures, $1,586; farm
tools, $552; fuel and other supplies, $223; oxen, $175; repairs, $138; outside labor,
$134; trees and seed, $103; taxes, $91; blacksmith bill, $60; books, stationery, and
postage, $59; other expenses, $154.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $12,000. The school land comprises Soo acres,
a large part of which is under cultivation. In addition the school has charge of an
800-acre tract of land owned by the Presbyterian Board, which is being sold in small
farms of5 to 25 acres to colored farmers who desire to live in the school community.
Buildings: Estimated value, $32,700. There are two new brick buildings, four
frame cottages and two barns. The buildings are new. The main building is four
stories high, with dormitories on the third and fourth floors. The other brick building
is a neat two-story house
for the principal's residence. The cottages are used as
teachers' homes. The dormitories and classrooms were clean and fairly well equipped.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1o,000. Of this $6,000 is in electrical plant
and machinery, $2,000 in furniture, and $2,000 in farm equipment and live stock.
Recommendations.-1. That the business administration of the school and land
project be improved and an adequate system of accounting installed.
2. That a man trained in agriculture be employed to superintend the "farm-home"
plan, the school farm, and the instruction in agriculture.
3. That the time spent on ancient languages be given to subjects properly belong-life school.
ing to
simple
manual training be introduced.
,4.
Pat f visits: December, 1913; December, 1915.
OCONEE COUNTY.
Poputaticai, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, i911 i2
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
2 0, 489
Neve.
6, 848
4, 777
1,1354
$28, 195
i5.88
$3, 355
Sr. So
15. .5
30 9
The entire population is rural. The average. length of the'public-school term is
'4.8 months for white pupils and 3.4 months for colored. The number of teachers is
n6 in white schools and 36 in colored schools. The a' rage attendance is 2,766 white
pupils and 960 colored pupils.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
499
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Seneca Institute could
be developed as a central institution to supplement the training given in the rural schools.
Schofield parochial school, also knOwn as Norrell College, is of slight value to the community. This school is described in the summary of small Presbyterian schools for the
State.
SENECA.
SENECA INSTITUTE.
.
Principal: G. B. Hancock.
A school of elementary and secondary grade doing fairly good work. It is maintained almost entirely on the income from board and tuition. It is owned by a Baptist
association too small to support it.
Attendance.Total, 127; elementary 78, secondary 49; boarders, 6o. Of the secondary pupils 23 were boys and 26 girls; 18 were from Seneca, 25 from other places in
the State, and 6 from Georgia.
Teachers.---Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female 4.
Oraanization.Elementary: The elementary grades with 78 pupils are taught by
one teacher with such aid as the teachers of secondary subjects can spare. Part of the
elementary work is done as practice teaching by the senior pupils.
Secondary: The secondary subjects are given in four classes, the first two classes
being partly elementary. Latin is required for three years and Greek for two years.
The industrial work is confined to a litt>gardening, sewing, and some cooking in the
boarding department.
Financia1,1913-14.The accounts are fairly well kept. The more important
items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$850
r, 120
11, soo
Sources of income: Baptist Association, Ssoo; tuition and fees, $3oo; county funds,
$5o.
13`noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted
to $3,900.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,400; repairs and additions to buildings, $45o;
power, light, and heat, $26o; equipment; $2oo; student labor, $185; advertising, $15.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $3,000. The land consists of 8 acres in Seneca,.
about 4 acres beings used for truck garden.
Buildings: Estimated value, $7,000. There are three buildings on the grounds.
The main building is A two-story brisle structure used for _classrooms, girls' dormitory,
teachers' home, and dining hall. The boys' dormitory is a two-story frame building.
The buildings and grounds are in fairly good condition.
Reconnnendations.-1. That the institute cooperate with the Seneca public school
in an effort to eliminate duplication of elementary work.
2. That the school endeavor to secure a larger appropriation from the county, so
as to increase its income and secure the supervision of the county superintendent.
tThat more emphasis be placed on industrial' work for both boys and girls.
ate of visit: December, 1914.
500
NEGRO EDUCATION.
ORANGEBURG COUNTY.
Population, 1919..
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19 to .
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
19, 098
4, 149
856, 396
$13. 58
3. 8
Negro.
36, 794
9, 651.
$9, 418
is 97
P. 7
The rural population is 89.4 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 5.8 months for white pupils and 2.8 months for colored. The number
of teachers i$ 158 in white schools and 119 in colored schools.
The average attendance is
3,448 white pupils and 4,945 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The State School and Claflin
College are duplicating each other's efforts in industrial work and some plan of cooperation should be developed between them. Effort should also be made to have the
city
of Orangeburg relieve these important schools of the large elementary grades for
which they are caring.
CLAFLIN COLLEGE.
President : L. M. Dunton.'
ORANGEBURG.
A school of secondary grade with small college department and an elementary.
enrollment of boo. It is one of the four institutions to which the State grants the right
to give teachers' certificates.
The institution was founded in 1869 by Lee Claflin, of Massachusetts. It is owned
and supervised by the Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church and
supported mainly by that society. From 1872 to 1896 it received a part of the Federal
funds for agricultural and mechanical education. The beard of 21 trustees, which is
composed chiefly of colored men from South Carolina, is self-perpetuating. President
Dunton is one of the pioneers in the education of the colored race.
Attendance.Total, 814; elementary 597, secondary 177; college subjects 26,
commercial 12, special 2, boarders 273. Of the pupils in higher and special classes
99 were male and 118 female. Of those reporting home address 36 were from Orangeburg, 15o from other parts of South Carolina, and 31 from other States. There were 59
from farm homes. The reported enrollment for the year was 866.
Teachers and workers.Total, 27; white 6, colored 21, male 7, female 2o; grades
it, secondary and college 8, music 2; Bible 1, commercial 1, industrial 4. Six of the
academy teachers give one or two college courses.
Organisation. Elementary: The elementary work covers the usual eight grades,
in which three-fourths of the pupils are enrolled. The quality of instruction is above
the average.
Secondary: The secondary pupils are divided into two groups" normal," in which
a large majority of the pupils are enrolled, and "college preparatory," enrolling a few
pupils. The subjecticommon to both groups are: Latin, 2 years; French, 2; English,
4;
I White.
SOUTH CAROLINg.
501
science, 3; mathematics, 3; Bible 4; and history, 2. In the normal course physiology,
nature study, and teacher-training subjects are added. In the college preparatory course
the time given to languages is increased.
College: The secondary and college classes are taught by eight teachers well qualified for their work. The number, however, is not large enough to handle the courses
of both departments. The laboratory is insufficient for college work. The courses in
elementary science are so numerous that good work ctan not be done in any of them.
Industrial: The training of girls in home activities includes sewing 45 minutes
daily in the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades, and cooking five periods a week in the
second and third years of the high school. A few of the girls take millinery. The sewing
is well taught; the cooking equipment is inadequate.
The John F. Slater Manual Training Building and equipment, valued at $4o,000, are
ineffectively used. The teachers are students continuing their literary education or
recent graduates of Claffin. The work is classed as "manual training, " and " trade
work." The only apparent difference is that manual training is given 45 minutes
daily to the lower grades and the%" trades" 12 hours a week to the upper classes. There
seems to be little genuine interest in the trades. Practically all the pupils indicate the
professions as their future occupations. Even two of the instructors intend to be lawyers. While Claflin is thus not making good use of its extensive industrial equipment,
the training given to the young men is considerably more than that at any of the other
literary schools:
Financial, 1912-13.--Careful financial records are kept, but the system requires
a considerable amount of unnecessary work. The more inportant items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of school property
-
$39, 547
39, 450
362, 035
Sources of income: Freedmen's Aid Society, $21,134; tuition and fees, $5,392; colored church conferences of South Carolina, $3,174; Slater Fund33,000; cont ributions for
student aid, $715; cash donations and other sources, $6,132. The noneducational
receipts amounted to $12,189, of which $1o,004 was from the boarding department,
Si ,o18 from the farm, $685 from sale of books, and $482 from the shops.
Items of expenditure : Salaries, $17,099; repairs, and additions to buildingsand equipment, $10,812; supplies for boarding department, $7,379; fuel, light, and water, $2,563;
farm expenses, $1,658; student labor, $1,5o5; material and supplies for industrial department, $E 494 ; books, $736; student aid, $7oo; other expenses, $7,693.
School property: The school property consists of $284,000 in the plant ; $4o,00o in
endowment, and $38,035 in building fund and cash on -hand.
-
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $56,000. Of this $5o,000 is represented by the
school" grounds and $6,000 by the farm. The grounds and farm comprise 220 acres.
The campus is in a good section of the town. The farm is about-two miles from the
school and is cultivated on a commercial basis.
on the grounds.
Buildings: Estimated value, $186,600. There are 12 buil
arrangefor
While some of these are handsome structures, the absence of any p
ment detracts much from the general appearance. The main buildings are: Tingley
502
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Hall, a substantial two-story brick building used for administration and classroodi purposes; Mary E. Dunton Hall, a three-story brick building used for boys' dormitory;
the girls' dormitory, a three-story brick structure; the John F. Slater Manual Training
Building, the dining hall and kitchen, library and reading room, all one-story brick
structures. The other buildings are large frame structures used mainly for dormitories
and classrooms.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $41,400.
Of this, $2o,000 was in shop
equipment; $13,000 in furniture; $4,000 in library books and fixtures; $3,7oo in farm equip-
ment and live stock; and $70o in other equipment.
Recommendations. 1. That the trustees4seek to induce the city of Orangeburg to
relieve Clafiin of the large enrollment of pupils from the city.
2. That the training of teachers be made the main purpose of both the secondary and
college departments.
3. That the industrial courses for young men be reduced to simple agriculture,
gardening, and manual training in wood and iron adapted to rural teachers.'
4. That the boys' dormitory be so governed as to develop habits of cleanliness and
order.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; January, 1914; January, 1915; February, 1916.
STATE COLORED NORMAL INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL: AND MECHANICAL
COLLEGE.
President: R. S. Wilkinson.
school with large elementary enrollment. It is one of the four institt4ions to which the State grants the right to give teachers' certificates. The equipment
for agricultural and industrial work is good, but the time allotted is too short.
The school was founded in 1896 by the State of South Carolina. It is supported
in part by the State and in part by_the Federal funds for agricultural and mechanical
education. It is controlled by a white board of trustees, of which the governor is ex officio
chairman. The board is elected by the legislature.
Attendance. Total, 726; elementary 529, secondary 197. Of the pupils above the
seventh grade 204 mere female and 158 were male; 277 were boarders.
Teachers and workers . Total, 33, all colored; male 23, female to; grades and
academic 14, boys' industries 7, agriculture 4, girls' industries 2, matrons and other
workers 6.
Organization.A complicated and wasteful plan of organization prevails, in which
the large student body of over loo, with only 14 academic teachers, is separated by
classes into five overlapping groups.
Elementary: The practice school, with an attendance of 364, covers the fifth,
sixth, and seventh grades. The preparatory department, designed to meet the needs
of the pupils from the ungraded schools of rural districts, has two classes, which are
practically the equivalent of the seventh and eights]] grades'.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the four-year "normal" department.
The subjects are: English, 3 years; mathematics, 3; elementary science, 2 ; commercial
geography, 134; history, 1 ; economics and sociology, 1; Bible, 1; psychology and phiI See p. so*.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
503
losophy, 1; physical culture, 1; drawing, r j4; bookkeeping, 1. Practiv., teaching and
hygiene are not included. An agricultural course is reporteci, but the number of pupils
enrolled is small.
The extensive system of classes is further complicated by the large number of
subjects studied by each class. The following program of studies, with the number of
recitations per week indicated, is.typical of the majority of the class programs: Algebra,
4 recitations; chemistry, 2; English, 4; English history, 2; physics, 2; physical culture,
2 ; drawing, 2 ; bookkeeping, 2; agrictilture, 2 ; animal husbandry, 2 ; Bible, i ; brick
masonry, 6.
Industrial: The industrial work is handled by good teachers and there is fairly good
equipment. Each pupil is required to spend one day a week in the industrial aepart-
ment. The time allotment of only six hours is, however, clearly too short to produce
skilled workers. This brief period spent in the well-equipped industrial department is
in'striking contrast with the large proportion of time devoted to the academic department, with its inadequate teaching force and equipment. The boys' trades were handled
by 7 teachers. The traclitand attentiance were as follows: Carpentry, 15; bricklaying,
46; tailoring, 25; plumbing, 7; blacksmithing and wheelwrighting, 20; painting, io;
harnessmaking, io.
Industrial subjects for girls were in charge of two teachers. Every girl receives
instruction in cooking and sewing.
Agriculture: The agricultural department, with four teachers, has a farm of 85
acres, an agricultural building, dairy, and stables. Some classroom work in agriculture
is done. The course begins in the senior preparatory class with two hours a week in
market gardening. The normal classes have two courses in agriculture, besides one in
rural sociology and one in agricultural economics. The practice work in gardening has
recently been reorganized and made effective. There are 16 special students reported
in agriculture. The farm is conducted with little consideration for educational aims.
Financial, 19r3.A good system of accounting was installed in 19E3. The boarding department is conducted privately and figures relating to it are omitted from the
statement below.
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
.
$44, 216
37, 699
297,300
Sources of income: Federal land-grant funds, $30,754; State appropriations,
$12,614; fees from students, $848. The noneducational receipts were from the farm
hi
and shops and amounted to $1,624.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $23,555; Materials and supplies, $3,530; equip..
ment, $3,021; insurance, $2,726; student labor, $2,451; fuel, heat, and water, $2,181;
repairs, $1,000; athletic expenses, $287; stationery and postage, $204; advertising and
printing, $192; traveling expenses of president, $176. In addition the sum of $8,000,
appropriated the year before, was expended in the erection of a heating plant.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $5oboo. The school owns 13o acres of land, with
85 acres under cultivation.
4'
)
504
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Buildirts: Estimated value, $227,000. Morrill Hall, the boys' dormitory, is a
Bradham Hall, the girls' dormitory building, is a two-story
brick sttucture containing rooms for 40o girls, together with administrative offices.
There is also the dining hall, a one -story brick building accommodating 75o; and.Industrial Hall, a large two-story brick building, which contains shops. Smaller buildings
are the agricultural building, the dairy,, two barns, a heating and electrical building, the
president's home, and six teachers' houses.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $20,300, as follows: Shop equipment,
$10,000; scientific apparatus, $4,000; furniture, $3,000; farm equipment and live stock,
three-story frame building.
$3,000; books in library, $300.
Recommendations. -1. That the elaborate system of academic classes be simplified.
2. That the disproportion in number of teachers between the industrial and agri-
cultural departments be adjusted and the teaching force rearranged to enable the
agricultural department to meet the needs of a people 88 per cent rural.
3. That an adequate number of garden implements be purchased and time allowed
so that all pupils may nave at least one year of work in gardening.'
4. That the farm operations be arranged so that special students in agriculture
may have practice in farming, to include tillage operations, cultivating, spraying, harvesting, and marketing.
5. That the boarding department be conducted as a department of the school.
6. That provision be made for an annual audit by an accredited accountant.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; March, 1915.
RICHLAND COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
White.
25, 609
4, 547
$78, :93
$17. 39
6. 5
Negro.
29, 533
6, 393
$17, 728
$2. 77
31. I
The rural population is 52..3 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 8.2 months for white pupils and 4.9 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 156 in white schools and 89 in colored schools. The average attendance. is
3,502 white pupils and 3,945 colored pupils. There are no private schools for
colored
people in Richland County outside the city of Columbia.
COLUMBIA.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-11
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city.
Percentage illiterate, r9io.
White.
14, 772
2, 098
840, 246
irsi. 18
5. 5
Negro.
11, 546
1, 884
$9, 545
$5. o6
32. 2
The number of teachers ig 61 in white schools and 24 in colored schools. The averagettendance is 1,8o0 white pupils and 1,048 colored pupils. A new school for colored
people was erected in 1915. Up to that time the city had only one col
public school:
Though it is inadequate for a city the size of Columbia, some good
ary and indusSince date of visit a rains in gardening has been introduced.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
505
trial work is done. The St. Mary's Episcopal School, with strong local support, supplements the public schools of the city. Allen University and Benedict College should be
developed to meet the needs of the State, leairing the elementary work for the city
schools and the Episcopal school.
HOWARD (PUBLIC) HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal:. N. J. Frederick.
A high school furnishing the only public-school acconimoda,ions for Negroes in the
city.' Two and a half years of secondary work are covered and good industrial training
is provided. The seven elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance.Secondary, 138; male 24, female 114. The elementary enrollment
was 1,327.
all colored; male z, female 4.
Teachers.Secondary,
Secondary: Secondary work is introduced in the eighth grade and
is continued in the ninth and tenth grades.
Industrial: One period a day is given to industrial training by all pupils. Sewing
and cooking are provided for girls and manual training for boys.
Plant.-2-Estimated value, $15,300. The plant consists of a large city lot and two
Organization.
frame buildings.
The elementary classrooms are crowded.
ALLEN UNIVERSITY.
President: R. W. Mance.3
An elementary and secondary school with a large boarding department. Because
of a division of financial authority between the president and treasurer, and also because
of the lax methods of the board of trustees, the affairs of the school are in a coasts lit
turmoil. Qauntity rather than quality seems to be the educational aim of the instittltion. The State, however, grants teachers' certificates to its graduates.
The school was incorporated in 1880. It is owned and controlled by an unwieldy
board of about roo trustees representing the African Methodist Episcopal Church of
South Carolina.
Attendance.Total, 450; elementary 304, secondary 140, theological 3, special I.
Of the 196 pupils above seventh grade reporting residence, 87 were male and ro9 female;
32 were from Coluw.bia, 160 from other parts of the State, and 4 from other States..
The reported enrollment for the year was 507.
Teachers and workers. Total, 20 ; all colored; male 9, female ir ; elementary 5,
secondary ro, theological 2, industrial 2, matron 1.
Organization. The institution claims a university organization of 12 departments.
Only the elementary and secondary departments are worthy of the name. The 'elementary work is done in the seven regular grades and the first "normal" class. Secondary courses are given in the three upper classes of the "normal" department and
in some of the so-called college classes. These courses include algebra, geometry, physics,,
history, rhetoric, and psychology, and four years of Latin. No courses in pedagogy or
practice teaching are reported by the pupils who are candidates for the degree of licentiale of instruction given by the State department of instruction. The other departments are theological, dressmaking, and printing, each with a few pupils'
Sincedate d visit it has been reported that a new schnol building Ls is count d erection.
, Elected since date of visit.
506
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Financial, 1912-13.The, treasurer handles all funds except board ana tuition, and
,publishes only a straight list of "amounts received" and "amounts
expended" from
month to month. The statement for the year gives-no details
as
to
what
the monthly
expenses are. The president receives tuition and board 'money and keeps
except the stubs of check and receipt books. The income and expenditure no records
given in the
statement below are from the printed statement of the treasurer, while the receipts
ffom
board, tuition, and fees are as reported by the president.' 7
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
$i6, 702
i6, 697
'4,3°3
82, 000
Sources of income: Church conferences and donations, $14,000: tuition,
$2,000;
other sources, $702. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department
and amounted to $8,756. The president makes no analysis of the funds received,
so
that the amount of tuition and fees is not shown separately, the above figures
for tuition
being an estimate from the total for board and tuition.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $7,879; water, light, and fuel, $4,700;
payment on
school debt, $800; other expenditures, $3,318.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness, $to,000 is in the form of mortgage
and the
remainder is accounts pble for supplies.
Plant.,---Land: Estimated value, $2o,00o. The chool land consists of 4 acres
of valuable city property.
Buildings: Estimated value, $57
There are two large, brick buildings and
two frame structures. A four-story building is used
for girls' dormitory, classrooms,
chapel, and president's office. The other brick building is used for
boys' dormitory and
classes in cooking. The two frame buildings are used for school kitchen, dining
room,
laundry, and printing shop.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,000. The movable equipment
consists
of furniture valued at $3,000; office furniture and fixtures valued
at $1,000, and laundry
and other equipment valued at $i,000.
Recommendations.That the double financial system be abolished.
2. That the trustees appoint a resident treasurer who, under the supervision of
the
president, shall keep the financial records in accordance with a system
installed by an
accredited accountant.
3. That the. books be audited annually by an accredited account
ho shall
report to the board of trustees.
4. That the present unwieldy board of trustees intrust 4 immediate
anagement
of the school to a small and responsible executive committee.
5. That the plan under consideration by the trustees to transfer the school
to a
rural community be carried out.
6. That the energies of the school be centered upon the training of
teachers.
7. That simple instruction in agriculture and manual training be introduced.'
Dates of visits: December, 9 3 ; December, 1915.
See recommendations in summary chapter. P. 23.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
507
BENEDICT COLLEGE.
President: B. W. Valentine.'
An institution of secondary find college grade making considerable provision for
teacher training. It is one of four schools to whose graduat
the State of South Carolina gives certificates to teach.
The school was founded in 1871 by the American Baptist Home Mission Society and
chartered in 1894. It is owned and controlled by the society.
A board composed of
six white and three colored trustees acts in an advisory capacity.
Attendance.Total, 507; male 208, feinale 299; elementary 254, secondary 205;
college 45, ministerial 3. Of the pupils above the eighth grade, 197 were boarders.
Of
those reporting home address, 43 were from Columbia; 199 from other places in South
Carolina, and to from other States. There were 107 pupils from farm homes. The
reported enrolment for the year was 595.
Teachers and worke- s. Total, 3o; white 18, colored 12; male 9, female 21; grades 4,
academic 14, theological i, girls' industries 4, office 2, music I, drawing 1, commercial
1,
nurse training 1, superintendent of grounds.
Organzzailon.Elementary: The elementary work is unusually good; instruction
is given by two supervising teachers, four regular teachers, and a practice teacher.
Secondary: The secondary subjects are offered in two courses, "college preparatory" and "normal." The subjects of the first two years are practically the saine for
both courses. In the third and fourth years, 16 pupils elect the "college preparatory"
and 87 the "normal" course. The "college pveparatory" course includes: Latin,
z,
year; English, 4; mathematics, 3; science, 3 W; history, 2; Bible, 3. In addition, 7
pupils elected Greek, 8 advanced Latin, 11 chemistry, 4 physics, 3 history, 2 agriculture, 6 German. Some of the college-preparatory pupils elect teacher-training subjects. The normal course includes: English,
4 years; mathematics, 4; science, 3.%;
history, 2; Bible, 3; education,
reviews,
practice teaching, 1. Bookkeeping is
erected by 28 pupils, Latin by 15, and German by 7. The practice teaching is especially
well done. Both the "normal" an "college preparatory"
courses are modern in their
emphasis on science and history an their freedom from the domination of
foreign
language. The work would be stren thened by the addition of theory and practice
of gardening and sanitation.
College: The college course includes English, 23 years; mathematics, 2; science, 3;
history, 1;; Bible, 0;; logic, r,. In
students elected chemistry, 22 German, 11 Latin, 11 Greek, 6 economics,
hystcs, i practice teaching, 1 psychology,
biology, 'and I geology. The ages of some pupils in this department
indicate that
entrance requirements are not strictly enforced.'
Ministerial: One of the regular teachers devotes most of his time to theological
subjects. , Three pupils of limited training are taking the regular course. A short
course
of lectures is arranged for ministers desiring elementary training in theology.
Industrial: Good courses in cooking and sewinglire provided for the girls. Some
instruction in gardening. is given.
+White.
46827*-13u11. 39-17----88
*
NEGRO EDUCATION.
508
Financial, 19I2-13.The books are carefully kept in accordance with the requirements of the American Baptist Home Mission Society, and the business management is
efficient. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of school property
Est, 384
19, 140
635, 744
"Sources of income: American Baptist Home Mission Society and endowment funds,
$18,61o; tuition, $1,861; other sources, $913. The noneducationll receipts were from
the boarding department and amounted to $15,095.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $12;565; supplies for boarding department, $6,936;
power, light, and heat, $3,911; hospital building, $3,5oo; equipment for academic departments, $2,689; repairs, $1,605; outside labor, $696; advertising and soliciting, $323;
A
other expenses, $2,010:
School property: The property consists of $493,000 in the school'plant, $14o,000 in
endownient, $2,244 in cash on hand, and $500 in supplies.
`Plant.Land: Estimated value, $35o,000. The grounds comprise 20 acres of
valtu)t\e
l land within the city limits.
..
ance gad.
The campus is well kept and the general appear-
Btrildings: Estimated value, $126,000. There are 12 buildings on the grounds,
6 of brick and the rest of frame. Four of the brick buildings are three stories high and
one is twstories. The bu,ildings are hi fairly good repair.
Movatte equipment: Estimated value, $17,000. Of the movable equipment,
$8,000is inlurniture, $5,000 in scientific apparatus, $3,000 in farm implements and live
.
stock, and $1;000 in books in the library.
Recommeruns , 1. Financial means should be provided to maintain the good
work in the'arademic classes and to add gardening, simple manual training, and instruction in hygiene and*nitation.I
2. The ministerial-training should be limited to short courses for ministers already
in service.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; March, 1915. `
ST. MARY'S PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: E. S. Willett. .
An Episcopal elementary school With a few secondary pupils. It was founded by
tht Episcopal Board of Missions and is cohtrolled by a board of influential white men of
Columbia. ,
A tiendastce . Total, 21o; elementary 201, secondary 9.
Teachers.sTotal, 8; all colored; male 1, female 7. The principal, whO is the local
rector, does not teach.
Organimtion.The work covers nine grades. The teaching is good. Ninth-grade
pupils take Latin, algebra, physiology, English, and history. The industrial training
consists of woodworking for the toys and sewing and cooking for girls.
See tecommesdatioos in mammary cjuipta, p. SI.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
509
Financial, 1913 -14. The
income amounted to approximately $1,zoo, a large part
of which came from the Episcopal Board and the remainder from tuition. Most of this
was used for salaries.
Plont.Estimated value, $8,000.- The plant consists of a city lot, a Large frame
building, and a small amount of classroom furniture. The building is badly lighted
and in poor repair.
Recommendations.-1. That the work in manual training, cooking, and sewing be
strengthened; that the energies of the school be directed to the elementary classes.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
Dates of visits: November, 1913; December, 1915.
SUMTER COUNTY.
Pophlation, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-11.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
White.
10,246
2, ooh
$37,573
818. 54
1
Nero.
28,103
7,252
$11,4$4
Si. 58
32.1
The rural population is 78.9 pftr cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 7.6 months for white pupils and 4:2 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 89'in white schools.and.81 in colored schools. The average attendance is,
1,459 white pupils and 3,899 colored pupils.
r
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. A Jeanes Fund supervising
industrial teacher travels in the county, helping the teachers in rural schools to introduce industrial work'and extend the influence of the school into the community. The
Mayesville Industrial Institute should be reorganized so that it may continue to supplement the training given by the rural schools. The poodwilt parochial school also
stipplements the public schools in a rural conununity. In view of the small need for
Kendall Institute, effort should be made to combiue it with the Gogflwill parochial
school. Morris College could be developed as a school where pupils might board and
receive secondary and industrial training. Lowry Institute is described in the summary of small independent schools for the State.
MAYESVILLE.
GOODWILL PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: J. D. Davis.
An elementary day school doing a needed work in a rural comm ity. It was
founded in 1868 by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen an is wned and
supported by that Board. The total attendance was zoo, all elementary. There were
five. colored teachers, the principal and four women. The income of about $70o was
from the Presbyterian Board, the county, and tuition. The plant, estimated value,
$3,000, consists of a/Nacre and a half of land and a large frame building. .
See recommendation in summary charter, p. as.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
510
Recommendation.That the school adapt its work to the needs of rural life by
providing simple courses in manual training and in the theory and practice of gardening.
Date of visit: December, 1913. Facts verified, 1916.
MAYESVILLE INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: Miss Emma J. Wilson.
A school of elementary grade with a small secondary depaitment and some provision for industrial. and agricultural training. It was founded in 1886 by the principal, and in 1896 was incorporated by the trustees of the Mayesville Educational and
Industrial Association. The board of trustees is composed of white and colored people
from the North and South.
Attendance.Total, 176; elementary 152, secondary 24. About 75 Alpils board
at the school. The reported enrollment for the year was 425.
Teachers and workers.Total, 15; all colored; male 5, female, 10; academic 9,
industrial 2, agriculture 1, others 3. A number of the academic teachers devote
afternoons to industrial work.
.
Organization.The regular clot grades and a three-year "normal" course are
provided. The normal course emphasizes English throughout. The other subjects
are: Mathematics, 3 years; geography, 2; psychology, 1 ; philosophy, 1; ethics, 1; commercial, 2. The industrial work for boys consists of simple woodworking and tailoring.
Good instruction in cooking and sewing is provided, though the equipment is limited.
The pupils work on the school farm, which is cultivated for profit.
Financial, I9r4-15.--An excellent system of accounting is followed and the books
are carefully kept. According to the report for the year the more important items w`ere:
Income, exclug noneducational receipts
$6, 169
Expenditures, leas noneducational receipts.
Value of property.
47, 067
.
6,595
Sources of income: General donations, $4,981; income from investments, $478;
tuition and entrance fees, $302; concerts and entertainments, $208; appropriation from
the county, $200. The noneducational receipts amounted to $1,581, of which $992 was
from the farm, $396 from the boarding department, $120 from tailoring sales, and $73
from sales of books and papers. During the year $5,5oo was raised for the building
fund, making-$1o,3o4 available for this purpose.
Items of expenditure: Farm expenses, $4846; salaries, $2,410; fuel, light, and
insurance, $914; boarding supplies and expenses, $782; administration expenses, $554;
payment on loan, $300; purchase of school books, $200; academic supplies, $170. In
addition $9,005 was expended during the year on a new building.
Property: The property consists of $39,o25 in the plant, $51667 in endowment
funds, and $2,375 in real estate investments in Mayesville.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $14,500. .11be school owns 120 acres of land, 50
acres being in the campus site and 70 acres in thelarm.
Buildings: Estimated value, $21,525. There are four school buildings, a laundry,
several cottages, and a good barn. The main building, a frame structure recently
erected at a cost of $13,688, is used for classrooms and girls' dormitory. The shop is
a small brick structure valued at $1,000. MI of the buildings are clean and well kept.
11/4
O
SOUTH CAROLINA.
511
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $3,000. Of this about $1,octo was in furni-.
ture and acadetnic equipment and $2,000 in shop equipment, farm implements, and live
stock.
Recommendation,,. That effort be ,bade to develop increased cooperation of the
county and State in the support and management of this school.
2. That the administration be strengthened by the appointment of a caplkble
assistant to the principal and that the standards of teaching be raised..
3. That the agricultural work be made educational and conducted on land near
the school.'
4. That an effective course in manual training be provided.
5. That effort be made to haste the county provide an adeqnate
Dates of visits: December, 1913; December, 1915.
KENDALL INSTITUTE.
SUMTER.
Prine'ipal: J. P. Foster.'An elementary school with few pupils in e ninth and tenth grades. It is owned
and largely maintained by the Presbyteria oard of Missions for Freedmen.
Attendance. Total, 219. There wer 162 pupils in the first tour grades. Industrial
training is limited to instruction in sew' g.
Teachers.Total, 6, all colored; ale t, female 5.
Financial, 1974-15.The boo are kept in accordance with the requirements of
the Presbyterian Boa
The .re important items for the year were:
Income, excluding ncneduca
al receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
Sr, 107
1, 107
ro, goo
Sources of income :3,0,,sbyterian Board, $945 ; tuition and fees, $119; other sources,
$43.. The noneducational receipts amounted to $8o, of which $45 was from the boarding
department and $35 was a special appropriation for repairs from the Board of Missions.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $988; supplies and fuel, $95; supplies for boarding
department, $69; repair's, $35.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $1,5oo. The school owns about two 4s of city
property. The campus has been neglected.
Buildings: Estimatctivalue, $8,400. There ore three frame buildings. The school
building and the dormitory are two-story structures. A cottage is used as the home of
the principal.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $1,000. The equipment consists of furniture for classrooms apd dormitories.
Recommendation.That in view of the ublic-school facilities of the town this
school be merged with the Good Will rural school In the same county.
Date of visit : December, 1913.
See recommendations in summary chapter. D. .8.
kilet.t.ed since dated visit
NEGRO EDUCATION.
312
MORRIS COLLEGE.
President: J. J. Stalks.
A school of elementary and secondary grade. It was founded in 19o5 by the Baptist
Missionary and Educational Convention of South Carolina. It is controlled by a board
of trustees elected by the convention.
Attendatsce.Total, 16o; elementary to6, secondary 54. Of the secondary pupils
32 were male and 22 female; 4o were boarders. In addition a few ministers attended
irregularly.
Teachers.Total, 12, all colored; male 3, female 9. The teachers were fairly
I
well trained.
,.._,Orgartization.Elementary: The work covers the usual elementary grades.
(
Secondary: Emphasis is placed on the ancient languages and mathematics. One
teacher give.; all his time to languages, teaching Latin, Greek, and German. The other
subjects offered in the four-year "preparatory" course and the two-year "college,"
so-called, are English, history, Bible, and chemistry.
A few of the girls take sewing.
Financial, 1912-13. The books are fairly well kept but the system is inadequate.
According to the printed statement for the year the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness
Value of plant
13, 575
3, 509
5, 000
25, 000
Sources of income: Baptist churches and associations, $2,425; tuition and fees,
$1,000 (estimated); other sources, $roo. The noneducational receipts, which amounted
to approximately $2,490, were from the boarding department but can not be shown
separately from tuition.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,1oo; supplies, $1,583; furniture and equipment,
$821; repairs and additions to buildings, $48r. ; payment on sehooldebt, $426; fuel and
light, $420; traveling expenses, $128; other expenses, $4o. .
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $5,000 represents the balance due on the purchase price of the property.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $5,odo. The land consists of 8 acres on the outskirts of Sumter. Part of the land is used for truck gardening.
Buildings: Estimated value, $18,5oo. There are three large frame buildings, one
comparatively new and the others older but in fairly good condition.
Movable equipment :Estimated value, Si ,5oo. The equipment consists of furniture
for classrooms and dprmitories and a few farm implements.
Recommendations . r. That emphasis on foreign languages be not allowed to interfere with provision for teacher training, gardening, and simple industrial training.'
2. That a 'system of accounting suited to the needs of the school be installed and
the books audited annually by an accredited accountant.
Date of visit: December, 1913. Facts verified, i915.
1 See recommendations In emery chapter. p. If.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
513
YORK COUNTY.
Population, two.,
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19r o
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6,to 14 in county....
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Negro.
32,331
25,275
4, 825
$45, 157
$9- 35
9. 7
17, 599
$1. 15
6, Oen
43.8
The rural population is 84.9 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 5.9 months for white pupils and 3.8 months for colored. The amber
of teachers is 147 in white schools and 96 in colored schools. The average attendance
is 3,596 white pupils and 3,463 colored pupils.
The low appropriations of York County have led to a peculiar situation in Root
Hill and McConnellsville. In McConnellsville the Stoo appropriated by the county for
Negro education is given to a private school. In Rock Hill the $1,170 appropriated
from county funds to educate the Negro children, instead of being appropriated to a
public, school, is distributed equally to the four pgivat7, schools regardless of their worth.
The amount given to each school, $,292.5o, is equal to one teacher's salary at $32 a
month.
Of the four private schools, two are elementary day schools taught in one room
.and two are boarding schools with several teachers. The total atetridance of the four
schools was 475, 395 being day pupils and 8o boarders. As the Negro school population of Rock Hill is only 423, the necessity for combination among these schools is
evident. The Presbyterian parochial and Episcopal parochial day schools are so hamequipment and limited support that they could hardly
out the county appropriation. The Baptist school is lax in discipline and organization.
Clinton College appears to be the most hopeful school upon which to center efforts for
Rock Hill.. With a little extension of classroom space, this school could care for the
combined enrollments, and with but slight reorganization of the course of study the
pupils would receive the benefit of good elementary and secondary instruction together
with some teacher training and industrial work.
Rock Hill should, of course,
ultimately maintain its own elementary school for Negro children.
CLINTON COLLEGE.
ROCK HILL.
President; R. J. Bouhvare.
A school of elementary and secondary grade, with a large percentage of its enrollment from the town of Rock Hill. It was founded in 1893 by the African Methodist
Episcopal Zion Church. It is owned and supervised by Lhe general board of education
of that body and receives small appropriations from the city of Rock Hill.
Attendance.Total, 183; elementary 155, secondary 28; boarders, 45. The enrollment for the year was 338.
Teachers. Total, 9; all cblored; male 3, female 6.
Organization.The grades correspond to the public-school grades of South Caiolina
in academic subjects. The industrial work consists of sewing and domestic science for
girls and carpentry and farm work for boys. The girls' courses are taught by welltrained teachers. The courses in carpentry and agriculture occupy only one and two
A
514
,
NEGRO EDUCATION.
hours per week, respectively. The neatness of theaampus and buildings and the emphasis placed on order furnish valuable. training.
Financial, 1912-13.The accounts were honestly kept,sbut the colt of the departments was not separately shown. As far as could be determined thrmbre important
items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$1,740
z,695
rs,000
Sources of income. African Methodist Episcopal Zion churches, $524; tuition, $480;
net gain from farm, $380; public-school fund, $293; other sources, $63. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to $2,132.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $1,839; salaries, $1,668;
repairs and other expenses, $320.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $7,500. The grounds consist of 74 acres on the
edge of Rock Hill; the campus occupies about to acres and the farm the remainder.
Buildings: Estimated value, $6,500. The two buildings are two-story frame structures with small classrooms and dormitory rooms. The buildings and premises are
neatly kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,000; furniture, $5co; farm equipment
and live stock, $3oo; other equipment, $200.
Recommendations.x. That the public-school affthorities provide for the day
pupils in the elementary grades as soon as possible.
2. That the work of this school should then be centered on the secondary
course and the industrial and teacher-training subjects be developed.
3. That _nature study and gardening with actual practice be substituted for the
course now called agriculture.'
4. That the present limited time allotmeritfor-industrial subjects be extended.
Date of visit'. November, 1913. Facts verified November, 1915.
FRIENDSHIP NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
President: M. P. Hall.
An elementary school with some pupils in secondary subjects. The management
and discipline are not effective. The st.hool is owned and supported by the Baptist
churches of Ydrk and Chester Counties.
Attendance. Total, 155; elementary 136, secondary 19; boarders, 35. The reported
enrollment for the year was Soo.
Teachers.Total, 8; all colored; male 4, female 4. Three were teachers of elementary classes, and the others had Such titles as "professor of higher mathematics,: "professor of Greek, science, and literature," "dean of theology," "professor of ethics and history," and "professor of chemistry." These titles, together with the claim of college
work, misrepresent the work of the school.
Financial, r9r2-73.Practically no accounts are kept. The boarding department
4ies said to clear expenses, and receipts and expenditures of the department are eliraietrecommegidatiou in summary ctiapter, p. is.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
515
nated from the statement below. As far as could be determined the more important
items were:
Income
$4, 900
5, 400
Expenditure
Value of plant
13, 500
Sources of income: Churches, $3,5oo; tuition and fees, $1,008; county, $292; donations, $10o.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,15cr, material, $372; power, light, and heat, $155;
repairs, $327; other expenses, $322.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $3,000; buildings, $to,000; equipment, $550.
The buildings are in bad repair and the dormitory facilities are very poor.
Recommendation. In
view of the small school population of Rock Hill and the
existence of another private school in the town, it is recommended that this school combine with one of the larger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 1915.
BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
a
Besides the schools described in the county summaries, there are nine small Baptist
schools in South Carellina. Five of these schools were visited and are described below;
the other four are listed at the end of this section. In
f the need of increased support for the larger schools and the limited need for th
hools effort should be made
to combine them and concentrate the support of the Baptists on the more important
institutions of the State.
ABBEVILLE COUNTYMcCORMICK.
NI CORMICK INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal : George E. Goode.
Asmall elementary school owned by the local Baptist Association. The term is 534 months.
The 137 pupils were taught by-the principal and one assistant. The income was approximately
of which Elm was from the county and $30o from the Baptist Association. Practically all of the income
was spent for salaries. The plant, estimated value $2,5oo, consists of 3 acres of land, a very poor frame
building, and equipment valued at $1o0.
Recommendatios.That the Baptist Association endeavor to improve the plant and to adapt the
work of the school to local conditions and needs.
Date of visit: November, 1913.
CHEROKEE COUNTIGAFFNEY. .
CHEROKEE NORMAL. AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: E. E. Bobo.
A small elementary day school owned by the local Baptist Association. The 97 pupils were practically ungraded the most advanced were doing about seventh-grado work. They were taught by the
iirincipal, assisted by a colored woman-teacher. The income amounted to approximately Sioo, of which
$ic* was from tuition and $1oo from other sources. Practically all the income was used for salaries.
The plant, estimated value $2,000, consists of 7 acres of land, a two-story frame building, and equipment
valued at Sioo.
Recommendation.That the school be combined with some of the large Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: November, 1913.
516
NEGRO EDUCATION.
GREENVILLE COUNTYGREER.
BAILEY VIEW ACALEMY.
Principal: J. H. Walker.
A small elementary school with 20 pupils in attendance and 97 on roll.
It is owned and controlled
by the North Encree Baptist Association and maintained by the principal for personal
profit under an
agreement with the association. In addition to his school work the principal is
pastor of three churches.
The teaching is done by two colored .,orrilen. The income of the school amounted
to approximately
St,coo, of which Sago was from tuition and $710 from the Baptist associations, churches,
and other sources.
Most of the income is expended for salaries. The plant, estimated value $5,000, consists
of 8 acres of
land, two neat frame buildings, and equipment valued at $5oo.
Recommendation.That the Baptist Association endeavor to inerge this school with the public:
school system.
Date of visit: November, 1913.
LANCASTER COUNTYKERSHAW.
UNION INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. S. Jakes.
A small elementary school maintained cooperatively by the county and the local Baptist Association.
The 75 pupils were in seven grades, taught by theigrincipal and three colored
women. The reported
enrollment for the year was 225. The income amounted to $700, of which $375
was from the county,
$175 from the Baptist Association, and $150 from tuition and entertainments.
Of the income Sew
was expended for salaries and Sze° for other expenses. The plant. estimated value $1,5oo, consists
of
about an acre of land, a frame building, and equipment valued at Saco.
Recommendation. That effort be made to have the public authollties take over the work and increase
its efficiency.
Date of visit. November, 1913.
LAURENS COUNTYLAURENS.
TUMBLING SHOALS BAPTIST HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: M. A. Cunningham.
An elementary school with limited equipment and teaching force. It was founded in 1012 by the
local Baptist Association. The 200 pupils were taught by three teachers.
The income amounted to
approximately $Soo, all of which was from tuition and the Baptist Association.
amounted to
860o. The plant, estimated value Sat5oo, consists of 5 acres of land, a two-storySalaries
frame building, and
equipment valued at $300.
Recostmendation.There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the pu
school system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
.
Date of visit: November, 1913.
OTHER BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
The following Baptist schools were also reported, but evidence indicates that they
were not of sufficient importance to warrant consideration in this study.
County.
Aiken.
Aiken.
Barnwell.
Lancaster.
Saluda.
4
Town.
Beach Island.
Perry.
Blackville.
Lancaster.
Saluda.
ScpooL
Storm Branch High School.
Perry Union Institute.
Blackville Institute.
Lancaster Instituter
Saluda High School.
517
SOUTH CAROLINA.
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
There are in South Carolina three Catholic parish schools. MI are small elementa ry
schools where the religious interest is strong. The principal facts reported concerning
them are as follows:
School.
County.
Town.
Chat leston.
Charleston.
Colleton.
Charleston.
---I
Charleston.
Catholic Cross Roads.
ImmaCulate Conception.
St. Peter's School.
St. James's School.
Attendance. Teachers
142
4
154
5
r
7o
Income.
St, 000
1, 100
400
EPISCOPAL SCHOOLS:
Besides the St. Mary's School, which is aided by the American Church Institute,
six small Episcopal schools are reported for South Carolina. Three were visited and
the existence of three others was verified by correspondence. The three not visited
are small mission schools aided by the Episcopal Board and generally taught in connection with a church.
NEWBERRY COUNTYNEWBERRY.
ST. LUKE'S EPISCOPAL MISSION SCHOOL.
Principal: James S. Daniels.
An Episcopal parochial school taught in the church by the rector and his daughter. It was founded
in 1897 by the Episcopal Board of Missions.
Attendance.Total, 6o; all in eight elementary grades. The reported enrollment for the year was
13o. A little instruction in sewing is given. No industrial work is provided for boys.
Teachers.Total, 2. A part-time teacher gives two days a week to instruction in sewing.
Financial, 1912-13. The income of the school amounted to $726, of which $6co was from the Episcopal Board and $126 from tuition. Practically all of this was spent for salaries.
Recommendation. There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools thitschool should become a part of the public-school system or be united with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: November, 1913.
SPARTANBURG COUNTYSPARTANBURG.
EPIPHANY MISSION SCHOOL.
Principal: Robert Bagnall.
A parochial school of elementary grade. It was founded in 1903 and is owned and controlled by
the Episcopal Board of Missions for Freedmen, It is supported by that board and the city of Spartanburg. The principal is the local rector.
Attendance. Total, 26o. All but three pupils were in the eight elementary grades. The three
pupils in the ninth grade were doing sonic elementary and some secondary work--. The grades are well
taught.
Teachers.Total, 3; all colored; male s, female 2. The teachers are rairly we:: trained.
Financial, 19r2-53.The income was approximately $1,coo, of which E6Oo was from the Episcopal Board of Missions, $275 from the city, and $125 from tuition. All but a small part of this was
expended for teachers' salaries.
Plant Estimated value, $4,003. The plant consists of about 2 acres of land, a neat frame building, and fairly good classroom equipment.
Recominindition.That the.Episcopal board endeavor to secure increased cooperation withthe city.
Date of visit: November, 1913.
518
NEGRO EDUCATION.
YORK COUNTYROCK HILL.
ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL
Principal: John S. Dawkins
An elementary day school taught in the church, the principal being the local rector. It is owned
and supported by the Protestant Episcopal Church. The 77 pupils in attendance were taught by the
principal and a woman, both colored. The income of Er ,o5o was derived from the church, tuition,
and
an appropriation from the public authorities.
Recommendation.In view of the other private schools in Rock Hill there seems to be no need for
this school.'
Date of visit: November, 1915
OTHER EPISCOPAL SCHOOLS.
The existence of the following schools was verified by correspondence:
County.
Charleston.
Dorchester.
Richland.
Town.
Waccamaw.
Summerville.
Eastover.
School.
Faith Memorial.
Epiphany Mission.
St. Thomas.
PRESBYTERIAN SCHOOLS.
The Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen reports 48 schools in South
Carolina. Of these five. were considered important enough to discuss in the county
summaries. Of the remaining 43, 13 were visited and are discussed below. The 29/
not visited are listed at the end of this section. They are considered as little more than
Sunday schools v the Board of Missions and are usually taught in the church by the
local pastor.
term is five or six months. Eight of these are either maintained in
cooperation wi
he public school or are located in communities where they are tIteded
to supplement inadequate public-school facilities. Effort should be made to have the
county provide adequate elementary school facilities.
It is apparent that it is practically impossible to give adequate supervision to such
a large number of small schools. With the need for'a stronger agricultural school at
Irmo and for better equipment at the other four larger schools in the State, the Presbyterian work w.:uld be strengthened if the money now spent on the 43 small schools were
concentrated on the stronger institutions.
ANDERSON COUNTYANDERSON.
SALEM PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: A. U. Frierson.
An elementary day school with a few pupils in the ninth and tenth grades. It is owned by the
Board of Missions for Freedmen of the Presbyterian Church. The school term is seven months.
A
A ttersdants.Total, 2CO; practically all in the elementary grades. The reported enrollment for
the year was 310.
reachers.--,Total, 6; all colored; male 1, female 5.
Financial, 1912-13.As
as could be determined, the income was $1,2oo, of which $4o4 was from
the Presbyterian Board, $3cro from sale of cotton, and $406 in tuition and donations. Of the ii,aoo
received, about $1,00o was expended for salaries and $20o for incidentals.
Plant Estimated value, Sia,coo. The plant consists of a large city lot, a two-story frame building,
and a small amount of equipment for classrooms. The school also owns 63 acres of farm land, which
is cultivated for profit.
Recommoulaiion.There is present needfor this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the. arger
institutions.
Date of visit: November, i9i3. Facts verified, 1915.
I See p. 513.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
519
BARNWELL COUNTYALLENDAL-t
HARLEAN ACADEMY.
Principal: 0. Reid.
A well-managed parochial school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects.
It is owned and supported by the Board of Missions for Freedmen of the Presbyterian Church. There
were 97 pupils and 4 colored teachers. The course covers the eijht elementary grades and one additional
year in which a few secondary subjects are offered. The income amounts to appmxiliatelv $900, all
hi h was from the Presbyterian Board and from tuition. The plant, estimated value $4,900, consists a town lot, a neat one-story frame building, and equipment valued at Si so.
Reconmeruktion.There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it shoulci.become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: December, 1913. Facts verified, ims.
BARNWELL COUNTYBLACKVILLE.
EMERSON INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. M. Miller.
An elementary day school of seven grades with a seven months' school term. It was founded in 1900
and is owned and supported by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen.
Attendance. Total, 9o; t14 reported enrollment was 190. There is no industrial work.
Teachers . Total:4; all colored; male r, female 3.
. - financial, 19/2-13.No systematic accounts are kept.
As far as could he determined the income
amounted to $92o, of which $78o was from the Presbyterian Board and $140 from tuition and fees. Of
the income, $78o was used for salaries.
Plant.Estimated value, $6,70o. The plant consists of mu acres of land, two old frame buildings,
and meager equipments. One of the buildings is used as a dormitory for the pupils and a home for the
principal and teachers; the other for classrooms.
Recommendations. r. That the Presbyterian board endeavor to combine this school with the public.
school system.
2. That the building be improved.
3. That simple industrial work and gardening be done.'
Date of visit: December, 1913. Facts verified, 1915.
CHESTERFIELD COUNTY CHESTERFIELD.
CHESTERFIELD PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: R. E. F. Foster.
A small four-grade, two-teacher school with a six months' session. The 85 pupils are taught by the
pastor and his wife in a small building adjoining the church. The income of Si so is derived from the
Presbyterian Board and tuition. The property is valued at about $700.
Recommendation. That this school be merged with the public-school system.
Date of visit: November, 1913.
Facts verified, 1915.
FAIRFIELD COUNTY'RIDGEWAY.
LEBANON PAROCHIAL.
Principal: Mrs. J. M. McKay.
An elementary school with a six months' term and a very irregular attendance. It is owned and
operated by the Presbyterian Board of Missions. The attendance was 4$; the reported enrollment for
the year was 2o5. There were two teachers, both colored women. All the school work was done in one
mom. The income of. $276,was derived from the Presbyterian Board and tuition. The plant, estimWd value, $450, consists of a small one-room house. It was roughly built and poorly kept.
Recommendation. That the Presbyterian board endeavor to merge this school rith the public-school system or with the other Presbyterian school located in Fairfield County.
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 1915.
I See recommendatious its summer:: chapter, p.
520
NEGRO EDUCATION.
FAIRFIELD COUNTYWINNSBORO.
NAZARETH PAROCHIAL.
Principal: H. R. Harry.
A small urlraded school taught in a church. It is controlled by the Presbyterian Board of Missions
for Freedmen. The attendance was 42, the reported enrollment for the year 105. No financial records
were kept. The $225 paid in salaries to pastor and his wife was from the Presbyterian Board and from
tuition.
RecommendationsThat this school be merged with the public-school system or with the other
Presbyterian School located in Fairfield County.
Date of visit: November, 1914. Facts verified, 1915.
GREENVILLE COUNTYGREENVILLE.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: A. P. Allison.
A small poorly-taught elementary school with an attendance of 35 pupils, divided among eight
grades. The reported enrollment for the year was 74. There are three teachers, two of whom are women.
The principal is the local pastor. The session is eight months. The income for 19,13-14 was $500, of
which $30o was contributed by the Presbyterian Board and $2oo was from tuition. Practically all the
money received is used for salaries. The school is taught in She basement of a church.
Recommendation.The funds of this school might better be given to one bf the larger Presbyterian
schools of the State.'
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 1915.
LAURENS COUNTYLAURENS.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Teacher: H. Y. Kennedy.
An elementary school with a six months' term, taught by the local pastor. It is owned by the
Board of Missions for Freedmen of the Presbyterian Church. There were zo pupils, all in the lower
elementary grades. The income amounted to approximately Sioo, of which $30 was from the Presbyterian Board and the remainder from tuitionand other sources. The lot and the small frame building
are worth approximately $3oo.
RecommendationsThere is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 1915.
NEWBERRY COUNTYN EW BERRY.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL
Teacher: Miss Myrtle H. Ward.
A one-teacher school with an enrollment of go pupils, none above the fourth grade. The term is
six months. The teacher's salary, amounting to $90, is paid by the Presbyterian Board of Missions
for Freedmen. The school is taught in the home of the colored minister.
Date of visit: November, 1913.
NOIIREL COLLEGE.'
President: J. S. Williams.
Facts verified, 1915.
OCONEE COUNTYSE7NECA.
A privately owned elementary school doing poor work. It is owned and controlled by the principal.
The three trusties have no authority in the school management. The Presbyterian Board of Missions
for Freedmen pays the salaries of teachers, amounting to $540. The remaining income is from board,
tuition, and the schu.L.farm. The 49 pupils in attendance were all orelementary grade except five
See P. sr&
Called "Nand College" by the president and " Schofield Parochial" by the Presbyterian Board.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
521
"college" pupils, who were taking a few secondary subjects. The teachers are the principal, his wife,
and one assistant. The plant consists of a cottage, a two-story frame building, and 4o acres of farm land;
estimated value, $4,000.
Recommendation.In view of the superiority of the other private school and of the public school
in Seneca, the funds used for this school would be better spent on one of the larger Presbyter;432
schools of the State.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
Facts verified, 1915.
UNION COUNTYCARLISLE.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: M. T. Wash.
An elementary school with an enrollment of 5o pupils in seven grades, taught by the Presbyterian
preacher and his wife. The attendance increases somewhat in the winter months.' School is h id in
a one-room house owned by Union County. The income for 1913-14 was $225, of which $550 was from
the county, $30 from the Presbyterian Board, and $45 from tuition and donations. The schoolrooms
have only rough benches and the building is poorly kept.
Recommendation. That the Presbyterian board endeavor to secure increased cooperation with the
r
giblic-school authorities.
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 1915.
YORK COUNTYMcCONNELLSVILLE.
BETHLEHEM PBOVIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. M. la. Jones,
A smal' elementary .0,,o1 with 2 teachers and 8o pupils. It is taught in the Presbyterian
Church. the school building having recently burned. The income of $250 is derived from the Presbyterian Board and the county. The plant, estimated value $50o, consists of about 4 acres of land.
Some money was in hand for erecting a building.
Recommendation. That the Presbyterian board endeavor to have the public authorities assume
the full support and control of the school and transfer the present support to one of the larger schools.
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 1915.
YORK COUNTYROCK HILL.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: N. J. Gregg.
A one-teacher day school with 6o pupils. It is practically ungraded and very diary:telly. The
support, amounting to $470, is from the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen and from the
county;. The school is taught i
ne room, unceiled building. The seats are rough benches. The
plInt is valued at $Soo.
Recommendation.Th in view of the other private - school facilities in Rock Hill and the present
condition of this school, the effort to continue the work is not justified.
Date of visit: November, 1913. Facts verified, 5955.
OTHER PRESBYTERIAN SCHOOLS.
The following schools were also reported, but evidence indicates that they hardly
justify consideration in this report. In some instances where visits were made it was
found that school was not in session. These schools are transitory in nature and frequently move when the pastor goes to another church.
522
NEGRO EDUCATION.
County.
--
Abbeville.
Beaufort.
Calhoun.
Charleston.
Charleston.
Charleston.
Charleston.
Charleston.
Cherokee.
Cherokee.
Chester.
Clarendon.
Clarendon.
Colleton.
Colleton.
*
Town.
Calhoun Falls.
Beaufort.
Lone Star.
Charleston.
Edisto Island. ,
Johns Island.
Ravenels.
Wadm..!aw Island.
Gaffney.
Blacksburg.
Blackstock.
County.
Town.
Darlington
Jasper
Kershaw.
Kershaw.
Laurens.
Darlington.
Hardeeville.
Liberty Hill.
Camden.
Lee!
Bishopvitle.
St. Charles.
Irmo.
Ridge Springs.
Lee.
Lexington.
Saluda.
Spartanburg.
Sumter.
Sumter.
Sumter.
York.
A1.colu.
Manning.
Nyles.
Walterboro.
Mou.nt ville.
Bello.
Melina.
New Haven.
Dalzell.
Yorkville.
SCHOOLS OF MISCELLANEOUS DENOMINATIONS.
In addition to the denominational schools described in the foregoing summaries,
there are three small denominational schools in South Carolina. They are conducted by
the "Afro-American Presbyterian Church," the Reformed Episcopt Church, and the
African Methodist Episcopal Church. All are small schools with uncertain suppqrt.
ABBEVILLE COUNTYABBEVILLE.
FERGUSON AND WILLIAMS NORMAL AND POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE.
Principal: E. W. Williams.
A small elementary school maintained as a private enterprise. It was started after the principal
left The Presbyterian Church and founded the "Afro-American Presbyterian Church," which has a
local following. The 25 pupils in attendance are taught by the
principal's wife and a pupil teacher.
The principal spends most of his time soliciting funds. No accurate account of receipts and expenditures was available. The income 94 about 31,500 was derived from tuition and donations.
The plant,
estimated value $7,000, consists of an old building in Abbeville in bad repair and po acres of land just
outside of town.
Reconinsendancm.This school should not expect other than local support.
Date of visit: November, 1914. Facts verified, 1915.
CHARLESTON COUNTYCHARLESTON.
BISHOP CUMMINS' TRAINING SCHOOL FOR MINISTERS.
Principal: A. L. Pengelley.'
An elementary parochial school controlled and maintained by the Reformed Episcopal denomination. Rev. A. L. Pengelly, a white officer of the church, is the
principal of the school, while the teaching
is done by the pastor of the colored church and a woman assistant. There were cos pupils in the eighth
giade. The income for 5913-54 amounted to approximately $300, of which $200
was from tuition
and the balance from the church. Practically all of this was used for teacher's salaries.
The plant,
estimated value $2,000, consistsof a city lot, a three-room frame building and a little classroom furniture.
There is no industrial equipment.
I Whitt.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
523
Recommendation. There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become part of the public- school system or be combined 'with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: December. 1913.
Facts verified, 5915.
MARION COUNTYMARION.
FLEGLER HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: Robert Hooper.
A school with 1 2 pupils and one teacher. 'There are.no pupils above the fourth grade.
School is
held in a small poorly constructed frame building of two moms, worth about $soo.
The4ncome,
amounting to about 8zoo, was from tuition and donations. The building is owned by the African
Methodist Episcopal Church.
Recommendation.In view of the proximity of the school to a good public school, the effort to continue the work is not justified.
Date of visit, December, 1913.
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.
Besides the school described in the county summaries, there are seven independent
educational institutions for Negroes in South Carolina. They include six private,schools
and a semipublic institution. The private schools were founded to supplement inadequate public-school facilities. As they are dependent for support on individual initiative, and theirlsupervision is limited, they are doubtful enterprises for outside philanthrophy. Where there appears to be a real need for these schools,, effort should be made
to merge them with the public-school system. In no case should they endeavor to
extend their activities beyond the immediate needs of the community. Donations
should be made through the public authorities or through some agency acquainted
with the educational needs of the community. Effort should be made to have the
public authorities take over the semipublic school at Cowpens.
BEAUFORT COUNTYPORT ROYAL.
OLD FORT PLANTATION SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Emma L. Pease.'
A small private school taught by the principal. The school program is a strange combination of
stddies impossible for one person to teach. About so pupils are enrolled.
The plant, valued at $soo,
is owned by the heirs of Elizabeth Hyde Botume, one of the noble women who went South soon after
the close of the Civil War to teach the freedmen. The little frame schoolhouse is reported to belong to
some of the local colored people. Approximately $30o is collected annually in tuitions and
donations.
Recommendation. As the work attempted is unsuited to the community, the coiipty should
take over the property and reorganize the school.
Date of visit: Anuary, 1914.
CHARLESTON COUNTYCHARLESTON.
CHARLESTON NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
President:' J. L. Dart. 2
A poorly managed elementary school with an attendance of less than is pupils. It IS owned by
the president and his wife. The original intention was to develop an industrial school, but the public
industrial school supplied this need and the attendance of the private school decreased. The school
has no income except tuition and donations amounting to about Soo. The plant, estimated
value
$9,000, consists of a large frame building on a city lot of about one-fourth acre.
Only a small part of
White
48927 ° But!. 39-17--84
.
Siam deceased.
524
NEGRO EDUCATION.
the building is used for school potrposes. A printing press has been installed and a newspaper is blished as a private enterprise.
Recommendation.In view of the conditions and management of this school it can no se recommended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: December, 1913.
ha:
.DARLINGTON COUNTYLAMAR.
1AL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
cipal. J. R. F. Connelly.
A
1 elementay school in a rural community. The management is very doubtful and the work
of low gra e. It was founded in 1911 by the principal and other residents of Lamar.
Attendance. Total, 46; all in lower elementary grades. The school circulars claim an enrollment
of 207, but only 8o names were found to be recorded on the day the school was visited. A few pupils
LA M
board at the school.
Teachers. Total, 3; all colored; male 1, female 2. One of the teachers is the principal's wife.
Two part-time teachers were also reported. On the day of visit only the principal was teaching.
Financial., 1913-14.No financial records are kept except the memoranda of the principal. From
these it appears that the income amounted to approximately $3,000. of which about Si coo was from
donations, $140 from the county, and 51 ,360 from students for board and tuition. The entire income was
expended for salaries of teachers, financial agents, and for running expenses. It appears that much
less than half of the money collected by the four financial agents is used by the school)
The plant, estimated value Sa,000, consists of about two acres of land, a poorly constructed frame
building, and equipriient valued at $400. The building is dirty and in bad repair. A piano constitutes
the chief equipment. Most of the teaching is done in a church near the school.
Recommendation. That all donations be withheld and effort made to have the public authorities
supply at least elementary school facilities for the community.
Date of visit: March, 1915.
JASPER COUNTYRI DGF,LAND.
RIDGELAND NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL011NSTITOTE.
President. E. M. Glover.
A low-grade elementary school owned and taught by the principal. The 67 pupils in attendance
were practically ugraded; the most advanced were hardly above the sixth grade in preparation. Three
pupils boarded at the school. The income amounted to approximately $490, of which $340 was from
donations and $150 from tuition. About 845o additional was collected and expended in the boarding
department. The plant, estimated value $4,400, consists of 5 acres of land in the village of Ridgeland,
two rough frame buildings, several smaller structures, and live stock and equipment valued at $400.
The buildings were poorly kept and in bad repair.
Recommendation. In view of the private ownership and present condition of this school, it can not
be recommended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: December, 1913.
LAURENS CCUN'l
JERSEY GRADED SCHOOL.
.
s
Principal:lin. L. J. Maxwell.
1
1,1 elementary school enrolling 42 pupils, with two teachers. It is owned by An independent
'board of trustees. The income amounted to approximately $350, of ishich $350 was from tuition and
I It is claimed in a circular of the 'drool that the treasurer. local Write man. Is vice president of the Lamar ban/. Inquiry
at the bank reveslkd that this man is not connected with the bank in any cipaUp.-4G;ther agent has in the past solicited
money for fraudulent institutions. Still another agent who lives in New jersey has made no report to the school for two yam.
though it is known that he has been sobdtbig money for the school during this period.
C.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
525
Stoo from donations from the colored people of the community. The plant, estimated value $5oo,
consists of an acre of land, a two-room frame building, and equipment valued at $50.
Recommendation.There is present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should become a part of the public-khool system or be combined with one of the larger
institutions.
Date of visit: November, 1913.
SPARTAIIBURG COUNTYCOWPENS.
PROVIDENCE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: David H. Kearse.
An elementary school with is pupils and 3 teachers. It is owned by the principal. The
teachers were doing good work and were well trained. The income amounted to approximately $600,
of whin $30o was from the city, Sao° from donations, and about 'too from tuition. Practically all of
the income was used for salaries. The plant, estimated value $4,5oo, consists of 20 acres of land, a
six-room frame building, and a neat cottage used for domestic science Gigtit and principal's home.
About 15 acres of the land isjunder cultivation.
Recommendation.Thatithe private and public schools bejombined and ade4uately supported by
public funds.
Date of visit: November, tc,1
SUMTER COUNTYMAYESVILLgLOWRY INSTITUTE.
Principal: M. C. Boley.
A poorly managed elementary day haol whose principal and a woman assistant spend a large part
of their time soliciting funds in the North. On the day of visit the principal's wife and one teacher
were at the schl,...,and ag little children were loitering about with practically no evidence of school
work. Thecoifilty appropriates ip to the school, but no further statement of income or expenditure
could be obtained. The funds are controlled entirely by 'the principal. The plia:ts,,esztnimated value
$3,-+oo, consists of a acres of land, a dilapidated frame building with three or four c
s, a one-room
house, and meager equipment. The school is located within a quarter of a mile of a good school, the
Mayesville Institute, which cquld easily provide for all the children in the community.
Recommendation.In view of the condition and management of this school, it can not be recommended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: December, 1915.
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS.
The, Jenkins Orphanage in Charleston is the only institution in the State which
provides for, dependent colored children. Two other institutions purport to do work
for orphans, but their worth is extremely doubtful.
CALHOUN COUNTYFORT MOTTE.
THE ORPHAN !.ND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Solicitor: S. B. Birchmore.
Inquiry of State and county school officials indicates that no such institution is in existence. The
Solicitor whose name appears a
e was, however, in the North appealing for funds in 2926.
CI
ESTON COU/ITY7-CHARLESTON.
JENKINS ORPHANAGE.
GREENWOOD INDUSTRIAL FARM AND REFORMATORY.
President: D. J. Jenkins.
A loosely organized institution providing for orphans, boarding pupils, day pupils, and juvenile
offenders. Day pupils constitute two-thirds of the enrollment.
The equipment is crude, but the
institution is doing a needed work as an orphanage. Some of the orphans and delinquents committed
by the juvenile court are cared for in the Greenwood Industrial Reformatory. which is under the same
management but located at Ladson, S. C., 27 miles from Charleston.
ItIF,GRO EDUCATION.
526
The orphai4 was founded in 1891 by the president and has been maintained principally through
his energy in soliciting .funds. The Orphans' Aid Society elects the directors and holds title to the
property. An annual appropriation is made by the city of Charleston.
Anew:langs.Total, 36o; orphans ice, day students 29. All the school work was of elementary grade.
Tracker: and workr.s.Total, 20; all colored; male 6, female 14; executive and office 6, matrons
and academic teachers 7, music teachers 3, workers at Ladson farm 4. Several other workers were
reported as connected with the publication of the "Charleston Messenger."
Organisation.The institution receives children (r) as regular pupils in the day school; (2) as
orphans; (3) as juvenile offenders,committed by the court; and (4) as boarders. The orphans and day
pupils are cared for in the Charleston plant. The juvenile delinquents and the few boarders are sent
to the farm at Ladson.
"Financial, 19zs -z3.The accounts are carefully kept, but the system is inedaquate. The more
important items for the Year were:
84,710
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
16, 152
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
3, 000
Indebtedness.
56.500
Value of plant
Sources of income: Donations from Northern friends, 36,1,4; receipts from concerts, $5,042; city
of Charleston, $1,000; rents, $792; payments on bills due school, $686; net proceeds on newspaper, $661,
sale of lot, $400; interest on deposits, $2r. There was a balance from the previous year of $2,362. The
noneducational receipts were from the farm and amounted to $1,046.
Items of expenditure: Repairs and improvements, $4,568, house expenses, including groceries and
supplies, $3;980; salary and wages, $3,538; farm and reformatory expenses, $1,950; payment on debt,
i1,135; railroad fares, $703; band expenses, $391; fire and life insurance, $346, printing, $234; interest,
$152; other expenses, ken.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $3,000 is secured by a mortgage on a part of the school property.
School property: The property consists of, $36,soo in the orphanage and reformatory plants and
$ao,000 in land and buildings rented out.
Plast..-:--Land: Estimated value, $15,000. The land in Charleston used by the orphanage comprises about one-half of a block, while that of the reformatory at Ladson comprises 230 acres. A large
part of the reformatory land is under cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value, $15,000. Of the six buildings two are in Charleston. One of these
is a large three-story brick structure, "one of the landmarks of this old historic city." The other building is a two-story brick structure. The buildings at the reformatory are small.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $6,5oo. Of this $5,000 is in furniture, books, and school
equipment, and $x5,000 in farm implements and live stock.
Recorissaradarioss.-1. That the trustees provide for the reorganization of the work to accord with
sound principles of education and institutional management.
2. That the local day pupils be sent to the public schools of Charleston and the boarding pupils
to other boarding schools so that this institution may be devoted wholly to the care of orphans and
delinquents.
Date of visit: December, 1913.
MARLBORO COUNTYB EN NETTS V I L E
UNITED StkrES RESCUE AND INDUSTRIAL HOME.
Founder: William Ratliff.
From reit to 1914 the philanthropy of North and South was solicited for this institution. The money
paid on the property during this time was not enough to secure title, and there never were over 25 orphans
in attendance. In 1914 the local white people refused to Indorse the ft:kinder any longer and he 'left
Bennettsville. With the aid of local colored people a woman left in charge has continued to care for
the six orphans remaining in the institution. As late as May, r955, the founder weastill soliciting funds,
thoUSh_
..!te vas, no gouger connected with the institution.
RatiOtellaan01,.--In view of the condition and mr Agement of this school it can not be ream.
1
irlitItil..rtatfuri:s
-
,
, 94;
De
December,
5914.
)
XVII. TENNESSEE.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 473,088 colored people in Tennessee, forming 21.7 per cent of the total
population. They constitute 23.4 per cent of all persons engaged in agricultural pursuits in the State: The number of farms cultivated by them increased 13 per cent between 190o and 19to. As farmers, renting and owning land, they have charge of 1,605,694 ac
as as farm laborers, they undoubtedly cultivate a much larger area. While
the Unit n States census indicates hopeful progress fi the decrease of illiteracy and in
the improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still 27.3 per cent of the colored
people 1 o years of age and over and 15.4 per cent of the children to to 14 years of age, and
the death rate is very high, Such a degree of illiteracy and ill health is certain evidence
of extensive waste of economic resources and human energy. In view of these facts it
is important to note the following summary of the public-school facilities and educational
needs of Tennessee as they are shown in the reports of the United States census and the
State superintendent of education.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age in State, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910 (71 counties) '
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1913-14 (71 counties)
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14
Percentage illiterate, 19 io
Percentage living in rural communities, 1910
.
white.
Negro.
1,711,432
473,088
357, 723
234, 414
$1, 938, 487
97, 927
88.27
61,819
$298,772
$4.83
27. 3
68. a
9. 7
83.0
dPublic appropriations.Effort was made through the State department of education
and through correspondence directly with county superintendents to obtain the teachers'
salaries by race. Only about three-fourths of the counties, however, reported.
In
some instances the salary figures obtained by correspondence do not agree with those
published in the report of the State superintendent. The figures are given, however,
as an approximate indication of relative interest in colo1.Ced schools., The inequalities
between the appropriations for white and for colored schools are probably not as great
in Tennessee as in States where the Negro population constitutes a larger percentage of
the
total. According to the reports received from 71 counties, the.ipublic-school teachers
peceived $2,237,259 in salaries in 1913-14. Of this sum $i ,938487 was for the teachers
of 234,414 white children and $298,772 for the teachers of 61,819 colored children. On
a per capita basis this is $8.27 for each white child of school age and $4.83 for each colored
child. Map 25 presents these per capita figures for
the 71 counties in Tennessee for
which figures could be obtained, the proportion of Negroes being indicated by the shading.
The inequalities are greatest in counties with the largest proportion of Negroes. The
per capita sums for white children decrease and those for colored children increase as the
I Figures foe other toomtios not availsbie.
327
as per cent Negro ce over.
(a) Figurea Jot available.
The upper figure in each cdtmty is for white children, the lower for colored.
population.
The shading indicates the percentage of Negroes in the total
MAP 35.PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR WHITE AND COLORED CHILDREN IN TENNESSEE ON THE BASIS OP TEACHERS' SALARIES.
ow
MEI so to 75 per cent Neva
Under.lo per cent Negro.
1 rota as per cent Negro.
1
Egm as to so per cent Negro.
0
a
to
TENNESSEE.
549
proportion of Negroes becomeS smaller. The extent of this Variation appears in the
following table, which shows the per capita expenditures for county groups based on
the. percentage of Negro'population in the 71 counties reporting:
County groups, percentage of Negroes in the population.
Counties under to per cent
Counties to to 25 per cent....
Counties 25 to so per cent
Counties so to 75 per cent
Counties 75 per cent and over
.
.
White school NeV
Per capita
Pita Pet capita
population. population. white.
Negro.
112, 672
5, 803
$5.91
$7.27
74, 337
4 o4
17, 893
7.69
45, 935
14 70
5. 45
32,334
1, 470
5, 789
17.97
I. 40
In addition to the amounts appropriated for public schools, the State appropriated
for white pupils $246,189 to maintain one institution of higher learning and three normal
schools and to aid public high schools; and $24,189 to maintain the State Agricultural
and Industrial Normal School for Negroes, which receives the Federal funds for agricultural and mechanical education.
Private financial aid.The private schools have a property valuation of $1,630,308,
an annual income of $220,934, and an attendance of 4043 pupils, of whom 2,381 are in
elementary grades. It is important to note the concentration of private-school facilities
in Nashville, as indicated by the fact that the private schools of the city have property
valued at $862,388, an income of $108,172, and an attendance of 1,201 pupils. With
the addition of the State school the total property valuations of private and higher
schools in Nashville aggregate $1,056,303 and the the annual income, $147,991. It is
sometimes thought that the liberal private contributions to these schools make up for
the inequalities in the public appropriations for the education of white and colored
youth. In Tennessee, however, the total per capita expenditures for both public and
private schools for Negroes fall short of the per capita expenditures for teachers' salaries
in white public schools, and the income of the 15 large private white schools, as reported
to the Bureau of Education, WiLS. $579,471 a.. against $220,934, the income of all colored
private schools.
A summary of the income and property of the private and higher colored schools,
grouped according to ownership is given in the following table:
Total private schools
Independent..
Denominational
State and Federal
Number
d schools.
Annual
income.
31
$220, 934
503, 305
3
28
1
117,629
39, 819
Value d
MolisertY
81, 630, 308
733, 058
897, 250
193, 915
Accordarg to this table the annual income and property value of the denominational
schools are much higher than those of the independent schools. The annual income of
the colored schools owned by denominations whose membership is white or largely so
aggregates $102,792, as against $14,837 for thoseof the colored denominations. The
property owned by the white denominations is valued at $749,350 and that owned by the
corored at $147,900.
Some of t he schools owned by white denominations receive consider-
able sums of money from their colored members. The statistics of private schools are in
striking contrast with the statistics of the State and Federal groups, with an income of
$39,819 and property valuation of $193,915. In addition to the private aid reported in
OSt. cot $5.000.
fjo.000 or ovrr
Q$tt.oco to $3o,coo
0 $5,coo to 815.co0.
MAP 36. PRIVATE SCHOOLS FOR NEGROES IN TENNESSEE.
so per cent or over
,o to so per cent.
Income of schools.
QUnder $3,50-
The circles show the location and the annual income of the more iznpOrtant schools. The shading indicates the percentage of
Negroes in the total population.
%%
N'!..
Under to per cent.
Percent/we Negro in the population.
TENNESSEE.
531
the table, about $9,596 was appropriated for general supervision and special phases of
education by the General Education Board, Jeanes and Slater Funds and the Rosenwald
Rural School Fund.
While the total number of private schools is 31, only 15 may be said to play any important part in the educational activities of the State. Some of the remaining 16 may
be justified on denominational grounds; the majority, however, are so halipered by
small income or poor managerntet that ,the State receives little benefit from them.
The schools of the first group are described under their respective counties and their
location shown on Map 26. The schools of the second group are summarized according
to ownership and discussed at the end of this chapter. The attendance of the private
and higher colored schools by ownership groups is indicated in the following statement:
Ownership
Total private schools
Independent
Denominational.
State and Federal
Number
Total
of schools. attendance. Elementary. Secondary.
32
3
28
14,043
31381
929
'1,061
112
2, 982
2, 269
256
673
300
129
181
In view of the frequency' of the terms "academy" and "college" in the names of
these private institutions, it is important to note that less than one-fourth of their pupils
are of secondary grade and only ,733 are in college and professional classes.
Attendance. The United States census reported 97,927 colored children' 6 to 14
years of age, of whom 58,895 were attending school. A study of the figures for the
public and private schools shows that while a Majority of the elementary colored pupils
are in the public schools, about half of the secondary and all of the college pupils are
in private schools. The large majority of white secondary pupils are in public schools,
while the college students are about equally divided between public and private
institutions.
Elementary.The inadequacy of the elementary-school system for colored children
is indicated by the fact that the total attendance upon both public and private schools is
less than 61 per cent of the children between the ages of 6 and 14 years. The average
term of the public school is 5.7 months, and many of the teachers arc poorly prepared.
The 2,381 pupils in the private schools are fairly well taught, but their number is oat,
a small part of the 58,895 children attending schools and a still smaller fraction of the
97,927 children of elementary-school age.
Secondary.
Public high schools' are maintained in the cities and several of the
smaller towns of Tennessee. The majority of these have three-year courses. Large
secondary enrollments are reported at Nashville, Memphis, Knoxville, Jackson, Chattanooga, and Johnson City. Other high schools with more limited secondary work are
reported at Hyde Park, a suburb of Chattanooga, Cleveland, McMinnville, Clarksville,
Columbia,Covington, Morristown, and Brownsville.
Of the 1,764 secondary colored pupils in Tennessee, 929 are in 13 private schools.
Four-year courses are maintained in 1 I of these private schools, with an .enrollment of
Includes rag college students at Fisk University, so at Knoxville College zest Lane College, and sos professional students
at Meherry Medical College.
Includes Soy professional students at Meharry Medical College.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
532
859 pupils. The secondary work of the other two schools is very limited. The courses
of study of most of these schools follow closely the college preparatory or classical type.
Some of them still require Greek, and practically all make Latin the central subject.
College.College instruction is provided for 228 students in private schools and
for 505 professional students at Meharry Medical College. Only Fisk University and
Knoxville College have facilities to give college instruction. Ten college pupils are
enrolled in Lane College. In view of the fact that 188 of the college pupils are in Fisk
University, the effort to maintain college classes in the other two private schools of
Nashville is wasteful. The professional training given in Meharry Medical College is
valuable.
Teacher training.The most urgent need of the colored schools in Tennessee is
trained teachers. The supply now depends largely on the private secondary schools
and the -State School. Only four of the private schools, however, give fairly good
courses in teacher training. Four others include one or two teacher-training sub-
jects in their course.
To supplement these facilities an effort has been made to
develop county training schools. Through the cooperation of the'Sd.ter Fund and the
General Education Board with the State department of education three of these schools
are now maintained. As yet, however, their work is almost entirely of elementary
grade. They are county centers at which some secondary and industrial training may
be supplied to those who plan to teach in the rural schools. The pupils in the graduating
classes of all of the schools offering teacher training number about zoo, an annual output
obviously inadequate to meet the needs of a State with 473,000 Negroes and 1,9oo
teachers in colored public schools.
Mdscrtrial.The industrial courses in the colored schools of Tennessee are meager.
The State Agricultural and Industrial Normal School has not yet developed its industrial
department so that its pupils may learn trades. Eitht schools offer one or two satisfactory industrial courses. Ten others are making unsatisfactory attempts to give
industrial training. Several of the public high schools have satisfactory courses in
manual training.
Agricultural.Three schools in the State offer some agricultural instruction: The
State school is now being organized on an effective basis.
agricultural work of
Knoxville College has a large farm and considerable equipment, but the classroom
instruction in the subject -is insufficient. Fisk University offers some instruction in
theoretical agriculture. Morristown College has recently purchased a large farm and
introduced courses in gardening. Some of the public high schools have courses in
gardening.
Supervision.Through the cooperation of the State department of education and
the General Education Board, a white supervisor travels over the State observing educational conditions and encouraging efforts for improvement. The more important agencies
with which he cooperates are the Jeanes Ind Slater Funds and the Rosenwald Rural
School Building Fund. In the summer of 191.5 a summer school was held at the State
AgricultOral and Industrial Normal School. Five counties in the State have Jeanes
Fund supervisors traveling among the rural schools introducing industrial training and
extending the influence of the school into the community. In 1915 the Jeanes Fund
TENNESSEE.
533
appropriated about $1,328, the counties gave $653, and the supervisors raised about
$970 by appeals to the people. With the financial help of the General Education
Board these supervisors and other agents have organized home makers' clubs in
several counties. These clubs enroll colored women and girls and stimulate interest in
canning fruits and vegetables and in caring for the home. In the campaign for building
better rural schoolhouses for colored children the Rosenwald School Fund expended
1900. This amount was supplemented by about $1,590 from the State and the colored
people.
SUMMARY or EDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
1. The strengthening and extension of the elementary-school system. The only
agencies able to meet this need are the State, the county, and the local public-school
districts.
2. The increase of teacher-training facilities. To this end secondary schools with
teacher-training courses should be provided, more summer schools and teachers' institutes should be maintained, and the private schools should cooperate with the State
department of education by placing more emphasis on teacher-training courses in
accordance with State standards.
3. More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple industries.
In developing this work counties should realize the possibilities of the Jeanes Fund
industrial supervisors.
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the problems of rural life, so that teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people 8o per cent rural.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
The private and higher schools are herewith described. Counties and cities, in
which the more important institutions are located are presented as a background for the
discussion Of the individual schools. The counties arc arranged in alphabetical order.
BEDFORD COUNTY.
Population, 1910..
Childien 6 to 14 years of age
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
17, 181
3,331
(1)
Negro.
5,486
1,138
(I)
(I)
(I)
5
25.9
The rural population is 77.3 per cent of the total. The number of teachers is 87
in white schools and 29 in colored schools. The average attendance is 2,270 white
pupils and 686 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Turner Normal School
should be developed as a central institution where pupils from the surrounding counties
may board and supplement the limited training received in the rural schools.
Teacben' salaries could not be obtained by race.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
534
SHELBYVILLE
TURNER NORMAL SCHOOL.
President: J. A. Jones.
A school of elementary and secondary grade doing good classroom work. It was
founded in 1890 by the Tennessee Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church
and is owned and controlled by a board of 72 trustees elected by/the Conference.
Attendance. Total, tor ; elementary 78, secondary 23; male 45, female 56; Warders, 47
Teachers and workers.Total, i r ; all colored; male 5, female 6; grades and academic 6, bays' industries r, girls' industries 1, other workers 3.
Organization.- -Elementary : The elementary work is done in the usual eight grades.
,
Some student teachers are used in this department.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the four-year "normal" course. The
course includes: English, 2 years; Latin, 4; algebra, 4; geometry, 2 ; elementary science,
3; and history, t. In addition pedagogy, botany, commercial subjects, and theological
subjects are taken as electives by one or two pupils.
Industrial: A teacher of boys' industries conducts the repair work on the grounds.
A teacher of girls' industries gives instruction in sewing.
Financial, r914-15.Fairly accurate accounts are kept at the school. The more
important items for the year were:
Income, excl'iding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of property
.
$4, 737
11,023
7,375
48, 400
Sources of income: African Methodist Episcopal Churcli, $4,000; donations, $5c)o;
tuition and fees, $237. The noneducational receipts were Nom the boarding department and amounted to $1,477.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,9,9; material and supplies, $2,370; equipment,
$540; student labor, $405; interest, $210; power, light, and water, $86; repairs, $4\_;,
advertising and solicitifig, $39; outside labor and other expenses, $4,850. Much of the\
outside labor and general expense was reported in connection with work on a new building
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness $5,45o was bills payable on interest, $1,65o
back salaries payable to teachers, and $275 accounts payable for equipment and supplies.
School property: The property consists of $45,7oo in the plant and $2,700 in endowment.
I
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $4,roo. The school site comprises 20 acres just
outside the corporate limits of the town, with to acres under cultivation. The campus
of 5 acres is neat and well kept. There ale excellent athletic fields for boys and girls.
Buildings: Estimated value, $40,000. The main building is a new four-story brick
structure, valued at $jo,000. It is used for administration purposes and girls' dormitory. A large frame building, value $4,000, is used for boys' dormitory. There are
three other small buildings and a barn. All the buildings are in good condition.
Movable equipment; Estimated value, $1,600. Of this, $800 was in furniture,
hoo in library books and fixtures, $25o in farm implements and live stock, and $5o in
shop equipment.
TENNESSEE.
Vs
Recommendations.-1. That more provision be made for teacher-training.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
3. That a system of accounting be installed and an annual audit made by an accredited accountant.
Date of visit: February, 1916.
DAVIDSON COUNTY.
There are no private schools for colored people in Davidson County outside of the
city of Nashville.
NASHVILLE.
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to x4 years of age, 19 to
Negro.
36,523
12, 119
5, 538
$242, 877
$59, o88
$20. 04
$10. 67
1.9
22
.
Teachers salaries in public schools 1912-132
White.
73,831
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city.
Percentage illiter,te, 1910..
There are 22 schools for white pupils and 12 lo'r colored. The' numtic of teachers
The average attendance is 9,36o white
is 249 in white schools and 95 in colored schools.
pupils and 4,775 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate that the public-school facilities for colored people are
fairly satisfactory. In addition to the elementary schools a three-year city high school
is maintained. Notwithstanding this favorable condition, there are many local elementary and secondary pupils in the State Agricultural and Industrial Normal School and
in the private schools. Effort should be made to have these pupils attend the public
schools so that the larger, institution may devote its facilities to teacher-training and
agricultural and industrial courses for the State at large.
Of the three schools offering college courses in Nashville, Fisk University is the
only one equipped for college work.
Roger Williams University should organize its work
so as to meet the needs of the secondary pupils from surrounding rural districts. The
most hopeful solution of the difficulties of Walden College would seem to be to have it
unite with the Morristown Normal School. Nashville is an excellent central location for
Meharry Medical College.
NASHVILLE PUBLIC NIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: F. G. Smith.
A public high school offering three years of secondary work with industrial training.
Attendance.Total, 196; all secondary; male 6o, female 136.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 4, female 2. The industrial teachers give
part time to the high school and' part time to other public Schools.
Organization..The secondary work includes: Latin, 3 years; mathematics, 3;
history, 3; physics, chemistry, and physical geography. The industrial work consists of
manual training for boys and domestic science for girls.
PlantNo statement of the value,of plant could be obtained.
The plant consists
of a large lot and a brick building.
Date of visit: February, 1916.
See ceccallnenciatiana in mammary chapter, D. sa.
r Don not include salaries ol supervisors and industrial teachers.
NEGRO EDUCATION
536
FISK UNIVERSITY.
President: F. A. McKenzie.'
An institution of college grade with a secondary departinent. Emphasis is placed
on teacher training and physical and social sciences. The geographical location and
progressive management are unusually favorable to the development of a strong central
institution for college training and social service.
The institution was founded in 1865 by the American Missionary Association and
the Wettern Freedmen's Aid Commission. It was incorporated in 1867 and is now
awned by an independent board of trustees composed of white and colored men from
the North and South. Money for some of the buildings was obtained by the concerts
of the famous " Jubilee Singers," who made a world tour in 1871. The long presidency
of Dr. E. M. Cravath from 1875 to 1900 was a notable period in the growth of the
institution.
Attendance.Total, 505; elementary ki2, secondary 169, college 188, special 36;
male 252; female 253; boarders, 253. Of the pupils above the practice school 85 were
from Nashville, 154 from other places in Tennessee, and 266 from other States.
Teachers and workers.Totzt), 45; white 31, colored 14; male 11, female 341
practice school 4, academic and cdllege 19, music 7, matrons 4, domestic science I,
agriculture 1, executive 5, other workers 4.
Organization.Elementary: Good elementary worlds done in the eight grades of
the practice school.
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the four-year "preparatory courses." All
pupils take the same subjects during the first two years. The subjects are mathematics,
Latin, English, science, history, singing, and manual training or home economics. In
the last two years four groups of electives are offered scientific, education, home
economics, and classical. The first three groups, with 61 pupils, differ from one another
only in the emphasis on the subjects indicated by the name of the course. The classical
group, with 14 pupils, also contains many of the subjects of the other courses and requires
Latin and Greek in addition.
College: The four college courses enroll pupils as follows: Scientific, 77; education,
25; home economics, 17; classical, 38. All the courses provjde considerable time for
the physical sciences, English, and social science. Each course makes liberal Provision
for the subjects indicated by the name of the course. A modern language is required
in the scientific course and in education and is elective in home economics. The classical
course requires Latin, Greek, and a modern language. Home economics is required in
all freshmen college courses. There were two graduate students.
Special training for social service has been arranged. The work includes religious
pedagogy, sociology, recreation, statistics, manual training, and domestic science. The
field practice is carried on at the Bethlehem House and in the colored neighborhoods
.
of Nashville.
Music department: The courses in vocal and instrumental music form an important
Part of the university. The seven teachers are well trained. The facilities both in
instruments and books are probably the best of all the schools for colored people.
The
'White._
.11
TENNESSEE.
courses offered include pianoiorte, pipe organ, violin, and voice culture.
emphasis is also given to the plantation melodies.
537
Considerable
industrial : Effective instruction is provided in home economics. The work is
required in the preparatory classes and elective in the college. A limited iunount of
manual training is taught in the secondary classes. Theoretical agriculture is studied
and some laboratory practice is offered.
Financial, I913-14.The financial management is well organized an the business
administration economical. The books are carefully kept in accordance with an approved system and an annual report made to the trustees by the treasurer of the institution. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of pmperty.
$4,305
50, 935
531,688
Sources of income : Tuition and fees, $14,408; general donations, $14,178; American
Missionary Association, $8,500; endowment funds, $4,699; Slater Fund, $4,5o0; contributions to student aid fund, $4,184; contributions for extension and repairs, $2,000;
Daniel Hand Fund, $1,500; other sources, $336. The noneducational receipts are not
shown separately, but the net cost of the noneducational activities is shown under items
of expenditure. Special funds raised during the year amounted to $114,35o, of which
$72,350 was for permanent endowment and $42,000 was for the liquidation of the indebt-
edness of the school.
Items of expenditure DepartmeKI:1 expenses, including arts and sciences, music,
and training school, $23,90; operation and maintenance of plant, $7,384; administration expenses, $5,218; net cost of dining room and laundry, $3,171 ; net cost of dormitories, $3,054; student aid, $2,587; soliciting funds, $1,524; library expenses, $826; net
cost of bookstore, $179; miscellaneous and general expenses, $3,043.
School property: The property consisted of $370,265 in the school plant, $150,973
in endowment funds, and $10,450 in current assets, such as students' accounts receivable,
cash on hand, prepaid insurance, and supplies on hand.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $48,869. The school owns 35 acres of land which
is used for campus. The campus is well kept and of unusual beauty.
Buildings: Estimated value, $275,054. There are 11 buildings on the grounds.
Jubilee Hall, used for boarding department and women's dormitory, is a large, four-story
structui.: of stone and brick; Livingstone Hall, a four-story brick structure, is used for
classrooms and boys' dormitory; Bennett Hall, a three-story brick building, is used for
boys' dormitory; Chase Hall, a two-story brick building, is used by the department of
science, The Carnegie Library is a substantial structure costing $2o,000; Fisk Memorial
Chapel is a handsome church edifice; the president's home is a large two-story brick
residence; the Dhniel Hand Training School building is a two-story brick building used
for the practice school; the gymnasium find workshop is a two-story brick structure.
A neat cottage is used by the music depy.xtment. In addition to these there are several
teachers' cottages.
Movable equipment: Estimated "value, $46,342. Of this $32,139 is in furniture,
$9,x37 in library books and fixtures, $4,266 in scientific apparatus, and $800 in the
college museum.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
538
Recommendations.t. That the institution be adequately financed so that it may
strengthen its work as a central institution for college training and social service.
2. That increased provision be made for teacher training, manual training, and the
theory and practice of gardening.'
Dates of visits: February, 1914; February, 1915; November, 1915.
MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE.
V
Prelident : G. W. Hubbard.'
A medical school with departments of medicine, dentistry, plia\macy, and nurse
training. It is one of the two institutions for the medical education of colored students
and is rendering an important service. Hubbard Hospital, a well equipped institution,
is maintained in connection with the school. The entrance requirements have been
below the standards of the American Medical Association but plans are now under way
to raise them.
The institution was founded in 1876 by Dean Hubbard through the gifts of the five
Meharry brothers. Dean Hubbard has been the moving spirit of the institution from the
beginning, and his 4o years of service constitute a noteworthy contribution to the cause
of medical education. Until recently the _school was narlinally a part of Walden University (now Walden College), which is owned by the Freedmen's Aid Society of the
-Methoclia rpiscopaTeburch. In 1915, the Freedmen's Board made the institution independent and appointed a board of trustees, the majority of whom are members of the
Methodist Church.
Attendance.Total, 505; medical 291, dentistry 137, pharmacy 54, nurse training
23.
A few of the students in each department are young women.
Teachers.Total, 30; full time 8, part time 22; white 2, colored 28. There are
4 full time teachers in the medical\departmy8tst 2 in dentistry, and 2 in pharmacy. A
head nurse is also employed at the hosphaf.
Organization.The courses are well planned, but more equipment is seriously
needed. The anatomical laboratory is inadequate,
but funds are available for this
...
building.
Medical: The medical department requires for admission graduation from an
roved high school and one year of college work in physics, chemistry, and biology.
regular course for the degree of M. D. covers a period of four years of 32 weeks
each.
Dental: The dental department requires for admission graduation from an accredited
high school. The degree of D. D. S. is granted upon the satisfactory completion of the
course, which covers four years of 28 weeks each.
Pharmacy: The pharmacy department requires for admission two years of highschool work, including one year of Latin and physics. Three years of 28 weeks each are
required for graduation from this course. Those who comply with the requirements
receive the degree of pharmaceutical chemist (Ph. C.).
Nurse training: A good nurse-training course is provided at Hubbard Hospital. The
requirement for admission is graduation from a four-year high school. The course covers
three years of eight months each.
.
See moommendations in summary chapter. P. 23.
White
TENNEtSEE.
539
Financial, 1914-r5.The more important financial items for the year were:
Income
Expenditures
Value of property
$41. coo
41, coo
170,370
Sources of income: Tuition and fees, $29,000; general donations, $5,000; interest on
endowment, $2,000; Freedmen's Aid Society, $1,500; contributions from faculty, $750;
other sources, $2,750.
Items of expenditare: Salaries, $16,364; hospital expenses, $7,615; equipment and
furniture, $5,067; repeirs, $3,676; labor, $3,630; dental operatory, $1,571; power, light,
and heat, $1,014 laundry, $783; other purposes, $4 r ,000.
Property : Of the property $127,700 was in the plant and $42,670 in endowment.
;
Plati.Land: Estimated value, $io,000. The land comprises 'about two city
blocks. 1
Buil ngs: Estimated value, $too,000. The main building, a three-story brick
structure, con a
'tation rooms, chemical laboratories, and dean's residence. Other
buildings include: ubbard Hospital, an excellent two-story brick structure; the dental
and pharmaceutical hall, a three-story brick structure; Meharry auditorium, a two-story
brick building, used for auditorium, laboratories, and examining room. In addition
there are three- frame buildings, two of which are used for dormitories and the other for
the dissecting room.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $17,700. Of this, $9,000 was in furniture,
$7,7oo in scientific apparatus, and $1,000 in library books.
Recommenciations.-1. That the general administration be strengthened by the
provision of additional help or the president.
2. That the institution carry out its plan for a more effective enforcement of entrance
requirements. To this end it it suggested that the plan of other institutions be adopted
and an outside examiner from Vanderbilt or Peabody Colleges be appointed to pass on
the qualifications of entering students.
3. That more funds be obtained to purchase laboratory equipment.'
ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY.
President : A. M. Townsend.
A school of secondary grade with an elementary department.
A few ministers of
meager education are studying theology. The extensive plant and elaborate organization are not justified by the number or preparation of the Pupils. The business management is effective.
The schooLwas founded in 1867 by the American Baptist Home Mission Society.
After being cloSed for two years it was opened in 1908 by the -Tennessee Missionary and
Educational Convention. It is controlled by a board of 3 white and 12 colored trustees
elected by that body. It receives aid from the American Baptist Home Mission Society.
Attendance. Total, 1o7; elementary 27, secondary 8o; male 61, female 46; boarders'
Of those reporting home address, 20 were from Nashville, 4 from other places in
Tennessee, and 35 from other States. The reported enrollment for the year was 123.
Teachers.Total, 17; all colored; male 8, female 9; academic ti, theological 2, girls'
industries t, music 1, commercial 1. Four of the academic teachers also teach college
subjects.
79.
48927° Bull n-17-35
NEGRO EDUCATION.
540
-
Organisation. Elementary: Fairly good instruction is given in tge three upper
elementary grades.
Secondary: Secondary work is divided into two regular courses, the "academic,"
enrolling 41 pupils, and the "normal," enrolling 25. The subjects in these courses are
4
practically identical, but the time allotments differ slightly.
The academic course covers: Latin, 4 years; Greek, 2; English, 4'; mathematics, 5;
The normal course has
science, 1; history and civics, *4; Bible, 3; physiology,
one year less of foreign language, one year less of Bible, and an additional year of
science, besides a small amount bf teacher training and review work. Two pupils elect
bookkeeping instead of psychology. The 6 pupils reporting college subjects were taking courses largely made up of foreign languages and science., The 9 theological students were all preachers over 3o years of age with very little previous training. The
division of the small student body and teaching force among so many classes is wasteful.
Industrial: Limited training in cooking, sewing, basketry, and millinery is provided,
the instruction being given by three part-time teachers and a student assistant. Hat
making for men is also taught. Some of the boys assist in the repair of buildings.
Financial, rorar4.--The-books are kept in accordance with the requirements of
the American Baptist Home Mission Society. The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
85, 467
5, 360
98, coo
Sources of income: American Baptist Home Mission Society, $1,547; tuition, $943;
old accounts, $464; women's societies, $323; Negro churches, $267; white churches,
$36; other sources, $1,887. The noneducational receipts amounted to $6,697, of which
$6,361 was from the boarding department and $336 from sale of books.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,598; supplies for boarding department, $3,690;
heat, light, and power, $1,000; educational supplies, $869; outside labor, $681; repairs,
$369; postage, $40; miscellaneous, $81o. The cash balance at the end of the year
amounted to $107.
MontLand: Estimated value, $1o,000. A tract of r2,acres of land on a high
bluff overlooking the Cumberland River was purchsed in toc)8 for $1o,00o. It is a
beautiful school site, but the general appearance of the grounds could be much improved.
Buildings: Estimated value $80,000. Phillips' Hall, a five-story brick structure
with basement, is the main building; it is used for chapel, classrooms, dining hall and
girls' dormitory. Two two-story frame buildings ar0 used for boys dormitories. A
substantial four-story brick building, destined for use as a boys' dormitory, was in
course of erection at the time the school was visited. The president's house is a neat,.
two-story cottage of brick veneer.
Movably equipment: Estimated value, $8,00o. Furniture, $5,000; shop and
laundry equipment, $1,2o0; pianos and organs, V000; library, $5oo; farm equipment
and live stock, $250; scientific apparatus, $5o.
Recommendations. l. -That the institution be made to serve chiefly as a secondary
school for Nil and small town communities of the surrounding country.
2. That the effort to teach foreign languages and college subjects be not allowed to
lnteifere with such essential subjects as teacher training, history, and elementary science.
.
Dates of visits: February, 1914; February, 1915.
TENNESSEE,
541
TENNESSEE AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.
President: W. J. Hale.
A school of secondary grade with elementary classes and a large enrollment of local
pupils. The agricultural and industrial departments.are being strengthened.
The school was founded in 1912. It is owned by the State of Tennessee and controlled by the State board of education. It is supported partly by the State and partly
by the Federal appropriation for agricultural and mechanical education. Prior to 1912
the Federal money was appropriated to Knoxville College..
Attendance. Total, 3o0; elementary 119, secondary..181 ; male 107, female 193. Of
the pupils above the seventh grade 130 were boarders, 105 were from Nashville, 142
from other parts of Tennessee, and 19 from other States. The reported enrollment for
the year was 401.
Teachers and workers.Total, 25; all colored; male 13, female 12; grade 3, academic 6, agriculture 2, boys' industries 2, girls' industries 3, matrons 2, music I, administration 4, others 2.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work covers the four upper grades.
Most of the classes are large.
Secondary: The secondary subjects are taught in a four-year "academic" course
and in two additional' classes called "junior" and "senior." The subjects are English,
mathematics, history, elementary sciences, education, psychology, agriCulture, and
botany. Latin is taught to a group of pupils from different classes in periods outside
of school hours. Some instruction is given in bookkeeping. Pupils in the " junior"
and "senior" classes are permitted to specialize in certain subjects.
Industrial: A substantial trades building has been constructed. The equipment is,
however, largely limited to woodwork. Brick masonry is taught by a pupil teacher.
Pupils receive some training in the necessary repairs of the institution and in erecting
new buildings. The time spent in industries, as reported by the pupils, varies from 15
to 20 periods per week. The teaching force and equipment are not proportionate to
the income of the institution or in accordance with the purposes of the land-grant act.
This is being gradually corrected.
TwA teachers of sewing and one of cooking instruct the girls. The work is well
done. (Th value of the work in cooking would be increased if it were conducted in
connection with the school dining hall.
Agriculture: Two teachers trained in agriculture devote their time to agriculture.
The farm is being equipped with grindings and machinery. A few pupils in two upper
classes are specializing in agriculture. Classroom courses are given to all pupils in the
eighth grade and to some pupils in higher classes.
Summer school: The summer course for teachers has an attendance much beyond
the capacity of the institution.
Financial, 1914-15.The finances are controlled by the State board of education.
A general bookkeeper, whose duty it is to keep all .records of the normal schools is
elected by the board and maintains offices in the department of education. The board
recently established ,a uniform system of bookkeeping, with a uniform classification of
account's for all the normal schools, and the books of the Agricultural and Industrial
Normal School are kept under this same system. The bookkeeper at the school collects
NEGRO EDUCATION!
542
and deposits all local funds in the national bank to the credit of the general bookkeeper,
who disburses all funds. All bills and pay rplls are approved by the president of the school
and the State 'superintendent of public instruction, and larbills have in addition the
approval of the president of the State board of education. The books are audited
annually by the State auditor and copies of the financial report submitted by him to
the governor, the State department of education, and the members of the State board.
The more important items for the year were:
Incortie, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receip
Indebtedness
Value of property.
$39, 829
ro, 2 28
6, 000
193.925
Sources of income: State appropriation; $24,189; Federal fund, $12,000; tuition
The noneducational receipts amounted to $23,184, of which $14,759
was receipts from the boarding department, $4,676 from the farm and other productive
departments, and $3749 from room rent.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $18,262; dining-ball expenses, $8,896; farm expenses, $3,393; power, heat, and light, $2,336; supplies and material for industrial
department, $1,122; repairs, $576; sundries and other expenses, $7,817.
Thrlebtedness: There was a balance of $6,000 owing on the land. This sum was not
and fees, $3,630.
yet due, however.
Property: The property at the end of the year consisted of $155,163 in the p nt
and $38,752 in cash on hand.
Plant,Land: Estimated value, $48,128. The school owns 167 acres of land on a
commanding elevation on the edge of the city. Approximately 110 acres are under
cultivation and to acres are used for school campu;. Thcipampus has been improved
by student labor.
Buildings: Estimated value, $92,200. The buildings include the academic and
administration building, girls' and boys' dormitories, trades building and heating plant,
several farm houses and two barns: The administration building and the two donnitolries are three-story brick structures with two 2-story wings. The trades building is a
one-story brick structure. All of the buildings are well Constructed and in good repair.
They have steam heat, electric lights, and other modern convenienots.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $14,835. Of this, $8,925 was in furniture,
$2,539 in shop equipment, $2,400 in farm equipment and live stock, $896 in library
books, and $75 in scientific apparatus.
Recommendations. r. That the teaching force and otganipation be better adapted
to re4lize the purposes of the land-grant fund for agricultural and mechanical education
and to the preparation of teachers for rural districts.
2. That the large attendance from Nashville be discouraged unless the pupils come
for courses not available in the city schools.
3. That a system of accounting suited to the needs of the school be installed and
the books audited annually by an accredited accountant.
4. That the attendance of the summer school be limited to the-number which the
institution can safely and effectively handle.
Dates of visits: March, 294; April, 1915.
TENNESSEE.
543
WALDEN COLLEGE.
President: E. A. White.'
A school of secondary grade with a few pupils taking collegiate and elementary
subjects. The elaborate.organization is too expensive
for the number and grade of the
pupils.
The school was founded in 1865. In 1866 a local board of trustees was chartered.
The same year the Freedmen's Aid Society made a donation to purchase a site and
erect
buildings. In 1868 two brick buildings were furnished by the Freedmen's Bureau.
Since that date the trustees and the Freedmen's Aid Society have each contributed to
the enlargement of the plant and each retains title to certain portions of the property.
Attendance. Total, col; elementary 30, secondary 77; boarders, 57; male 58,
female 49. Of those reporting residence, 31 were from Nashville, 32 from other places
in Tennessee, and 45 from other States. There were36 from farm homes.
Teachers and workers.Total, 17; white 9, colored 8; male 6, female 11; grades
and academic to, music 2, girls' industries 2, other workers 3.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work covers the sixth, seventh, and
eighth grades.
Secondary: The four-year preparatory course includes: *Ws, 4 years; modern
language, 2; English, 3; mathematics, 3; elementary science, 2%; history, 1Y,; civics,
!4. The omission of agriculture, boys' industries,
physiology, and nature study and the
brief time given to history and civics indicate little regard for the needs of the pupils.
The pupils reporting some college subjects were taking Latin, 2 years; Greek, 1 j4).
English,
mathematics, 1%; science, 2 ; history, ; sociology, jY; psychology, ;i;
philosophy, ; logic, %. This course not only includes subjectsof little
value to students
of limited preparation but it is too heavy for the teaching force available. Its maintenance for 15 pupils is extravagant. The waste is emphasized by the fact that this work
is carried on in close proximity to institutions with better equipment for the
same type
of instruction.
Financial, 1913-14.There are no systematic books or financial records. The
figures below were given offhand by the president as the more important items:
Incortle, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
$8,400
8,400
105, 000
Sources of income: Freedmen's Aid Society, $6,400; tuition and fees, $2,000 (estimated). The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted
to $4,000 (estimated).
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $9,512; boarding department and other expenses,.
$3,888.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $40,000. The school owns 12 acres of land within
the city limits.
Buildings: Estimated value, $6o,000. Most of the buildings are small and old.
The four brick buildings are old-fashioned and badly in need of repair; they
are insani**cad since date al visit.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
544
tary, and are not protected against fire. A large addition was being made to one of the
brick buildings. The stone foundation of the girls' dormitory had been laid but work
on the building had ceased. The dormitories were in poor condition.
Morable equipment: Estimated value, $5,000. Practically all of the equipment
was in furniture. Scientific apparatus and other equipment are negligible.
Recommendation.In view of the numerous public. and private institutions for
colored people in Nashville, it is recommended that the institution be moved to another
section where it will have a larger field of influence. Combination with Morristown
College would be the most satisfactory solution of the problem of location.
Dates of visits: February, 191 4 ; February, 1915.
0).
FAYETTE COUNTY.
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910..
white.
7,543
1147°
$26, 413
Negro.
22, 702
$17.96
'50 789
$8, to8
Sr. 40
5. 7
39
The entire population is rural. The number of teachers is 57 in white schools and
74 in colored schools. The average attendance is 982 white pupils and 2,830 calored
pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilitieS. The work of the
elementary schools should be increased and strengthened. In the effort to meet this
need the county, in cooperation with the Slater Fund and the General Education
Board, is developing the school at Somerville as a central training institution.
SOM ERV I LL,B.
FAYETTE COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: W. P. Ware.
An elementary public school selected as a central training institution to supplement
the work of the public schools.
. Attendance. Total, 275; all elementary.
.Teachers.Total, 5; all colored; male 1, female 4.
Organization.The regular eight elementary grades are provided. 4 course in
methods is given in the eighth grade, in order that pupils who go out to teach in the
rural schools may have some training. The industrial work consists of sewing, cooking,
,
nitonorFal training, and gardening..
financial, rgr4-15.The income
amounted to $1,340, of which $840 was from
p blic funds and $5oo from the Slater Fund. Of,, the income $1,250 was expended for
sa ries and $90 for other purposes.
Plant.Estimated value, $4,540. The plant consists of 5 acres of land, valued at
$245 a five-room building, value $3;955, and equipMent worth $3on.
onmendation.That the work be encouraged and facilities added, as the need
appears, for a boarding department and additional teacher-training subjects.
-
TENNESSEE.
545
HAMBLEN COUNTY.
White.
12, 04o
2, 528
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1916
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Trachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Negro.
r, 610
360
8740
822,450
$4.93
$2.06
8. 8
24- 5
The rural population is 70,6 per cent of the total. The number of teachers is 65
in white schools and 14 in colored schools. The average attendance is 2,253 white
pupils and 226 colored pupils.
A fairly good public-school system is provided for the small colored population of
Morristown. One of the public schools does some secondary work. There is, therefore,
no need for the Presbyterian parochial school. This school is described in the summary
of small schools for the State. The Morristown Normal and Industrial School furnishes
good facilities for pupils of east Tennessee who wish to supplement the training received
in the public schools.
MORRISTOWN NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
President: J. S.
A school of secondary grade with elementary department. The management is
effective. New Jersey Home is maintained in connection with the institution. The
school diploma is recognized by Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia for teacher's
certificates.
The school was founded by President Hill in 1881 for the Freedmen's Aid Society of
the Methodist Episcopal Church, and it is owned and controlled by the society. Itg
support is partly from that society and partly from donations. The principal is deserving of great credit for his long service to the education of colored people and for the
support he has secured for the school from outside agencies.
Attendance.Total, 258; elementary 183, secondary 75; male I to, female 148;
Of the pupils reporting home address, 13 were from Morristown, 55 from
other places in Tennessee, and 54 from other States. Thirty were from farm homes.
Teachers and Workers.Total, 25; whiCe 15, colored to; mate I2, female 13;
grades 5, secondary 5, boys' industries 7, cooking and sewing 2, matrons 3, others 3..
Organization.Elementary: The elqpie.ntary work covers the regular eight grades.
boarders, 150.
Secondary: The four-year secondary course, known as the "normal," includes:
Latin, 4 years; modern language, ; mathematics, 4; English, 5; science, 3; history
and civics, 3; Bible, 1; music, I ; physiology, t ; psychology, 1. The simplicity of this
course and the emphasis on English and history are commendable. The emphasis on
Latin, however, precludes giving proper attention to teacher-training subjects and
elementary sciences relating to plant and animal life.
Industrial: Considerable provision is made in equipment and teachers for industrial
courses for boys. Manual training is required in the elementary grades. Only a few
pupils in the "normal" department, however,
port any time spent in this work.
Printing is reported by 9 boys and broom making by 4.
The latter is on a commercial
546
NEGRO EDUCATION.
basis.
Courses in gardening have recently been organized. The co
s in cooking
and sewing are well taught. Instruction if" sewing is t tvided b
e Woman's Home
Missionary Society 9fathe Methodist Episcopal C ch.
Discipline: The supervision of the pupil is good. Systematic inspection of the
dormitories has recently been introduced.
Financial, r9I3-14.The books are carefully kept under the supervision of the
president.
The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant..
$16, 684
16, 063
166, 000
Sources of income: General donations, $7,428; Freedmen's Aid Society, $6,566;
tuition and fees, $1,362; city government, $i,000; county government, $250; other
'sources, $78.
The noneducational receipts amounted to $5,059, of which $4,034 was from the
boarding department, $8o5 from the trade school and $220 from sale of books.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $10,913; supplies for boarding department, $4,011;
equipment for academic department, $1,335; traveling, printing, and advertising,
$1,240; repairs, $1,185; office expenses and supplies, $844; payment of loan, $400;
outside laVor, $376; books for sale, $342; student labor, 194; taxes and'insurance, $181.
The cash balance for the year amounted to $622.
PlantLand: Estimated value, 22,500. The land tonsists of 75 acres on a commanding site within the city limits.' Only a small portion of this land is used for school
purposes. The remainder is not used. The school grounds are well-kept.
Buildings: Estimated, value, $!20,000' There are eight buildings. Of these, three
are brick structures and the others frame. The administration building is three
stories high, of an excellent type, and well a 'opted to school purposes. Crary Hall,
another large brick building, contains boarding department and dormitories. The
industrial building is a large one-story brick structure. It is used exclusively for teaching
the trades. The other buildings are frame. They include the president's house, two
cottages for teachers, and two small buildings used for other purposes.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $26,500. Shop equipment, $15,000; furniture, $8,000; library books and fixtures, $2',5oo; scientific apparatus, $1,000.
Recomsnendations.I. That more provision be made for training teachers.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course'
3. That boys' inGustries be organized on a manila] trolling basis.'
.Date of visit : January, 1915.
NEW JERSEY HOW OF MORRISTOWN NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
Superintendent: Miss E. AN:Jerson.'
ail home for 31 girls attending Morristown College. The work of the home is a
the educational activities of Morristown College. The girls do all the work of
the borne under the direction of two white matrons. The institution is owned and
maintained by the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal
Not including farm of coo aces recently purchased.
'See recomsosadatioas in stivassavy dpla, p. vs.
Whitt.
TENNESSEE.
547
Church. In addition the girls enrolled in Morristown College have courses in cooking
and sewing in the home.
Financial, 1913-14.--The finances are carefully supervised by the home office in
The more important items for the year
Cincinnati and the management is economical.
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$2, 595
2,
8,
535
700
Sources of income: Woman's Home Missionary Society, $1,495; general donations,
ioo; other sources, $1,000. The noneducational receipts were from the .boarding
department and amounted to $80.
Items of expenditure: Repairs and equipment, $1,000; salaries, $600; student aid,
$600; supplies, $300; traveling expenses, $115
Plant.- -Land ji Estimated value, $1,000. The land comprises about half an acre.
Building: Estimated value, $7,000. The building is a two-story frame structure,
fairly well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $7o0. The equipment consists chiefly of a
small amount of furniture and domestic-science apparatus.
Recommendation. That the home be made a vital part of the college.
Date of visit : January, 1915.
HAMILTON COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 74 years of age, 19io.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 19io
White.
Negro.
63, 239
a6, oat)
4, 120
10,739
(I)
(1)
4.4
(I)
(1)
19.8
The rural population is 5o per cent of the total. The number of teachers is 309jn
white schools and 92 in colored schools. The average attendance is 9,476 white pupils
and 3,158 colored pupils.
The figures for teachers' salaries by race were not obtainable either from the State
department of education or by correspondence direct with the public school officials.
The statistics indicate, however, that a fairly good percentage of colored children of
school age are in attendance. A rural high school is provided for colored pupils.. In
the city of Chattanooga the schools are crowded but good work is done. The Newton
Normal School supplements the public school system.
CHATTANOOGA.
CHATTANOOGA PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: W. H. Singleton.
.1
A public high school offering four years of secondary work with industrial training
for girls. The eight elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance. Secondary, 8o; male 20, female 6o. The elementary enrollment was
777.
Teachers' salaries amid not be obtained by race.
4
NEGRO EDUCATION.
548
Teachers.Secondary, 5; all colored; male 2, female 3.
Organization. Secondary: The secondary course includes: English, 4 years, history, 2; mathematics, 3 ; Latin, 4; and physical geography, 1.
Industrial: Cooking and sewing are provided for girls. Three hours a week are
assigned to these subjects in the first year and five hours in the second and third.
Plant. The plant, estimated value $30,000, consists of a city lot, which is not large
enough to furnish adequate play space, and a t ,,o-story brick building. The school is
crowded.
Date of visit : April, 1915.
NEWTON NORMAL SCHOOL.
'Principal: Mrs. M. S. Lewis.
An elementary day school with 7 high school pupils. It was founded in 1904 by
the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen and is partially supported by that board.
Attendance.Total, 90. The reported enrollment for the year was 139- The
elementary work is well done. Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for girls,
but there is no manual training for boys.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 1, female 5.
Financial, 1914-15.School funds are administered by a nonresident treasurer and
no books are kept at the school. According to the statement of the treasurer the more
important items for the year were:
$2, 650
2, 342
14, 250
Income
Expenditures.
Value of plant
Sources of income: Presbyterian Board, $1,475; tuition and fees, $650; donations,
$375; other sources, $150.
Items of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $1,475; student aid, $too; supplies, $5o;
other expenses, $7r.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $4,000. The land comprises a large city lot.
Only a small space is available for playground and recreation.
Buildings: 'Estimated value, $6,750. There is one neat frame building. It contains to classrooms and basement, is well lighted and adapted to school purposes. It
is clean and well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,5oo. The school is equipped with
patent desks. There is some equipment for domestic science, but no tools or shop
equipment for boys' industries.
Recommendation. That this school dispose of its city property, move into the
rural districts, and be given sufficient funds to enable it to become a training school
for teachers of the counties of this section. For this purpose the Swift Memorial College
at Rogersville and the Meyer Industrial School could be combined with it.
Date of visit: February, 1915.
HYDE PARK STATION.
LINCOLN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: H. F. Talifero.
A rural public high school doing th.ree years of secondary work with good industrial
graining.
TENNESSEE.
549,
Attendance.Secondary, 26; male 6, female 20. There were also 140 pupils in
elementary grades.
Teachers.Secondary, 6; male 5, female 1; academic 4, industrial 2.
Organization.The first year of the high school is given to elementary work, with
one or two secondary subjects. The secondary subjects of the remaining three years
include: English, 4 years; history and civics, IX; Latin, ; mathematics, 2; elementary
science, 2. Manual training and home economics are well taught. Some work in
gardening is also given.
Plant The plant, estimated value $20,000, consists of 4 acres of land, a large twostory brick building, two small frame buildings, classroom furniture, and good industrial
equipment.
Date of visit: February, 1916.
HAWKINS COUNTY.
White.
21, 782
Population, 5910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
TeacIlltrs' salaries in public-schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in county
Percentage illiterate, 19I0
5, o6o
$25, 838
$5. 51
16.6
Nest*.
1, 805
413
$1, 400
$3: 39
32. 5
The entire population is rural. The number of teachers is r to in white schools and
to in colored schools. The average attendance is 4,059 white pupils and 258 colored
pupils.
The Negro population of Hawkins County is small. Effort should be made to increase the public- school facilities so that all the children 6 to 14 years of age may be
accommodated. The .Swift Memorial College should concentrate its work on the secondary and teacher-training courses for boarding pupils. It is well located for this purPose.
ROGERSVILLE.
SWIFT MEMORIAL COLLEGE.
President: W. H. Franklin.
A school of secondary grade with small elementary enrollment. It was founded in
.1883 by the president and is owned and controlled by the Presbyterian Board of Missions
for Freedmen.
Attendance.Total, 115; elementary 66, secondary 49; male 49, female 66;
boarders, 85. Of the secondary pupils, 14 were from Rogersville, 17 from other places
in Tennessee, and 18 from other States. The reported enrollment for the year was 19o.
Teachers and workers.Total,
11 ;
all
colored; male 5, female 6; grades 4,
academic 5, music 1, matron 1. In addition one teacher gives part-time instruction
in domestic science.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary work is done in the seven regular grades.
Secondary: Secondary subjects are covered in the three-year "normal" course and
in the so-called colltge classes. The subjects are: Latin, 2 years; Greek, t; science, 1;
English, 2X; mathematics, 2X; history, 1X; phikiiophy, X; music, 2. The six socalled college pupils were following a program which included international law, geology, ethics, psychology, sociology, German, and higher mathematics. The effort to
550
NEGRO EDUCATION.
maintain a college department with the small teaching force and inadequate equipment
is wasteful. The omission of teacher-training subjects,
agriculture, and physiology indicate. a lack 6f adaptation to the needs of the pupils. The industrial instruction is
limited to a le cooking and sewing.
Financial, 1913-14.The accounts were kept in the president's office, but the items
were not clearly shown. As far as could be determined the principal items were as
follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure, less noneducational receipts.
Value of school property..
84, zoo.
216
Income: From Presbyterian Board, $3,500; tuition and donations,
1$6004:
roneducational receipts were from the boarding department and axnounted to $1,400.
Expenditure: Salaries, $3,166; supplies for the boarding department, $1,500; light
and heat, $450; repairs, $2oo; other expenses, $300.
Property: The school property consisted of $41,000 in plant and $25,5o0 in endowment. The endowment, transferred. from the funds
of Maryville College to this institution, is administered by the*Presbyterian Board and the income is included in the
board's appropriation.
Plant Land : Estimated value, $6,000. It consists of 8 acres near the center of
town on a commanding eminence. Only the space in front of the main building has
beeirmproved.
Buildings: Estimated value, $32,500. The main building, containing Classrooms,
offices, chapel, and girls' rooms, is three stories high, brick, and well built. The boys'
dormitory is a three-story brick building.
Equipment: Estimated value, $2,500. The equipment consists chiefly of dormitory
and classroom 'furniture, with a few books and sewing machines.
Recommendations. -1. That the curriculum be simplified and provision made for
teacher training, theory and practice of gardening, and manual training.
2. That the county authorities be urged to aid in educating the elementary pupils
who are now entirely dependent upon this institution.
Visited : February, 1915.
liAY'WOOD COUNTY.
Population, 1910..
Children 6 to 4 years of age.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
White.
Negro.
8,199
17,710
1, 766
41409
(I)
(I)
(1)
4. 5
28.
The rural population is 89.5 per cent of the total. The number of teachers is 56
in white schools and 43 in colored schools. The average attendance is 2,063 white pupils
and 3,038 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. To meet this need
the county, in cooperation with the Slater Fund and General Education Board, is developing a central training school at Brownsville.
1 Teachers' gelatin could not be attained by race.
TENNESSEE.
,
551
BROWNSVILLE.
IAYWOOD COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal': Mrs. Mary Parr.
A school of elementary and secondary grade selected as a central training institution to supplement the work of the public schools.
Attendance.Total, 423; elementary 409, secondary 14.
Teachers.Total, 8; all colored; all female.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work covers the regular eight grades.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the ninth and tenth grades. COurses
in methods, psychology, and child study are given in the tenth grade and pupils attend
institutes with the county teachers twice a month.
Industrial : A little cooking and sewing are provided for girls. The boys have
gardening.
Financial, 1914 -15. The income amounted to $2,404, of which $1,9o5 was from
public funds and $5oo from the Slater Fund. Of the income $2,250 was expended for
salaries and $154 for other purposes.
PlantEstimated value, $2,5oo. The plant consists of 1 acre of land, value $roo;
an eight-room building, value $2,40o; and equipment valued at $1,000.
Rethmmettdation.That the work be encouraged and facilities added, as the need
appears, for a boarding department, secondary work, and teacher training.
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
Population, 1910..
Children 6 to re years of age, 1.910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912-13
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in county
Percentage illiterate, r910
White.
16, r 16
3,527
(I)
(1)
x 2. 8
Negro.
1,639
373
(I)
(I)
30. I
The entire population is rural, The number of teachers is 91 in white schools and
The average attendance is 3,810 white pupils and 409 colored
13 in colored schools.
pupils.
.
These statistics indicate that the colored population of Jefferson County is relaThe children 'of Jefferson City hav access only to the Nelson-Mary Col/
lege, which is an institution operated by the count in cooperation with the local Baptist
association. Special effort should be made by the town to appropriate sufficient money
to operate a complete elementary school, with industrial training and the Baptist association should supplement this with a good boarding department and secondary school.
tively small.
JEFFERSON CITY.
NELSON-MARY COLLEGE..
Principal : Miss M. L. McMinn.
An elementary school with a plant that is inadequately used. It is doing the publicschool work for the town. The schtrol was founded in 1894 by the local Baptist association and is owned and controlled by that body.
Teachers' salaries could not be obtained by race.
552
NEGRO EDUCATION.
fN
Attendance.Total, 77; all in nine grades. The only industrial work is a little sewing
and cooking. There were i8 boarders. The reported enrollment for the year was 114.
Teachees.Total, 5; all, colored; male 1, female 4.
Financial, 1973-14.The accounts were kept by a nonresident treasurer and could
not be obtained. The income amounted to approximately $1,000, a part of which is
from the county and the remainder from the association nd tuition. Practically all
the income was used for salaries.
Plant.The plant, estimated value $5,000, consists of 13 acres of land, a two-story
brick building, an old frame building, and equipment worth about $500. The buildings
are in need of repair.
Recommendations.r. That the boarding department be enlarged.
2. That manual training and gardening be made a regular part of the course.'
Date of visit : February, 1915.
.
KNOX COUNTY.
There are no private schools for colored people in Knox County outside of the city
of Knoxville.
KNOXVILLE.
Negro.
Population, 1910
28,706
Children 6 to 14 yearsof age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1914-15
Teachers' salaries, per child, 6 to 14, in city
Percentage illiterate, 1910
7, 638
4,621
1, 032
$89, 002
$19. 26
$15, 083
$14..61
4.2
14.2
There are 12 schools for white pupils in Knoxville and 3 for c
of teachers is 140 in white schools and 20 in ,colored schools. T
ge attendance
is 6,000 white pupils and 1,050 colored pupils.
The public schools of Knoxville accommodate more than the number of children
6 to 4 years of age. In addition to the elementary schools a good high school is furnished
for colored pupils. Knoxville College is, therefore, free to center its work on seconda%
industrial and teacher-training courses for boarding pupils.
irb,number
KNOXVILLE PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: Charles W. Ansler. .
A public high school offering three years of secdndary work. Elementary grades
are taught in the same building.
Attendance.
was 145.
Secondary, 116; male 53, female 63.
The elementary enrollment
Teachers.Secondary, 7; all colored; male 5, female 2.
Orgefrization.The three-year secondary course includes: English, 3 years; Latin,
3; mathematics, 3; history and civics, 3; biology, ; physics, 1; physiology, r.
Planl. Estimated value, $12,000.. The plant consists of a large lot and a two-
story brick building in fair condition.
Date of visit: January, 1916.
J
See momunieadatians is summary chapter, p. so.
TENNESSEE.
53
KNOXVILLE COLLEGE.
President : R. W. McGraiiihan.'
A school of secondary and collegiate grade with large elementary enrollment. The
curriculum is above the average in its adaptation to the needs of the pupils. The
agement is effective and the home training of the girls good.. The graduates of the in-,
stitution form the majority of the teaching force of the smaller colored schools of the
United Presbyterian Church.
The school was founded in 1875 by the Board of Freedmen's Missions of the United
Presbyterian Church, and it is owned and supported by that board. It has a self-perpetuating board of white trustees who act in an advisory capacity. From 1891 to 1912 the
institution receive,1 an annual appropriation from the Federal land grantftuidifor
teaching agricultural and mechanical arts. This sum in the later years amounted to
$ro,000 annually.
Allendance.Total, 327; elementary 187, secondary no, college 3o; male 132,
female 195; boarders, 245.
Of those reporting home address, 20 are from, Knoxville, 36
from other places in Tennessee, and 154 from other States. Fifty-five are from farm
homes.
Teachers and workers.ToW, 29; white 24, colored 5; male 7, female 22; grades
4, academic 9, music 2, girls' industries 3, boys' industries 3, matrons 2, other
workers 6. There are three student assistants in the shops. The teachers are well
trained and devoted to their work.
Organization.Elementary: Satisfactory elementary work is done in the eight
grades; the instruction is given by four regular teachers and the students of the third
.1
normal class under the direction of a critic teacher.
Secondary: The secondary course is planned to provide teacher training or preparation for college. Pupils preparing for college are not required to take the distinctly
pedagogical subjects. Most of them, however, include these subjects in their course.
Agriclilture, education, or household arts may be substituted for Latin. The subjects
taken by all are: Latin, 1 year; English, 2 ; mathematics, 2; science, r;4; history,
civics,
; psychology, 1;4; agriculture, ; and Bible,
Collegiate : In the. college department 12 students took Latin, 16 mathematics, 15
English, 14 Greek, 14 German, 19 biology, 13 physic, 8 physiology, 21 history, 4 ethics,
and 1 psychology.
Industria): Good instruction in cooking and sewing is provided. Especially good
home training is allorded the younger girls in the McDill Home.
Manual training in wood is given to the boys from the fifth grade througii thefirst
normal class. A few boys receive training in blacksmithing, printing, and broom making.
,
Agriculture: The school has an excellent farm and considerable stock and equipmolt, but the studepts receive comparatively little systematic instruction in scientific
agriculture.
3White.
C.
A'
Animmiiimmommmonommensimig
554
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Financial, 1913-14.The-books were well kept and the financial management is
An approved system of accounting has recently been installed. The more
good.
important items for the year were:
Income..
Expenditures
Value of property
$25, 470
25, 470
175,000
Sources of income: United Presbyterian Board, $19,45o; tuition and fees, $4,800;
Slater Fund, $750'; other sources, $470. The noneducational receipts were from the
boarding deparrtnnt , hospital, and farm, and amounted to $1 6,oro. These departments are said to be self-supporting and are therefore omitted from the -statements of
income and expenditure.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $19,550; student labor, not including boarding
department, $3,800; 'repairs, light, heat, and sundry expenses, $2,120.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $75;000. The school owns 75 acres of desirable
land just west of the city units, io 'acres being utilized for campus and 5o acres cultivated on a commercial basis. The campus is attractive and well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $9o,000. There are io large buildings and several
smaller structures; most of the larger buildings are of brick. The buildings include.
Recitation Hall, a three-story structure, containing 20 claprooins, a chapel seating 600,
and assembly rooms; McCulloch Hail, the young mens' doripitory, also a three-story
building, containing 5o rooms, besides laundry, bath rooms, and barber shop; the young
ladies' dormitory, a four-story building, containing rooms for IQ°, together with the
kitchen and a dining room having a seating capacity of 3oo; McDill Home, accommodating 5o girls under 16 years of age; Wallace Hall, a three-story building, with the
domestic-sciente department on the first floor and teachers' rooms on the second and
third floors; Carnegie Library, erected at a cost of itio,006; containing library and recitation rooms for college classes; McMillan Memorial Chapel, a neat church edifice, seating
loo; the mechanical building, containing the shops and the electric-lighting plant; the
hospital, a two-story brick structure, with a capacity of about 25 beds; the president's
Mouse; andfive cottages used
teachers. In addition there are two large barns, a
silo, a well equipped greenhouse, and a small brick building housing the central heating
plant. -Most of the buildings are well constricted and in good condition. A few, however, are badly in need'of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1o,000. Of this about $7,000 is in furni. ture and clasiroom apparatus and the remainder in farm and-electrical shop equipment.
''R.
.lions. I. That the academic courses be strengthened by increased
emph
oh history, social studies, and'ele'mentary science with adequate laboratory
faci
That the agricultural departmenf and industrial training for boys be reorganized
on
mple basis so that the students may receive enough training to supplement their
academic education for teachers and ministers.
Date of visit : January, 19
'4
TENNESSEE.
555
MAYER'S INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. F. C. Mayer.
A 'Small elementary school with meager equipment.
It is owned by the Presbyterian Board of Missions and is the outgrowth of a mission school founded
by the principal
in 1934. The name was changed from the
"People's Industrial School" to the present
title in 1908 by the ladies of the *Union Presbyterian Society of Knoxville.
There is no
board of trustees and the work
isractically without supervision.
Attendance.Total, 53; boarders, 20. The reported enrollment for
the year was
40.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female 4. The teachers are reasonably
well trained.
I 5o.
,
4k
. Organization.The classroom work covers the elementary grades. Fairly good
work in cooking and sewing is done by the girls of the
upper grades. The woodworking
for boys is negligible.
Financial, 1913-4.The income was $1,403, of which $'oo came from the Presbyterian Board, about $403 from tuition, and $3oo from local
contributions. Of the
expenditures $1,000 was for salaries and $400 for other expenses.
Plant. Estimated value, $6,000. The land consists of a city block.
There is one
large three- tory frame built., g containing 18
rooms, now in need of repair. A tworoom board building is used for the shop. Equipment is limited to the crude
furniture
in:dormitories ana classrooms.
Recommendation.In view of the public and private school facilities of Knoxville
it seems advisable that the school be transferred to
some other place where the need
is greater.
Date Of visit : January, 1915.
MADISON COUNTY.
White.
Population, 19ro
Children 6 to r4 years of age, 1910.
'Teachers' Salaries in public schools, 1912-13..
Teachers' salary per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, :91o.
23,154
4, 263
(1)
(1)
3. 9
News
16,167
3, 610
(I)
(1)
25-3
The rural population is 59.9 per cent of the total. The number of teachers is
85
in white schools and 52 in colored schools. The average attendance
is 3,66o white
pupils and 2,392 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities.. The work of the
elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The city of Jackson maintains a fairly good public-school syvtem, including one school gibing
secondary work.
Lane College is therefore free to center its efforts on secondary, industrial,
and teacher, training work for boarding pupils.
JACKSON.
LANE COLLEGE.
President: J. F. Lane.
A school of secondary grade with a larg, elementary enrollinekt *Rd
a kew pupils
in college subjects. The institution is well managed and
the classaajmnpflOs effective.
Towhees' ssimiss wad ost be aboard by mow
4230274BulL89-17---111,
.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
; 556
lire school was founded in 1879; the first builcllngwas erected in 1882; and the name
"college" was added in 1896. It is controlled by the Tennessee Conference of the Colored
Methodist Episcopal Church and is the largest of the schools of this denomination.
Attendance. -- Total, 218; elementary 139, secondary 67, in-college courses 'to, theo-
pupils irl
logical 2; male 121, female 97. Theological subjects were studied by
Jackson,
29 frxim
*other classes. Of the pupils reporting home address, 28 were from
There
were
52
students
boarding
other places in Tennessee, and 22 from other States.
at the school. The reported enrollment for the year was 317.
Teachers and workers.Total, 15; all colored ; male 8, female 7; grades 4, rtoad, emic 6,
music r, typewriting r manual training I, sewing 1, matron r.
Organization.Elementary : The elementary work covers grades 5 to 8.
Secondary: Secondary work is offered in two courses, "college preparatory," with
27 pupils, and "teacher training,,:' with 4o pupils. The "college preparatory" includes:
Latin, 4 years; Greek, 2; mathematics, 4; English, 3; physics, I ; history and civics,
Bible, 34. The "teacher-training" course offers Latin, 3 years; mathematics, 4; Eng-
In the
; Bible, 1; psychology,
for
practice
teaching
and
methods.
fifth yerir of this course some provision is made
lish, 3; science, 3; history, *i; economics,
The college subjects, studied by a few pupils, are Latin, 2y years; Greek, 1; German,
2: mathematics, 2; and a little physics and economics. These courses emphasize foreign languages to the neglect of such subjects as teacher training, nature study, and
six teachers aid
social science. Although the phogram of studies is rather elaborate for
is
done.
the small student body, much good work
Industrial: Good courses in manual training and sewing are provided.
Financial, 103-14.--While the financial management is honest, the accounting
system is not adequate. A printed statement of the treasurer summarizes for 1913-14
the receipts and expenditures. According to this statement the important items were:
$8, 600
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts..
Indebtedness
Value at plant
7, 165
51 cm
819, one
Sources of income: Colored Methodist Episcopal children's day and educational
Church South, $2,000;
Chift.funds, $3,114; Educational Board of Methodist Episcopal
,Slater Ihmd, $750; students' fund, $20; "miscellaneous receipts, $2,616;" balance
fito."-Till, livions, year, $roo. Receipts from board, tuition, and other fees, which are not
shown separately, amounted to 87,174
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $8,47o; dinini hall and "expense bills;" $5,869.
,
Indebtedness: There is a balance of $5,000 due on the main building, secured by
.
mortgage
Plaat.Land: Estimated value,. $ts,000. The land comprises 12 acres orf the
highest elevation of the city. At the date of visit provision was being made to utilize
a part of the land fot sclxio, gardening. The campus presents a bare appearance and
could be improved with trees and. shrubbery.
Buildings: Estimated value, $72,00o. There are three 3-story, brick buildings,
all atippledylith steam beat, electricilights, aisd iddiunte water supply; a biick church;
stud four framed stittonn. the-main litilding, which cost $26,75o, is of fine type and
.,,
-
I,
P
Alip
J
TENNESSEE.
,
557
well constructed; it contains classrooms, offices, and assembly
room. A well-planned
boys' dormitory has recently been built at.a cost of $22,50o.
The girls' dorin'tory, a
comparatively new building, cost $i6,000. ' It contains girls'
rooms, dining hall,
kitchen, and laundry. The chapel is a church edifice in which
regular
for the students and the people of the city. The president's home is services are held
a two-story frame
cottage. There are two other frame
buildings formerly used for dormitories.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $5,000; furniture, $3,000;
scientific apparatus, $5oo; shop equipment, $5oo; library, $x ,000.
A
Recommendations. r. That the colored Methodist Episcopal Church
endeavor to
increase the attendance of this school, especially by developing
cooperation
among all
the schools of the denomination and agreeing to assign certain
grades of pupils to certain
schools.
2. That more provision be made for teacher training and gardening.'
3. That an adequate system of accounting be installed at the school and
the bpoks
audited annually by an accredited accountant.
Date of visit : March, 1915.
SHELBY COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to i4 years of age
Teachers' salaries In public schools, 19123
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Negro
21, 044
4, 085
$116, 055
S2g, 41
39, 278
8, 898
$40, 900
3. I
27. 8
84 60
The number of teachers is 169 in white schools and
125 in colored schools. The
average attendance is 3,327 white pupils and 5,607"colored.pupils.
These statistics indicate the need of additional school facilities.
Effort is beink
made to improve the 'rural schools through careful supervision.
The
county, in
cooperation with the Slater Fund and the General Education
Board,
is
developing
a
central training institution at Lucy. Sanderlin Academy, the only
private
school
in
the
county outside of the city of Memphis, is of little educational
value. This school is
described in the summary of small schools of miscellaneous
ownership.
. LUCY, R. F. D.
SHELBY COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: T. J. Johnsen.
A school of elementary grade selected as a central training
institution to supplement
the work of the public schools. .
Attendance.Total, 475; all elementary.
4
Teachers.-211.0t91, 7; male 1, female 6.
Organizatios.7--The work covers the regular eight grades.
In order that pupils who
go out to teach in rural schools may have some training, a
course
in methods is given in
the eighth grade. The industrial' work, is well done.
It includes simple courses in
18e. nsoasurusdatiass Is suassars dosser.
e Pima gem exciode the city d Maenads. Timbers' oblige could
oat be obtained, by nes, fee Upt city.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
558
,manual training, sewing, cooking, shoemaking, tinsmithing, basketry, and chair caning.
A small truck patch is successfully cultivated.
Financial, 1914-r5.The income amounted to $2,280, of which $1,780 was from
public funds and $500 from the Slater Fund. Of the income $2,120 was expended for
salaries and $16o for other purposes.
Plant Estimated value, $7,000. The plant consists of 7 acres of land, value $7oo;
a seven-room building, value $6,000; and equipment valued at $3oo.
Recommendation.That the work be encouraged and facilities added, as the need
appears, for a boarding department, secondary work, and teacher training.
MEMPHIS.
Population, 1910
Children, 6 (.0 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools.
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in city
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Whitt.
78, 590
t 1, 004
53, 441
1. 4
17. 6
Negro.
6, 44o
The number of teachers is 337 in white schools and 128 in colored schools. The
average attendance is 8,728 white pupils and 3,962 colored pupils.
The statistics indicate that about two-thirds of the Negro population of elementary
school age are attending school. While some new buildings are being built, the schools
are crowded. In addition to the elementary schools, a fairly good city high school with
a three-year secondary course is maintained. Le Moyne Institute supplements effectively this secondary school and provides excellent teacher training. The Howe Insti-
tute has a large constituency among the Baptists of the surrounding country districts
and should endeavor to adapt its work to the needs of these rural pupils. The so-called
University of West Tennessee is of little educational value,. This school is described
- in the summary of small schools of miscellaneous ownership.
MEMPHIS PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: G. P. ,Hamilton.
A large city high school offering three years of secondary work with good industrial
training. The equipment is inadequate for the large enrollment. The seventh and
eighth elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance.Secondary, 232; male 70, female 162. The elementary enrollment
was 235.
,
Teachers. --- Secondary, 5; all colored; male 2, female 3.
Organization. --- Secondary: The secondary course includes: Latin, 3 yerkrs; mathedatics, 4; English, 3; history, 2; elementary science, 3. There is also some provision
for music and industrial work.
Industrial: The industrial courses cover five periods a week. Manual training is
given for boys and sewing and cooking for girls.
Plant Estimated value, $35,000. The plant consists of an old two-story brick
building and a city lot. Fairly good equipment is provided for industrial teaching and
science. The facilities are taxed by the large enrollment..
Date of visit: February, 1915.
a
TENNESSEE.
HOWE INSTITUTE.
s,
559
,
Principal: T. 0. Fuller.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with inadequate supervision of dormitory and classrooms and ineffective teaching..
The school was founded in t 890 by the State Baptist Convention of Tennessee and
is controlled by a board of colored trustees. It receives aid from the American Baptist
Home Mission Society.
Attendance. Total, 135; elementary 75, secondary 6o; male 8t, female 54,
boarders, 23. The reported enrollment for the year was 270.
Teachers and workers.Total, 14; all colored; male 5, female 9; grades and
academic it, domestic science and matron 2, printing 1.
OrganizationElementary: The work covers the regular eight elementary grades.
Secondary: The secondary course covers Latin, 4 years; Greek, 2; English, 2,
mathematics, 3 ; science, 2 ; history, 2 ; psychology, 1; business methods, i ; nature study, 1.
The following subjects are elected by a small number of pupils: Botany, physical geography, theology, shorthand, and typewriting.
Industrial: Limited provision is made for cooking for the girls and printing for boys.
Financial, i913-14.The books are kept on forms furnished by the American
Baptist Home Mission Society.
The following were the important items for the year:
Income, less noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts......
Indebtedness.
School plant
$4, 475
3,900
4, 500
19, Soo
Sources of income: Tuition and fees, $2,518; Baptist churches, $1,137; American
Baptist Home' Mission Society, $820. The noneducational receipts were from the
boarding department and amounted to $2,321.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $2,749; payment On debt,a1,456; materials and
supplies, $902; labor, $408; light'and heat, $272; other expenses, $434.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $4,500 is secured by mortgage on part of the
school property.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $4,000. The land comprises one-fourth of a city
block. The ground is low and the premises are poq)ly kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $14,000. The buildings comprise one large building,
dingy and poorly ventilated, used for classrooms and dormitory for three or four boys;
a two-story brick structure used for girls' dormitory and classrooms; a small frame
dwelling used by the president, and a small, poorly constructed frame building which
serves as the printing shop.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $1,500. The shop equipment is valued at
$1,200 and the furniture at$3oo. The equipment is inadequate.
Recommendations. -1. That the administration of, the plant and school activities
be made more effective.
2. That the institution be moved to a suburban section where the work can be
better adapted to the needs of rural pupils.
Date of visit: February, 1914,. Facts verified in 1915.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
560
, LE MOYNE INSTITUTE.
s Principal: L. L. Clippinger.'
.
A strong city high school with a course adapted to the needs of the pupils in teacher
training and industry. The management is progressive and the teachers are well trained.
,./../' In x866 the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church founded
two schdols in Memphis. Within a few years these schools were taken over as part of
the public school system. In 1869 Le Moyne Normal Institute was founded through
Y
the gift of $2o,00o by Julius Le Moyne, of Pennsylvania. In 1915 it was moved to a
new modern building. It is owned and supported by the American Missionary Association.
Attendance. Total, 285; elementary 174, secondary i 1 1 ; male 99, female 186. All
are day pupils. The reported enrollment for the year was 402.
Teachers and workers.Total, 21; white 14, colored 7; male 4, female 17; grades
5, academic' 7, girls' industries 2, boys' industries 1, music 2, commercial I, other
workers, 3.
Organization.
Elementary: A sufficient elementary enrollment is maintained for a
kindergarten and practice school of eight grades, in which the pupils of the last two
years of the normal course teach. Pupils of elementary age -are no encouraged to
attend, however since the public schools of Memphis offer adequate facilities.
Secondary:, The secondary work is so arranged that the pupils have the choice of
six groups of electives: "Normal," reported by 55 pupils; "college preparatory," 29;
"home economics," 1 2 ; and "commercial," 16. There were no pupils taking the electives in trades or in the general high-school courses. The subjects common to all the
c o u r s e s are: Engliih, 4 years; American history and civics, 1 ; algebra, 1 ; Rible, x ; music,
I j4; economics, 1; manual training or domestic science, 2. Physiology and physical
geography are given in all courses except the college preparatory, while a year of plane
geometry and a year of zoology and botany are offered in all but the commercial course.
The "normal" course adds ancient history, psychology, school hygiene, school management, methods, and practiceleaching. The college preparatory course adds ancient
history, I year; Latin, 4; Greek, 2; solid geometry, 1. The homeonomies course
includes: Drawing, x year; commercial arithmetic, I ; cooking and sevdRig, 3; and short
courses in dietetics, bacteriology, home managein , food analysis, home decoration,
adds spelling, I year; commercial
home nursing, and chemistry. The commercial co
grammar, t ; arithmetic, i ; corresiondence, 1; commercial law, 1; stenography and
typewriting or bookkeeping, 3.
Industrial: Instruction in sewing, cooking, and manual training is provided.
Because of a lack of equipmentthe practical work in these courses is limited.
Financial, 1913-14.The Tnances are supervised by the American Missionary
Association. A simple and effective system of accounts has been installed 'Tcentlys
The more important items for the year were:
.
.
Income, excluding noneducalional receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
Why elected slue date d visit.
$ta, 537
12, 537
%we
TENNESSEE.
561
Sources or income: American Missionary Asso dation, $7,252; tuition and fees,
$3,626; jonations, $1,048; Slater Fund, $45o; other sources, $161. The noneducational tKeipts amounted to $1,184, of which $610 was from the teachers' dining room
and $574 from the shops.
Items id expenditure: Salaries, $5,814; supplies, $1,813; repairs, $1,175; equipment, $1,110; student aid and labor, $667; light, heat, and water, $58o; outside labor,
$409; general supplies, $284; other expenses, $1,869.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $to,000.. The school land comprises part of a
city block in a good section of the city. The grounds are well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $42,000. The main building is a brick structure two
stories high. It is comparatively new, well built, and an excellent type of school building. The principal's cottage and teachers' home is a neat frame structure.
The shop
building, used for industrial work for boys, is a frame structure.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,000. The equipment consists of good
furniture for classrooms, a good library,.domestic science apparatus, and a little industrial equipment.
Recommendations.--1. That the work be encouraged by adequate financial support.
2. That larger equipment for industrial courses be supplied.
3. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course
and related to home gardening.'
4. That a boarding department be added.
Date of visit: February, !qrs.
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
There are two Catholic parish schools in .Tennessee. The, school at Nashville is a
large elementary school taught in connection with a convent. The school at Memphis
is also elementary. The religious interest of both these schools is strong.
The principal
facts reported concerning them are as follows:
County.
Davidson.
Shelby.
.City.
Ool
Nashville,
Memphis.
Immaculate Mother's School
St. Anthon
ool.
Attendance. Teachers.
too
6
121
3
Income.
$4,030
3oo
PRetrTERIAN SCUOOLS.
The Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen reports nine schools in Tennessee.
Three of these are considered important enough to discuss in county summaries.
Five others were visited and are described below. The small parochial school at Dandridge is of little importance and is omitted from this study. In view of the increasing
needs of Swift Memorial College and the Newton Normal School, it appears that the
Presbyterian work would be strengthened if the support which is now given to the
smaller schools were concentrated on the More important institutions.
I Ste notoossadatices la suaszoary chapter. p. se.
4
NEGR
562
EDUCATION.
BLOUNT COUNTYLOUISVILLE.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL scHoot.
Teacher: Mrs. Freelands.
A school with x6 elementary pupils taught in a church. The session is five months. The income
of about $zoo is derived from the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen and from tuition.
Date of visit: February, tors.
HAMBLEN COUNTYMORRISTOWN.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: E. B. Clarkson.
An elementary day school taught in a church by the pastor and an assistant. Enrollment, oo. The
school is owned and controlled by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen. The income for
1914-15 amounted to $622, of which Saw was from the Presbyterian Board, $x so from entertainments,
and $72 from tuition. Of the income $30, was expended for salaries, $124 for repairs, and Sto8 for sundries.
Recosonexciiilion.In view of the puVrIc and private facilities for colored children there seems to
be no need for this school in Morristown.
Date of visit: January, tots.
HAYGOOD COUNTYKEELING.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: M. J. Nelson.
A parochial school doing a needed work for a small rural community where the public school operates
only four months in the year. The school is owned and supported for six months by the Presbyterian
Board of Missions for Freedmen. It receives Vico from this board and grso from private subscription
and tuition. Practically all the income is spnt for teachers' salaries. At the time of visit there were
54 elementary pupils in 9 grades taught by 4 colored teachers, three of whom were women. The plant,
estimated value $1,200, consists of one-half =fed land, a three-room.frame building and meager equipment. Its condition could be improved by a little repair and more attention to cleanliness.
Recoffunevedation.-,-That the Presbyterian board endeavor to have the parochial school combined
with the public school.
Date of visit: March, rors.
SULLIVAN COUNTYBRISTOL.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL.
Principal: C. B. Dusenberry, jr.
An elementary day school taught in three rooms in the back of a church. The attendance svas 15o.
There art three colored teachers, two of whom are women. The Presbyterian yoard of Missions pays
gran annually for salaries and the remainder comes from tuition
Recomossetedatiost.In view of the fact that there are three other schools for the few colored pupils
in the town this school should be combined with them.
Febmary,
Aden(
ft
WASHINGTON COUNTYJOHNSON CITY.
PRESBYTERIAN. PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Teacher: Md. S. S. McKay.
A !school of. elementary grade reporting 3o pupil4 supported by the Presbyterian board and
tuition.
Recowswiesdatiols.In view of the excellent public school about five blocks away it is recommended
that this school be discontinued.
Date of vhdt: February, tots.
TENNESSEE.
563
UNITED PRESBYTERIAN SCHOOLS.
In addition to Knoxville College, described under Knox County, the United Presbyterian Church has four small schools in Tennessee. Although these schools are .
well managed, they are all located in eastern Tennessee, where the private schools are
numerous and the colored population very small. The attendance of two of them has
been decreasing. Two of them are maintained in cooperation with the public authorities. Effort should be made to increase the cooperation with the city authorities in
these cases. There seems to be little need for the other two schools in their present
locations.
'BRADLEY COUNTYCLEVELAND.
CLEVELAND ACADEMY.
Principal: J. L. Cary.
A small elementary school whose attendance is reported to have been decreasing for several years.
The school was founded in 1899 by the Board of Freedmen Is Missions of the United Presbyterian Church
and it is owned and supported by that board.
Anemia/sq.Total, so; male 28, female 31. At the date of visit four pupils were in the ninth
and tenth gra4s, and there were two girls boarding in a cottage on the grounds. Instruction in cooking
and sewing is provided for the girls. There were six colored teachers, of whom five were women.
1913-14.The income reported was $2,150, of which $2,000 was from the United Pres.
byterian Board and $15o from tuition. The expenditures were $a,000 for salaries and Cs() for other
purposes.
Plant Estimated value, $4,75o. Of this $750 was in Ihnd, $3,500 in building, and $5oo in movable
equipment. The land is a small city lot. There are two frame buildings, one is moderately large, the
other's small structure. The equipment is fairly good.
Pecommendc;tion.In view of the small attendance and the efficiency of the public school in Cleveland there seems-to be no need for this school.
Date of visit: February, 1915.
McMINN COUNTYATHENS.
ACADEMY OF ATHENS.
Principal: C. H. Wilsion.
An elementary day school doing good work. It is owned and supported by the Board of Freedmen's
Missions of the United Presbyterian Church. The attendance was 135; there were 6 pupils in the
ninth grade. There were six colored teachers, of whom five were women. In addition there is also
a Jeanes Fund teacher in McMinn County who makes her headquarters at the school and gives instruction
in cooking and sewing twice a week.
Financial, 1913-4.-111e income of the school amounted to about $2,000, of which $5,710 was from
the United Presbyterian Board and 8290 from tuition; practically all of this was expended foisalaries.
Planf.Estimated value, $5,500. The plant consists of a city lot, a two-story frame building in
good condition, and fairly satisfactory equipment.
Recaninundalimu.--z. That the school be made a county training school.
2. That simple industrial work for boys be added.
bnl
Date of visit.
1\,
McMI/NVCOUNTYRICEVILLE.
WALLACE GRAMMAR SCHOOL.
Principal: W. P. Ware.
of the United
An elementary day school owned and supported by the Board of Freedmen's Ml
Presbyterian Church and receiving the town appropriatiotrfor Negro schools. The so pu s in attendance were taught in an old church building by the principal and two women assistants. This school is
doing a needed work under adverse conditions.
,
564
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Financial,
19r4-ri.Ilie reported income was $1,5oo. Of this $1,000 was from the United Presbyterian Board, $25o from tuition, and $259 from the county, Of the expenditures, salaries amounted
to 111,37o and other expenses to $130.
Plant. Estimated value, $1,2oo. Of this taco is in land, *coo in building, and
$roo in equipment.
The land comprises about three-fourths of an Acre. The schoolhouse is an old church building
par
titioned off into two rooms.
Racammend.ition.The physical equipment of the school should be improved
and simple industrial
work introduced.
Date of visit: February, rots.
SULLIVAN' COUNTYBRISTOL.
BRISTOL NORMAL INSTITUTE.
Princiial: F. W. Woodfink.
An elementary day school with good equipment inadequately; used. It was founded in woo by the
Board of Freedmen's Missions of the United Presbyterian Church, and is owned and supported by that
board. Of the 64 pupils in attendance 6 were in the ninth and tenth grades.
There were six colored
teachers, of whom five were women. Two teachers give part time to girls' industries.
Financial, 1913-14.The income reported was $2,70o;of which $2,500 was from the United
presbyterlim Board and loo from tuition. The expenditures were: Salaries, $2,200; other
expenses, $5co.
Plarn.Estimated value, $142,5oo. The land, a city lot, is valued at $x ,000, the building at $9,020,
and the movable equipment at Ssoo. The building is a well-built two-story brick
structure with large
well lighted classrooms. The classrooms have patent desks and
are otherwise well equipped.
Recornineridatioti.lThis school should be combined with some other school in order to make adequate use of the good building and equipment.
Date of visit: February, 1915.
SCHOOLS OF MISCELLANEOUS OWNERSHIP.
In addition to the schools already described, there are five small schools in Tennessee,
One is owned by an independent board of trustees and one each by the
Episcopal,
Christian, Christian Alliance, and African Methodist Episcopal Zion denominations.
.
GREENE COUNTYGREENEVILLE.
GREENEVILLE COLLEGE.
Principal: Reverend Huff.
This school had just been built in a small town which already had a good three-teacher public
school.
It had only I§ pupils present on day of visit. Qt is operated by the local conference of the African
Methodist Episwpg Zion Church.
Financial, zpr3-14.The income was about $500, all of which is from tuition and the church. Practically all of this was spent for teachers' salaries.
Plant Estimated value, $5,500. The plant consists of a large town lot, one frame building, and
meager equipment for classrooms.
Racomssendatios.That the plant and income be combined with the resources of the public
schools.
Date of
February, um'.
It is !wand that since dated visit oombinatka with the public school has beep effected.
a
565
TENNESSEE.
HAYWOOD COUNTYKEELING.
HOFFMAN-ST. MARY'S INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE:
Principal: E. T. Denbe,..
A small elementary scharvrith limited equipment. Good home training is given.
The school was founded in 1912 by the Tennessee Episcopal diocese and it is under the control of
the bishop. The attendance was 32 elementary pupils, 22 of whom were boarders. The reported enrollment for the year was 45. There are four colored teachers, of whom three were women. Goad
elementary work is done.
Financial, 1913-14.--The income amounted to $1,182, of which $482 was from donations, $400 from
the Episcopal Board, and $30o from tuition. Of this, $65o was expended for salaries, $400 for supplies,
and $532 for incidentals.
Plant.Estimated value, $4,000. The plant consists of zoo acres of land, a small frame building,
and equipment valued at $5oo. Very little of the land is used, but the plan is to hold it with a view to
building an industrial and agricultural schbol. The cooking and sewing equipment is limited.
Recommendations. z. That the plant be extended so that more pupils may be accommodated.
2. That gardening and simple industrial work be added.
hate of visit: March, 1915.
a
SHELBY COUNTY MEMPHIS.
UNIVERSITY OF WEST TENNESSEE.
President: M. V. Lynk.
A school operated for profit by a private corporation. It claims to teach courses in medicine,
pharmacy, dentistr, and automobile engineering. The buildings'were very dirty and the equipment
and teaching force inedaquate.
Attendance. Total, 51. Of the pupils in attendanCe, 34 were medical, 7 dental, 5 pharmaceutical,
and 5 in the "school of automobile engineering." As 29 were seniors'it seems that the future enrollment
will be very small.
.Total, 3; all colored men, In addition some of the Memphis colored physicians lecture
Teat
irregula
Orin
.
'on.All the class instructon was given in one mom. The laboratory work occupied two
small moms. There were only one or two charts and four microscopes, of which two were out of comdepartment. The dissecting room was
mission. One filthy room with four chairs constituted the dental
the attic of a small barn or out-building. The so-called "automobile engineering" consisted of,,tinkering
with two old automobiles.
Financial, 1913-14.As far as could be determined the income amounted to approximately $8,000,
of which $5,000 was from tuition and fees and $3,o0o from donations. No statement of expenditures
could be obtained, but the president stated that about $3, Soo was expended for salaries and the remainder
of the income for equipment and running expenses.
Plant.Estimated value, $3 z ,000. Of this, $30,000 was in land and buildings and Sr,000 in equip-
ment. The school owns about an acre of city property, four frame buildings, and one brickweneer
building.
RecommendationThis school should not expect other than local support.
Date of visit: March, 1915.
SHELBY c,OUNTYWHITE STATION.
6
SANDERLIN ACADEMY.
Principal: A. J. Sanderlin.
A -poorly-managed elementary school taught by three teachers.
The school was fOunded and is controlled by the Mission Board of the Advent Christian Church.
The attendance is about 6o, all elementary. There were 20 boarders at the school. A little instruction
in cooking and' sewing is provided.
: Financial, 19r3-14.--7The income amounted to about Sr,soo and was derived from the Christian
Advent Church and tuition.
566
r
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Plant Estimated value, $2,5oo. The plant consists of 13 acres of land about si miles from Memphis, two frame buildings, one for claseirooms and one for gists' dormitory. A small frame building is
used for boys' rooms. The entire plant is crude and poorly kept.
Recommendation. In view of the condition and management of this school it can not be recommended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: February, 1915.
WASHINGTON COUNTYJONESBORO.
TENNESSEE CHRISTIAN INSTITUTE.
Principal: H. D. Griffin.
'A small elementary school owned and operated by the Christian Woman's Board of Missions
Church. The 61 pupils are taught by four colored teachers in an old, poorly kept brick building. There
were so girls boarding at the school. The support, amounting to about $1,730, is derived from the
Woman's Board of Missions, donations, and tuition.
The plant, estimated value $3,750, consists of a town lot, a two-story brick building, a small frame
cottaged for girls' dormitory and meager equipment for classrooms and dormitory.
R
mendation.There is present need for this school, but with the development of the public
schools it should be made part of the public-school system.
Date of visit: Februsyr, 1915.
\XVIII. TEXAS.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
-There are 690,049 colored people in Texas, forming 17.7 per cent of the total popu-
They constitute 23.3 per cent of all persons engaged in agricultural pursuits
in the State. The number of farms cultivated by them increased 6.6 per cent between
1900 and 19ro. As farmers, renting and owning land, they have charge of 4,264,198
acres; as farm laboaers, they undoubtedly cultivate a much larger area. While the
United States census indicates hopeful progress in the decrease of illiteracy and in the
improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still 24.6 per cent of the colored people
to years of age and over and 10.2 per cent of the children io to 14 years of age, and the
death rate is very high. In view of these facts it is important to note the f011owing
summary of the public-school facilities and educational needs of Texas as they are
lation.
shown in the reports of the United States census and the State superintendent of
education.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age in State, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age in 115 counties'
Teachers' salaries in public achools, 1909 -10'
Teachers' salaries per child § to 14 !,
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Percentage living in rural communities, 1910.
White.
3, 204, 848
699, 414
485, 552
$4, 892, 836
$x a 08
Neva
690,049
159, 597
157,671
1904, 335
$5. 74
6.6
24.6
76.3
74. 1
Public appropriations.The public-school teachers of eastern Texas received
$5,797,171 in salaries in 1909-10.
Of this sum,$4,892,836 was for the teachers of 485,552
white children and $904,335 for the teachers of 157,671 colored children. On titper
capita basis this is $1o.o8 for each white child of school age and $5.74 for each colored
child.' Map 27 presents these per capita figures for each county in eastern Texas,
the proportion of Negroes being indicated by the shading. The inequalities are greatest
in counties with the largest proportion of Negroes. The per capita sums for white
children decrease and those for colored children increase with considerable regularity
as the proportion of Negroes becomes smaller. The extent of this regularity appears
in the following table, which, shows the per capita expenditur4 for county groups based
on the percentage of Negro population:
County groups, percentage of Negroes in the population.'
Counties under ro.per cent
Counties so to as per cent
Counties 25 to 50 per cent
Counties 5o to 75 per cent.
White ghool Negro echo& Per capita Pa capita
white. Negro.,
population.
roPulation.
8.83
9. 19
7,676
128,855
1a 26 5.90
a x88, 650 44, 376
.5. 02
10- 39
$4, 838
7- 155, 094
4. 71
12.44
20, 78I
52, 933
The high per capita cost for white children in the "black belt" counties is partly
explained by the fact that in these counties they are few in number and widely scattered.
To the appropriations for white public schools the State added $667,652 to maintain
'Only the us counties in But Texas which report colored schools are Included. The colored population ol West Teenwas
very mall, and there was only 1,926 colored children In that seethe el the State in 19[0. The salary Ames are based on the
State report for zier r. Although the appropriatioas for colored schools have increased piece tote, the salaries of white towhee's
have lncrearel much more rapidly than those of colored teachers.
Poe its counties d Eastern Texas.
$67
568
NEGRO EDUCATION.
I
E 10 45
I l7
4,
686
I
6 3/
882
\
.1
10 82
38. '"'".
e7;o
7
80
\6.176
1*
1
I :12?
.0
52
a39
I 9 57 \
6 66
926
7 4276 e 3 W11,
r
7.27
1
918
6 21
to
304
mow.
26 54
72g
I
I
*
t
1
!
I
6.te I
57 I 11 03
9 66
um..
640
1191
I
I
7.86
me
12 17
1
se
\ 7124
u. 4441 \776
9 44 1
I17.17
Percentage Nero in the population.
.
-
Under to per cent.
so to Is per cent.
$5 to so per cent
so to 71 per cent.
55 per cent or over.
No funds reported as expended for
colored schoob.
MAP 97. PHA CAPITA EXPENDITURES POE WHITE AND COLORED CHILDREN IN TEXAS ON THO
BASIS
OP TnAcitusta'
The upper figure in each county is for white children, the lower for colored. The shading indicates
the percentage of Negroes in the total population.
569
TEXAS.
five normal schools and two institutions of highei learning. To the appropriation fur
colored public schools the State added $37,485 to maintain the Prairie View 'Normal
and Industrial Institute, which receives the Federal appropriation,_
Private financial aid. The private schools have a property valuation of $1,194,16o,
an annual income of $131,508, and an attendance of 3,757 pupils, of whom 2,756 are in
elementary grades. It is sometimes thought that the liberal private contributions to
these schools make up for the inequalities in the public appropriations for the education
of white and colored youth. The income of the 17 large private white schools, however,
as reported to'the Bureau of Education, was $1,o52,o17, compared with $131,508 for
all colored private schdols. A summary of the income and property of the private and
higherreolored schools, grouped according to the ownership, is given in the following
table:
Value of
Annual
Number
income.
property.
4
$131, 508
20, 364
25
121,144
$1, 194, 160
42, 000
1,152, Too
237,20o
of schools
Total private schools
Independent
Denominational.
State and Federal
19
1
49, 985
According to this table the annual income and property value of the denominational
schools are much higher thin those of the independent schools. The annual income of
the colored schools owned by denominations whose membership is white or largely so
aggregates $81,175, as against $39,969 for those of the colored denominations. The
property owned by white denominations is valued at $817.435 and that owned by the
colored at $334,725. Some of the schools owned by white depominations receive considerable support from their colored members. The statistics of private schools are in
'striking contrast with those of the State and Federal school, with an income of $49,985
and property valuation of $237,200. In addition Co the private aid reported in the table,
about $2,697 was appropriated for general supervision and special phases of education .
by the Jeanes Fund and the Slater Fund.
While the total number of private schools is 29, only 17 of these schools play any
important part in the educational activities of the State. Some of the remaining 11
schools may be justified on denominational grounds; the majority, however, are so
hampered by small income or poor management that the State receives little benefit
from them. The schools of the first group are described under their respective counties
and their location shown on Map 28. The schools of the second group are summarized.
The attendance of
according to ownership and discussed at the end of this chapter.
the private and higher colored schools, by ownership groups, is indicated in the following
statement :
Number of
Ownership of colored schools.
Total private schools
Independent
Denominational.
State and Federal
Total
schools. attendance.
Niemen-
tory.
2,756
25
13,757
363
13,3s4
1
552
29
4
Secondary.
872
317
46
2,439
826
115
437
ladwders Iwo usilese students, distributed as follows. Bishop College, 0. Wiley College, 31; Saimaa Huston College. i%
Mies= College, as Paul Quinn. rs.
570
NEGRO EDUCATION.
MAP 28.-PRIVATR SCHOOLS POR NROXORS IN TRXAS.
The circles allow the location and the annual income of the more important schools. The shading
Indicates the percentage of Negroes in the total population.
TEXAS.
571
In viev' of the frequency of the terms "academy" and "college" in the 'names of
these private institutions, it is important to nute that only 872 of their pupils are of
secondary grade and 129 in college classes.
Attendance.The United States census reported 159,597 colored children 6 to 14
years of age, of whom 103,014 were attending school. The majority of secondary
pupils in Texas are in public schools. This is in striking contrast with most of the
other Southern States, where the majority of secondary pupils are in private schools.
Elementary. The inadequacy 'of the elementary-school system for colored children
is indicated by the fact that the attendance in both public and private schools is less
than 65 per cent of the children of elementary-school age. The 2,756 pupils in the
private schools are fairly well taught but their number is only a small part of the 103,014
children attending schools and a still smaller fraction of the 159,597 children of elementaryschool age.
Secondary. Public high schools are maintained in all the cities and large towns of
eastern Texas. Visits were made to 14 of these schools. Of these 11 maintain fouryear courses. There are probably 25 or 3o other schools enrolling a few pupils above
the elementary grade. The secondary work of these schools varies from a few subjects
above the eighth grade to a two-year course.
Of the 2,555 secondary colored pupils in Texas, 872 are in 17 private schools. Fouryear courses are maintained in 8 of the private schools, with an enrollment of 675 pupils.
The secondary work of the remaining 7 schools varies from a few subjects above the
elementary grades to a full three-year course. The courses of study of most of these
schools follow closely the college preparatory or classical type. Many of them still
require Greek and practiCally all of them make Latin the central subject.
College.Five colored institutions in Texas offer limited college courses, with an
aggregate attendance of 129 pupils. One other institution with inadequate teaching
force and equipment offers a few college subjects. It is important to note that notwithstanding this small attendance, the four institutions offering college work are in two
cities, two in Austin and two in Marshall. There is evident need of cooperation between
the institutions located in the same city.
Teacher training.The most urgent need of the colored schools of Texas is for
trained teachers. The numerous summer schools held in the State are factors for improving the teachers now in service, and the Prairie View Normal and Industrial School
offers fairly satisfactory teacher training, but the supply of new teachers now depends
almost entirely upon the secondary schools. The public high schools, with an attendance between 2,200 and 2,50o, are one of the chief sources of supply None of the high
schools offer teacher-training subjects, however. Only six of the private schools offer
even a fairly adequate course in teacher training. Three others include one or two
teacher-training subjects in their course. One county training school is being developed
at Manor, Travis County. This school is a county school aided by the Slater Fund and
the General Education Board. The graduating classes of all the schools offering teacher46927°Bull. 39-17--37
...
NEGRO EDUCATION.
572
training subjects do not aggregate t5o pupils, an annual output obviously inadequate
to meet the needs of a-State with over 690,000 colored people and over 3,200 colored
public-school teachers.
industrial.Although the State school at Prairie View has ample equipment for
teaching trades,' only a few pupils devote enough time to receive trade training. Most
of the work is in the mature of manual training. Eight of the private schools offer fairly
satisfactory industrial work in one or two lines. Seven others are making some effort
to provide industrial courses. The work in manual training, cooking, and sewing in
some of the public high schools is effectively done.
Agricultural. Only the Prairie View Normal and Industrial School has the equipment and organization for agricultural training. Two of the private schools have farms
on which the students work as laborers, but the educational value of this labor is doubtful. Practically no provision is made for systematic instruction in agriculture. Four
of the private schools and some of the public high schools have courses in gardening.
Supervision.No supervisor of Negro schools is employed. Summer schools were
held by the State department of education in 18 places during the summer of 1915.
Eight counties in the ate have Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teachers who travel
among the rural sch Is introducing industrial training and extending the influence of
the school into the community. In 1915 the Jeanes Fund appropriated about $2,198,
the counties gave $300, and the supervisors raised about $697 by appeals to the people.
SUMMARY OP EDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
I. The strengthening and extension of the elementary-school system. The only
agencies able to meet this need are the State, the county, and the local public-school
districts.
2. The increase of teacher-training facilities. To this end secondary schools with
teacher-training courses should be developed and private schools should cooperate with
the State department of education by placing more emphasis on teacher training in
accordance with State standards.
3. More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple industries. In developing this `York the counties should realize the possibilities of the ,Jeanes
Fund supervising industrialitiachers.
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the problems of rural life, so that teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people 8o per cent rural.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
The private anVigher schools are herewith described. Counties and cities in
which the more important institutions are located are presented as a background for
the discussion of the individual schools. The counties are arranged in alphabetical
TEXAS.
573
BEXAR COUNTY.
Only 19.3 per cent of the population of the county is rural.
schools for colored people outside of the city of San Antonio.
neje are no private
SAN ANTONIO.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1914-15
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city
Percentage illiterate, 1910
.
whin.
Negro.
'
85, 801
10.716
15,046
$341, 750
$22. f
9- 6
1,717.
833,754
$19.66
53.2
There are 29 schools for white pupils and 4 for colored. The number of teachers
is 400 in white schools and 36 in colored schools. The average attendance is 10,772
\white pupils and 946 colored pupils.
The schools of San Antonio are doing good wo rk. In addition to the elementary
schools an excellent city high school is provided. The St. Philip's Industrial Academy
would serve a more useful purpose if it were moved to a section where its facilities are
more needed.
SAN ANTONIO PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: S. J. Sutton.
A public high school offering four years of secondary work with unusually good
facilities for industrial training. The sit and seventh grades are taught in the same
building.
Attendince.Secondary, 85; male 34, female
sixth and seventh grades.
Sh.
There were 1i1 pupils in the
Teachers.Secondary. 9; all colored; male 4, female 5.
Of these, 4 are indus-
trial teachers. There were also 4 teachers for the elementary grades.
Oryanization.Secondary: A thoroughly modern secondary course is offered. The
plan of semiannual promotions is followed..,, English is the only subject required of all
pupils; three years of this subject are prescribed. Students take four subjects each
year, the most popular course being: English, history, mathematics, and industries.
The other subjects, with the number of pupils in attendance, were: Latin, 24 pupils;
physiology, 2 1 ; physics, 13; civics, 9; chemistry, 7.
Industrial: Althouglz the industrial subjects are not required, practically all students
take them. The high-school students devote two periods a day to this work. The
industrial work for girls is especially good, including cooking, sewing, and atoilet arts
course designed to give training in manicuring and hairdressing. The boys take woodworking, ironwork, and pipe fitting. Eighteen boys take cooking..
Plant Estimated value, $58,000. Land, estimated value, $5,000. The school
is located on a city lot.
Buildings: Estimated value, $49,500. All the buildings are of brick and thoroughly
modern. The main building cost $41,000. Of this sum, $25,000 came from the sale of
real estate owned by the Freedmen's Bureau. The woodworking shop is in the basetnent of the main building. The girls' industrial building is a four-room structure
valued at $6,500. The blacksmith shop is a one-room building valued at $2.000.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
574
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,5oo.
equipment is good.
Date of visit: DeCember, 191,5.
The classroom and industrial
-
T. PHILIP'S NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss A. Bowden..
A girls' school of elementary grade with a few pupils in stseml4ry classes sand a
small number of boarders. Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided. The institution is soon to be moved to a suburban community of colored people.
The school began as a Saturday sewing class conducted by the St. Philip's Church
for colored people. It is now owned by the Episcopal diocese of west Texas and is
largely supported by the board
ission of the Protestant Episcopal Church.
Attendance.Total, 73; elementa 68, secondary 5. MI but 24 of the pupils are
from San Antonio.
Teachers.Total, 4; all colored; all female. There were two additional part-time
teachers.
.
Financial, 1913-14.As far as could be determined the more important financial
items were
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures
Value of plant
E2, Soo
2,50o
25, 000
Sources of income: Episcopal Board, $1,800; northern friends, $400; special donation, $2oo; other sources, $ioo. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding
department. The entire income of the department was used for its maintenance.
Items of expenditure; Teachers' salaries, $2,000; running expenses, $5oo.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $2,000. The land comprises a part of a c;tv
block.
Buildings-: Estimated value, $
There are four buildings. The main building, a two-story brick. structure,
s classrooms. The other buildings are the
teachers' cottage, a small dormitory, a the laundry.
Movable equipmentEstimated value, $5,00O. The equipment consists of dormitory furniture, and fairly good classroom and domestic science equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That the ofpcers of the institution be encouraged in the plan
to move the school to a suburban community and adapt the work to the needs of rural
pupils.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
Date of visit: March, 1914. Facts verified, 1915.
.
FANNIN COUN'T'Y.
'White.
Population, 1910.
Children 6 to LI years of age, two
Teachers' salaries in public schools, t000-to
Te.acheii 'salaries per child, 6 to 14, in county
...
Percentage illiterate: tnto
i`
dee recomidendatinins in summary chapter.
Negro
39.435
5.366
8, 945
$77, o68
z, 232
$6, 576
$5. 34
25. 7
$8. 6r
3.6
TEXAS.
575
The rural population is 89.2 per cent of the total. The average attendance, according tolhe census of 191o, is 6,95o white pupils and 852 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need'for increased public-school facilities. The Farmers'
Improvement Agricultural College is a central institution where pupils may supplement the training received in the rural schools.
LA DON I A
FARMERS' IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.
Principal: W. II. McClellan.
A school of elementary grade w h some pupils in secondary subjects.
It is located
in a rural community and effort has been made to adapt the educational activities to
rural needs.
The school was founded in 1,906 by R. L. Smith, the president and founded 6f the
Farmers' Improvement Society. This organizatlon owns the school and elects its trustees. President Smith visits the school regularly.
Attendance. Total, 71; elementary 52, secondary 19. Practically all pupils board
at the school. The reported enrollment for die year was 150.
Teachers.Total, 8; all colored; male 3, female 5.
Organization. The classroom instruction is largely elementary. Some instruction
in secondary subjects and teacher training is provided. Classes in agriculture, cooking,
and sewing are maintained. The pupils assist in the farm activities and household work.
Financial, la 2-I 3.Full records of the financial operations are kept but the method
is unsystematic. The mare impprtant items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of Ault
$5, 128
5, T22
Sources of income: Farmers' Improvement Society, $2,680; donations, $1,150;
tuition and fees, $678; Jeanes and Slater Funds, $620. The noneducational receipts
amounted to $4,386, of which $4,251 was from the boarding department and $135 from
the farm.
Items of expenditure: Boarding department supplies, $3,44o; salaries, $2,895;
repairs and additions to buildings, $2,123; equipment, $538; power, light, and heat, $491;
other expenses, $21.
Plant Land : Fstimated
value, $4,000. The school owns 92 acres of land, of
1
which 15 acres are .under cultivation. About 5 Igres are used for campus, and theremainder for pasture.
Buildings: Estimated value, $11,000. There are folir 2-story frame buildings, a
small laundry, and a barn. The buildings are in good, repair and well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,000. The equipment consists of ,$1,800
in furniture, $1,000 in farm implements and live stock, and $200 in books and 'other
equipment.
Reconov,mdations.-1. That tire .policy of adapting school ygork to the needs of a
rural community be further developed.
211 That'provision be made to teach manual training.'
Date of visit : 461, t9t4. Facts verified, 1915.
.
I See niammeadaticas In eery chapter, p.
a.
NEGRO. EDICATION.
576
GUADALUPE COUNTY.
Nero.
White.
Population, 1910
19,219
4.413
$31, 293
$7.09
Children 6 to 14 years of age, In to............
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1909-10.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
12. 9
,
5,681
1,06
$9, 199
$6. 19
23.2
The rural population is 87.5 per cent of the total. The average attendance, according to the census of 1910, is 2,234 white pupils and 1,048 colored pupils.
The public schools for colored people in Guadalupe County arc fairly satisfactory.
A Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teacher travels in the county and aids the teachers
in rural schools to introduce industrial work and extend the influence of the schools into
the commit*. Guadalupe College should be reorganized and should center its works'
on the secondary and teacher training courses.
SEQUIN.
GOAD- ALUPE-COLLEGE.,'
Principal: D. J. Anil.
A school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It was
founded in 1884 and is owned by the Baptist Missionary and Ed.:cational Convention
of Texas.
Total, 86; elementary 57, secondary 29; male 38, female 48.
Teachers.-Total, 8; all colored.; male 3, female 5.
Attendance.
Organization. Elementary: The elementary work is done in three "preparatory"
years and the first year of the :' academic" department.
.
Secondary: The secondary work is confined to the last/wo "academic" years. The
industrial whirk is optional and is limittd to brief time irr cooking, sewing, laundering,
tailoring, and ironwork.
.
/
1
Financial, r913-14.--COrnplete financial records arc not kept at the school and no
details of income or expenditure could be obtain
rom the treasurer, who resides in
San Antonio, Tex. As far as could be determined t e more important items were:
y
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditups, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant.
$s, coo
5, oco
50, coo
Sources of income: Baptist conferences, tuition, and fees, $4,400; rent of farm, $600.
The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to
$1,500.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,000; other expenses, $,3,500
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $15,000. The campus comprises 5 acres of desirable property in the central part of the town. The school also owns a farm of 216
acres about 3 miles out. A large part of the farm is cultivated.
Buildings: Estimated value, $32,000. There are three buildings and several small
. cottages. The main building is a large brick structure four stories high; the other
buildings are frame structyires. The rooms are fairly well kept, but the buildings are
r.
in bad repair.
It is reported (role) that the school has been reestablished on a farm 3 mile. out of tows.
TEXAS.
577
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $3,000. Of this $2,000 is in furniture and
classroom equipment and $1,000 in farm implements and live stock.
Recommendations . 1. That the administration be strengthened.
2. That the arrangement of classeg be simplified.
3. That teacher training and theory and practice of gardening be required subjects.'
4. That. a. simple system of accounts be installed and the books audited annually
;-- by an accredited accountant.
Date of visit: March, 1914. Facts verified, 1915
HARRIS COUNTY.
The rural population is 25.9 per cent of the total. The only private institution for
.colored people outside of Houston is the Dixon Gordon Orphan Home. This institution
is described in the summary of small independent schools for Texas.
ca
HOUSTON
Population, 19to
Children 6 to z ; years of age, 19to
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1914-i5
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city .
Percentage illiterate, 19 to
White.
54, 832
............
8,285
Nett°.
25,929
3, 569
8302, 535
858, 685
836.52
$16.44
. 16. 4
1. 8
There are 28 public schools for white pupils in Austin and 13 for colored. The
number of teachers is 366 in white schools and 113 in colored schools. The average
attendance is 9,548 white pupils and 2,761. colored pupils.
These statistics indicate that the public-school accommodations for colored people
are fairly satisfactory. In addition to the elementary schools a good four-year public
high school is maintained. Houston, College should be reorganized to Meet the needs
of rural pupils.
HOUSTON PUBLIC
SCHOOL
Prin&pal: J. D. Ryan.
A large public high school offering four years of secondary work with industrial
training. The sixth and seventh grades are taught in the same building.
A Itendance. Secondary, 199; malea6, female 123.
T enchcrs . Secondary, 7;,,all colored; male 4, female 3.
Organization.The four high-school grades are well taught. The course includes:
Latin, 4 years; English, 4; history and civics, 4; mathematics, 4; elementary science, 4.
The' equipment for teaching science is good.
Industrial: The industrial work for girls consists of"cooking and sewing. For boys
manual t.aining and mechanical drawing are provided.
Plan. Estimated value, $41,500. The plant consists of a large city lot, two brick
buildings, and excellent laboratory and shop equipment.
Dates of visits: March, 1914; December, 191.5.,
'SOWNOSUMWM411440112iUSU4UninfaSON,P. U.
10
578
NEGRO
HOUSTON COLLEGE.
President: I. T. Hodges.'
An elementary school with a few secondary pupils, offering a limited amount of
industrial work. The institution is
ly well managed, and the buildings are clean
and well kept.
The school was founded in 1885 by the Baptist Missionary and Educational Association of Texas and is controlled by a board of colored h'ustees elected by that body.
It receives aid from tfie American Baptist Home Mission Society.'
Attendance. Total, ic;9; elementary 91, secondary 1-8.
Teachers.Total, 9; all colored; male 4, female 5. One teacher gives full time and
one part time to industrial work.
Organizahon.Elementary: The eight elementary grades are well taught. A little
instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for the girls and gardening for the boys.
Secondary: The subjects in the so-called "academy" course are: Latin, 3
years;
English, 2; mathematics, 4; chemistry, 2 ; physics, 2; biology, I ; geology, t ; hisibry, 2 ;
Bible,
music,
methods, 2 ; agriculture,
drawing, 1. Greek is elected by
a majority of the secondary pupils. A Sew students take theology.
Financial, 1912--13..-The accounts are kept on a simple cash basis and the various
transactions are not shown separately. As far as could be determined the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant...
$4, 254
3, 773
3, 000
30,000
Sources of income: Tuition and donations front colored people, $3,279 (parlly estimated); American ,Baptist Home Mission Society, $500; State Baptist conventions,
$350; donations from white people, $125. The total receipts from board, tuition, and
donations from colored peoyle, which could not he shown separately, amounted to
$6,279. It is estimated that o: this sum $3,000 was from the boarding department and
this amount is excluded as noneducational receipts.
Items of expenditure: Salaries,4$2,529; expenses of boarding department, $2,366;
repairs and maintenance, $9oo; other expenses, $978.
Indebtedness : The indebtedness of $3,000 was secured by a mortgage on the entire
plant.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $13,000. The stool land comprises about four
acres on the outskirts of the ciiy, most of it used for campus. A mall portion is used
for school garden. Some effort has been made to beautify the grounds with shade trees
and walks.
'Buildings: Estimated value, Sit,5oo. The buildings are ail of frame construction.
They include the main school building, a three-story structure 4o by vi feet; three
2-story buildings; a laundry and domestic science building; and a small cottage. Most
of the buildings are painted and present a neat appearance.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $5,5oo. Of this, $4,000 was in the power
plant and shop equipment ,-and $1,5oojn furniture, books in library, and farm equipment.
Elected since date of visit.
This aid has been discontinued since date al visit.
TEXAS.
579
Recommendations. This school should increase its attendance from the rural districts and adapt its training to preparing teachers and other workers or rural schools.
to this end provision should be made for teacher training, Bening and simple
manual training.'
Date of visit: March, 1914.
HARRISON COUNTX.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1909 -10
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910 .
White.
13, 544
Negro.
2, 79r
23, 698,
6, 189
1142,862
$25,131
$15.35
2.9
$4- 06
27. 8
The rural population is 69.3 per cent of the Nal. The average attendance according to the censtiveff 1910 is 2,100 white pupils and 3,987 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities The work of the
elementary'schools should be extended and strengthened. A small public school doing
about two years of high-school work is maintained at Jefferson. A fairly good dry
high school is also maintained by the city of Marshall. The two large private schools
should both increase the emphasis on teacher training and extend their facilities for
teaching agriculture and industry to the pupils who come from the rural district of the
State; effort should be made to develop cooperation between them.
MARSHALL.
MARSHALL PUBLfC. HIGH SC1100L.
Principal: H. 3. Pemberton.
A public high school offering four years of secondary work with good industrittl
training. The seven elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Atkndance. Secondary, 142; male 42, female too. The elementary enrollment
was 712.
Teachers.Secondary, 4; all colored; male: 2, female 2. Four industrial tfachers
give part time to the high school. There were 9 teachers for the elementary grades.
Organizeition.Sccondary: The high-school subjects include: Latin, mathematics,
histoity and civics, English, botany, physiology', and physics.
Industrial: A good, course in cooking and sewing is provided for girls, and besides
the usual manual training, the boys have shoe repairing.' One period a day is given to
the work. The teaching in both academic and industrial subjects is thorough.
Plant.Estimated value, $1o,000. Tilt plant consists., of a city lot aint,kacre s of
ren4'd land, together with two buildings, one of brick and one of frame. The equiphment
is good",
Date of visit : December, 1915.
See recommendations in summary chapter. P. oz.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
580
BISHOP COLLEGE.
,
?resident: C. H. Maxson.'
A school of secondary and collegiate grade with an elementary department. The
institution is well managed and the student records are kept with unusual care. The
Atschool is accredited by the Texas State board of examiners.
The school was founded in 1881 by the American Baptist Home Mission Society
It has a board of trustees of northern and southern
and receives support. from that body.
men.
.
; elementary. 176, secondary 153, collegiate 42.
Of the
Attendance. Total,
pupils above elementary grades, 93 were male, 102 female, 172 were boarders, 3o were
from Marshall, 118 from other places in Texas, and 47 were from other States. There
were 74 pupils from farm homes. The reported enrollment for the year was 421.
Teachers and workers.Total, 22; wtlite 12, colored to; male 6, female 16; grades
3, academic zo, music 3, girls' industries 2, boys' inAustries 1, -administrative workers 3.
Organization. Elementary: The elementary work covers the three upper elementary
grades, which are well taught.
Secondary: Secondary work is given in two courses, the "college preparatory"
course, enrolling 71 pupils, and the "normal" course, which enrolls 82. The "college
preparatory" course includes: Latin, 4 years; mathematics, 3; English, 3; science, 4;
history, 154; Bible, 1.,54; economics, %; bookkeeping, 4. In addition five pupils elect
Greek, three geology, two chemistry, two typewriting, and two history. The normal
course includes: Latin, 3 years; mathematics, 3%; English, 3; science, 4; history, r;
civics,
Bible, 1; psychology and education, i%; methods and practice teaching, 2;
bookkeeping, %. Both secondary courses omit hygiene but place commendable
emphasis on science.
College: The majority of :he college students .take the "scientific" course, which
includes: English, r year; German, 2; mathematics, 2%; history, i%; biology, 1; chemistry, 1; physics, ; economics and sociology, ; ethics, r. A few students take the
"classical" course, which comprises Greek, Latin, and German, omitting some of the
science of the other course. The elective studies, enrolling two or three pupils each,
are geology, astronomy, psychology, Bible, and Christian evidence. At the time the
school was visited, several students in the freshman year were making up "conditions,"
and a few pupils were stndying theological subjects in connection with their work in
other departments.
Industrial: All pupils of -the elementary and secondary grades are required to take
some industrial work. Courses in cooking, sewing, and manual training are provided.
Financial, 19sr-s3.--The accounting system is well planned and effective and the
books are carefully kept. Student accounts are handled through the deposit fund, which
is a "students' bank." A bank book is provided each student and all student payments
are made by check. Record of all transactions is kept by an-extensive voucher system.
The printed forms used reveal in great detail all the business activities of ,the school.
The more important itemi for.the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipt,
-^'s
Value of school propeity.
$19, 247
18, 537
314,935
TEXAS.
581
Souices of income: American Baptist Home Mission Society and endowment funds,
$12,238; tuition and fees, $5,327; Slater Fund, $1,o00; general donations, $682. The
noneducational receipts amounted to $26,957. Of this, $23,o44 was froth the boarding
department, $1,958 from sale of books and music, $826 from the printing office and shop,
and $129 from the farm.
[Items of expenditure: Supplies and labor in boarding department, $14,457; salaries,
all departments, $13.198; supplies and material, $4,137;' power, light and heat, $3,422;
repairs, $2,620; equipment for boarding department, $2,465; books for sale, $1,57o;
student labor, $1,280;1 equipment, $783;' advertising and soliciting, $345; outside labor,
$217.1
School property: Of the school property, $302,125 was in the school plant, $12,000
in endowment, and $810 in cash on hand.
Plant Land! Estimated value, $125,000. The grounds comprise 23 acres in the
residential section of the town. Only a small portion of the land is used for agricultural
purposes. The campus is well kept and presents a neat appearance.
Buildings: Estimated value, $155,00o. Of the larger buildings, the three dormitories, the recitation and manual training buildings are *rick structures. The president's house is a large old-fashioned brick mansion of colonial design. A brick building
houses the steam plant and laundry. There are three frame cottages. Most of the
buildings are in good repair, well protected against fire, and clean and sanitary. Three
of the older buildings, however, are of poor design, poorly lighted, and with damp basements.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $22,125. Of this, $12,000 is in furniture
for dormitories and classrooms, $s,000 is in library books and fixtures, $3,000 in scientific apparatus, $2.000 in shop furnishings, and $125 in farm implements.
Recommendations.-1. That the financial supgKt be increased so that the work of
the institution may be strengthened and enlarged.
2. That more time be given to history and social studies.
3. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course'
Dates of visits: March, 1914; March, 1915; December, 1915.
WILEY COLLEGE.
President: M. W. Dogan.
A school of secondary grade with pupils in college classes and a large elementary
enrollment. The student body is promising. The strong management is handicapped
by an organization too elaborate fof the resources of the institution. The school is
recognized by the State boards of examiners of Texas and Louisiana. The work of King
part of the educational activities of the college.
Home is an integral,
integralyart
The institution
founded in 1873 by the Freedmen's Aid Society of the Metho-
dist Episcopal Church and chartered in 1882.
society.
It is owned and superyised by the
Attendance.Total, 384; elementary 176, secondary 170, college classes 38. Of
the pupils above the elementary grades, 89 were male and 119 were female; 156 were
boarders. Of those reporting home addresses, 37 were from Marshall, 118 from other
anclusive et bmudius department.
r Sea remossmeudatima iu summary chapter. p.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
582
places in Texas, and 53 from other States. There were 54 from farm homes.
The
reported enrollment for the year was 439.
Teachers and workers.Total, 26; all colored; male 14, female 12; elementary 4;
academic 8, industrial 3,music 5, matrons 2, others 4.1
Organization. Elementary: Elementary work is done in the English department,
which includes the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grades.
Secondary: The course of study is based on that preRared by the Freedmen's Aid
Society. with increased emphasis on the classical studies. The work is divided into two
. Courses, college preparatory and normal, the former enrolling 86 pupils and the latter
84 pupils. The subjects of the college preparatory course are: Latin, 4 years; Greek, 2;
mathematics, 3; English, 3; elementary science, 3; history, 2. Brief time is given to
Bible and civics. The normal course includes: English, 4 years; mathematics, 3; Latin, 3;
science, 2; and a small amount of agriculture, physiology, and teacher-training subjects.
College classes: The program of college studies provides excessive time for foreign
languages. In .the freshman and sophomore classes practically all pupils are taking to
periods a week of languageS and a few report 14 periods. The ages of some pupils in this
department indicate that entrance requirements are not strictly enforced. The effort to
maintain a college department With only eight teachetS, and these already overburdened
with secondary work, is not justified.
Music: A department of "musical art" with three teachers is outlined in the catalogue. In view of the limited force of teachers in the academic and industrial departments, the maintenance of three teachers of music is unusuM.
Industrial' The courses in tailoring, printing, and manual training for boys are
The teachers are poorly prepared. The time allowed is insufficient and
ineffective.
' almost entirely confined to the elrtmentary classes.
taught at King Home.
Cooking and sewing are effectively
Financial, 1912-13.The books are carefully kept in accordance with the system
of the Freedmen's Aid Society. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receigts
Value of plant
$io, 420
9,920
197,000
Sources of income: Freedmen's Aid Society, $4,95o; tuition and fees, $4,870;
Slater Fund, $600. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department
and 'amount to $11,875. In addition to the income and expenditure for educational
purposes $2,948 was raised, mostly from colored churches, for the new boys' dormitory.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $10,423; supplies for boarding department, $4,523;
student labor, $1,313; equipment, $962; power, light, heat, and water, $749; repairs,
$746; interest, taxes, and insurance, $739; advertising and soliciting funds, $220; other
expenses (chiefly on new building), $1,182. The cash balance at the end of the year
amounted to $500.
Plant-a-Land: EstimaterLvalue, $48,000. The land comprises about 6o acres, with
to aeres used for campus, 15 acres rented out, about 8 acres cultivated by the school,
and 27 acres in pasture. The campus was well kept and presented a neat appearance.
,
XIns Home workers are not included.
it Following the loss d the Industrial building through fire in :am the industrial courses havrbeen given up and gardening
substitute.
TEXAS.
583
Buildings: Estimated value, $135,000. The buildings cor...ist of the main hall, a
brick structure four stories high, used for dining room, chapel, and girls' dormitory; two
small two-story brick buildings used for classrooms; two frame buildings used for class-
rooms and girls' dormitories; a laundry and bathhouse; three fyame cottages used by
teachers; a large two-story frame house used for president's home; the Carnegie Library;
and the riew boys' dormitory, a three-story brick building in course of erection. The
president's home was built by contributions from students' friends and the Texas Church
Conferences. The library is the result of a gift of $15,000 by Andrew Carnegie. It is
of neat design, two stories high, and one of the best libraries in colored schools. Most
of the buildings are lighted by the school electrical plant.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $14,000. Furniture, $5,000; library books,
$4,500; equipment of laundry and electric plant, $3,400; farm equipment and live
stock, $600; scientific apparatus, $5oo,
Recommendations.-1. That college c.asses be restricted to work of junior college
grade until the secondary course is on a sound basis.
2. That a teacher-training course with ample practice teaching be developed.
3. That courses in elementary science, history, and social studies be strengthened.
4. That the theory and practice of gardening and the industrial courses be made .
effective.'
Dates of visits: March, 1914; March, tots; December, rim.
KING INDUSTRIAL HOME OF WILEY COLLEGE.
Superintendent: Miss Gertrude Burkhardt.'
A home school for girls owned and managed by the Woman's Home Missionary
Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It is well managed and its work is
effective. It forms a part of the educational activities of Wiley College.
Attendance.Total, 35; all boarders.
Teachers.Total, 4; white 2, colored 2.
411
Organization.The girls boarding in the home receive training
in household care
and attend classes at Wiley College. Courses in cooking, sewing, and millinery are
also given for the girls in Wiley College.
Financial; 1913-r4.The income amounted to $2,3o8,practically all from the
Woman's Home Mission Society. Of this, $1,26o was expended for salaries and the
remainder for running expenses.
Plant Estimated value, $7,00d. The plant consists of about 2 acres of land, a
neat two-story frame building, and fairly good furniture and domestic-science equipment. The premises are well kept.
Recommendations. -1. That the work be encouraged and made a more vital part
of Wiley College.
2. That the domestic science equipment be increased.
Dates of visits: March, 1914; March, 1915; December, 1915.
I See recommendations in summary chaps& p. as.
White.
NEGRO. EDUCATION.
584
HOUSTON COUNTY.
,
White.
PopuLitiqn, Alpo
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19io
Teachers' salaries in public schools, i9o9-1o.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to y4 in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
4
17,016
3,894
.
$40, 362
e10. 36
3. 8
Negro.
12, 548
3,201
$16.330
$5. TO
21. 6
The rural population is 86.6 per cent of the total. The average attendance4 according to the census of 1910, is 2,757 white pupils and 1,779 colored Pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional public-school facilities. The work
of the public schools should be extended and strengthened. The Mary Allen Seminary
doe..not inter into the local situation to a great extent, since its pupils are all boarders.
CROCK F.TT.
MARY ALLEN SEMINARY.
President: H. P. V. Bogue.'
A girls' school of elementary and secondary grade. The teaching is effective.
The school was founded in 1887 by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen and owned and controlled by that board.
Attendance. Total, 115; elementary 88, secondary 27. Of the pupils reporting
h9me address, 3 were from Crockett, 45 from other places in Texas, and 2 from other
States.
Teachers.Total, 13; all white, male 1, female 12. The teachers are well trained
and earnest.
Organization.Elementary: Pupils are admitted as low as the third grade. The
four grades and the first year of the "normal" department are elementary.
Secondary: Secondary work is done in the last three years of the "normal" course.
The subjects are: English, r year; mathematics, 2 ; elementary science, 2 ; history, i ;
Bible, %; teacher-training, ; agriculture, %; and bookkeeping,
Industrial: Good instruction in cooking and sewing is provided and the work is
related to the boarding departnient. The dormitory life of the girls affords considerable
training in home activities.
Financial, 1912 -13. The books are kept in accordance with the system required
by the Presbyterian Board. As far as could be determined the more important items
were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts......
Value of plant
Sio, 979
13, 426
6o, 000
Sources of inonne: Presbyterian Board, $7,166; tuition and fees, $2,237; milllaneous, $1,576.
The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and
amounted to k,000.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $5,527; supplies for boarding department, $4,105;
farm labor and material, $1,748; repairs and additions, $1,453; furniture and equipment, $833; payment on debt, $714; power, light, and heat, $676; other, expenses,
I Whitt.
TEXAS.
$2,380.
585
In addition the Presbyterian Board appropriated about $5,000 for building
purposes and to meet the deficit of $2,447.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $1o,000. The land comprises 28o acres, a large
portion of which is cultivated. The products are used by the school. The school
grounds present a neat appearance
Buildings: Estimated value, $48,000. There are two taige brick buildings, used
for school purposes anddormitories. There are also two frame buildings and a barn.
The buildings are in good condition.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, S2,000 The movable equipment consists
of furniture for classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendations. r. That efforts be made to gain for the institution larger recognition from the school authorities of the State.
2. That the teachers enlarge their contact witH the schools of the county and the
St ate.
3. That teacher training and the theory and practice of gardening receive greater
emphasis)
Date of visit: March, 1914.
Facts verified, 1915.
McLENNAN COUNTY.
The population of the county is 59.9 per cent rural.
in the county outside of the city of Waco.
There are no private schools
WACO.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1914-15
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city
Percentage illiterate, 1910
.
.
White.
20, 333
.............
Negro.
6, 067
3, 753
1,056
S148, 422
$13, 522
$12. 8o
16. 8
839. so
I. 4
There are 14 schools for white pupils and 4 for colored. The number of teachers is
182 in white schools and 27 in colored schools. The average attendance is 4,693 white
pupils and 89,3 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate that the public schools of Waco are fairly satisfactory. In
addition to the elementary facilities a good high school is provided. The private schools
should discontinue the lower elementary grades as rapidly as possible. Paul Quinn
College should be reorganized so as to provide better secondary and teacher-training facilities.
Central Texas College could be developed as a central institution where pupils
may supplement the training received in the rural schools of the county.
WACO PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: J. A. Kirk.
A city high school offering four years of secondary work with industrial training.
The seven elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance. Secondary, 69; male i6,female53. The elementary enrollment was 517.
Teachers.Secondary, 5; all colored; male 4, female 1. All the teachers are
fairly well trained. There were lo teachers for the elementary grades.
1
recoszunendaticas in euminary chapter, p.
2.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
586
Organization.More than half the high school students are in the first two years of
the course. The time devoted to high-school subjects is as follows: English, 3 years;
mathematics, 5; Latin, 4; physical geography, X; physics, 1; chemistry, I ; biology, 1;
history, 3; civics, X; manual training, 2; domestic science and art, 2.
Industrial: Industrial training begins in the sixth grade. Five periods a week are
given to this work throughout the high-school course. Good work in sewing is done,
but the cooking is hampered by lack of facilities. There is no way to heat the woodshop.
The teacher explained the shortage of tools by saying that the shop had been broken
into some time before and most of the tools stolen.
Plant.Estimated value, $14,700. Land: Estimated value, $t,000. The school
lot is` 165 by '175 feet.
Buildings: Estimated value, $13,100. There are two frame buildings. The
main building has 12 classrooms. The equipinent, estimated value $7oo, consists of
classroom furniture and limited shop apparatus.
Date of visit: November, 1915.
CENTRAL TEXAS COLLEGE.
Principal: J. W. Strong.
A school of elementary and secondary grade. The organization .is pot effective.
The school was founded by the General Baptist Convention of Texas in loot, and is
owned by that body.
Attendance.Total, 174; elementary 111, secondary 41, special 22.
Teachers and workers.Total, 12; all colored; male 4, female 8; grades and
academic 8, industrial 1, music 1, other workers 2.
Organization.Elementary : The elementary work
is fairly
well
done.
Some
instruction in sewing is provided.
Secondary: The four-year secondary course contains the usual
condary subjects,
poorly taught. College classes were claimed, but in only two subjects were pupils
reported. Special pupils in music and theology attend irregularly.
Financial, 1952-13.Only a rough estimate of the amount of money received and
expended could be obtained. The approximate figures were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness.
Value of plant
$5, 186
5, 186
700
40, 000
Sources of income: Tuition, donations, Baptist Association nd other sources,
The noneducational receipts were from the bOsanding department and were
$5,186.
estimated to be about $4,000.
Items of expenditure: Salaries and running expenses, $5,186; expenses of boarding
department, $4,000.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness $1,700 was in the form of mortgage and $Io,000
was said to be back salary due teachers.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $5,000. The school owns 5 acres of land in Waco.
All the land is used for campus.
TEXAS.
587
Buildings: Estimated value, $33,500. The buildings include a large three-story
brick structure, two large frame structures and several small frame houses. The buildings were in need of repair but the rooms were fairly well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,5oo. The equipment consists mostly
of furniture for classrooms and dormitories. There is no scientific apparattis or industrial equipment.
Recommendations. r. That the course of study be simplified and provision made
for teacher-training, theory and practice of gardening, and simple industrial training.'
2. That the system of accounting be improved and an annual audit made by an
accredited accountant.
Date of visit: April, 1914.
PAUL QUINN
QUINN COLLEGE.
President : J. K. Williams.'
An institution of secondary grade with a large elementary department and a few
pupils studying college subjects. The liberal support of the institution by the colored
people is noteworthy.
The school was established and chartered in 1881 by the Texas Conference of the
African Methodist Episcopal Church and is owned and controlled by an unwieldy board
of trustees elected from the various conferences of the church throughout the State.
Attendance. Total, 286; elementary 213. secondary 57, in college subjects 13, special students 3. Of the pupils above the grades, 63 boarded at the school.
15; all colored; male 9, female 6, grades 1, academic io,
carpentry 1, agriculture 1, matrons 2.
Organization. Only one regular teacher is assigned to the elementary grades. The
catalogue shows a confusing arrangement of higher courses too elaborate for the number
of pupils and too extensive for the teaching force. The pupils in the so-called normal
and college preparatory courses are studying low-grade secondary subjects. Their
spelling and handwriting indicate inadequate preparation for their classes. The 13
college pupils were taking language and mathematics courses ton advanced for their
preparation. A few of the pupils receive training in woodwork, printing, gardening,
cooking, and sewing. #
Financial, 1912-13.School funds are received and disbursed by the president,
secretary, and treasurer. Each of these officers keeps separate, unsystematic accounts
of moneys handled. As far as could be determined the more important items were as
follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts...
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$34; 3185
97, 000
Sources of income: African Methodist Episcop/1 Church, $15,537; tuition and fees,
$3,285; general donations, $2,717; other sources, $2,779. The noneducational receipts
amounted to $4,769, of which $4,292.was from the boarding department and $477 from
the farm and shops.
I See nteatnaseadatioas In summary chapter. p. 42.
40927° Bull.
a Elected dace date al visit.
4
588
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $6,862; supplies for boarding department, $3,130;
repairs, fuel, and light, $2,393; material and supplies, not including boarding department,
$1,887; equipment, $950; traveling expenses, $757; other purposes, $6,254.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $40.000. The land comprises 20 acres within tie
city limits. About 12 acres are cultivated. The campus is fairly well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $52,000.. The buildings include a three-story brick
structure used for classrooms and. girls' dormitory, a two-story frame cottage used for
the president's home and.office, a one-story brick building used for boys' dormitory, a
one-story brick building used for shop and store, and several one-story frame structures.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,00o. The equipment consists of dormitory furniture, office fixtures, and a few farm implements and tools in the shop. The
laboratory equipment is negligible.
Recommendations .-1 . That a system of accounting for the whole school be installed
in a central office and the books audited annually by an accredited accountant, who
shall report to the board of trustees.
2. That the present unwieldy board of trustees give over the immediate manage:
ment of the school to a small and responsible executive committee.
3. That the- school organization be simplified and the energy of the institution be
centered on teacher-training.
4. That industrial work be made an effective part of the school program and that
the land about the school be utilized for teaching gardening and agriculture.'
Date of viit: April, 1914.
SMITH COUNTY.
White.
,24, 42o
5.311
$58,863
$11.08
2.6
Population. 1910.
Children 6 to 14 years of axe, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools. 19o9-io
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 24 in cou
Percentage illitqate, 1910
Negto.
17, 246
4, 464
$21,932
$4.91
26. 6
The rura' population is 75.1 per cent of tie total. The average attendance, according to ta 1910 census, is 3,95o white pupils and 2,774 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need foi additional school facilities. If the work of
Phillips University were simplified, it could meet the need for
teachers for the surrounding counties.
in Texas it deserves support. The
institution for supplementing the wor
2.
school
to train
As the only Colored Mcthodis,t Episcopal school
Texas Academy could be developed as a central
f the rural schools of the immediate locality.
TYLER.
EAST TEXAS NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL ACADEMY.
Principal; J. V. McClellan.
A school of elementary and secondary grade. It was founded in 19o5 by the local
Baptist Association and is owned and controlled by that body.
A nendance .Total, i5o; elementary 122, secondary 28; boarders, 115. The reported
enrollment for the year was 211.
1 See recommendations in summary chapter, p. 111.
TEXAS.
589
Teachers and -w,orkers.Total, 8; all colored; male 3, female 5.
Organszation.The 12 grades are fairly well taught. The only industrial work is a
little sewing. Boys receive practice in agriculture by cultivating 15 acres of land.
Some home training is given in the dormitories.
Financia/, 1912-13.The accounts were poorly kept, but according to the estimates
of the principal the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness.
Value of plant
Sources
5.41' 5137
85o
22,225
6f income: East Texas Baptist Associat ion, $4,000; tuition and fees, $1,50o.
The noneducational receipts were from tOe boarding department and amounted to
approximately $4,000.
Items of expenditure: Expenses of boarding department, $3,000; salaries, $2,200;
repairs and additions, $2,000; equipment, $675; supplies and sundries, $256.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness $600 was in the form of mortgage on part of
the property and $250 was back salaries due teachers.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $1 2,000. The school Owns 3o acres of land, which
is about evenly divided between the campus and the school farm.
Buildings: Estimated value, $8,000. There are four two-story frame buildings,
fairly well kept ansl neat in appearance:
Movable equipment: Estimated value,, $2,225. Of the equipment, $2,00o was in
furniture and $225 in farm implements and live stock. There is practically no industrial equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That teacher training, the theory and practice of gardening,
and simple industrial work be made part of the regular course.'
2. That the system of accounting be improved and the books audited annually by
an accredited accountant.
Date of visit : March, 1914.
PHILLIPS UNIVERSITY.'
di
President : W. R. Banks'
A secondary school with small elementary enrollment, hampered by a complicated
curriculum.
The school was founded in 1895 by the Texas Conference of the Colored Methodist
Episcopal Church. Its name was afterwards changed from Phillips Academy to Texas
College, and recently to Phillips University. It is controlled and supported by a board
of / 7 colored trustees elected by the conferences.
Attendance. Total, uo; elementary 35, secondary 75 (3 reporting college subjects),
male 38, female 72; boarders, 82.
Teachers and workers.Total, to; all colored; male 6, female 0elementary 3, academic 3, music 1, sewing 1, typewriting 1, matron 1.
Organization. Elementary:. The three upper grades are fairly well taught.
See recommendations in mammary chapter. p 2 2..
Porrnerly Texas College.
1 Elected since date at visit. It is reported that the new adminisiraticrn is sin: Weise the tuns.
599
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Secondary: The secondary work is divided by a confusing arrangement into three
coursescollege preparatory, with 38 pupils; academic, with 21 ; and normal, with 13.
Three pupils were in-so-called college subjects. The principal subjects are: Latin, 3 or
4 years; Greek, in the college preparatory, 2 years; English, I to 4 years; mathematics,
4; elementary science, 1% to 3;. history, 1; Bible, 34; psychology and education, 134;
and a little agriculture, sewing, music, and typewritin
It is apparent that this elaborate
program of subjects is wasteful, if not impossible for rhe small teaching force.
Financial, 1914-15.tio systematic books were kept at the time of visit, and
.10
facts concerning the finances for 1912-1 3 or 191 3-14 were available. The new president
gives the following as the more important financial item,: or the year 1914-15:
Income, exciuding noneducation receipts'
Expenditures, less noneducational recai`pts
Indebtedness
Value of leant
$3, 765
7, 172
15, 000
7o, 000
Sources of income: Church conferences and collection?, $3,500; tuition and fees,
The noneducational receipts we from the boarding department and amounted
$265.
to $2,750.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $3,728 ; "teachers' salaries,
$3,150; fuel, light, end water, $816; repairs, $78; other expenses, $2,150.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness, $3,500 was money borrowed to meet current
expenses and the remainder was in old debts for buildings and other purposes. The
entire property is mortgaged.
Plpnl. Land: Estimated value, $12,000. The land comprises too acres, about a
mile and a half from town. None of the land is cultivated by the school, but the farm
of 65 acres is rented out. The other land is u§ed for campus and grounds.
Buildings: Estimated value, $53,o00. Phillips Hall, a large four-story brick building, value $30,noo, contains girls' dormitory, dining hall, and domestic-science departme.nt. The boys' dormitory, value $t 5,000, is a good three-story brick structure recently
erected. There are severafsinall frame structures, used for classrooms, school store, and
other purposes.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,000. Of this, $4,000 is in ft,trniure; $5oo
in farm equipment and live stock; P5oo in water tanks and heaters.
Rvommendations.z. That the organi ation be simplified. The secondary department should comprise one main course, including Itich studies as teacher
elementary science, history, social studies, physiology, and sanitation, and other subjects
should be arrangecron-a limited elective system.
I
2. That the theory' and practice of gardening and simple industrial training be
introduced.'
3. That a system of accounting adjusted to the needs of the school be installed and
tbe'books audited annually by an accredited accountant.
Date of visit : March, 1914.
g Sal iecomniendations in summary chanter. 1). na.
TEXAS.
591,
TARRANT COVNTY.
The population is 32.5 per cent rural. There are no private schools in the county
outside of the city of Fort Worth.
FORT WORTH.
Population, 19ro
Children 6 to i4 years of age, iwo.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1914-15
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
Negro.
59,960
9,394
$247,244
$26.32
1.9
13, 280
1,956
$19, 243
$9. 84
12
There are 1.9 schools for white pupils and 8 for colored. The number of teachers
is 335 in white school; and 38 in colored schools. The average attendance is 9,523
white pupils and 1,424 col&ed pupils.
These statistics indicate that the public-school accommodations for colored people
in Fort Worth are fairly satisfactory. In addition to the elementary schoolf, a good
public high school is provided. As far as the local situation is concerned, She Fort Worth
Industrial and Mechanical College is not needed. It could, however, be developed to
meet the needs of the pupils who come from the surrounding rural schools.
FORT WORTH PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: T. H. Tabb.
A city high school doing four years of secondary work, including industrial ttaining.
The seven 'elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance. Secondary, 133; male 39, female 94. The elementary enrollment
was 547.
Teachers.Secondary, 6; all colored; male 4, female 2. There were 15 teachers
for the elementary grades.
The teachers are fairly well prepared for their work.
Organization.--Secondary: The high school subjects are: Mathematics, 4 years;
English, 4; Latin, 2%; German, i; physical geoltaphy, 34; physics, 1; chemistry, 1;
history, 4; manual training, 2 ; domestic science and art, 234. The lasses are divrded
into sections and the half-year promoion plan is followed. Many of the pupils, especially the girls, take rtusic in addition to the required subjeCts.
Industrial: In the seventh grade three 45-minute periods a week are given to industrial work. This is increased to five 45-minute periods a week in the .hth grade and
above.
Sewing is handicapped by lack of spice.
Plant.Estimated value, $68,000. Land: Estimated value, $10,000. The school
site occupies a city block. Land located three blocks' away from the cehool is rented
for garderfpurposes, but no school gardening was being done at the time of visit.
Buildings: Estimated value, $5o,000. The main brick building, where the high
school work is done, is a three-story structure with a large auditorium, and is among
the best high school buildings in the State. There are also two frame buildings.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $8,000. Most of the equipment is in desks
and industrial apparatus..
'Date of visit : November, 1915.
592
,
NEGRO EDUCATION.
FORT WORTH INDUSTRIAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE.
President M. J. Johnson.
A-school of elementary and secondary grade. The school was founded as Hearne
Academy in 1881 and the present name waoadopted in 1909. It is owned and controlled
by the Baptist Missionary and Educational Convention of Tefts.
Attendance.Total, 102; elementary 66, secondary 36; male 43, female
59;
boarders, 66.
Teachers and workers.Total, 7; all colored; male 3, female 4.
.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work is divided into primary and
grammar departments. The primary department, embracing the first four grades,
enrolls practically no pupils. The grammar grades are fairly well taught. Some
instruction in sewing is given.
Secondary : The secondary pupils have a four-year course of the college preparatory
type, including four years:of Latin and two of Greek. A little practice teaching is done..
The girls have sewing three times a week.
Financial, 19r2r3.As far as could be determined the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less notskducational receipts
Value of plant
$4, =00
3, 700
16, 500
Sources (4 income: Baptist Missionaryfand Educational ConventionAf Texas, $3,000;
tuition and fees, $1,200. The noneducational receipts were f kin the boarding department and amounted to approximately $3,000.
.
Items of expenditure: Expenses of boarding department, $3,000; salaries, $2,ono;
other expenses, $1,700.
. Plant Estimated value, $8,000. The school owns acres of land in the suburbs.
Buildings: EStimated value, $7,500. There are three wo-story frame buildings and
a cottage do the grounds. 'The rooms are fairly well kep but the buildings need repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,000. The equipment consists of furniture for classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendation. That the Baptists of Texas increase the supporf of this institution
and adapt its work to the needs of students from the rural communities and small towns
of this part of -the State, or combine it with one of theirother Baptist schools of the Stale.
Date of visit: April, 1914.
TRAVIS COUNTY.
White.
Population, 5910
Children 6 to ta yearn; of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1909-10. ..,
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
15, 473
7,625
3, 486
$21.932
$89. 364
i
Negro.
ao, 130
$10z
5.2
$6. to
1 X.
I
,The-rararpopulation is 46.3 per cent of the total. The average attendance, according to the 1910 census, is 5,344 white pupils and 2,377 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased public school facilities. A rural
high school is maintained at Manor which is doing good work. The St. John's Orphanage
and Industrial School operates,a day school with a six months' term. This institution
is described in the summary of special
for Texas.
TEXAS.
593
MANOR.
CLAYTON INDUSTRIAL HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: J. E. Clayton.
A school of elementary and secondary grade selected as a central training institution to provide additional facilities for the colored children of the county.
AttelOance.Total, 208; elementary 174, secondary 34; male 96, female 112.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 1, female 5.
Organization. -Elementary: The seven elementary gq.des are well taught.
Secondary: The three years of high school include the usual subjects, with some
training in methods and school management.
Industrial: All pupils above nie third grade have seven hours aoweek of industrial
work. The courses include cooking, sewing, 'find a little manual training. The work in
gardening, canning, and car:, of farm animals is well conducted.
Financial, r9t4-r5.The income amounted to $2,511, of which $1,664 was from
public funds, $5oo from the, Slater Fund, and $347 from other sources. Of the income
$2,120 was expended for salaries .nd $78 ter current expenses\
Plant. Estimated value, $4,080. The plant consists of half an acre of land, value
$250; a seven-rodm builqing, value $2,750; and equipment valued at $1,o80.
Recommendatieg.That the work he encouraged and facilities provided, as the need
appears, for a boarding department, increased secondary work, and teacher training.
Date of visit: Defember, 1915.
AUSTIN.
White.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, I910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1914-15
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in city
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Negro.
3, 634
$99, 607
$27. 41
7, 478
It 389
$16, oz8
$11. 53
4. 1
i8. 8
22, 366
There are in'Austin eight schools for white pupils and six for colored. The number
of teachers is i3oiniirhitt. -,challs and 32 in colored schools. The average attendance is
4,174 white twipilsAind 1,352 colored pupils.
In addition to the elementary school facilities a fairly good city high school is
As rapidly as possible the private schools should discontinue the lower
elementary grades and center their energies on secondary, industrial, and teacherprovided.
training courses.
The authorities of Samuel Huston College and Tillotson College should
agree to combine the college work of the two institutions at one place. This would
enable both institutions to develop more fully their secondary departments.
AUSTIN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: L. C. Anderson.
A city high school offering four years of secondary work with some industrial training. The sixth and seventh grades are in the same building.
Attendance.Secondary, 82; male 25, female 57. There were 222 pupils in the
sixth and seventh grades.
Teachers.Secondary, 2 ; both colored. Three others give part time. othere are
three teachers for the sixth and seventh grades.
Organization.Secondary: The ,seeondary subjects are: English, 5 years; mathematics, 5; Latin, 4; elementary science, 2X; history, 5; civics, ; manual training, 2.
1/44
504
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Industrial: Simple manual training is proviQed for boys, and there is also some
girdening. Cooking is the only industrikl course for girls, but this is exceptionally
well taught. Lunches are sertied.lo the students every day at a cost of 5 cents apiece.
Plant. Estimated value,W,000. Land: Estimated value, $5,000. A large lot
is used for school grounds and another lot 5o by 170 feet for the school garden.
Building.Estimated value, $21,000. The building is a modern brick structure.
Two large basement rooms are practically unused.
Movable equipment :,Estimated value, $2,000. Excellent equipment is provided.
SAMUEL HUSTON COLLEGE.
President : J. W. Frasier)
A school of secondary grade with a large elementary enrollment and a few pupils in
college studies. The management has won the confidence of white and colored people,
but the effort to maintain college classes limits the development of other departments.
The Eliza Dee Industrial Home for girls is maintained in connection with the institution.
The institution was founded in 1900 by President Lovinggood, and it is owned and
supervised by the Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
Attendariee.Total, 377; elementary 267, secondary 92, in college studies 18;
boarders, 15o. Of the pupils above the seventh grade, 55 were male and 63 female ;
18 were from Austin, 97 from other places in Texas, and 3 from other States; 51 were
from farm homes. The reported enrollment for the year was 405.
Teachers and workers.Total, 17; all colored; male. 8,.fmale 9; elementary 5,
academy 6 (5 reporting part time to college), industrial 1, music 1, commercial 1,
matrons 2, laundry 1.3
Organization.Elementary : The eight grades with large enrollment are in crowded
classrooms.
Secondary: The secondary work is given in two four-year courses, "college preparatory," with 44 pupils, and "normal" with 48 pupils. The college preparatory includes: Latin, 4 years; Greek or Spanish, 2; mathematics, 3; English,
history and
civics, 2; elementary science, 2; physiology, 1; Bible, 1. The normal course includes:
Latin, 2 years; mathematics, 3; history and civics, 2; English, 3; physiology, r ; Bible, ;4 ;
agriculture, 1;
X. Psychology and pedagogy are taught in the junior and senior
years, and in the senior year methods and review occupy practically the whole course.
The teaching force of six, already heavily burdened with secondary courses, is entirely
inadequate for the college work attempted.
Industrial: The boys' industrial work, with the exception of tailoring, has been
Recently an industrial building was erected, but it is now used for music,
science, and the elementary classes crowded out of the main building by the higher
classes. Cooking and sewing are effectively taught at the Eliza Dee Horne, which is
across the street from the school.
Financial, 1912-13.The accounts are kept carefully in accordance with the system
abandoned.
t.
ad_ the Freedmen's Aid Society.
The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
EXpenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
Itketed ice data d visit.
ice. - .
$14, 803
k
ii,706
nts, 001,
t WilltrIll at On Dos Homo am sot included.
TEXAS.
595
Income: Donatikms, $6,321; Freedmen's Aid Society, $4,429; tuition and fees,
The noneducational receipts amounted to $i4,375, of which $11,391 was from
the boarding department, $1,982 from the shops, and $1,002 from books sold.
Expenditures: Supplies for boarding department, $11,662; salaries, $8,244; shop
equipment, $2,604; books to be sold, $21079; repairs, $721; piano and typewriter, $445;
student aid, $222; other expenses, $24. The unexpended balance for the year amounted
$4,053.
to $3,197.
.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $23,000. The school owns a city block and several
lots, together with about 8 acres outside the city limits. A part of the land is used for
truck garden.
Buildings: Estimated value, $65,000. There are three neat brick buildings. The
main building, four stories high, is used for administration, chapel, dining room, and
girls' dormitory. The boys' dormitory, four stories high,, is of good, simple design.
The laundry building is a frame structure two stories high. Across the street from the
main building is a frame building used for girls' dormitory.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $8,000. Of this, $5,000 was in furniture,
$1,400 in shop equipment, $9oo in library books and fixtures, $45o in farm equipment
and -live stock, $250 in scientific apparatus.
Recommendations. -1. That the effort to maintain college classes be deferred until
the secondary and industrial departments are adequately supplied with teachers and
equipment.'
2. That more provision be made for te-fraining of teachers and special emphasis
placed on the preparation of teachers for rural schools.
Date of visit : April, 1914.
-
ELI7,A DEE INDUSTRIAL HOME OF SAMUEL HUSTON COLLEGE.
Superintendent: Miss Clara King.
A home school for girls maintained and managed by the Woman's Home Missionary
Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church in connection with Samuel Huston College.
A ttendirp,e,---Total, 15; all boarders.
Teadgs.Total, 3; white 1, colored 2.
Organization. Besides the domestic training given the 15 girls boarding in the
home, courses in cooking, sewing, and dressmaking are provided in Samuel
Huston
College.
Fiaarcial, 1913-14.---The income amounted to $1,387, practically all from the
The entire sum was used for salaries and running
Woman's Home Missionary Society.
expenses.
Plant.Estimated value, $6,000. The plant consists of about half an acre of land,
a two-stery frame building, and fairly good furniture and domestic science equipment.
The building is neatly kept.
Recommendation. That the work be encouraged and made a more vital part of
Samuel Huston College.
Date of visit :
1914.
Set Austin statement, p. stn.
5%
NEGRO EDUCATION.
ni
TILLOTSON COLLEGE.
President: I. M. Agard.'
A school of secondary grade with a few pupils in college classes and a large elementary enrollment. It has a large plant and an equipment for simple industrial
courses. The teachers are well trained.
The school was founded in 1877 and opened in 1881 by the American Missionary
Association of the Congregational Church. It is owned and maintained by that association and controlled by a board of trustees.
Attendance. Total, 223; elementary 135, secondary 70, in college classes 18; male
95, female 128; boarders, 139. There were a few special students. Of the pupils above
the seventh grade, 33 were from Austin, 53 from other places in Texas, and 2 from other
States. The reported enrollment for the year was 314.
Teachers and workers.Total, 20; white 1.4, colored 6; male 7, female 13; grades 4,
academic.7, music 3, girls' industries 2, boys' industries 2, matron i, Bible 1.
Organization. Elementary: The four upper elementary grades are well taught.
Secondary: The secondary work is arranged in groups of requited and elective
subjects. The subjects required of all are: English, 3 years; mathematics, 3 ; elementary sciences, 3%2; civics,
Bible, 1; music, %. Thirty-three pupils elected Latin,
8 education, 8 ethics, 15 physics, 7 history, 3 commercial subjects, 2 chemistry, , Greek.
It is unfortunate that the emphasis is on mathematics in the required group and on
Latin in the elective.
College classes: The college work consists of advanced English, ancient languages,
and mathematics, with limited courses in economics, Bible, logic, and biology. The
teaching force and equipment are too limited to attempt college work.
Industrial: Cooking and sewing are taught by well-trained teachers. The equipment for manual courses is ample, but the teachers have had only slight training for
the work. The courses are required through the ninth grade.
Financial, 19I3-14.The financial management is under the control of the American Missionary Association. A simple and effective system of accounts has been
installed recently. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$12, 792
12, 793
103,500
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $8,581; tuition and fees,
$2,693; donations, $1,064; other sources, $454. The noneducational receipts amounted
to $7,618, of which $6,635 was from the boarding department and $983 from farm and
other sales.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $6,964; supplies for boarding department, $6,217;
other supplies, $1,930; heat, light, and water, 8155; equipment, $966; repairs, $850;
student aid and labor, $775; outside labor, $22; other expenses, $1,53r
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $25,000. The laud comprises 22 acres of desirable
property on the edge of town. None of the land is used for instruction in agriculture.
Buildings: Estimated value, $7d,000. There are four large buildings and two
smaller structures. The main building, used for classrooms, administration, and boys'
.
I white.
TEXAS.
597
.
dormitory, is a brick structure four stories high; the girls' dormitory is a brick building
three stories high; the new administration building and the industrial building are of
concrete-block construction; two small two-story frame buildings are used for laundry
and other purposes. The buildings are without 'adequate fire protection and some of
the boys' rooms are poorly kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $8,500. ,Of this, $5,000 was in furniture,
$2,000 in shop equipment, and $1,500 in library books and fixtures, scientific apparatus,
and other equipment.
Recommendations . t. That increased emphasis be given to teacher training, history,
and elementary science. The maintenance of college classes should not be allowed to
interfere with these necessary subjects.'
2.' That the theory and practice of gardening be made part of the regular course.
3. That the supervision of boys' dormitory be more effective.
Date of visit: April, 1914.
WALKER COUNTY.
Population, tato.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, to so.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1909-10.
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 is county
Percentage illiterate, solo.
White.
7, 699
1, 796
$22, 359
$13.04
4. 2
Negro.
8,362
2, 116
810,63a
$4 74
26.9
The entire population is rural. The average attendance, according to the census of
1910, 13 1,149 white pupil's and 1,271 colored, pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased 'public school facilities. The
Houston Industrial and Training School could be developed as a central institution to
supplement the training given in the rural schools of the county.
HUNTSVILLE.
HOUSTON. INDUSTRIAL AND TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal : S. W. Ilouston.
An elementary day school doing fairly good work with poor equipment. There are
a few secondary pupils in attendance. The school was begun in 1910 and is owned and
controlled by a local board of white and colored trustees.
Attendance. Total, 227; elementary 200, secondary 27.
Teachers.Total, 5; all colored; male 2, female 3.
Organization. Ten grades are covered. Instruction in cooking, sewing, basketry,
carpentry, and simple agriculture is provided.
Financial, 1913-14.The income amounted to $2,210, of which $945 was from
publiefuhds, $715 from the Jeanes and Slater Funds, $485 from rallies and subscription,
and $7o from tuition. Of the income $1,660 was expended for salaries and $55o for
running expenses.
PlantEstimated value, $6,000. The plant consists of 59 a s of land, two
2-story frame buildings, a small shop, and equipment valued at $500.
Recommendations.-1. That the school be developed as a county training school..
1 See statement under Aug. in D. mi.
5%
NEGRO EDUCATION.
2. That teacher training and the theory and practice of gardening be made part c.
the regular course.
Date of visit: March, t 914.
.
WALLER COUNTY.
White.
5, 426
1, 133
Population, r910.
Children 6 1.0 14 years of age, 1910.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1909 -10..
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
S1°, 317
S9. io
2.
7,
Negro.
6, 712
1, 632
Sc, 405
$5. 76
32 2
The entire population is rural. The average attendance, according to the 1910
census, is 788 white pupils and 938 colored pupils.
PRAIRIE. VIEW
PRAIRIE VIEW. NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
Principal: 1. M. Terrell.'
A school of secondary grade with one elementary class. Over two-thirds of the
pupils are girls. The school has extensive industrial and agricultural equipment, but
the work has suffered from ineffeCtive organization.
The institution is owned by the State and supported partly by the State and partly
by the Federal funds for agricultural and mechanical education. It was founded .in
1879 and is controlled by the Board of Directors of the Agricultural and Mechanical
College of Texas through a special committee.
Atiendance.Total, 552; elementary 115, secondary 437; male 13o, female 422;
all boarders. Practically all the pupils were from Texas. Of the 5o5 reporting home
address, 265 were from city homes and 240 from farm homes. The reported enrollment
for the year was 700. The proportion of male students has recently increased.
Teachers and workers.Total, 46; all colored ; male 31, female 15; academic
teach
2, agriculture 4, boys' industries I I, girls' industries 6, matrons 2,
other worke
the 29 reporting place of training, I I were trained at Prairie
View. Some
achers are poorly prepared.
Organizat .A 1 pupils are expected to spend 3 hours a day in agriculture or
industry. The organization of the academic work into four classes is commendably
simple.
Elementary: The first year class includes United States history, physica: geography,
arithmetic, grammar, and industrial courses. The ages of the pupils range from 13 to
20 years.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the three upper grades of the "normal"
course. The subjects arc: Algebra, 1 year; 'rhetoric, I; drawing,
;
psychology,
education and management, x ; history, 1; elementary science, 2. While the selection
of subjects is simple and intelligent, there are too many courses running only 12 or 24
weeks. No practice teaching is reported and the subject of hygiene is neglected.
Industrial: Most of the pupils have three 45-misiute periodi a week of industrial
work. The small number of special-trades pupils take from 25 to 3o hours per week in
Appointed since dated visit
TEXAS.
599
the shops. The trades, with the number of pupils enrolled, were: Blacksmithing,
five; printing, one; carpentry, three; tailoring, four; broom making, four.
Shoemaking
and hat making arc also taught. The work in blacksmithing and
carpentry is of a
distinctly practical nature. The tailoring department spends a large part of its time
making school uniforms. The printing and broom-making
departments are engaged in
commercial work. The condition of the buildings indicated
little practical repair work
done41)v the carpenters.
The girls' industries were handled by six teachers. The work in plain sewing
and
dressmaking was good. Some work in millinery was done. The
to the courses on broom and mattress making.
girls are also admitted
Agriculture: One teacher and three helpers have charge of the instruction
and
practical work. About 365 acres are cultivated.
The farm equipment. and live stock
are ample. Only 28 pupils are specializing in agriculture.
No general course for all
pupils is reported.
Financial, 1972 -13.-: he accounts are kept on a simple cash basis.' There is no
separate record of depar ental transactions. No inventory had been taken of
the
movable property. A cumbersome requisition system for purchasing supplies, which
entailed unnecessary expense and loss of time and labor, y,as in use.
As far as can be
determined the more i portant items for 1912-13 were as follows:
Income, excluding n
Expenditures, less no
Value of plant.
tional receipts
ucational receipts.
$49, 985
58,448
237,200
Sources of income: State appropriations, $37,485; Federal funds, $1"2,500.
The
noneducational receipts amounted to $97,757, of which $92,183 was from board and
uniforms (the items could not be shown separately), and $5,574 from the farm. The
State legislature appropriated $4o,000 during the year to make up the deficit and to
pay off the indebtedness.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $36,895; material and supplies, including food stuffs
for boarding department, $ 36,461; student labor, $27,435; fuel, light, and
water, $14,769;
"maintenance" and "contingent" expenses, $9,871; repairs, $8,395; uniforms, $7,6o1;
equipment for shops, farm, and boarding department, $7,113; outside
labor, $6,400;
advertising and printing, $661; improvement of roads and grounds, $6o4.
Plant.--Land: Estimated value, $36,250. The land comprises about 1,400 acres,
of which 4-s acres are in campus, 365 acres in the farm, and over
900 acres in pasture
and grazing land. Effort has been made to improve
the
general
appearance of the
campus.
.
Buildings: Estimate?! value, $15o,000. There are 12 large buildings and 18
others of
various sizes, including a number of small cottages and barns.
The more important are:
The main building, three-story brick, containing chapel, offices, classroom, and
library;
five girls' dormitories, of which three are three-story brickstructures and two
are one-story
frame; the trades building, a two-story brick; and the science building,
a two-story
frame. The buildings were in poor condition and the dormitory
rooms
unclean
and
disorderly.
Improvements in the system ate tepocted.
600
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $50,950, as follows: Farm equipment and
live stock, $21,000; shop equipment, $17,100; furniture, $7,400; books in library, $2,500;
scientific apparatus, $2,000; current Asets,$95o.
Recommendations.-1. That the organization be made more effective.
2. That effort be made to increase the attendance of young men so that it at
least equals the number of young women. To this end the dormitory facilities for
young men should be improved.
3. That inventories of all school property be made, a system of accounting adapted
to the needs of the institution installed, and the books audited, annually by an accredited accountant.
4. That a course in agriculture and practical work in gardening be made a part of
the general curriculum.
5. That the curriculum provide for a thorough study of hygiene and its applications to dormitories and dining room.
6: That cooperation be established between the dining room and the domestic
science department.
y 7. That practice teaching be included in the training of teachers.
Dates of visits: April, 1914; March, 1915.
SMALLER BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
Besides Bishop College, which is aided by the American Baptist Home Vission
Society, there are 13 Baptist schools and an orphanage reported in Texas. MT are
owned and encouraged by the Baptist General Convention. These three, with Fort
Worth Industrial College and East Texas Academy, are discussed in the county sumTwo others were visited and are described below.
listed at the end of this summary.
maries.
r'
The other six schools are
LEON COUNTYOAKWOOD.
BOYD INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. D. Hill.
A poorly managed elementary school. Though it is owned by the local Baptist Association the
former principalliad taken away all the furniture and farm products, leaving the school in a disorganized
condition. The 6o pupils were taught by four teachers. The income amounted to approximately
Sz,soo, all of which was from the Baptist Association and tuition. The plant, estimated value $2,000,
consisted of 6o acres of land, three frame buildings, and equipment valued at $3o0.
Recommendatien.That the school be reorganized and continued so long as the public schools are
inadequate*.
Date of visit: March; 1914.
WASHINGTON COUNTYBRENHAM.
BRENHAM NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
Principal: D. Porter.
A school of elementary grade, with a few pupils in secondary subjects. Most of the pupils board
at the school. The teaching is poorly done and the plant is in bad repair. The school was folinded
in rpos by the local Baptist Association and is owned and controlled by that body. There were 8
teachers and 107 pupils. Some work in cooking, sewing, agriculture, and blacksrnithing is done,
but pupils are not required to take these courses. There were practically no financial accounts, but
the principal estimated that of the $2,5roo income $400 was from the association and the remainder from
TEXAS. '
601
board and tuition. The plant, estimated value $7,000, consists of about Ig acres of land, 4 frame buildings, and equipment worth about Sao°.
Recosuseaciation.That the school be combined with one of the stronger Baptist schools of the State.
Date of visit: April, 1914.
OTHER BAPTIST
SC-ArS.
In addition the following Baptist schools were reported b not visited. Evidence
indicates that they are of only minor importance. They are It ated as follows:
County.
8
Dallas.
Houston.
Jefferson.
Kaufman.
Matagorda.
Robertson.
Town.
Dallas.
Latexo.
Beaumont.
Trinity.
Bay City.
Hearne.
School.
Zion Rest Academy.
Oldham Institute.
Bowen Academy.
Hubbard Academy.
South Texas Academy.
Warne Institute Normal and Industrial.
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
There are six Catholic parish schools reported in Texas. These are all small schools
in which the i-eligious interest is strong. The principal facts reporfed concerning them
are as follows:
County.
Bexar.
Bexar.
Bexar.
Coryell.
Galveston.
Galveston.
Town.
San Antonio.
San Antonio.
San Antonio:
School.
Attendance. Teaches
710
Ames.
St. Catherine's School.
Holy Redeemer School.
St. Peter Clover's School.
Sacred Heart School.
Galveston.
Galveston.
Holy Rosaryi School.
St. Nicholas' School.
72
3
a
115
2
8o
3
115
4
tos
3
,
CHRISTIAN CHURCH SCHOOLS.
Two schools of the Christian Church arc maintained in Texas.
One of these schools
is maintained by the Christian Woman's Board of Missions and the other by the local
Christian convention.
WOOD COUNTYHAWK I NS.
JARVIS CHRISTIAN IIISTITUTE.
Principal: J. N. Erv.
A small elementary school owned and maintained by the Christian Woman's Board of Missions.
According to the report of this board there were 14 pupils and 3 colored workers in 1913-14.
The income amounted to :1,717, of which I1,68o was from the Christian Woman's Board of Missions
and $32 from tuition and other sources.
The plant, estimated value $3,oco, consists of to acres of land, several small buildings,' and meager
equipment.
Recommendation. There is a present need for this school, but with the development of the ptiNie
schools it should become part of the public-school system or be combined with one of the large*
institutions.
ANDERSON COUNTYPALESTINE.
CHRISTIAN THEOLOGICALt AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
President: I. S. Q. Hurdle.
A small elementary school with about 36 pupils. Practically all board at the school. The principal
and three women teachers are colored. It is owned by the Northeast Texas Christian Convention.
A new building tag troently beets erected.
4
602
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Financial, r9r3-r4.The income for the year amounted to $1 ,387 and the expenses to 81.537. Most
of the income is from the Northeast Texas Christian Missionary Convention andwas used to pay salaries.
Small sums were received through tuition and donations. The indebtedness amounted to $1,157, of
which $937 was on the building and the balance on furniture and other equipment.
Plant.Estimated value, $5.000. The plant consists of so acres of land, two large and two small
wood buildings, and limited equipment for classrooms, dormitories, and farm. About 3o acres of the f
land are cultivated.
Reconsinendation.This school should not expect support except locally Trott' the Northeast
Texas Christian Missionary Convention.
Date of visit: March 26, 1914.
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.
In addition to the independent schools described in the county summaries there
are two small independent schools in Texas. Both of these schools are of minor
importance.
CASS COUNTY AVINGER.
AVINGER INDUSTRIAL TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: F. W. Wheeler.
A small elementary school doing good work with limited equipment. It is taught by the principal
and his wife. The property is owned by the principal. The is pupils are all below the sixth grade.
In addition there.were five special industrial students. The pupils spend the morning in the classroom
and the afternoon in industrial work. Cooking, sewing, basketry, printing, and truck gardening are
done.
The income amounted to approximately $42,2, of which $350 was from general donations and $70
from tuition and fees. The plant, estimated value1.3,000,, consists of about 8 acres of land, a two-story
frame building, and equipment valued at $50o. ". he building was poorly constructed and in bad repair
but clean and orderly.
Recommendation.That the principal endeavor be to have this school combined with the public
`school and makeschool gardening and manual training an effective wart of the school work.
.
Date of visit: March 24, 1914-
MONTGOMERY COUNTYCONROE.
CONROE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE.
President: David J. Abner.
A school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects. Some efforts are made to do
industrial work. Because of the frequent absence of the president the school lacks supervision and
the work is poorly organized.
The school was founded in 1903 and is owned by a stock company, the president owning over 5o
per cent of the stock.
Attendance. Total, 5o; practically all elementary boarding pupils. The girls do sewin and cooking
in an unsystematic way, and some of the boys work on the farm, but the work is of little ducational
value.
-
Teachers.Total, 8; all colored. The president lives in Houston and spends little time at the school.
Financial, 1913-14.-s-As far as could be determined the more important financial items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
$2, 6oi
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
a, 601
Value of plant
1s,000
Sources of income: Tuition and fees, $1,038; Baptist conventions and associations, $428: concerts,
$168; donations and other sources, $967. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding depart'meat and amounted to 81,66i.
Items of expenditure: Salaries. $1,738; supplies and expenses of boarding department, Sx,66r,
repairs, $x 12 ; advertisintand soliciting,. $94 ; labor, $52 ; heat and light, $30; interest and debt, $575
TEXAS.
603
.Plant Land: Estimated value, $5,ekxi. The school owns ros,tacres of land, of which 6o acres are
under cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value $9,000. 112;re are two large frame buildings and several smaller structures. The rooms were poorly kept and the buildings in need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value. Si,000. The equipment consists of simple, furniture for
classrooms and dormitories and a few farm implements.
Recommendation.In view of the condition and management of this school it can not berecommended as worthy of aid.
Date of visits: March, 1913; March, 1934.
PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.
In addition to the eight public high schools that have been described in the county
summaries, they,- are eight public high schools in Texas located in towns which have no
private schools. These high schools are described in the following sketches:
ANDERSON COUNTYPALESTINE.
PALESTINE PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: Clarence F. Carr.
A city high school offering a four-year secondary course with good manual training. The three
upper elementary grades are taught in the same building.
itendance.Secondaty, 69; male 24, female 45. The elementary enrollment was 82.
Teachers. Secondar, 2; both colored men. One other teacher gives part time to the high school,
and there are'two full-time teachers for the elementary grades. 'lee
Organization.--Secondary: The secondary pupils take history, Latin, English, and mathematics
throughout the four-year course. Physical geography and physics are also offered.
garden.
Many of the boys cultivrite home gardens.
week throughout the course.
The time devoted to industries is five hours a
!'font. Estimated value, $8,000. The plant consists of a qusrter of an acre of land and a well-
planned one-story frame building, together with classroom and domestic-science equipment.
Date of visit: March, 1914.
BELL
CY:
UNTYTEMPLE.
TEMPLE PUBLIC H1GH SCHOOL.
Principal: L. J. Lequey.
A small city high school offering four years of secondary work. The seven elementary grades
are taught in the same building.
Attendance.- Secondary, 38; male to, female 28. The elementary enrollment was 355..
Teachers. Secondary, 2; both colored; male r, fe
e r. There were six teachers for the elemen-
/
tary grades.
Organisolioti.The four years of secondary work are fairly well done. Latin, English, history, and
science are taught throughout the course. There is no industrial training.
Plant Estimated value, $15,000. The plant consists of about an acre of land and a two-story
brick building. The equipment is limited to classroom furniture.
Date of visit. December, 1915.
DALLAS COUNTYDALLAk
DALLAS PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: W. 0. Bundy.
A city high school offering four years of secondary work with industrial training. The eight elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendanc4.Secondary, 243; male 92, female is s. The elementary enrollment was 743.
40927 *Bull. 39-17----89
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Teachers. Secondary, 12; all colored; male 6, female 6; academic 9, industrial, 3.
Organization . Secondary: Two secondary courses are offered; the "English - manual training"
0311119C, which enrolls 112 pupils and the "Latin-manual training course" which enrolls 131. These
courses differ mainly in the substitution of Latin-for manual training. Although manual training isnot
required in the Latin-manual training course, about 6o of the pupils elect it. The subjects are: English,
3-years; mathematics, 4; physics, i; chemistry, x; history, 3. To these subjects the English course
adds four years of manual training and the Latin course four years of Latin.
Plant.---Estimated value, $6o,000. The plant consists of about 2 acres of land and four buildings,
two of which are of brick and two of frame construction, and good equipment.
Date of visit: November, 1915.
GA LA'ESTON COUNTY--GALVESTON.
GALVESTON PUBLIC HIG(VeSCHOOL.
Principals J. R. Gibson.
A city high school offering a foill.-yetir secondary course with good industrial training. The seven
elemfntary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance. Secondary, 89; male 41, female 48. There were 144 pupils enrolled in the elemenary grades.
Teachers . Secondary, 6; all colored: male s, female 4. Three 3, the secondary teachers give
part of their te to the elementary grades. There are three full-time teachers for the elementary wOrk.
OrganUaMn.Secondary: The secondary subjects are: English, 5% years; mathematics, 4; ele'logy, 1.
mentary science, 3; history, 3;; civics, %;si,phy,
The work is well done.
Industrial: Two double periods a week are assigned to domestic science and art for girls and simple
Manual training for boys.
Plant Estimated value, $54,boo. The plant consists of a city lot and one three-story stone building.
Good equipment is provided and there is a school library.
Date of visit: December, 1915.
147
,
GRAYSON COUNTYDENISON.
DENISOf PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: W. R. Winn.
A city high school off.ging three years of secondary work with industrial training for girls. The
elementary grades are taught in the safe building.
A Itencianre Secondary,,a8; male 7, female 21. The elervntary enrollment was 311
Teachers .Total, 2; both colored; male 1, female 1. The principal devotes his entir. time, and
the industrial teacher over half of her time, to high-school walk.
Organisation. Secondary: Tile subjects are: English,.2r4 years; mathematics, 4.; Latin, 3. physics,
2; history, 234; civics, xy,.
Industrial: There is no industrial training for boys. Sewing for girls begins in the fifth grade.
The high-school students give two periods a day to this work.
PlantEstimated vogue, S14,000. The plant consists of a city lot 150 by zoo feet, two buildings,
one of brick and one of frame; construction and equipment, valued at ti,oso.
Date of visit: November, x915.
GRAYSON COUNTY---SHERMAN.
SHERMAN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: A. J. Kirkpatrick.
A city high school with a three -;ear secondary course and industrial training for girls. The elementary grades are ,aught in the Same
A tfeadance .Secondary, 26; male 7, female x9. The elementary enrollment was 366.
Twakers.--Secondary, 2; both colored; male a, female a. There were 6 teachers for these elementary grades.
TEXAS.
.605
Organisation. Secondary: The high-sehll subject are: English, 3 years; mathematics, 4; physical
geography, ; physics, z; history, 3; civics, r.
Industrial: Cooking and sewing for the girls begin with the fifth grade. Throughout the grades and
high-school course four periods a week are allotted to these subjects. Although the equipment is limited,
the work is well done. Some equipment for woodworking is provided, but classes
in woodworking are
held irregularly.
Plant. Estimated value, $11,5oo. The plant consists of a large lot, two frame buildings and equipment, valued at $1.5oo.
Date of visit: November, zo 15.
JEFFERSON COUNTY BEAUMONT.
BEAUMONT PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: T. 5. Charlton.
A city high school doing three years of secondary work. The seven elementary grades are taught
in the same building.
Attendance. Secondary, rob; male 4o, female 68. The elementary enrollment was 368.
Teaches . Secondary, 2; both colored, male 3, female i. One other teacher gives part time to
high-school work. There are 5 teachers for the elementary grades.
Organization.The classroom work is fairly well done. The plan ofhalf year promotions is followed.
No industrial work is offered
Plant.Estimated value, Szo,000. The plant consists or a city lot, a two-story frame building, and
good equipment.
Date of tisit December, 1915.
LAMAR COUNTYPARIS.
PARIS PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: E. W. Bailey.
A city high school offering four years of secondary work with industrial training for girls. The
seven elementary grades are taught in the same building.
A ite nclance . Secondary, zoo. There were boo pupils enrolled in the elementary
grades.
Teachers . Secondary, 3; all colored; male 1, female a.
Organisation. The course comprises the usual high-school subjects. The induWial work for
girls is well done.
Plant.Estimated value, $27,500. The plant consists of a city lot, a modern brick school building,
and good equipment.
Date of visit: November, 1915.
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS.
Although there is need for a colored orphan home in Texas, neither of the two institutions caring for children is very efficient. The orphanage in Spring ig and doubtful
management. Special effort should therefore be made to reorganize the
t. John's
Orphanage 'rid Industrial Home so that it will provide facilities for depend
drew,
HARRIS COUNTYSPRING.
DIXON GORISON'S ORPHAN HOME.
Manager: S. J. Dixon.
A small, poorly managekrphan home with an average number of 14 inmates. It is owned by a
local board of trustees. Children from a to 17 are admitted free provided they
are destitute, but children
placid in the institution by their parents are charged a small fee. The manager
ds practically
all of his time in Houston, leaving the matrott and teacher, two colored women, to ope
the institution.
A little sewing and laundry work are done by the boys. The matron teaches some rdening.
606
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Financial, 1973r4.Financial records were not obtainable. The principal reports that the income
for the year amounted to S8,55o, all of which was firm donations and payments from pupils. Of thil
sum, $5,roo was expended for groceries and dry goods, S2,5oo for building and repairs, and 3453 for miscellaneous purposes.
Plant. Estimated value. $3,000.
and meager equipment.
The plant consists of 12 acres of land, two small frimie buildings,
Recommendation. In view of the condition and management of this schoo it can not be recommended as worthy of aid. ,
VTh AND ORPHANAGE.
President: I,. L. Campbell.
An institution combining the features of an orphanage and a small public school. It w founded
in 1912 by the St. John's Baptist Association and is owned and controlled by a board of trustills elected
by the association.
Attendance. Total, 77; all boarders, orphans 52, others 25. In addition about 5o pupils attend
the public free school connected with the institution. A summer school is held every. year and is
largely attended.
Teachers. Total, 9; all colored: male 6, female 3.
Organization. The course includes seven elementary grades and three secondary classes: The
pupils assist in the farm work.
Financial, 014--z5. The total amount reported as income was Sio,000. Of this, about S3,5oo was
from the Bipdai Association and the remainder from donations. Of the income, $2,500 was expended
for teachers' salaries and the remainder for general expenses.
Plant.Estimated value, Si i6,000. The plant consists of 300 acres of valuable lani in the suburbs
of Austin, three buildings, and limited equipment. The main building is a three-story stone structure,
valued at about $5o,000. The other two are small frame cottages.
The total indebtedness of $23,000 consisted of $16,000 in the form of a mortgage and
S7,000 in unpaid accouos.
Recommendations. r. That the State be asked to cooperate in supporting this institution as an
orphanage.
2. That a system of accounts adapted to the needs of the institution be installed and an annual
audit made by an accredited accountant.
3. That the institution he reorganized on a souhd financial basis and a ulan formed to provide for
the annual maintenanc.: and the payment of the indebtedness.
ST. JOIN'S INDUSTRIAL INST
a
4
XIX. VIRGINIA.
SCHOOL FACILITIES- LN THE STATE.
There are 671,096 colored people in Virginia, forming 32.6 per cent of the total
population. They constitute 33.9 per cent of all persons engaged in a icultural pur-
suits in the State. The number orfarms cultivated by theih increased .2 per
between 1900 and 1910. As farmers, renting and owning land, tuft ha complete
charge of 2,233,883 acres; as farm laborers they undotkbtedly cultivate a much larger
area of Virginia soil. While the United States census indicates hopeful progress in the
decrease of illiteracy and in the improvement of health conditions, illiterates are still
3o per cent of the persons to years of.age and over and 16 per cent of the children to
to 14 years of age, and the death rate is almost twice as high as that of the white people.
Such a degree of illiteracy and ill health is certain evidence of extensive waste of economic
resources and human energy. In view of these facts, it is important to note the following summary of the.public school facilities and educational needs of Virginia as they are
shown in the reports of the United States census and the State superintendent of public
inst ruction :
Population, 1910
Children 6 to.14yearsof Age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911 -12
.
.
Teachers' salaries per chilWw4 in State
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Percentage living in rural communities
White.
1,389, $09
286, 977
Si, 767, 365
$9. 64
671,096
153,827
$421,381
&o
30.0
77. 1
76.4
Negro.
$2. 74
Public approprialions. The public school teachers of Virginia received $3,188,746
in salaries in 1911-12. OS this suns $2,767,365 was for the teachers of 286,977 white
children and $421,381 was for the teachers of 153,827 colored children. On a per capita
basis this is $9.64 for each white child of school age and $2.74 for each colored child.
Map 29 presents these figurgs for each county in Virginia, the proportioq of Negroes
being indicated by the shading. The inequalities are gfeatest in counties with the
largest proportion of Negroes. The per capita sums for white children decrease and
those for colored children increase with considerable regularity as the proportion of
Negroes becomes smaller. The extent of th;3 regularity appears in the following table,
which shows the per capita expenditures r county groups based on the per centage of
Negro population:
Cotmty groom percentage d Negroes To the population
Counties under io per cent
Counties 10 to 25 per cent
Counties 25 to so per cent
Counties so to 75 per cent
White
Khoo'
popuba-
lation.
Negro
. school ,
popuialatices.
81, 300
-4, 362
60.942
14, 468
73, 003
61, 994
105, 414
39, 315
lb
Per
capita
white.
$6. 48
8. 67
14. 65
12.32
Per
capita
Negro
$3.78
3. 99
3. 21 'ip,
I. 82
The upper figure in each county is for white children, the lower for colored
Nagrois in the total population.
The shading indicates the percentage of
MAP 29.-PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES POR wirmAND COLORED CHILDREN IN VIRGINIA ON THE BASIS OP TEACHERS' SALARIES.
VIRGINIA.
609
The high per capita cost for white children in the "black belt" counties is partly
explained by the fact that the children are few in number and widely scattered. The
smaller cost of schools for colored children is due partly to the lower wage scale of colored
teachers and partly to the very limited provision for high school education. It is
apparent, however, that.these explanations by no means account for the wide diver-
gencies in the "black-belt" counties. In addition to the $2,767,365 appropriated for
the public school teachers of white children, the State appropriated $403,217 to aid 25
high schools and maintain to agricultural high schools, 2 normal schools, and 5 institutions of higher learning. To the $421,381 for the colored public school teachers the
State added $22,000 to maintain a normal school for colored pupils.
Private financial aid.The deficiencies presented above in the public expenditures
for the education of the colored people largely explain the active campaigns for private
schools since' the Civil War. As a result of this activity the private schools have a property valuation of $6,234,321, an annual income & $536,187, and an attendance of
6,3 68. pupils, of whom. 4,995 are in elementary grades. It is sometimes thought that the
liberal private contributions to these schools make up for the inequalities in the public
appropriations for the education of white and colored youth. In Virginia, however, the
total per capita expenditure of both public and' private schools for colored people is
less than the per capita expenditure for white teachers in public- schools alone' In
addition the income of the 16 large private white schools, as reported to the Bureau of
Education, was $667,874, as against S536,187, the income of all colored private schools.
A summary of the income and property of the private and higher schools is given in the
following table:
Total private' schools
Independent
Denominational
State school.
.
Number
Annual
of Kbools.
iocome
55
$536, 187
44
321, 660
214,527
1
27,898
11
value of
property.
$6, 234, 321
4, 414, 459
1,819,862
233, 900
According to this table the annual income and property value of the independent
schools are much higher than those of the denominational schocls. The comparatively
larger cost of the independent schools is explained by the fact that Hampton Institute
and several other smaller independent schools maintain large agricultural and 'industrial departments. The annual income of the colored schools owned by denominations
whose membership is white or largely so aggregates $185,701, as against $28,826 for
those of the colored denominations. The property owned bythe white denominations is
valued at $1,697,482 and that owned by the colored at $122,380. Some of the schools
owned by white denominations receive considerable sums of money from their colored
members. The statistics of the private schools are in striking contrast with those of
the State school, with an income of $27,898 and property' valuation of $233,900. In
addition to the private aid reported' in the table, $12,396 was appropriated for general
supervision and special phases of education by the General Education Board and the
Jeanes and Slater Funds.
While the total number of private schools is 55, only 26 play any important part in
the educational activities of the State. Some of the remaining 29 may be justified on
11241.998 given to Itiouptco Institut* front /Weal foods:,
610
NEGRO EDUCATION.
denominational grounds; the majority, however, are so hampered by small income or
poor management that the State receives little benefit froni thefn. Thexhools of the
first group are described under their respective counties and their location shown on
Map 3o. The schools of the second group are summarized according to ownership and
discussed at the end of this chapter. The attendance of the private and higher colored
schools by ownership groups is indicated in the following statement
Ownership of colored schoob.
Total private schoolsIndependent
Denominational.
State
Number
Total
of skilools. attendance.
5:
6, 368
44
1,685
4,683
1
573
Elemen-
tart'.
4,995
1,257
3, 738
282
Second -
1,323
428
894
291
In view of the frequency of the terms "academy" and "college" in the names of
these private institutions, it is important to note that 1,284 of the pupils in these schools
are of secondary grade and only 51 are in college classes.
Attendance. The United States census reported 153,827 colored children of ele-
mentary school age, of whom 90,367 were attending school. A study of the figures
for the public and private schools shows that while a majority of the elementary colored
pupils are in the public schools, a majority of the secondary pupils and all the college
students are in private institutions. A majority of the white secondary pupils are in
public schools, however, and the college students are about &pally divided.
Elementary.The inadequacy of the elementary-school system for colored children
is indicated by the fact that the attendance on both public and private schools is less
than 59 per cent of the children between the ages of 6 and 14 years. The 4,995 pupils
in the private schools are fairly well cared for, but their numbei is only a small part of
1. the 90,367 children attending school and a stir su aller fraction of the 153,827 children
of elementary-school age.
Secondary.There are 6 public high schools for colored people in Virginia, 3 with
four-year courses and 3 with three-year courses. All except the Armstrong High School
in Richmond share their buildings with elementary grades. There are probably to
or 15 other schools that enroll a few pupils above the eighth grade.
Of the 2,683 secondary colored pupils in Virginia, 1,322 are in 23 private schools.
Pour-year courses are maintained in 9 of these private schools, with an enrollment
of 927 pupils. The secondary work of the remaining 14 schools varies from a few
subjects above the elementary grades to a full three-year course. The courses of study
in most of these schools follow closely the college preparatory or classical type.
of them still require 'Greek and practically all make Latin the central subject.
Many
College.Virginia Union University is the only institution which offers work of
college grade to colored students. The enrollment in college classes is 51. A theological
course of college grade is also offered in this institution. Bishop Payne Divinity School
is entirely devoted to the preparation of ministers. A number of other schools provide
some instruction for ministers.
Teayher training.The most urgent need of the colored schools is trained teachers.
Al supply now depends almost entirely upon the secondary schools, most of which are
I Intl des st college students at Virsinith Unkm University.
Negroes in the total population.
UILIOnn
IP /11J
pane cr.,'
The shading indicates the percentage of
MAP 30. PRIVATE SCHOOLS POR NEGROES IN VIRGINIA.
OP.00100
The circles show the location and the annual income of the more important schools.
Penni
urin,
waSsoNOTOlt
MOSPirts.,,A
IPVCSUOtan
so per Rat Or over.
A*
lo to $o per cent.
'Vino;
Under Jo per Cent.
Percentage Negro in the population.
gto.000 Of over.
86.000 to irt.oiro
irs.000 to $30,000.
$2.600 to 85.0oo.
Income of schools.
Under $2,sco.
V
Q
0
0
0
612
NEGRO EDUCATION.
private institutions. Twelve of these schools offer fair courses in teacher training.
Four others include one or two teacher-training subjects in the general courses. The
teacher-training course at Hampton is well organized and remarkably effective The
State Normal School at Petersburg offers good teacher-training work. The Richmond
Public High School also provides a normal course. To supplement these facilities, an
effort is now being made to develop county training schools. Through the cooperation
of the Slater Fund and the General Education Board with the State department of
education four of these schools are now maintained. As yet, however, their work is
almost entirely of elementary grade. They are county centers at which some secondary and industrial training is provided for those who plan to teach in the rural schools.
The pupils in the graduating classes of all of these schools number about 35o, an annual
output obviously inadequate to meet the need for teachers in a State with over 670,000
colored people and 2,43o colored public-school teachers. Special effort has been made
by' the State department of education to improve the teachers now in service by means
of institutes and summer schools. In the summer of 1913 summer schools were held
at Hampton Institute, St. Paul Normal and hadlustrial School, Virginia Normal and
Industrial Institute, Virginia Union University, Manassas Industrial School, aiid Christiansburg Normal and Industrial Institute.
Industrial.Through the influence of Hampton Institute, ,industrial training has
received considerable recognition in Virginia. The St. Paul Normal School also offers
trade training. Three of the smaller schools have industrial work which approximates
trade training; 12 have satisfactory industrial training in one ol$ two lines, and io
others are making some effort to do industrial work.
Agricultural. The Negroes of Virginia are dependent for agricultural training upon
the extensive facilities of Hampton Institute and a few of the smaller schools. Of the
smaller schools, Christiansburg Industrial Institute, Manassas Industrial Institute, and
the St. Paul Normal and Industrial School are maintaining agricultural courses. Six
other schools have farms on which theiz pupils work as laborers, the educational value
of the work varying with the institution. A majority of these schools fail to provide
for systematic instruction in agriculture. Three other private schools maintain courses
in gardening.
Supereision.Through the cooperatrn of the State department of education and
the General Education Board, a white supervisor is maintained for the colored rural
schools. This supervisor travels over the State observing educational conditions and
encouraging all effort s for improvement. The more important agencies with which he
cooperates 'are the Jeanes and Slater Funds and the extension department of Hampton
Institute.
Thirty-five counties in the State have supervising industrial teachers traveling
among the rural schools and assisting in the introduction of industrial work arfd the
general upbuilding of the schools. These supervising teachers are-supported in 12
counties by the Jeanes Fund in cooperation with the local school autholitks or Hampton
Institute. In these counties in 1915 the Jeanes Fund appropriated $2,800, the counties
gave $1,332, and dr supervisors raised $16,647 by appeals to the people. Part of
the last-mentioned sum was raised for the county training schools. In the other count
4
VIRGINIA.
613
ties the supervisors are supported by cooperative arrangements with the General
Education Board, the extension department of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute,
the local school authorities, and Hampton institute. In many of the counties these
workers organized homemakers' clubs among the colored girls and women, stimulating
interest in gardening, canning, and the care of the home.
SUMMARY OP EDUCATIONAL, NEEDS.
11 I. The strengthening and extension of the elementary-school system.
f he only
agencies able to supply this need are the State, the county, and the local public-school
districts.
2. The increase of teacher-training facilities. To this end secondary schools with
teacher7training courses should be developed and the private schools should cooperate
with the State department of education by placing more emphasis on teacher-training
courses in accordance with State standards.
3. More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple industries. In developing this work the county authorities would do well to consider the
pos.ibilities of the Jeanes Fund industrial supervisors.
4. More instruction in agriculture and in the problems of rural life, so that teachers
and leaders may be developed for a people 76 per cent rural. .
5. The maintenance of industrial high schools in cities.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
The private and higher schools of Virginia are herewith described. Counties and
cities in which the more important institutions are located are presented as a background
for the discussion of the individual schools. The counties are arranged in alphabetical
order.
ALBEMARLE COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o..
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate; 1910.
White.
24, 434
5, 184
.
4.4,7161
7. 72
6
ib
Negro.
120197
3,002
9.559
3. IS
39. 7
The rural population is 81.5 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 6.4 months for white pupilsand 5.4 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 140 in white schools and 6o in colored schools. The average attendance is
3,277 white pupils and 2,241 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be increased and strengthened. In order to provide a central
institution where more advanced instruction may be given the county, in cooperation
with the Slater Fund. is developing the training school near Charlottesville.
-
CHARLOTTESVILLE.
UNION RIDGE TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: J. G. Shelton.
A school of elementary grave selected as a central training institution to supplement
the work of the public schools.
614
NEGRO EDUCATION.
A tlendatice.Total, 75; all elementary.
Teachers. Total, 4; all colored., male 1, female 3.
Organization.The seven elementary grades are fairly well taught. Some elementary work in manual training, cooking, sewing, canning, and chair caning is provided.
Financial, 1914-15.The income amounted to $1,1oo, of which 1600 was from public
funds and $50o from the Slater Fund. Of the income, $1,o5o was expended for salaries
and $5o for curVent expenses.
Plant. Estimated value, $3,5oo. The plant consists of 2 acres of land, value
$26o, a four-room building, value $2,7oo, and equipment valued at $600.
Recommendations.-1. That the work be encouraged and facilities added, as the
need appears, for a boarding department and secondary and industrial work.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
BRUNSWICK COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19io.
Teachers' salaries in public schools. 1911-12. .. ..
Tezichers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 19io
The entire p
White.
7, 878
,.
Negro.
11, 366
1,679
2,948
$20, 663
$12. 30
9
83, 891
$1. 31
39
ation is rural.
The 'average length of the public-school term is
pupils and 4.8 months for colored. The number of teachers is 69
in white schools
43 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,022 white
pupils and 1,157 colored pupils.
.
These statistics indicate the need for additional public school facilities. The work
of the elementary schools should be increased and strengthened. The town of Lawrenceville provides no public school for colored people. The presence of the large private
school has relieved the public officials of the feeling of responsibility to provide adequate
school facilities for colored people. The St. Paul Normal School should be relieved of
the burden of the elementary day pupils from Lawrenceville so that it may center its
energies on the higher elementary, secondary, industrial, and teacher-training work. 7.1 months for w
LAWRENCEVILLE.
ST. PAUL NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
'Principal: J. S. Russell.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with extensive industrial equipment
and several hundred acres of land. The institution is approved by the white and colored
people of the county and its work has had marked influence on the section of the State
in which it is located. The plant is, however, poorly arranged, and the agricultural
equipment is not effectively used. These conditions are largely due to lack of funds.
The institution was fopndecl in 1888 by the principal. The trustees were incorporated in 189o. This is one of the important schools of the Protestant Episcopal
Church and receives aid and supervision from the Board of Missions and the American
Church Institute for Negroes.
Attendance. Total, 391; elementary 289, secondary 102; male 187, female 204.
Of the pupils above the seventh grade, 67 were in day school and 79 in night school;
See reasammdations Ia suoimary daapter, p. U.
4
VIRGINIA.
615
7 were from Lawrenceville, 96 from other parts of Virginia, and 41 from other States.
Practically all the pupils in the upper classes boarded at the school.
Teachers and workers.Total, 49; all colored; male 21, female 28; grades 9,
academic 6, girls' industries 6, boys' industries 12, administration and office workers
9, military 2, music 2, agriculture 2, matron 1.
Organization.Elementarv: Elementary work is done in the seven gradessand the
"preparatory year" of the "normal" course. Provision Is made for industrial training.
Secondary: The subjects taught in the last three years of the "normal" course are
arithmetic, algebnit geometry, English, physical and commercial geography, general
history, agriculture, Bible, music, drawing and industrial training, methods and practice
teaching.
Latin is elective.
Night school: The pupils in the night school group work during the day and receive
trade instruction. Two years of study in night classes are required to complete the
courses covered in one year of day-school work.
Industrial: All pupils are required to take some industrial training. Pupils entering without means earn funds by working one year for the school. Day-school pupils
are expected to devote two hiours a week to industrial training. Several three-year
courses in trades are offered for boys above the seventh grade. The attendance on
these trades was: Tailoring 15, brick masonry io, steam engineering 8, carpentry 8,
blacksmithing 4, printing 2. Most of the teachers are well trained. The trade buildings and equipment are very inadequate. Practice work fqr the trades pupils is provided by contract jobs for the citizens of Lawrenceville. The girls' industrial department provides training in plain sewing, dressmaking, millinery, laundering and cooking.
Much of the work in this department is well done.
Agricultural: Very little educational use is made of the 1,5oo acres of land or the
extensive farm equipment. One teacher trained in agriculture gives some classroom
courses and supervises the farm operations on the hundred acres which the school cultivates.
Extension work:. The influence of the school has been extended in Brunswick and
neighboring counties through the farmers' conference, the fair, the public-school exhibit,
and the summer school.
Discipline: The boys are organized according to military regulations and the
discipline is maintained under that system. Supervision of the boys' rooms has been
difficult on account of the dilapidated condition of the cottages in which the boys have
been living. It is hoped that the new building now almost completed will enable the
school to :...drove the dormitory conditions.
Financial, r912-1 3.--A good system of accounts has been installed and the books
are carefully kept. The more important financial items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness.
Value of property....
Ur. riSt
39,373
2,292
23o, 043
Sources of income: Episcopal Board of Missiohs, $18,173; general donations for
current expenses, $13,135; American Church Institute for Negroes, $5,o11; tuition
and fees, $2,728; endowment funds, $1,664; Slater Fund, $45o. The noneducationit
616
NEGRO EDUCATION.
receipts amounted to $8,388, of which $4,815 was for increase of plant, $3,323 from land
sold, and $250 from sale of electric light.
Items of expenditure: Administration expenses, including salaries, $12,397; academic department, $9,186; increase of plant, $8,662; net cost of industrial departments,
$5949; repairs and maintenance of plant, $3,628; net cost of boarding department,
$2,794; net cost of agricultural department, $1,630; interest on debt, $953; extension
work, $533; aid to students, $250; other expenses, $1,781.
Indebtedness: During the year $32,966 was raised through a special campaign and
the existing indebtedness was entirely liquidated. The income for other purposes fell
behind, however, so that by June 30, 1913, there wag, a new indebtedness-for current
expenses of $2,292.
Value of property: Of the school property $161,256 was in the school plant, $46,835
in endowment, $12,231 in groceries and supplies on hand, $5 103 in special funds,
$2,832 in current accounts receivable, and $1,786 cash on hand for general purposes.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $44,515. The land comprises 1,536 acres and
four city lots. About ioo acres are cultivated for school purposes..
Buildings: Estimated value, $88,310. There are 6o buildings on the 'grounds,
most of them small frame structures, badly in need of repair. Some are unsightly.
The buildings have been scattered about the grounds with little regard to their location.
The chapel, the most valuable of the buildings, cost $25,000. Maurice Hall is valued
at $6,800; Webster Hall at $9,500; and the domestic science building at $5,108. The
other buildings have a total valuation of less than $5,000, most of them being worth
only a few hundred dollars apiece.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $28,431. Much of the equipment is indus-
trial, electrical, and farm apparatus. Fairly satisfactory furniture is provided for
rooms and dormitories.
Recommendations.-1. That the trustees appoint a committee to study the organization and cooperate in the management of this important institution.
2. That the activities be so organized as to develop more effective correlation of the
schoolroom with the farm, the shops, the dormitories, and the boarding department.
3. That the institution carry out the general plan of buildings and grounds recently
adopted, providing for the centralization of the beating, electric, and pumping machinery;
for the removal of the old and unsightly buildings, and for proper location and construetibn of future buildings.
.
4. That a full-time treasurer be appointed and his duties, together with those of the
business manager, be dearly defined.
5. That effort be made to have the public-school authorities cooperate in the care
of the 4ocal pupils.
a.
Dates of visits: December, 1913; February, 1916.
VIRGINIA.
617
CAMPBELL COUNTY.
The population of Campbell C6unty is 43.9 per cent rural.
There are no private
schools for colored people outside of the city of Lynchburg.
LYNCHBURG.
White.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in city
Percentage illiterate, 1910
20, 028
Negro.
3, 220
9, 466
1, 519
$58, 849
$8, 267
818.27
Ss. 44
t. 4
25. 3
There are 84 teachers in white schools and 22 in colored schOols. The average
attendance is 2,598 white pupils and 1,167 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate that by a slight increase in facilities the public schools of
Lyrvitiburg could accommodate allYthe colored children of school age._ In addition to
the elementary schools a public high school is maintained for Negroes. The Virginia
Collegiate and Industrial Institute should adapt Its work more to the needs of rural
pupils.
The Virginia Theological Seminary and College should be reorganized.
LYNCHBURG PUBTAC *UGH SCHOOL.'
Principal: Helen D. Urquhart.'
A three year high bc'..00l with good teaching force and provision for industrial
training. Lynchburg is one of the few cities where Southern white people still teach in
colored public schools.
Attendance.Total, l io; all secondary; male 27, female 83.
TeachersTotal 4; all white; all female. Manual training for boys is taught by a
teacher from another city school.
Organization.The high-school course includes some elemeAkary subjects, spelling,
arithmetic, and -reading being taught throughout the course. TN secondary subjects
are: Latin, 3 years; algebra, 3; English, 3X; history and civics, 3; physics, X.
Industrial: A course in cooking and sewing is provided for girls arid sloyd werk and
drawing for boys.
Plant Estimated value,
4,000.
The plant consists of a city lot of about half
an acre and a two-story fra e building 'with fairy good equipment.
Date of visit : February, 1916.
VIRGINIA COLLEGIATE AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: L. M. McCoy.'
A small school of secondary grade aided and supervised by the Freedman's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but operated as a branch academy of Morgan
College by the Morgan College trustees.
Attendance.Total, 85; elementary 9, secondary 76; boarders, 35. The reported
enrollment for the year was 92.
Teachers.Total, 5; all colored; male t, female 4.
I Known u Jackson High Scholl.
Whits.
Mated since data of visit.
618
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary work is done in the seventh and eighth
grades and in the first "normal" class.
Secondary: The three upper grades of the "normal and preparatory" course
include Latin,
years; German, chemist1ry, and physics, 1; arithmetic, 1; algebra and
geometry, 2; English, 3; history, 2 ; nature study, 1; music, r ; drawing, %; teachertraining, i. Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for the girls.
Financial, I913-14.Careft-1 accounts are
reports made to the Morgan College Corporation.
were:
in the office of the principal and
The more important financial items
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditure, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
$3, 400
2,300
35, 500
Income: Morgan College Corporation, $1,900; tuition and fees, $1,1oo; donations,
$400. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted
to $r ,boo.
Expenditures: Salaries, $l,9oo; supplies for boarding and other departments,
,800; repairs, $200. The cash balance was $1, too.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $1o,000. The land consists of 12 acres on a high hill
near the city limits. The general appearance of the grounds could be improved.
'`
Buildings: Estimated value, $25,000. The one building is a large structure of
unfinished stone.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $500. The equipment-consists of furniture
for classrooms and dormitories. .
Recommendations. r. That the plan to make this school an institution for the training of young women be encouraged. To this end teachers and-equipment should be provided for courses in teacher training, cooking, sewing, and gardening.'
Date of visit: November, 19iii
VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY AND COLLEGE.
President: Robert C. Woods.
A school of elementary and secondary grade. Excessive time is devoted to foreign
languages and exaggerated claims are made for the courses offered.
The school was founded in 1888 and opened in 1890 by the Virginia 'Baptist State
Convention. It is owned and controlled by that body.,
Attendance. Total, 200; elementary 99, secondary tot ; of the secondary pupils,
53 were male and 48 female; 70 were boarders. The reported enrollment for the year
was 25o.
-
Teachers and workers.Total, is; all colored; male 9, female 6; grades and
academic 9, commercial 2, music t, others 3.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary work is done in the three-year prepara-
tory course.
Secondary: The secondary subjects are taught in the "normal" 'Course of three
years and in the "academic" course of four years. In both courses a disproportionate
See recommendations in summary chapter. p. sm.
VIRGINIA.
619
amount of time is devoted to foreign languages. The pupils in the academic classes
report: Latin, 3 years; Greek 3, and German 1. Those in the normal course receive
sonic instruction in teacher training and de-nestic science. A few pupils are studying
theological subjects.
.
Financial, r9z3-14.Full accounts are not kept at the school. According to
figures given, the more important items mere:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, lesernoneducational receipts..
Indebtedness
Value of plant
S16, 42214
16,422
14, 000
56, 000
Sources of income: Baptist State Convention, $14,000; tuition and fees, $1,422;
donation's, $r,000. The noneducational rece,ipts were from the boarding department
and ameunted to $4,961. In addition, the convention appropriated $4,000 for a new
building.
Items of .expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $7,650; salaries, $6,2o0;
light, fuel, and water, $1,000; advertising and soliciting, $200; repairs and other expenses, $6,333.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness is secured by a mortgage on the entire school
plant.
.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $12,000.
A portion of this is used for school garden.
The school owiis 6 acres of city property.
lid a 3-story 'annex. The main building contains nine classrooms on the first floor;
on the upper floors are dormitory rooms for boys. The annex to this building is used
for dining room, library, and dormitory. The other building contains offices, reception
room, and girls' dormitories. The buildings are heated by Steam and lighted by electricity. They are well kept and in good repar.
Movable* equipment: Estimated value, $4,000. Of the equipment, $3,00o was in
furniture and $1,000 in farm implements.
Recommendations. -1. That the curriculum be simplified and adapted to the number
of teachers available.
2. That less time be devoted to foreign languages, in order that more time may be
given to elementary science and teacher-training courses.
3. That provision be made for instruction in the theory and practice of gardening
and simple industrial training.'
Date of visit: November, 1914.
r
CAROLINE COUNTY.
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 195o.
Teachers' Calories in public schools, 1911 -12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 54 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
White.
7,846
Nero.
8, 75o
1,6to
2,324
$52, 749
$7.91
$3, 716
$1. 59
35. 6
II. 2
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
6 months for both white and colored pupils. The number of teachers is 59 in white
1 See reconuiendatleOs Is 'summery meter. D. ca.
48927°Z% BAIL 89--17--40
620
NEGRO EDUCATION.
sc ools and 34 in colored schools. The average attendance is 983 white pup
, 226
and
colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased public-school facilities. A. Joanes
Fund county supervising industrial teacher travels among the rural schools and helps
the teachers to introduce industrial work and to extend the influence of the school into
the community. In order to provide an institution where pupils may supplement the
training gieien in the rural schools, the county, in cooperation with the Slater Fund and
the General Education Board, is developing the school at Bowling Green.
BOWLING GREEN.
CAROLINE COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: v. H. Buchanan.
A school of. elementary grade selected as a central training institution to supplement
the work of the public schools.
g
Attendance.Total, 212; all elementary; boarders, 4.
Teachers. -- Total, 4; all colored; male t, female's.
Organization.Nine grades are fairly well taught. The industrial work consists
of cooking, sewing, and simple manual training. Some instruction in gardening is
provided. In order that the pupils who go out to teach in the rural schools itray have
some training, methods and management are taught in the ninth grade.
Financial, 1914-15.The income amounted to $2,080, of which $1,430 was from
public funds, $5oo from the Slater Fund, and -$15o from other sources. Of the income,
1:4 .760 was expended for salaries and $320 for other purposes.
Plant.---Estimated value, $4,30o. The olant consists of II acres eland, Slue
$800, a 6-room building, value $Z,000, and equipment valued at 51,5oo.
Recommendation.That the work be encouraged and facilities added, as the need
appkars, for increased secondary work and teacher-training.
DINWIDDIE COUNTY.
Population, 1910..
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1930.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12..
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 5910
a
White.
19, 186
Negro.
20,382
31 369
4, 529
*55, 170
Sib. 38
$12. 528
$2.77
27.8
3.)
The rural populatiOn is 39 per cent of the total. The average length of the public
school term is 7.2 months for white pupils ,ind months for the colored. The number
of teachers is 124 in white schools and 6o in colored schools. Tiftsverage attendance
is 2,518 white pupils and 2,325 colored pupils.
Th..se statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary scbools should be increased and strengthened. The Dinwiddie Agricultural
and Industrial School is a central institution where the pildla...etthe county may supplement the training received in the rural schools. The city of Petersburg provides a
city high School for the local pupils. The Bishop Payne Divinity School and the
State Normal Schoofdo not enter materially into the local situation, Since most of their
pupils are boarders.
VIRGINIA.
621
DINWIDDIE.
DINWIDDIE AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal :WV. E. Woodyard.'
An elementary school with small attendance.
The school was founded in 1898, largely through the influence of the Van Rensselaer family-of Philadelphia, and for a time was controlled by
an independent board
of trustees. It is now owned and supervised
by the Board of Education of the African
Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.
A tandance.Total, 45; elementary 36, secondary 9; boarders, 34. The reported
enrollment for the year was 76.
Teachers.Total, 7; all colored; male 4, female 3. The teat TINa4 are graduates of
good schools.
I
1
Organization.Elementary Vhe elementary work covers the three upper elementary
grades, with liberal time for physiology and hygiene.
Secondary: The preparatory course of 3 years includes thfrusual secondary
subjects
with 3 years of Latin and 2 years of Greek or German. The teachers'
course
differs
from the preparatory
course in the omission of languages and the substitution of science,
animal husbandry, and principles of teaching.
Industial: Four hOurs a week of industrial work is required of all pupils.
A little
training in carpentry and blacksmithing is provided for the boys and
cooking
and
for the girls. The shops are poorly equipped. The farm is maintainecr sewing
a commercial basis.
Financial.The bookkeeping system under a former principal bad been so inadequate that no accurate financial items were available. As far as could be determined
the income for .1913-14 was about $3,000, all of whicli
was used for teachers' salaries.
and expenses.
Flans. The estimated value of the plant was $18,750.
Land: Estimated value, $6,250. The school owns 246 acres of land, with about too
acres undet" cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value, $8,800. The main building is a neat
two-story frame
structure psed for classrooms, office, and girls' dormitory. A frame cottage is used
the boys' dormitory. The other buildings are the two shops and the large' barn. for
The
buildings are in good condition and the dormitories and classrooms well
kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,700. .0f this, $2,000 is in furniture
and
$1,700 in farm equipment and I've stock.
Recommeruiaticrns.-1. I t closer cooperation with the public
school system be
developed and the institutio made a county training school.
2. That gardening and simple industrial training be made part of the regular
3. That an accounting system adapted to the needs of the school be installed
course.
the books audited annually by an accredited accountant.
Date of visit : November, 1914
'Appointed dace date d visit.
r See recommendations in summary chapter. p. Oa.
and
NEGRO EDUCATION.
PETERSBURG.
PETERSBURG PUBLIC HIGH. SCHOOL'
,
et
.
Principal: James E. Shields.
A city high school offering three Years of secondary work with domestic science for
girls. The seven elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance.=Secondary, 147; male 29, female 118. 'he elementary enrollment
was 901.
Teachers.-Secondary, 4; all colored; male r, female 3. There were 7 teachers for
the elementary grades.
. Plant Estimated value, $3o,000. The plant consists of a city lot, a brick building, and fairly good equipment.
Date of visit: February, 1916.
BISHOP PAYNE DIVINITY SCHOOL.
Principal: C. B. Bryan.'
A school for the training of men for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church.
A boarding departmpnt is maintained. All but one of the teachers are white men,
natives of Virginia and graduates of the best institutions of the State.
The school was_established by the Episcopal Bishop of Virginia in 1878. It was
incorporated in 1884 and has a board of trustees composed of prominent white clergymen and laymen of the Protestant Episcopal Church. It receives aid from the American
Church Institute for Negroes.
A tiendance,Total, 15; all male.
Teachers.Total, 4; white 3, colored 1; all male. All the teachers are well trained.
Organization. Two courses are offered. The course taken by candidates for
deacon's orders includes Biblical study, Hebrew and Greek, prayer book, church history, and English. The course for priest's orders covers three years and includes apologetics, exegetical theology, doctrinal theology, historical theology, pastoral theology,
English, Bible, prayer book, and Christian ethics. The small number of pupils makes
it possible to give intensive instruction toe individual students. There is need for a
larger recognition of educational efforts tinTepertain to the community life of the colored
race.
Financial, 1913-14.---There is no recordof finances of the school except the mem-
oranda kept by the president. As far as could be determined the more important
items were:
Income.
Expenditures.
Value of property.
St2,320
12,100
48, 000
Sources of incotne: All of the income is from the Episcopal boards, churches, and
the endowment.fund. No board is charged.
Items expenditure: Salaries, $7,900; supplies for boarding department, $1,610;
light and fuel, $20o; equipment, $18o; other expenses, $2,210.
NAOMI is Peabody High school.
' White. '
VIRGINIA.
623
School property: The property consists of $25;000 in the school plant and
t/23,000
in endowment.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $5,000. The land consists of about
an acre of
city property.
Buildings: Estimated value, $18,000. There are four ?-story buildings.
The
main building is of brick, while the others are of frame construction.
The
buildings
are
in good repair and the rooms well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $2,000. Most of the equipment is in furniture. There is a fairly good library.
Recommendations. -1. That plans be adopted whereby the benefits of the institution
may be extended to a larger number of pupils.
2. That instruction be broadened to include training for social service.
3. That increased contact with actual conditions of colored people be developed.
4. That a system of accounts suited to the needs of the school be installed and the
books audited annually by an. accredited accountant.
Date of visit: November, 1'914. Facts verified, 1916.
VIRGINIA NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
President : J. M. Gandy.
A large secondary school with almost half the enrollment in the elementary
grades.
More than three-fourths of the pupils are girls, No tuition is charged those who pledge
themselves to teach in the Virginia public schools. The industrial and agricultural
courses are limited.
The school was founded in 1882 by the State of Virginia and is controlled by the
State board of education through a board of visitors. It is largely supported by
the
State appropriation.
.4 tiendancc.Total,
573; elementary 282, secondary 291; male 142, female 431.
Of thetecondary students 258 were boarders, most of them from Virginia.
The reported
enrollment for the year was 778.
-
Tochers and workers.Total,
25;
all colored; male 9, female i6; grades 3,
academic9, girls' industries 3, boys' industries t, agriculture 1, commercial
s, music 1,
executive 4, matrons 2.
Organization.A new course of study is being introduced. In 1915-16, the'pupils.
were taught in the'six-grade practice school and in the "grammar school," consisting of
the seventh and eighth grades. The secondary work was done in a fir-year
high-school
course, with Latin elective in the last two years.
Besides this high-school course, the complete plan to be realized hereafter
provides a parallel four-year industrial-normal course for pupils desiring teacher training
without completing the regular high-school work. The catalogue also outlines four
2-year normal courses adapted to fit pupils to teach special subjects. These courses
are intended for pupils who may desire to remain after completing the high-school
course.
Induitrial: Some manual training is provided for boys in the elementary grades and
in the first year of the high school, but, with one teacher for all the classes,
it is necessarily
very limited. Cooking and sewing are required of all
girls. at some, time in the course
and elementary sewing is required of. the boys in the practice school, The work begins
624
NEGRO EDUCATION.
in the elementary grades and continues throughlhe school.
In the upper classes the work
is elective.
Agriculture: A classroom course in agriculture is given in the upper elementary
grades and in the first secondary class. A few pupils report practice work.
Financial, 1913-14.A good system of accounting is followed and the books are
carefully kept. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$27, 898
27,679
233, 9c0
Sources of income: State appropriations, $22,000; tuition and fees, $5,898. The
noneducational receiptl amounted to $29,974, of which $27,763 was from the boarding
department and $2,211 from the farm.
Items of expenditure: Supplies and labor for boarding department, 525,447; salaries,
$16,680; power, light, and heat, $5,41o; repairs, $2,586; additions to land and buildings,
$2,423; labor and supplies for agricultural department, $2,082; traveling expenses and
advertising, $684; equipment, $652; insurance, $600; labor and supplies for academic
department, $5o5; library expenses, $75; office supplies and sundries, $509.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $16,000. The land comprises 40 acres, 24 in the
farm and 16 in the campus. The campus is well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $190,900. There are nine brick buildings and a frame
cottage on the grounds. The main building is a four-story structure 367 feet long. It
contains offices, dining room, clAsrooms, and assembly rooms on the first and second
floors, and girls' dormitory on the third and fourth floors. A two-story building is used
for the agricultural department, the training school, science classes, manual training, and
boys' dormitory. A three-story building recently erected is used for boys' dormitory.
There are also three 2-story houses for the president and teachers, besides the laundry
and the domestic science building. The remaining buildings are the heating plant and a
frame cottage used by the teacher o4agriculture. The buildings have toilet facilities, fire
protection, steam heat, and electric lights. They are all in good repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $27,000. Of this $17,55o is in furniture
$3,500 in farm equipment and live stock, $2,500 in shop equipment, $1,500 in scientific
apparatus, $l,2oo iri library books and fixtures, and $75o in other equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That training of teachers continue to be the main purpose of
the school and that special emphasis be given to training for rural schoqls.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made an effective part of the regular
course..
3. That the Manual training course be strengthened.
Dates of visits: November, 1914; November, 1915.
ELIZABETH CITY COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salariesin public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 24, in county
Percentage illiterate, zaro
White.
13, 227
.
I See recommendation* in summary chapter, p. 21.
,Nero.
7,992
I, 67o
1, 506
$23, 545
83.956
52.62
$14.09
I. 5
22. 5
VIRGINIA.
625
The rural population is 4.1 per cent of the total.. The average length of the public
schobl term is 8.7 months for white pupils and 7.2 months for colored. The'number of
teachers is 52 in white schools and 25 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,522 white pupils and 944 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for increased public school facilities. Hampton
Institute cooperates with the county in maintaining the Whittier School. The Weaver
Orphanage and the Dixie Hospital are described in the summary of special institutions
for Virginia.
HAMPTON.
HAMPTON NORMAL AND AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: H. B. Frissell.'
vocational school of secondary grade, preparing teachers,of academic, industrial,
and agricultural subjects and supervisors of county industrial-school work. The institution has national recognition as a pioneer in the demonstration of the educational value
of manual labor and in the correlation of academic subjects with industrial training.
Its moyt remarkable work has been in character training, whereby colored boys and girls
have been developed into men and women capable of honest, useful, and sensible citizenIn its neighborhood and extension' work it was the forerunner of the social settlement, and still surpasses most of those institutions in the adaptation of its work to the
needs of the community. Successful effort has been made to win the sympathetic cooperation, of the Southern people in the education of theNegro.
In May, 1867, the American Missionary Association purchased the land now occupied
ship.
by the school; temporary 'buildings were constructed from old barracks that had
been used for hospital purposes during the Civil War, and the school opened April
1, 1868, with Gen. Samuel Chapman Armstrong in charge. On June 4, 1870, a charter
was granted by the General Assembly of Virginia and the school began its independent
career under the control of a nondenominational board of 17 men. This board is composed
of influential white men representing the South as ,well'as the North. Since 1873 the
school has received a share of the Federal funds for agricultural and mechanical education,
and to supervise the expenditure of these funds a board of four curators is appointed by
the governor. From 1878 to 1911 the school received Federal appropriations for Indian
education. A few Indians still attend, but the figures given below do not include tliem.
A tiendance .
Total, 762; elementary 412, secondary 35o; male 472, female 29o.
Of those reporting home address, 21 were from Hampton, 388 from other places in Virginia, and 2440from other States; 293 were from farm homes. In addition there were
45o pupils at the Whittier Practice School.
Teachers and work ers . Total, 21o; white 147, colored 63; male io6, female 104;
'executive 12, academic 51, trades 42, girls' industries 16, agriculture 15, extension 8,
matrons and boarding department workers 12, bookkeepers 11, office workers 29, military and physical training 7, other workers 7. In addition there were 8 teachers in the
Whittier School and 9 part-time workers.
Organization.A11 pupils are classified into the following vocational groups : ) Work
class, (2) mechanical trades, (3) agriculture, (4) household arts, (5) business, and (6)
626
NEGRO EDUCATION.
teacher training. All the pupils of these groups attend either the night school or day
school.
The night school is composed of pupils in the work class, mechanical trades and
agriculture who work during the day and attend school two 50-minute periods,
beginning at 645 p. in. The trades pupils have an additional 50-minute period beginning at 7 a. in., and agricultural pupils one beginning at i r a. m. The enrollment is 320.
The day school begins at 8 a. tn., and continues, except for an intermission at
noon, until 4 p. m. At the last period in the morning the day classes are assembled
to hear lectures on topics of general interest. The enrollment was 442.
Elementary: One preparatory class is maintained to supply the deficiencies in the
elementary training of the pupils. In this class special attention is given to reading,
penmanship, spelling, English, composition, arithmetic, geography, and physiology.
Secondary: The secondary courses are all four years in length. Those offered to
the boys are the academic-normal, agricultural, mechanical trades, and business courses.
Those offered to the girls are the academic-normal and home economics courses. The
subjects required in the academic-normal course are: English, 6 years; history, 2 r y ;
elements of sociology and economics, r ; psychology and principles of teaching, 2 ; Bible,
; physical training, r ; manual training, 3; and a half-year of all-day practice teaching
under supervision in the Whittier'"School.' While this selection of subjects is in the
main representative of the academic subjects of the other courses, there are important
modifications to suit the demands of the vocation selected.
Agricultural: In the agricultural course the pupils are required to spend about half
the day for three years in practice work in each department of the farm. The remainder
of each day and practically all of the fourth year are devoted to the study of agricultural
theory and of academic subjects. During the winter of the second year three months
are spent at the trade school in practicing harness mending, carpentry, bricklaying, and
'other activities necessary for farmers.
In addition to this course for the 35 pupils specializing in agriculture, pupils in all
departments are required to take theory and practice of agriculture and of animal husbandry for five periods a week daring a year and a half. This course is sufficiently
thorough to enable graduates to teach school gardening or to undertake farming. Because of the number of pupils receiving this knowledge and practice, the work is quite
all Important as the longer course for the limited number of special pupils.
A short course of eight months is provided for special students who desire to obtain
preparation for farm life. This course includes elementary theory and practice of farming with some attention to farm machinery and care of animals.
Mechanical trades: The trade school department offers instruction in 53 trades,
each trade. requiring the pupil to spend eight hours a day in shop practice for three
years. The hours are from 8 to 12 and r to 5 p. m. The pupils are excused from shop
practice fnr mechanical drawing, mechanics, applied mathematics, and business principles. During the three years of shop practice the other academic work is done in
three 50-minute periods five days a week. One period begins at 7 a. m.; the other two
3 This ia OrigtWsgrsid wheal maintained cooperatively by Hampton Institute and the oxmty.. It has kindergarten,
lacilieln kr manual work, bousehoki arts, and sahOollardadaa. It foramen racelkat laboratory kr
4sarvation
teachitts.
amatory pailipi;.
VIRGINIA.
627
begin at 6.45 p. m.
The fourth year is devoted chleti y to academic work.
The important
trades are carpentry, blacksmithing,
wheelwrighting, bricklaying, machinery, painting,
tailoring, printing, leather work, engineering, and tinsmithing.
The enrollment in this
department was 186.
Manual training is required of boys and girls in all courses.
The purposPof the
work is to enable the pupils to te/ch simple woodworking
and attend to the smaller
repairs of the school building.
The work is very well done.
Business: The business course is practa Ally the same
as the academic-normal for
the first two years. In the Past two years prominence
is given to typewriting, shorthand,
business law, and bookkeeping. Ample practice is provided
in the administrative
offices of the institution. About 15 pupils were taking
the course.
Academic-normal for young women: This course includes the
academic subjects
already outlined, with the addition of four periods a week of
training in home economics
throughout the four years of the course, the cultivation of a kitchen
garden, and practice
in the household activities of the school.
.A majority of the girls take this course.
Home economics: The home economics course is arranged
training as teachers of girls' industries. It includes a largefor those desiring special
part, of the academicnormal course, with liberal time allotment for the theory
and practice of household arts.
Work class: The work class is one of the most distinctive features
of the sdiool
organization. It is composed of first-year pupils
who work during the day for 12 months
and attend night school for eight months. The existence
the fact that it is.necessary for most of the pupils to earn of the class is explained by
at least part of their expenses
and also by the fact that the schooiconsiders the educational
results of this experience
vital in the training of the pupils. In order to make educational
use of all activities
incident to the care for the plant, it has been arranged
that the work on the farms, care
of roads and grounds, care of dormitories, kitchen, laundry,
and similar departments
shall be done by the pupils. Even after the work
year the classes are so arranged that
approximately one-sixth of the school is free each week day
to work for wages.
The largest unit of the work class is employed at the
Shellbanks
Farm, located 5
miles away from the institution. About 4o pupils spend their
first
year
on this school
farm, working all day and attending school at night.
Discipline and physical training: The young men are organized
into military companies for purposes of physical drill and discipline.
The arbitiary features of a purely
military system are successfully modified by a division of
All rooms are inspected every day by student officers andresponsibility among the pupils.
every week by members of the
faculty. The young women's,
rooms are inspected daily by matrons. Supervision of
every phase of dormitory life is effectively carried out.
Physical training is carefully directed. All the pupils have
gymnastics, the work
including calisthenics, wands dumb-bells, Indian
clubs, folk games, and apparatus
games. Pjiysical measurements and
strength tests are taken at the beginning and end
of the school year, and record is kept of the physical
conditions of all the pupils. The
eyes, ears, and teeth are examined by specialists, and all
corrective work is done on the
grounds at moderate cost. The athletic games
are
under
the direction of the physicaltraining teachers.
628
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Religiott3 and social -service training: The religious training of the pupils is an
important part of the school program. Four workers give special attention to this
work. The activities are: Sunday school of 4o classes regularly taught by the institute teachers, Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations under paid
directors with a well-equipped building for the young men, daily chapel and Sunday
services for all pupils, and neighborhood work, which includes the management of boys'
clubs and Sunday Schools and Sunday services for the old and\infirm of the neighborhood.
Library: The library of 36,000 volumes is in charge of trained librarians, who direct
the pupils in their efforts to obtain a knowledge of good books and to cultivate a taste
for them. Opportunity is offered to a limited number of pupils to study library methods
and to prepare themselves for library work.
Student record department : The object of the student record department is to keep
in close touch with its graduates and former students, helping them in their work and
gaining through their experience valuable assistance in the formation jf the course§ of
study and work. This department also makes a record of the history of every pupil,
including his parentage, home condition, previous education, class and work standing at
the institute. Two workers are employed, in this department.
Music: All pupils receive training in vocal music. The "Plantation Melodies" are
sung not only for their musical value but as an expression of the spiritual struggles of
the Negroes in America.
Extension work: As a pioneer school of industrial education Hampton's influence
is coextensive with the fields of vocational and racial education. The principal is a
member of sevenl important educational boards and the workers maintain clo.,e cooperation with the activities of these boards. About 2o,000 visitors are entertained
annually; they come from many sections of America mit from foreign countries. Many
of these visitors are missionaries, heads of institutions, and superintendents or supervisors
of education.
The Farmers' Conference brings together not only the leading colored farmers of
Virginia and neighboring States, but also county supervisors, demonstration agents, and
many white people of influence who are interested in the improvement of colored people
in rural communities. 'Throng the cooperation of the United States Department of
Agriculture and the State Depaitment of Public Instruction, the colored agents of those
departments assist in the preparation of exhibits and reports and contribute much to the
success of the conference. In addition, a to days' course is arranged for the instruction
of rural-school supervisors in subjects pertaining to their work.
In cooperation with the Jeanes Fund the school pays the salaries of some of the
county supervising teachers in Virginia. These young women spend their time in
strengthening the training in industry and sanitation in the Negro rural schools.
The summer school is attended by teachers from a wide area. About three-fifths
of the 445 attending in 1915 were from Virginia and the remaining two-fifths were
scattered over 22 States. A course of one month's instruction in teachers' problems is
provided. After attending the summer school 3 out of 5 consecutive }rears and com' pitting a satisfactory course, Virginia teachers who already hold certificates of specified
grade are granted first or second grade industrial certificates by the State.
.
VIRGINIA.
629
Through its press and publication services the institution renders valuable service
to a number of newspapers. The Southern Workman, a magazine
dealing with race
relations, is published monthly. Valuable leaflets and pamphlets are also distributed
to those interested in the adaption of education to the needs of pupils and community.
Financial, 1913-14.An excellent system of accounts is followed and the financial
records are carefully kept by a force of competent bookkeepers. The books are audited
annually by expert accountants and a detailed financial statement with a full list of
donors is published. According to the statement for the
year the more important items
were :
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of property.
$291, 484
287, 857
42, o78
4, 236, 132
Sources of income: Endowment funds, $1 22,981; general donations, $58,27j;
dona-
tions for scholarships, $40,894; Federal funds, S26,996; General Education
Board,
$25,000; Slater Fund, $9,250; donations for library and other special
purposes, $4,047;
county appropriations for Whittier School, $2,080; church collections and subscriptions
to pastor's salary, $i ,074 ; interest on bank balances and other sources, $885.
The noneducational receipts were from the farm and the various industrial and
productive departments. These receipts are not shown separately
for the reason that only
the net expenditures of the several departments are given under items of
expenditure
below.
Items of expenditure (net cost including
salaries): Academic and normal, $66,555;
publications, traveling expenses, and soliciting, $43,596; administrative expenses, $36,571;
agricultural department, $31,130; boarding department, $22,697; trade school
and industrial departments, $21,658; maintenance of plant, $14,540; physical
and military
training, $11, 481 ; extension work, $9,8o1; library, museum, lectures, and
entertainments,
$8,392; church, chapel, Y. M. C. A. hall, $7,457; appropriation to retirement
fund, $4,336;
students' hospitals, $4,248; general equipment, $1,879; purchasing department
and general operations, $3,516. In addition to these expenditures for
current expenses, $47,200,
appropriated from a special fund, was expended for permanent improvement
Indebtedness: The indebtedness June 30, 1914, amounted to $42,078, of which
$15,924 was accounts payable, $14,453 loans payable, and $11,761
students' balances
and earnings.
School property: The school property consists of $2,709,345 in endowment,
$1,346,933 in plant, $128,957 in funds held for permanent improvment
and other
special purposes, $44,118 in cash in bank, notes and accounts receivable
aferprepaid
insurance, and $6,779 in supplies on hand.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $215,000. The school owns 1,16o acres of land.
Of this, 67 acres are in the campus, tr r in the home farm adjoining the
campus, 597 in
the Shellbanks farm, 6 miles from the school, and 385 in the Cope farm
at Waldorf, Md.
The home farm includes the dairy, poultry houses, orchard,
nursery, and fields for grain,
forage crops, truck, and small fruit. Over 40o acres are under cultivation
at Shellbanks. At the Cope farm about 125 acres are cultivated by outside labor.
The school
grounds have a frontage of nearly half a mile on Hampton Roads.
The campus, with
630
.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
its well-planned walks and driveways and beautiful trees and shrubbery, is one 01 tne
most attractive in the country.
Buildings: Estimated value, $866,142. There are 3o main buildings and 62 cottages on the campus. The main buildings include: Three buildings, brick, used for
girls' dormitories, teachers' rooms, kitchen, and dining room, aggregate value $15o,000;
four buildings, three of brick and one frame, used exclusively for boys' dormitries,
aggregate value $9o,000; five buildings, two of brick and three frame, used forloys'
dormitories, industrial work, store, and publication office, aggregate value, $75,000; the
trade-school building, brick, value, $9o,o8o; the library, brick, value, $6o,000; the
church, pressed brick, value, $4o,000; domestic-science building, brick, containing classrooms for domestic science, agriculture, physics, and manual training, value, $3o,000;
Y. M. C. A. building, brick, value, $'25,000; academic building, brick, containing classrooms and offices, value, $2o,000; Whittier school, frame, used for elementary work
and teacher training, value, $15,000; laundry, brick, value, $12,000; gymnasium, frame,
value, $9,000; Holly Tree Inn, frame, used for guests' and instructors' rooms and dining
room, value, $9,000; museum building, br k, value, $7,000; Abby May Home, frame,
used for teachers' rooms, value, $6,000; St. Crispins building, brick, used for (tistructors'
rooms, value, $5,000; treasury building, frame, used for offices and guests' and teachers'
rooms, value, $5,000; executive building, frame, used for offices and teachers' rooms,
value, $4,000; Griggs Hall, brick, used for teachers' rooms, value, $2,500; paint shop,
frame, value, $2,000; and the steam plant, brick, value, $2,000. Of the brick buildings
one is five stories high; three are four stories; six are three stories, seven are two
stories, and two are one story. Of the frame buildings one is four stories high; four
are three stories, four are two stories, and two are one stogy. The 62 cottages are
of varying sizes and material and are used for dwellings of officers an"d- teachers. Their
aggregate estimated value is $roo,142.
The buildings on the home farm include a $2o,000 brick barn, an $8,000 steel and
glass greenhouse, and vazkous small structures used for poultry culture, storage, and other
purposes, with an aggregate value of about $7,000. At Shellbanks there are three large
brick barns, a large brick building used for classrooms, boys' dormitory and teachers'
rooms, and several cottages and small structures, with an aggregate value of about
$70,000. The Cope farm property includes a house and large barn, value about $2,5o0.
Seventy-eight of the buildings, of which 15 are brick, were built by students under'
direction of instructors. All of the buildings are carefully supervised, well kept, and in
good repair.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $265,791. Of this $?1,482 was in trade
de-school
school equipment and machinery, $5o,811 in agricultural implements and live stock,
and $123,498 in dormitory furniture, classroom and office equipment, library books and
fixtures, scientific apparatus, and various other equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That the courses of instruction be varied in extent to suit
both the different grades of pupil ability and also the different grades of positions to be
filled
2. That arrangements be made to provide for the advanced training of selected gradu-
ates by special instruction at Hampton and at other institutions with similar ideals of
education, so as to fit them for positions as principals and instructors in institutions of
similar type.
VIRGINIA.
631
3. That a limited increase in attendance be encouraged
to provide a full quota of
pupils for each department of the school.
ESSEX COUNTY.
Population, 19I0
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910 ........
White.
3, 790,
7240
$8, 5°8
$11.74
7.8
Negro.
5,315
400
$3, 183
$2. 27
27.3
The entire population is rural. The
average length of the public-school term is
7.2 months for white pupils and 5 months for colored. The
number-of teachers is 28
in white schools'and 24 in colored schools. The
average attendance is 393 white pupils
and 612 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for
additional ptitilic-school facilities. Ae work
of the elementary schools should be increased and
strengthened. The IZappatiannock
Industrial Academy serves as a good central institution
where pupils may board and
supplement the training received in the rural schools.
A Jeanes Fund supervising
industrial teacher travels among the schools of the
county
and aids the teachers to
introyluce industrial work and extend the influence of
the school into the community.
OZENA.
RAPPAHANNOCK INDUSTRIAL ACADEMY.
Principal. W. E. Robinson.
A school of elementary grade doing good work
in a rural community. It was
founded by the local Baptist Association and is
owned and controlled by a local board
of trustees.
Attendance.TOtal, 66; boarders, 55. The course covers nine
grades. Some secondary and teacher-training subjects are offered in the
ninth
grade.
The industrial
work consists of sewing and farming. The dormitory
is well supervised.
Teachers.Total, 5; all colored; male I, female 4. The teachers
are well trained.
Financial, I913-14,The accounts are well kept.
The more important financial
items for the year were:
db
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts...
Value of plant..
$11412
t, 412
13,250
Sources of incorue: Baptist associations and
churches, $1,012; tuition and fees;
$400. The noneducational receipts
amounted to $1,421, of which $821 was from the
boarding department and $600 from the farm.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $830; other
expenses, $2,003.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $3,500. The school owns 14o
acres of good farm
land, a large part of which is cultivated. The
campus is, unusually well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $7,000. There are
two large frame buildings and
several smaller structures. The
dormitories were clean and the buildings in good condition.
.
632
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,750. Of this, $1,75o was in farm implements and live stock and $1,000 in classroom and dormitory furniture.
Recommendations.t. That the institution be made a county training school.
2. That manual training and gardening be made part of the regular course.'
Date of visit: April, 1915.
GLOUCESTER COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 yearsof age, 1910.'
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14,in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
Negro.
Wbi6;i3o.
$10, 702
1, 556
$4, 406
41145:
$2;78. 34
The entire population is rural.' The'average length of the public-school term is
7 months for white pupils and 7.2 months for colored. The number of teachers is 46
in white schools and 3; in colored schools. The average attendance is 8o3 white pupils
and 8o1 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional public-school facilities. The work
of the elementary schools should be increased and *stren&thened. The Gloucester Agricultural and Industrial School serves as a good central institution where pupils may
board and supplement the training received in the rural schools.
CACPAHOSIC.
THE GLOUCESTER AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: William G. Price.
A well-managed school of elementary and secondary grade located in a rural community. Effort is made to use the farm equipment for the education of the pupils.
The school was founded in 1890 by the American Missionary Association of the
CongregationalChurch and it is owned and maintained by that association.
Attendance.Total, 115; elementary 84, secondary 3 male 54, female 61:
boarders, 76. The reported enrollment for the year was 135.
Teachers and workers.Total, 13; all colored; male 3, female io. The teachers
are graduates of good schools.
Organization. The program of studies is.based on the outline prepared, by the
American Missionary Association.
Elementary: The elementary work covers.eight grades.
Secondary: The required subjects of the secondary course are English, algebra,
geometry, agricultural botany, elementary science, general history, United States history,
civics, economics, and pedagogy. Most of the pupils elect Latin and a few elect German.
Industrial: Manual training is provided for the boys and instruction in sewing and
cooking for the girls. The dormitory life of the pupils is carefully supervised.
. Agriculture; Considerable provision has been made for agricultural training. Some
of the boys assist in the cultivation of the farm. Classroom instruction is closely related
to garden practice.
reasonsendstions in summary divot. p.
r
VIRGINIA.
633
Financial, 1913-14. The finances are supervised by the American Missionary
ciation. A simple and effective system of accounts has been installed recently. AssoThe
more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts. AVIV.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$7 898
7 898
:
35, 900
Sources of income: American Missionary Association, $4,777 ; tuition and fees,
$943;
donations, $120; other sources, $2 ,o58. The noneducational receipts amounted
to $8,185,
of which $3,889 was from the boarding department and $1,296 from farm
and other
sales
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $3,826; supplies for boarding department;
$2,563;
student aid and labor, 4,S1,708; equipment and general supplies, $74o,
power, light, and
heat, $567; outside labor, $2 Lo; repairs, $134 ; other expenses, $3335.
PlantLand: Estimated value, 57,400. The land. comprises 148 acres, of which
about ioo acres are used for teaching agriculture. The campus is fairly well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $25,000. The buildings include
two large threestory frame structures used for classrooms and dormitories, a one-story building used
for
dining room, two small structures used for laundry and shop, and a
good barn. The
buildings are in good repair anti well kept.,,--Movable equipment : Estimated value, $3,500. Of this about $2,000 was
in furniture, $1,000 in live stock, and $500 in farm implements.
Recommendations.-1. That effort be made to enlarge the influence of the institution through neighborhood activities and increased cooperation' with the local school
authorities.
2. That the provision for teacher training be increased.
Date of visit April,
:
1915.
HENRICO COUNTY.
, The population of Henrico County is 15.5 per cent rural.
schools for colored people outside of the city of Richmond.
There are no private
RICHMOND.
White.
got 895
12, 633
Population, 191o.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, um...
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911 -12
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 t6 14. in city
Percentage illiterate, 19I0
$20. 16
I.. 5
19. 6
$2547 673
id
Negro.
46,733
6, 927
$471 835
$6.91
There are 354 teachers in white schools
1 I 1 in colored schools.
The average
attendance is 9,82o white pupils and 4,850 Tislored pupils.
These statistics indicate that with some increase in public-school facilities
provision
could be made for all the colored children'of elementary-school age.
In addition to the
elementary schools a four-year public high school is maintained, and
a twolter teachertraining course is offered in connection with this school; Van De
Vyvert'ollege is
described in the summary of Catholi parish schools for the State. The
two large
schools maintained by the Baptist Home Mission Societies
are statewide in importance
and do 'not enter into the local situation to a marked degree.
Alb
634
NEGRO gDUCATION.
ARMSTRONG HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: S. D. Turner.
A large city high school, offering four years of secondary and two years of normal
work, with good industrial training.
Attendance.Total, 439; normal 4o, secondary-399; male t 14, female 325.
Teacers. Secondary, 17; white 2, colored 15; male 6, female xi.
Organization.Secondary: The usual high-school subjects are taug\xt. The Industrial work consists of cooking, sewing, and millinery for girls and woodworking for boys.
Teacher training: The city normal school is carried on in connection with the high
school. A two-year course is offered.
Plant.Estimated value,:$40,000.1 The plant consists of a small city lot and one
3-story brick building. The building is well kept and the equipment is fairly good;
apparatus to the value of about $1,7oo is furnished for science teaching.
Date of visit: February, 1916.
HARTSHORN MEMORIAL COLLEGE.
.
President : George.W. Rigler.'
A girls' school of secondary grade with a small elementary department. A few college students have access to Virginia Union University. The main work of the school is
the training of teachers; graduation from the normal department entitles tht-student to
a State high-school certificate. The general management and teaching are effective, but
inadequate attention is given to industrial training.
The institution was founded in 1884 by Joseph Hartshorn. It is owned and controlled by an independent board of NI white and 2 colored trustees. It receives aid and
supervision from the American Baptia Home Mission Society and the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society.
Attendance. Total, 169; elementary 73, secondary 89, special students 7; boarders,
122. Of the girls reporting home address, 39 were from Richmond, 95 from other places
in Virginia, and 34 from other States; there were 45 from farm homes. The reported
went for the year was 188.
cockers and workers.Total, 15; white 12, colored 3; male 1, female 14; grade
academic it, music r, industrial 1, matrons 2. The teachers are graduates of
good schools.
Organization.Elementary: The elementary work covering the eight grades is
handled effectively by some of the regular teachers and by practice teachers.
Secondary : Secondary subjects are given in two coursesthe " college preparatory
or "academic," enrolling 31 pupils, and the "normal," enrolling 58. The "college
preparatory" course includes: Latin, 3 years; English, 4; mathematics, 2 3, ; elementary
science, ; Bible, 4; reviews, t ; history, 2 r, ; agriculture,
and physiology, 3,. The
following subjects are electives: Advanced algebra (4 pupils in attendance); French
(7 pupils); education (2 pupils); methods and practice teaching (2 pupils)...
The normal course includeS English, 3 years; mathematics, 3; elementary science,
1; history, 34; Bible, 4; education, 1; 'reviews, 1; practice teaching, I; agriculture,
i An appropriatkm of $4o,000 Om been made for tisw high -mhool site.
White.
s-r
VIRGINIA.
635
The electives are Latin, with 3 pupils; history, 22 pupils; and French,
ethics, botany andeducation, each with r or 2 pupils.
Industrial- Instruction in sewing is given, but the cooking course has been
discontinued on account of lack of funds.
Financial, r913-14.The books are kept by the president. Although the system
of accounting does not afford a clear analysis of income and expenditures,
it appears
that the business management is. effective. Board and tuition receipts
are not kept
separately and the sums given for these items in the statement below are estimated.
The more important items for the year were:
physiology,
Income, el uding noneducational receipts
Expenditu es, less noneducational receipts
Value of pl
t.
$8, firs
7,374
150, coo
Sources of inconie: Tuition and fees (estimated), $3,500; Woman's American
Baptist Home Mission Soc. ty, $3,030; American Baptist Home Mission Society,
$1,2oo;
general donations, $523; contributions from colored churches, $350;
scholarship fund,
$146, contributions from white churches, $66. The noneducational receipts
were from
the boarding department and amounted to $r0,415.
.
Items of expenditure: Supplies and expenses for boarding department, $6,00;
salaries, $5,480; repairs and maintenance of building and grounds, $2,572;
lien,
and power, $2,078; insuranted sundiy expenses, $66o; equipment, $572;heat,
other expenses, $329.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $5o,000. The campus comprises 8X
acres in a
good location within the city limits. The campus is well kept and neat in appearance.
Buildings: Estimated value, $95,000. There are six buildings on the grounds:
Founders Hall and Library Hall, both four-story brick structures; the chapel
and gymnasium; the laundry; the president's house, an old-fashioned mansion; rind a threestory frame building used for girls' dormitory.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $5,000. Of this, $2,5oo is in library
books
and fixtures, $r ,700 in furniture, $64-.2o in domestic science equipment, and
$2ootn
physical
laboratory.
tion.
Recannnendations.-1. That adequate support be provided to maintain this
institu-
2. That instruction in cooking and sewing be given more emptasis and the work
more closely connecked with the cooking and housekeeping of the boarding department.
3. That teacherbe the chief work of the institution.
Date of visit : March, r9' 5.
VIRGINIA UNION UNIVERSITY.
President: George R. HoVey.'
0
A school of college and secondary grade with a theological department
requiring
high-school graduation for entrance. Special care is given to entrance requirements
and student records. .
46927' Bull. 89-1T-L-41
Wbite.
636
NEGRO EDUCATION.
In r865. the Richmond Theological School was opened in Richmond, Va. In the
same year the Wayland Seminary and National Theological Institute were opened in
Washington, D. C., and in 1869 they were combined as Wayland Seminary. These
institutions were under the auspices of the American Baptist Home Mission Society.
In 1899 Wayland Seminary combined with the Richmond.'Theological Scibool at Richmond as Virginia Union University.
The institution is owned and supported by the American Baptist Home Mission
Society. 'It has a board of trusteep composed of northern and southern white men
and colored men.
lit
Attendance. Total, 255; elementary 35, secondary 145, college 51, theological 24;
all male; boarders, 198. Forty-six of the students came from Richmond, 125 from other
places in Virginia, and 76sfrom other States. The reported enrollment for the year was
Teachers and workers.Total, 16; white 9, colored 7, male 12, female 4; teachers 15,
secretary I.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary work is confined to two upper grades,
taught partly by regular teachers and partly by carefully selected student teachers.
Secondary: The secondary subjects required of all are: English, 2;; years; history,
1; Bible,
mathematics, 2; elementary science, 2; ethics, ;4; bookkeeping, ;'; elocution, r ; manual training or vocal music, 1. Pupils preparing for college elect Latin,
3 years; French or Greek, 2; and mathematics, 1. Electives for other pupils are: History
and civics, I year; geology and astronomy, 1; French.or manual training,
economics
and psychology, 1; pedagogy, 1; and sociology,' j4. Most of the pupils elect the college
preparatory subjects.
College:, The college course includes English, 21, years; modern languages,
religion, r.%; mathematics, 1; logic, i; economics, vpsychology and philosophy, t ;
sociology, 1; history, 1; and elocution, 1. Candidates for the A. B. degree elect in
addition a year of Latin and a year of Greek, modern language, or chemistry. Candidates for the B. S. degree elect one year of chemistry and one year of zoology and
physiology. A large majority of the pupils take the classical course. Even the general
course, which is taken by too few students, is not sufficiently strong in teacher-training,
history, social and physical sciences. Owing to the small teaching force and attendance the curriculum is necessarily confined to a limited number of subjects.
Theological: Three courses are offered. The "original language" course is taken
by a few students. The "English" course which most of the students take differs from
.
the "original language" course only by the omission-of Greek and Hebrew. A special
course of two years is provided for ministers. The six students taking this course at
the time the school was visited were studying English, Bible, church polity, theology,
and sermon delivery. In subject matter and teaching the standards are high.
Eitension work: One instructor spends half of his time in the.direction of students
in community work. A summer school enrolling 278 pupils is held under the auspices
of the Virginia Board of Public Instruction and the Richmond School Board. An
VIRGINIA.'
637
annual conference of secondary schools is Held at the institution.
This conference
has done much to raise the standards of instruction in the
colored high schools -of
Virginia.
Financial, 1913-14.The accounts are well kept and the business
economical.
The more important financial items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of property
management is
$27, 065
26, Tor
.
475,354
Sources of income: American Baptist Home Mission Society, $14,821;
tuition and
fees, $5,599; endowment funds, $4,000; general donations,
$965; other sources, $1,P80.
The noneducational receipts amounted to $16,474, of which
$14,2o3 was from the boarding department and $2,271 from the farm. Farrh products to the value
of $2,117,
were sold to the school and charged as expenditures in the
boarding department.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $12,938; supplies and labor
in boarding department, $11,932; equipment, $3,676; power, light, heat, and water,
$3,655; repairs,
$3,287; student labor, not including boarding department, $1,322;
advertising and
soliciting, $240; other expenses, $6,125.
School property: Of the school property, $368,990 was in the plant,
$83,00Oin perrhanent endowment, $21,000 in building, scholarsllip, and library funds,
and $2,364 in
cash and supplies on hand.
Plant. Land: Estimated value,
$75,000. Of the 5o acres owned by the school
about 25 are cultivated on a corruirccial basis and the remainder
used for school campus'
Very little has been done to beautify the grounds, which
are in striking contrast with
the attractive buildings.
Buildings: Estimated value, $279,000. The buildings are
among the best to be
found at colored educational institutions. There are ro stone buildings
and 4 neat
frame cottages, used for teachers' homes.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $44,990. Of the movable equipment,
$4.000 was in furniture, $5,000 in library books amd fixtures,
$1,5oo in shop equipment.
$1,290 in faFNmplements, and $1,200 in scientific apparatus.'
RecommcnAtions.-1. That more teacher-training subjects and
practice teaching
be provided.
2. That rural economics and gardening be made a part of the regular
courses.'
3. That the good work done by the theological department be improved by
greater
recognition of the needs of rural ministers.
Date of visit: November, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
HENRY COUNTY.
',lute.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, nvo.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1917-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 19to
10,997
2,486
Sal, 864
$8.79
10.4
See reeconsendauossla inessers mantes, p. ss.
A,"::Ltt t; !Oki:
Negro.
7,462
1,95:
$4, 273
$2. 19
39.3
"--
638
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The rural population is 81.8 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 6 months for white pupils and 5 months for c-Olered. The number of
teachers is 90 in white schools and 34 in colored schools. The average attendance is
.1,8443 white pupils and 89r colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of . the
elementary schools should be increased and strengthened. The Martinsville Christian
Institute should be reorganized to serve as a central institution where pupils may board
and supplement the limited training received in the rural schools. The Presbyterian
Parochial schools at Martinsville and Ridgeway should be continued only so long as the
public schools are inadequate. These schools are described in the summary cif small
Presbyterian schools for the State.
MARTINSinLE
MARTINSVILLE CHRISTIAN INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. H. Thomas.
A small school of elementary and secondary grades. A little instruction in cooking
and sewing is provided. The management is ineffective.
The school was founded in 19oo by the Christian Woman's I3oard of Missions and is
owned and controlled by that board.
Attendance. Total, 76; all elementary; male x9, female 57; boarders, 14.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored; male 2, female 4.
Financial, 1913-14.Very meager financial records are kept. As far as could be
determined the more important items for the year were:
Income, sxcluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness.
Value of plant
$2, 050
1,23o
350
8, 485
Sources of income: Christian Woman's Board of Missions, $2;700; tuition and
other spurces, $250. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department
and mounted to $650.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,26o; supplies, $290; student labctr, $143; equipment, $63; other expenses, $124.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness is represented by $200, due for equipment and
supplies, and $r5o in bills due for other purposes.
Plant.- -Land: Estimated value, $2,o00. The school owns about 2 acres of town
property. A portion of this is used for gardening.
Buildings: Estimated value, $6,000. The buildings are of frame construction.
There are two main buildings, one three and one-half stories high and the other two
stories. There are several very small structures and a barn. The buildings are fairly
well kept and in good repair.
Movable eqUipment: Estimated value, $485. Of this, $34a was in furniture and
'1445 hi library books, shop equipMent, and garden tools.
.Recommendations.r. That the institution be developed as a county training
!Oda, and provision made for teacher training, cooking and sewing, and adequate
instruction in gardening.'
-
VIRGINIA.
639
2. That the county be urged to provide for the elementary grades.
3. That the management be strengthened.
Date of visit: November, 1914.
MECKLENBURG COUNTY.
Population, 19io
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 19io.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county..
Percentage illiterate, 1910
White.
12,562
........
2, 791
$27, 613
,
Norm
16,394
4.239
$9.89
$6, 535
$1. 54
7. 3
30. 5
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
6.3 months for white pupils and 5 months for colored. The number of teachers is loo
in white schools and 59 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,856 white
pupils and 1,611 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schools should be increased and strengthened. The Thyne Institute merits
encouragement as a central institution where pupils may board and supplement the
limited training received in the rural schools. The educational actilAties of the Boydton
Institute are maintained primarily to serve the special needs of the Christian Alliance
denomination. Bluestone Mission is a good small rural school.
JEFFRES, R. F. D. NO. T.
BLUESTONE MISSION.
.
Principal: R. P. Williams.
An elementary day school in a rural community. The 1 to pupils are taught in a
neat frame building by the principal and three colored women.
The support of the school, amounting to $1,2oo, comes from the Board of Freedmen's Missions of the United Presbyterian Church. The estimated value of the plant
is $2,000.
Recommendation.That simple industrial work, and gardening be added to the
course of study.
Date of visit: November, 1914.
BOYDTON.
BOYDTON INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. H. Hartman.'
A school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects.
The trustees
plan to develop a missionary training course for the-Christian Alliance of, New York.
The work has suffered from frequent changes of ownership and administration.
The school was founded in 1878 by Dr. Charles Cullis, of Boston, who purchased
the plant formerly occupied by.Randolph-Macon College for white pupils.
This plant
consisted of a large four-story brick building and 425 acres of land. It was purchased
about 1910 by the Christian Alliance of New York City and is now owned and controlled
by that organization.
Altendance.Total, 71; elementary 62, secondary 9; boarders, 44.
Vitae. Elected since date of
640
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Teachers and workers.Total, 9; all white; male 1, female 8. All have ,strong
missionary enthusiasm for the Christian Alliance.
Organization. The course includes four years of elementary work, two years of
secondary subjects, and one class in a Biblical department. The girls receive some
instruction in cooking and sewing.
Financial,' 1913-r 4. Very meager records are kept and. the business management
ppears to be divided and uncertain. As far as could be determined the more important
i ems were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
... .
II
Si, 476
89$
33, 000
Sources of income.: General donations, $700; Christian Alliance of New York, $.15o;
tuition and fees, $326. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department
and amounted to $2,625.
.
.
Items of expenditure: Supplies and equipment for boarding department, $2,020;
salaries, $630; repairs, $400; outside labor, $35o; student labor, $120.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $6,000. The school owns 425 acres of land.
About half of this is cultivated with hired labor. The campus has been neglected.
.
Buildings: Estimated value, $25,000. The main building is a large four-story
brick structure built 8o years ago as the Randolph-Macon College building. The other
building is a large two-story brick residence used by the, business manager. The buildings are substantial but old-fashioned.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $2,000, of which $1,000 is in farm equipment and live stock, $800 in furniture, and $200 in industrial equipment.
Recommendations. -1. That donations be limited to members of the Christian
Alliance.
2. That teacher training, theory and practice of gardening, and simple industrial
training be made a part of the regular course.'
3. That cooperation be established with the public school authorities.
Date of visit: November, 1914. Facts verified, 1915..
CHASE CITY.
NEINSTITUTE.
Principal: F. W. Wilson.'
A well managed secondary school with large elementary enrollment.
\ The school was founded in 1876 by the Board of Freedmen's Missions of the United
barian Church and it is owned and supported by that body.
irendance.Total, 302; elementary 256, secondary 46; boarders, 125. Of the
secon ary pupils 21 were male and 25 female.
T hers and workers. Total, 13; white 9, colored 4; male 2, female ; grades 3,
academe 5, music t, girls' industries 2, matrons 2.
Orga ization.Elementary: Elementary work is done in the kindergarten and eighth
grades, and in the first year of the so-called "normal" course.
1 Sae recomnieulatlem in summary chapter. p. so.
11 Whitt.
1
VIRGINIA.
641
Secondary: Secondary work is given in the last three years of the normal course.
The course includes: Latin, 2 years; English, 5; mathematics, 3i; elementary science,
history, 1; Bible, 2 ; teacher training and review,
2.
Agriculture is begun in the eighth grade and continued through the normal
course.
Some of the pupils have practiced on the school farm under the direction of the
teacher of agriculture. The instruction in sewing and cooking is begun in the fourth
grade and extends into the normal classes. The dormitory life and the general discipline contribute much to the training of the pupils.
Financial, 1913-14.---The accounts are fairly well kept and the business management is economical. The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$7,969
7,967
32, 600
Sources of income: United PreSbyterian Board, $7,744; donations, $150; tuition
and fees, $75. The noneducational receipts amounted to $5,218, of' which $4,818 was
from the boarding department and $400 from the farm.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $6,o55; supplies and labor for boarding department,
$4,818; power, light, and heat, St, too; office supplies and sundries, $621; student labor,
$2oo; repairs, $150; supplies for farm, $15o; outside labor, $50; advertising and soliciting
funds, 543.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $5,000. There are 135 acres of desirable land,
about 6 acres being used for school campus and 5o acres for the farm.
Buildings: Estimated value, $23,00o. Two large three-story frame buildings had
been erected for dormitories, but the main school building was destroyed by fire during
the year. Rebuilding plans were under way at the time the school was visited and
a
fund of $3,000 was held for that purpose. A barn and several small houses are part of
the plant. The dormitories and classrooms are clean and well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $4,600. Of this $3,00o is in. furniture for
classrooms and dormitories and $1,600 in farm equipment andlive stock.
Recommendalions.-1. That the work be encouraged by larger financial aid.
2. That school gardening be offered tot/he girls and that the practical work for
poys in this course be more closely related to the classroom study of agriculture.'
3. That provision for simple manual training be made.'
Date of visit: November, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Population, 19T0
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12..
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 191,
White.
18, 481
Negro.
.2, 988
4, o61
828, 020
$7. o8
$3, 122
$4. 41
9. 0
28.6
703
The rural population is 80.4 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 6.4 months for white pupils and 5.2 months r colored. The number of
See reemunendatIona in outosnary chapter, p.
642
NEGRO ED
teachers is rob in white schools and 18
colOted schools. The average attendance is
2,729 white pupils and 44 colbred pu ils.
These statistics indicate that the public schools for colored people are'fairly satisfactory. The Christiansburg Industrial Institute should be encouraged in furnishing
secondary and industrial training for the western portion of Virginia.
CHRISTIANSBURG.
CHRISTIANSBURG INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: E. A. Long.
A well- managed school of elementary grade with two secondary classes. The instruction in simple industries and agriculture is effective. Effort is made to adapt the
work of the school to the needs of rural communities.
The institution was founded in 1865 by the Friends Freedmen's Association
of
Philadelphia and is owned and supported by that association through a board of trustees.
Attendance. Total, 225; male 94, female ro5; boarders, 65.
Teachers and workers.Total, 13; all colored; male 6, female 7; grades 8, boys' in-
dustries 3, girls' industries r, matron 1.
Industrial teachers assist in the academic
work.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary work is done in the six grades and in the
first two years of the "normal course."
Secondary: The secondary subjects are English, civics, history, physics, agriculture,
and practice of teaching.
Extension: A summer school for teachers'is maintained. The principal is active in
the educational affairs of the State.
Industrial: Manual training is begun in the fourth grade. One or two periods a
week are required in the grades below the nomra. or seventh grade. In the four normal" classes all pupils spend the afternoons in manual work, A few of the boys and
girls work all day to accurnmulate credit to meet school expenses. These pupils attend
night school. The courses for boys are blacksmithing, carpentry, and printing. For
the girls, instruction is provided in cooking, sewing, millinery, and laundering. The
work is correlated both with the household activities of the school and with the academic
instruction.
Agriculture: Study and practice of agriculture are emphasized. Preparation for
rural life is the main purpose of the institution. Classi'oont cojirses are required in the
eighth and ninth grades. Boys and girls receive practice in gardening. A few boys are
specializing in farming.
.
Financial, 1913-14.An excellent system of accounts is followed, the books are
carefully kept, and the business management is economical. The treasurer of the
instit, makes an annual report to the board of managers. According to the report
for ttIP!ear the more important financial items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditures, leasnoneducational receipts.
Value of property
..
t'
88, 798
-
8,774
557, 500
VIRGINIA.
643
Sources of income: General donations, $4,185; New Eng:and Freedmen's Committee,
$1,000; county and State funds, $905; endowment funds, $8 to; balance from previous
year, $646; tuition and fees, $474; Slater Fund, $450; Em len Institution, $250; other
sources, $78. The noneducational receipts amounted to $3,172, of which $1,854 was
from the boarding department, $8o6 from summer-school boarders, $263 from commissary sales, $213 from cash sales from farm, and $36 from shop sales.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $4,852; boarding department and commissary,
$2,962; farm, $1,7o9; fuel, and light, $796; freight, postage, and administration, $460;
repairs and improvements, $368; industrial departments, $349; furniture and utensils,
$..t6; advances to students, $137; traveling expenses, $1o3; insurance, $64.
Property: The school property consists of $89,500 in the plant and $68,000 in
endowment.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $18,5oo. The land comprises 185 acres -18o in
the school farm and 5 in the campus. The campus is well,ket.
Buildings: Estimated value, $59,000. The administration and girl's dormitory
building is a three-story brick structure; the boys' dormitory is a two-story brick building;
the "Mansion House," a two-story frame building, is used for dormitory purposes; the
principal's home is a neat frame cottage. In addition there are several frame structures,
including a large barn. The buildings were clean and in good repair.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $12,000, of which.,$7,000 was in furniture and
utensils, $3,000 in farm equipment and live stock, $1,5oo in shop equipment, and $500
in library books.
R.commendatian.That the present simple organization be continued and the
preparation of rural teachers emphasized.
Date of visit: November, 1914, Facts verified, 1916.
NORFOLK COUNTY.
Population, 19 to
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1970..
Teachers salaries in public schools, 1911 -12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
white.
Negt0.
84, 825
68, 447
13, 990
11, 963
$238.392
$45, 040
$3. 76
23. 5
$17.04
2.0
The rural population is 34.4 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 8.1 months for white pupils and 7.8 months for colored. The number
of teachers is 414 in white schools and 162 in colored schools. The average attendance is
12,188 white pupils and 6,559 colored pupils.
The statistics indicate the need for increased public-school facilities. One public
high school is maintained at Mount Hermon and another in the city of Norfolk. The
only private school for colored people outside of the citlt of Norfolk is the Cotey Memorial Institute, in Portsmouth. This school should be maintained only so long as there
are no other facilities for secondary work in Portsmouth. The Norfolk Mission College
would fill a more pressing need if it were moved to some section of Virginia where its
secondary facilities were not duplicated by public schools.
O
644
NEGRO EDUCATION.
MOUNT HERMON
MOUNT HERMON PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: S. H. Clarke.
A rural high school offering four years of secondary work with industrial
training.
The seven elementary grades are taught in the same building.
Attendance.Secondary, 57; male 17, female 40. The elementary enrollment
was 68r.
Teachers.Secondary, 2; both colored; male 1, female z. There were also 9 teachers for the elementary grades.
Organization.The four high-school grades are well taught. Two hours a week are
assigned to practical work for both girls and boys in all grades.
Plant.Estimated value, $13,000. The plant consists of three-fourths of an acre
near the city of Portsmouth and one 2-story brick building with fair equipment.
Recommendation.That the facilities for manual training be increased and that
gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
Date of visit: February, 1916.
NORFOLK.
NORFOLK PUBLIC IIIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: D. A. Jacox.
A city high school doing four years of secondary.,work. Large elementary grades
are taught in connection with the high school, and the industrial facilities of another
public school are used.
Attendance.-Secondary, 257. The elementary enrollment was 963.
Teachers.Secondary, 8; all colored; male 2, female 6.
teachers for the elementary grades.
There were also to
Organization.Elementary: The grades from the first through the eighth were
taught in small frame buildings adjoining the building used as a high school.
The
rooms were crowded.,
Secondary: The large classes in secondary subjects are divided into sections
in
order to make the instruction more efficient. The course includes
4 years of Latin, 4
years of English, 2 years of algebra, 2 years of geometry, 1 year each of physics,
chemistry, and sanitation, and a half year of zoology and botany. The pupils are also
drilled in spelling and writing. There is practically no equipment for
the teaching of
science, and the teaching of physiology is purely formal,
Industrial: The high-school building is not equipped for industrial work, but the
pupils go about a mile across the city to another city school. Each class has industrial
work half a day each week. The boys receive instruction in manual training
and tie
girls in cooking and sewing.
Plant Estimated value, $0 ,goo. The large city lot on which the school is located
is valued at $3,000. The property is poorly kept. '
Buildings: Estimated value, $37,0oo. Besides the two-story brick
building there
are two small one-story frame structures. Additions have been made to the brick
building which will almost double its size.
See recominearlations in scuarnary chapter,
o. Of. .
VIRGINIA.
4,
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,500.
in school desks and classroom furniture.
Date of visit: November, 1915.
645
PraCtically the only equipment is
NORFOLK MISSION COLLEGE.'
President: W. McKirahan.3
A secondary school with a large elementary enrollment. Industrial training receives
but little recognition.
The school was founded in 1883 by the Board of Freedmen's Missions of the United
Presbyterian Church and is owned and supported by that board.
,4 lleruiance.Total, 426; elementary 333, secondary 93; male 170, female 256;
boarders, 56. Of those reporting home address, 87 were from Norfolk, 37 from other
places in Virginia, and 5 from other States.
Teachers and workers.Total, 23; white 11, colored 12; male 5, female 18;
elementary 9, academic 5, girls' industries 4, matrons 2, printing 1, librarian 1,
music 1.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary work is done in a three-grade practice
school and eight elementary grades.
Secondary: The secondary course includes: LAM, 31 years; English, 3; mathe-
matics, 41; elementary science, 31; history, 4; civics, 1; psychology, 1; methods, t;
drawing, 1; shorthand, ; Bible, 2. Greek is elected by 6 pupils and practice teaching
by 13.
Industrial: The girls take cooking and sewing, and the equipment for this work is
fairly good. The industril teachers were trained at this school. A small but wellequipped printing office furnishes employment and instruction for a number of the boys.
Financial, 1913-14.The accounts are carefully kept and the business manage-
ment is effective.
The more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of plant
$16,375
12, 849
loot two
.Sources of income: United Presbyterian Board, $12,655; tuition and fees, $3,720.
The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to
$3,024.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $11,312; boarding department, $3,204; repairs,
$525; power, light, and heat, $4.32; printing, $250; sundry expenses, $15o.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $38,0oo. The land comprises 19 city lots almost
entirely covered by the buildings. A very small space is used for the boys' athletic
field.
Buildings: Estimated value, $59,000. There are seven school buildings and a
church, on the grounds. Six of the buildings are of bAick construction. The main
building is four stories'high and contains 21 classrooms. The girls' dormitory, the
teachers' home, the principal's house, and the other two brick buildings are two-story
structures. The boys' sormitory is a two-story frame building.
The dormitories and
Direactiaued alto school year :awls.
'White.
646
NEGRO EDUCATION.
buildings are fairly well kept, but pnitection against fire has not been provided, and
toilet facilities have been neglected.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $3,000. Most of the equipment is in furniture for classrooms and dormitories and printing outfit.
Recommendation. That the resources of the institution be combined with some of
the stronger United Presbyterian schools.
Date of visit: November, 1914.
PORTSMOUTH.
COREY MEMORIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: J. Early Wright.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with limited teaching force and equipment. Excessive time is given to the study of foreign languages. The school was
founded in 1906 by the Baptists of Tidewater, Virginia, and is controlled by a selfperpetuating board of trustees.
A itendance . Total, 89; elemeetary Go, secondary 29; boarders, IS.
Teacher s . Total, 5; all colored; male i, female 4.
Or ganization. Elementary : The elementary work covers the usual eight grades.
Se tcary: The 4-year secondary course includes 4.years of Latin, 3 of Greek,
and 2 otillorench. In 'addition history, English, algebra, and physics are taught. The
course indicates little regard for the needs of the pupils.
Financial, ror3-14. --The more important financial items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness.
Value of plant
Si, 656
1, 735
000
io, 500
Sources of income: Baptist conventions and associations, $1,2oo; tuition and fees,
$456. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding
department and amounted
to $500. .
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $1,3Go; supplies for boarding department, $500;
light and heat, $13o; equipment and repairs, $120; student labor, $75; other expenses, $50.
Indebtedness: The indebtednesi of $3,000 is secured by mortgage on the property.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $4,000. The school owns eight city lots. A part
of this land iS used for campus.
Buildings'. Estimated value, $6,00o. The building is a large three-story frame
structure.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $500. The equipment consists of furniture
for classrooms and dormitories.
Recommendation . That the curriculum be reorganized to include simple manual
training, gardening, and instruction in the social and physical sciences.'
Date of visit: November, 1914. Pacts verified, 1915.
See recommendations in annmary chaper, P. Ill.
VIRGINIA.
647
NORTHAMPTON COUNTY.
White.
Population, Tom
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
7, 356
.
................
Negro.
9, 324
IP 409
3, 267
$ax, 447
$15. 22
$3, 519
3. 7
$1.55
27.3
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is 8.1
months for white pupils and 6.3 months for colored. The number of teachers is 56 in
white schools and 25 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,033 white pupils
and 761 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the great need for additional public-school facilities. The
work of the elementary schools should be increased and strengthened. Effort should
be made to strengthen the Tidewater Institute so that it may serve as a central institution where pupils can supplement the limited training received in the rural schools. A
Jeanes Fund supervising industrial teacher travels among the rural schools and .aids
the teacher\s to introduce industrial work and extend the influence of their schools into
the community.
CHERITON.
TIDEWATER INSTITUTE.
Principal: George E. Read.
An eight-months feral school of elementary grade. Its community work is effective. The school was founded at Hampton, Va., but moved to Cheriton in 1906. It is
owned by the local Baptist association and receives aid and supervision from the American Baptist Home Mission Society.
Attendance.Total, 113; all elementary; male 37, female 66; night school, io;
boarders, 7.
Teachers. Total, 5; all colored; male 2, female 3.
Organization.The work is elementary throughout. A normal or secondary course
is outlined:but enrolls only two pupils. The classroom work is fairly effective. Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for the girls. The Jeanes Fund worker uses
a half acre of school land to teach gardening.
Financial, 1913-14.--Meager accounts. are kept, butt the. management is reliable.
As far as could be determined the income amounted to $ ,804, of which $47o was from
the American Baptist Home Mission societies. The lance was from donations by
colored churches and individuals and tuition. The e nditures amounted to $1,803,
of which $1,282 was for salaries and the balance for g neral expenses.
Plant.Estimated value, $5,0oo. Of this, $1,
is in land, comprising 3i acres;
$2,500 in the one 2-story frame building, and $7oo i furniture.
Recommencialion.t. That accommodations or boarders be increased and effort
made to increase' the attendance bf older. pupils.
2. That the curriculum be better adapted o the n ds of the rural pupils.
Date of visit: October, 1914. Facts ve ed, £916.
648
NEGRO EDUCATION.
NOTTOWAY COUNTY.
White.
Population, 2910.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1920.
Teachers' salaries in public shlx)ols, 1911-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910.
6, Its
I, 190
818, 256
815. 34
1.
Nev.°.
7,347
1,863
$4, 312
$2.31
24
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is
7.5-months for white pupils and 6.4 months for colored. 'The number bf teachers is 53
in white schools hnd 29 in colored schools. The average attendance is 1,074 white
pupils and 824 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional public-school facilities. The work
of the ele*entary schools should be increased and strengthened. In order to provide
a central institution to supplement the work done in the rural schools, the county, in
cooperation with the Slater Fund and the General Education Board, is developing the
school at Blackstone. The Ingleside Seminary does not affect the local situation materially, since most of its pupils are boarders.
.
r.
BLACKSTONE.
NOTTOWAY COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: R. P. Watts.
An elementary school selected as a
wit"
tral training institution to supplement the
work of the public schools. The school term
Attendance. Total, 166; all elementary.
seven months.
Teachers.Total, 6; all colored;, male 1, femal
Organizaiian.Nine grades are fairly well 'taught. In order that the pupils who
expect to teach in the rural school may have some train , courses in methods and
practice teaching are given in the ninth grade. The industrial work consists of woodwork, basketry, cooking, and sewing. ,
Financial, 1914-15.The income amounted to $1,455, of which $955 was from
public funds and $5oo from the Slater Faint Of the income, $1,365 was expended for
salaries and $90 for other purposes.
Plant.Estimated value, $3,500. The plant consists of 6 acres of land, value
$500, a six-room building, value $2,500, and equipment valued at $5oo.
Recommendation.That the work be encouraged and, facilities added, as the need
appears, for a boarding department, increased secondary work, and teacher training.
BURKEVILLE.
INGLESIDE SEMINARY.
Principal: J. W. Dunbar.'
A girls' school of elementary grade with a' few secondary' pupils. The institution
is well managed and its influence is noteworthy.
The school was founded in 1892, and it is owned and maintained by the Presbyterian
Board of Missions for Freedmen.
I White; appointed since dated visit.
VIRGINIA.
649
A iteruiance .Total 118, elenientary lot ; secondary, 17; from Burkeville, 6;
from other place's in Virginia, 76; from other States, 36. Fifty-three were from farm
homes. All pupils are required to board at the school:
Teachers and -workers . Total, ti ; white to, colored I; male 1, female no;
regular teachers 8, principal, matron, and office assistant. There are also 3 student
assistants. All the teachers are well trained.
Organization.There are six classes, the first five of which are elementary. The
sixth year, is secondary and inbludes civil government, astronomy, algebra. general
history, English literatture, pedagogy, cooking, sewing, and music. Study of the Bible
and the Westminster Shorter Catechism is required throughout the course. Insiruction.
in cooking and sewing is given in every class 'by a competent teacher. The dormitory
life of the girls is carefully supervised.
Finaticia/, 191 3-14. The business management is good, but the system of accounts
is inadequate. The more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of property.
$7, 759
7, 413
36, goo
Income: Presbyterian Board, $6,574; tuition and fees, $1,114; donations, $23;
endowment, $18. The 'noneducational receipts amoun'ted to $4,796, of which $4,000
(partly estimated) was from the boarding department and $796 from the farm.
Expenditures: Supplies for boarding department and shops, $5,087; salaries, .4
$3,760; power, light, and heat, $1,046; books for sale, $649; labor, $645; repairs, $559;
furniture, $281; medical attendance, $115; advertising and printing, $38; telephone,
$29.
School property: The propel-ty consists of $35,000 in land and buildings; $1,000
in endowment, and $oco in cash and supplies on hand.
Plant. Laird: Estimated value, $3,000. The land comprises 3o acres a short distance from the center of the town. About 20 acres are under cultivation. The schOol
grounds are well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $3o,000 The one building is a large four-story brick
structure used for all sch'ool purposes. The building and dormitories were in gobd
condition.
Movable equipment Estimated value, $2,000. 'Of this, $1,4gionvas in-furniture'
and $r,000 in farm equipment and live stock.
Recommendations. m. That more teacher- training be provided for the older pupils.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course.
Dateof visit: November, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
PITI'SYLVANIA COUNTY.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years o age, Iwo
Teachers' salaries in public schools, tot 1-12
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Q
See recommeadaticas in summary chapter, p. as.
Wbite.
43, 350
26, 370
$795: 114
$16:332
$7. 14
$2.51
:a 2
41. 2
Negro.
do
NEGRO EDUCATION.
650.
The rural population is 72.7 pei cent of the total. The average length of .the
public-school term is 5.6 months for white pupils and 3.1 months for colored. The
number of teachers is 258 in white schools and Los in colored schools.. The average
attendance is 5,351 white pupils and 2,853 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need of increased public-school facilities. The St.
Luke's Parochial School, the Pittsylvania Industrial Institute, and the Presbyterian
Parochial School at Chatham are described in the respective summaries of small Episcopal, Baptist, and Presbyterian schools. Th./ city of Danville provides fairly good
is
public high-school facilities for Negroes.
DANVILLE_
PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.,
Principal: W. F. Grasty.
A city high school doing two years of secondary work with some industrial training.
The seven elementary grades are taught inthe same school.
Attendance. Secondary, 6o; male 12, female 48. There were also seven teachers
of elementary grades.
Teachers. Secondary, 3; all colored; male 1, female 2. In addition two teachers
of industrial subjects divided their time between ttie high school and the elementary
grades.
Organization.Secondary: The eighth, ninth, and tenth grades are designated as
the high school. The work of the eighth grade, however, was largely elementary.
The
secondary subjects are: Latin, 3 years; algebra, 3; literature, 2; rhetoric, 1; civics, 1;
Grammar and spelling are taught throughout the course.
physics,
Industrial: The industrial work consists of a little cooking, sewing, and manual
training: Only one hour a week is assigned to this work.
Plant.tstimated value, $25,000. The plant consists of a city lot and two buildings. One building is used entirely for classrooms; the other contains two classrooms,
.
the chapel, a domestic science room, and the wood shop.
Date of visit: November, 1914.
INDUSTRIAL HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: J. T. Page. ,
A large parochial school of elementary grade with a few secondary pupils. It is
owned and sum:lotted by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen. Two of
the teachers are paid by Pittsylvania County.
.-r-Total, 128; of these 18 were doing secondary work. The attendance
A
it was somewhat 'decreased by bad weather. The reported enrollment for
on day of
304.
the year
-7'
s.Total, 7; all colored; male 2, female's.
Organization. --The seven elemelatary %grades have a large attendance. Double
sessions are held in two grades. The secondary' work is confined tfi the " junior" and
Vsenior" classes and includes Latin, Greek, and mathematics.
Industrial work is limited to a little sewing and cooking.
Wetuaoreland High &hoc&
VIRGINIA.
651
Financial.The school has an income of $2,140 a year$1,720 from the Presbyterian
Board of Missions for the Freedmen, and $42o from tuition. Practically all of this js
expended for teachers' salaries.
Plant.tstimated value, $5,000. The property consists of a lot near the city
limits of Danville, improved by a brick building.
Recommendations. r. That in viewof the fact that the public high school can accommodate all the secondary pupils, the Presbyterian school discontinue secondary classes
and devote its facilities to the relief of the overcrowded elementary grades.
2. That the theory and practice of gardening and simple industrial training fo,r boys
and girls be made part of the regular course.'
104
Date of visit : November, 1914.
GRETNA.
PITTSYLVANIA INDUSTRIAL, NORMAL, AND COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE.
Principal: G. W. Goode.
A school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It is owned
by the local Baptist association and controlled by a board of 15 colored trustees elected
by that body.
Attendance.Total, 45; elementary 3o, secondary 15; boarders, 28.
Teachers. Total, 3; male 2, fettale r. In addition there is one part-time teacher
and the senior students are given a little practice in teaching the elementary pupa.
OrOnization.The course begins with the sixth grade and covers six years. Some
of the work of the upper grades is secondary. The work is lacking in thoroughness.
The boys do some work on the school farm.
Financial, 192.3-14.----The accounts are fairly well kept. A special committee
audits the accounts and publishes a financial report annually. According to the report
for the year the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts...
Value of plant.
Si, s61
s61
'
So 12°
Sources of income: Baptist associations, conventions, and churches, $925;, tuition
and fees, 495; loan, $too; other sources, $4t. The noneducational receipts amounted
to $1,141, of which $1,085 was from the boarding department and $56 from other sales.
Items of expenditure: Supplies and expenses of boarding department, $to85; sal-
aries, $996; payment on notes and interest, $212; payment on land, Stor ;
j04i.1.)
labor, $91; insurance, $70; other expenses, $59
Plane. Land: Estimated value, $2,oco. The school owns 49 acres of land, of
which 9 are in the campus and 4o in the farm. About io acres are under 'cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value, $2,000. The building is a poorly constructed, two-story
frame structure. The rooms are fairly well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $1,120. Of this $47O was. in farm implements and live stock, $45o in classroom equipment, and $200 in doriiitoli, furniture.
Recommendations.-1. That the Baptist Association endeavor to secure the cooper-
ation of the public authorities so that this institution may be developed as a conntytraining school.
.
.
Sae recommendations iu summary chapter, p. es.
39-17---42
NEGRO ,EDUCATION.
652
2. That teacher training, gardening, and simple industrial training be made part
of the regular course.'
Date of visit: November, 1914.
POWHATAN COUNTY.
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 191o.
Teachers' salaries in public schools,
1911-12
Negro.
White.
2,466
3,633
479
$4, 483
$9.35
986
$al 653
$2. 69
8
NcY 9
'Population, 1910..
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate, 1910
The entire population is rural,_ The average length of the public-school term is
6.7 months for white pupils and 6.5 months for colosetd. The number of teachers is 19
in white schools and 17 in colored schools. The average attendance is 265 white pupils
and 373 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities. T\he .St. Emma
College and St.-Francis de Sales Institute do not enter into the local situaNtion as their
pupils are ok.fined to boarders.
ROCK CASTLE.
ST. EMMA INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.
Director: Brother Gratian. "
A boys' school of elementary grade with extensive industrial and agricultural equipment. All Pupils board at the school.
The institution was founded in 1895 by Mr. and Mrs. Morrell of Philadelphia and
is owned and supported by them. It is conducted by the Brothers of the Christian
Schools, a Catholic teaching order.
Attendance. Total, 122; all elementary.
Teachers.Total, 17; all white men.
Pupils must be 15 years of age and able to meet certain physical
, Organization.
requirements before entering. They meet in academic classes from 7 to 12 a. m. and
work in the shops from t to 5.3o p. in. The industries are: Blacksmithing, wheel/affrighting, carriage and wagon building, painting, carpentry, harness making, carriage
wifimming, tailoring, shoeinaldng, masonry, cement and concrete work, and cooking and
baking. The agricultural course embraces work in the dairy barn, shops, gardening,
and farm work. A military organization and bandtare maintained.
Filtandol.No statement of income and expelditure could be obtained for this
institution, but the income is estimated at $15,000 a year, a large part of which is from
the shops. Plant Estimated value, $250,000. The glint 'consists of 3,000 acres of land, h
large school building, gristmill, store, sawmill; several large shop buildings and extensive nzttOjinery and equipmenefor wagon making and other industries.
Reemotmendation.--That teacher-tntinirig receive more emphasis.
Date al visit: , April; xsti5.
'A
I See reecorsaudatkes is SUME1117 &mem
.
.
t t.
s White; elected since date a visit.
03
VIRGINIA.,
ST. FRANCIS DE SALES INSTITUTE.
Mother Superior: Sister Mary of the Visitation.'
Agirls' school of elementary and second grade emphasizing 'household arts and
religious training for the development of character. All pupils board at the school.
The equipment and maintenance are adequate and the work is Nvell done. The institution was founded in 1899 by Mother Katherine Drexl and is owned and maintained by
her. The work is conducted by the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament, a sisterhood of
the Catholic Church.
A lterldfince.Total, 138; elementary 88, secondary so; all female.
Teachers.Total, 17; all white sisters; 7 teach industrial subjects.
Organization. -- Elementary: The elementary work is done in the "preparatory
department," covering the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. The elementary subjects
are continued in the "academic" department.
Secondary : The 4-year "academic" course is a mixture of elementary and secondary work. Only three of the classes enroll pupils. The secondary subjects reported.
were: Christian doctrine, 3 years; Latin, I rhetoric, ; history, ri ; botany, ; psychology,
A department of music is maintained.
Industrial: From is to i8 hours a week is required in domestic science or art. The
sewing course is well planned. The cooking course includes general cooking and serving
and the preparation of food for invalids. Courses in home nursing and laundering are
also provided.
Financial. No statement of income and expenditure could be obtained for this
institution, but the income is estimated at $io,000 a year, a large part of which is
contributed by Mother Drexel.
Plant. Estimated value, $85,000. The plant consists of 600 acres of land, a large
three-story brick building, two frame buildings, and good equipment for classrooms,
domestic science, and dormitories.
Recornmenclollon.That teacher training receive more emphasis, and theory and
practice of gardening.be made a part of the regular course.'
Date of visit : April, 1915.
PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY.
.,
/
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age, 1910..
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 'chi-13.
White.
i
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 4 in county..
Percentage illiterate, 19 to.
.
Negro.
9, 200
1,805
2, 825
688
618; 274
810. 12
621 714
.
&5
$3. 94
29. 1
The entire population is rural. Tile average length of the public-school term is 7.2
months for white pupils and 6.4 months for colored. The number of teacheri is 6.2 in
white schools and is i colored schools. The average attendance is 1,176 white pupils
and 344 colored pup'
.
2 See recommendations in suannarycliaptir. p. u.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
654
,These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The Marngvis
Industrial Institute serves as a good central institution where pupils may board and
supplement the training received in the rural schools.
MANASSAS.
MANASSAS INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
.
Principal: Fred D. Morton.'
An elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. Provision is made
for industrial and agricultural work in a rural community.
The school was founded in 1892 through the efforts of Jennie Dean, a daughter of
ex-slaves of the State, who spent her life in domestic service, using odd moments for
Soliciting funds. It has a strong board of local and northern people.
Attendance.Total, 119; elementary 99, secondary 20; male 45, female 74; boarders, Ili; from Manassrs, 4; from other places in Virginia, 92; from other States, 23.
Mathias and workers.Total, 14; all colored; male 8, female 6; academic 6, boys'
industries 3, girls' industries 4, agriculture r.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary work is done in the four lower classes.
These classes are equivalent to grades five to eight. Night courses are provided for
those who wort during the day.
Secondary: The two classes known as the fifth and sixth are doing secondary work,
including English, algebra, history, elementary science, and teacher training.
Industrial: Manual training in carpentr blacksmithing, and shoe repairing is
provided for the boys. During the first two years in the school the pupils spend from
7 to 8.45 a. m. and from r to 1.45 p. m. in routine work, which gives them experience
in each of .the three industries. In the upper classes they are expected to specialize
in one of the industries, agriculture, or teacher training. The rime spent on trades
instruction by this group includes the periods betwetn 7 and 8.45, some time in the
afternoons, and all day Monday.
The girls have instruction in sewing, cooking, and laundry work. After the first
two years they specialize'in one of the household industries or teacher training.
Extension: The institution maintains a successful summer school and farmers'
conference.
1913-r4.The accounts are carefully kept in accordance with an excellent system and the books are audited annually by expert accountants. The more
important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Indebtedness.
Value of property
4
$19,638
19. .239
9.9$6
86,627
4
Sources of income: General donations, $ro,571; special donatiOns, $6,227; tuition
and fees, $1,683; other sources, $1,157. The noneducational receipts amounted to
$16,958, of which $4,194 was from the boarding department, $1,587 from the farm,
and $1,177 from the industrial department. The receipts from the shops and farm
include the market values al products used by the school.
1 Elected since date at visit.'
11111www---VIRGINIA.
655
Items of expenditure: Salaries and board of teachers, $8,555; supplies for boarding department, $7,291; student labor, $6,999; fuel and light, $3,720; general supplies,
$2,290; student aid, $1,446; repairs and renewals, $1,197; soliciting and visitors' expenses,
$989; legal expenses, $882; medical expenses, $381; feed, $194; live stock, $76; other
expenses, $2,181.
Indebtedness: Of the $9,056 indebtedness $4,5oo was in notes payable, $4,144
accounts payable, and $414 students' credit balances.
School property: The property consists of $82,216 in the plant, $2,845 in cash in
bank, students' accounts receivable and othecurrent assets, and $1,570 in eildoWnlent.
PlaneLand: Estimated value, $5,710. The land consists of 204 acres, of which
about a hundred acres are cultivated and about five acres used for campus. The campus
is well kept and neat in appearance.
Buildings: Estimated value, $64,186. There are four main buildings, a hospital
building, four cottages, and several small structures used for storage and other purposes.
The main building is .a three-story brick structure containing classrooms, administrative offices, assembly hall, and shops; the boys' dormitory is a two-story brick building;
the girls' dormitory is a frame building three-stories high. The cottages are used for
teachers' homes. The buildings are carefully supervised and well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $12,320. Of this $5,000 is in industrial
equipment and machinery, $4,00o in furniture for elacsrooms and dormitories, $1,820
in farm implements and live stock, and $1,500 in library books and fixtures.
Recommendations.-1. That the institution be developed as a teacher-training
school for northern Virginia.
2. That the officers take advantage of the close proximity to Washington and
invite the cooperation of the United States Department of Agriculture and bureaus
interested in education.
3. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course'
Date of visit-: November, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
SOUTHAMPTON COUNTY
Population, 1910
Children, 6 to 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 19 1-12
Teachers' salaries per child, 6 to 14, in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
Neva
*MM.
t6, 091
ICS SID
a, 122
$26, so7
4,120
,
1113.35
" T...
$5, 729
$x. 63
39- 4
The entire population is rural. The average length of the publie-school term is 7.6
months for white pupils and 4.3 months for colored. The number of teachers is 78 in
white schSols and 53 in colored schools. The average qtendance is 1,219 white pupils
turd 5,537 colored pupils.
4
These statistics indicate the need for additional public-school facilities. The work
of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. The Franklin normal
and industrial school could be developed as a central institution for supplementing the
training provided in the rural schools.
iSse reorionoodations is summary chapter, IN so.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
656
FRANKLIN.
FRANKLIN NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: Mrs. D. I. Hayden.
A good School of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects.
The
school was founded in 1904 by Mrs. D. I. Hayden and is owned by an independent board
of nine trusties.
Attendance. Total, 46; elementary 38, secondary 8; male 9, female 37; boarders 3o,
all' irls; from Franklin 25, from other places in Virginia 18, and from North Carolina 3.
The reported annual enrollment was 89.
4
Teachers. Total, 4; all colored women. They are well prepared for their work.
Organization.The elementary work is,done in the two preparatory years and in the
first two years of the so-called normal course. The senior normal students have secondary
subjects. The instruction in cooking and sewing is thorough, but there are no industries
for boys except gardening. A large part of the 5-acre tract owned by the school is
under cultivation.
Financial, ror3-14.The accounts are carefully kept. The more important items
for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
51,567
.
1, 414
4, 000
9, 800
Sources of income: Tuition and fees, $564; general donations and entertain\BIlpts, $523; donations from Baltimore "Friends," $480. The noneducational receipts
amounted to $1,339, of which $1,088 was from the boardingrdepartment, and 1251 from
the farm.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department,. $1,620; salaries, $1,014;
fuel; $231; farm expenses, $138; other expenses, $350.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $4,00o represents balance due on one of the
buildings.
1.7
i.
The land comprises 5 acres the edge of
Franklin. All but a small campus space is cultivated.
.
11
tree frame buildings. A twoBuildings: Estimated value, $8,000. There are y*."'.
story 'building with 12 rooms is used for girls' dormitor . The school building contains
four classrooms. The third building is a two-room structure used for laundry.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $800. The equipment consists chiefly of
furniture.
Reconimenclalion.That the sciligp. I be combined with the public school of Franklin,
so that the income may be increased and the senior pupils may have the opportunity to
do practice teaching.
Date of visit: November, 1914.. Facts verified, 1915.
-
Pia/U.Land: Estimated value, $x,000.
4
VIRGINIA.
SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY.
657
.
White.
10, 733
Population, Jr
Children 6 dr 14 years of age, 1910
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912
Teachers' salaries per child 6 to 14 in county
Percentage illiterate, 1910
1, tor
$13,431
82.99
Negro.
5,073
1, 164
$4,494
$2.06
29.9
49
The rural population is 62.8 per cent of the total. The average length of the publicschool term is 5.4 months for white pupils and 5.2 months for colored. The number of
teachers is 55 in white schools and 25 in colored schools. The average attendance is
1,246 white pupils and 521 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate a need for additional school facilities The work of the elementary schools should be extended and strengthened. In the city of Fredericksburg
the private school provides the only secondary facilities. For this reason it receives aid
from the city. A small boarding department should be developed so that this school
may develop as a central institution where pupils from the surrounding country districts may board and supplement the training received in the rural schools.
FREDERICKSBURG.
FREDERICKSBURG NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: W. L. Ransome.
A school of elementary and secondary Bade working in cooperation with the city
public schools.
It vos founded in 1904 aryl is controlled by an independent board of trustees. For
some years it has received aid from the city as the only school in the town doing secondary
work.
Attendance. Total, 47; elementary 4, secondary 43; boarders, 4x
Teachers and workers.Total, 4; all colored; male 1, female 3.
Organization.The " normal" course, enrolling 35 pupils, consists of secondary
subjects with some work in methods and reviews. A college preparatory course is also
provided; 8 pupils were enrolled. Industrial training is limited to a little sewing.
Financial, 1913-14.----Of the income of $ oo, $800 was from the city and $5oo
from tuition.
PlarII.The plant, estimated valibt,000, consists of 3o acres of land on the outskirts of town, and two frame buildings.
Recommendation. That the college preparatory course be omitted and the work
be limited to indugtrial and teacher-training courses, with provision for the theory and
practice of gardening.'
Date of visit : April, 1915..
YORK COUNTY.
White.
Population, 19 to.
Children 6 to i4aears of age
.
Teachers' salaries in public schools, 1912.
Teachers' salariesiPer child 6 to 14 in county.
Percentage illiterate.
,,
Nemo.
3.993
3,764
842
84, 699
85. 57
810 632
7.7
17.9
902
St. 83
See stcomateasiaboos is summary chapter, p. tr.
4
3.
658
NEGRO EDUCATION.
The entire population is rural. The average length of the public-school term is 6.1
months for white puyils and 5.1 months, for colored. The number of teachees is 21 in
white schools and 14 in colored schools. The average attendance is 534 white pupils
and 343 colored pupils.
These statistics indicate the need for additional school facilities. The work of the
elementary schoolsshould tie extended and strengthened. In order to provide a central
institution to supplement the training received in the rural schools, the county, in
cooperation with the Slater Fund and the General Education Board, is developing the
school at Rising Sun.
,
,
LACKEY.
YORK COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: C. E. Brown.
An elementary school selected as a central training institution to supplement the
work of the public schools.
Attendance.Total, 161 ; all elemeitary.
Teachers.Total, 4; all colored; male 1, female 3.
Organization.The eight elementary grades are fairly well taught. The industrial
work consists of sewing, cooking, laundering, and simple Inanual training.
Financial, 191415. The i neome amounted to $i ,28o, of which $780 was from
public funds and $soo from the Slater Fund. Of the income $940 was expended for
salaries and $340 for other purposes.
"Plant. Estimated value, $3,000. 'The plant consists of an acre of land, value
$ioo, a four-room building, value $2,400,vand equipment valued at $5oo.
Recommendations.-1. That the work be encouraged and facilities added, as the
need appears, for a, boarding department, setondary work, and teacher training.'
I. That the theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course.'
Date of visit; October; 1915.
BAPTIST SCHOOLS.
In addition to the three schools reported by the 'Ameriean Baptist Home Mission
Societies and the Virginia Theological Seminary and College supported by theiConvention Baptists, there are io Baptist schools reported in-Virginia. Three of these were
considered important enough to discuss in the county summaries above. The only
echools not 'visited were the Northern N&k Academy, at Ivondale, and King William
Madany, at King William Court Rouse. Evidence indicates that these are small, unimportant schools. The other five are described below.
*(
CHARLOTTE COUNTY
KEYSVILLE.
KEYSVILLE MISSION. SCHOOL.
Principal: A: J. Go9de.
A small school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It is owned and controlled by a self-perpetuating board of trustees and supportedgay the local Baptist Association. There
were 58 pupils, 37 of whom were boarders. Five colored teachers were employed. Pupils do a little
sewing and. woodwork and some farm labor.
See reccensneadations
staxmary chapter, p.
_
21.
eti Clic:L*7 e
A
.:;:c:f.),
VIRGINIA..
Financial, 1913-14.Fairly good financial records are kept.
659
The more important items for the
year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$1,622
1,61z
4, 460
Sources of income: Baptist Association,$i.31o, church collections, $2 a8; tuition and othkr sources,
$73. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to $1,747.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, $1,420; salaries, $930; traveling expenses,
$85; equipment and repairs, $45; other expenses, $878.
Plant Estimated value, $4,460. The school owns ioo acres of land, three small frame buildings,
and equipment and furniture valued at $96o.
Reconsniendationti. That the trustees endeavcr to combine the school with the public school.
2. That simple manual training and gardening be made a regular part of the school work.!
Date of visit: November, 19141
FRANKLIN COUNTYROCKY MOUNT.
'
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON AND FRANKLIN NORMAL; ACADEMIC, AND INDUSTRIAL
SCHOOL.
4
Principal: Kiss M. Hopkins.?
A school run on a cooperative arrangement between the county and the Baptist Association, whereby
pupils from an adjoining public school utilize one room of a plant owned by the association, pending
development of the Baptist school. The public school has three teachers and 63 elementary pupils.
The Baptist plant consists of 1834 acres of land and a building of 18 rooms. The estimated value
is $5,200 and the indebtedness is $2,770. The plant is located near the birthplace of Booker T.
Washington.
Recommendation.That the plan to consolidate three public schools with this school and make it a
county training school be encouraged.
Date of visit: November, '2914.
.
HALIFAX COUNTYHOUSTON.
HALIFAX INSTITUTE.
Principal: Le Roy Gill more.
An elementary school with seven pupils and one teacher. The building is owned by the Baptist
Association and is used both by the Baptist and the public school. The income of about 8600 was derived
from the Baptist Association. The plant, estimated value $3, 300, consists of a acres of land and a
1 2-room Trame building.
Recommendation.That the school be transferred to the public- school authorities of the county.
Date of visit: November, 1914.
KING AND QUEENCAUTHORNVILLE.
KING AND QUEEN HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: J. R. Ruffin.
A poorly managed elementary school doing a needed work in a rural community. The school is
held on the principal'sproperty, but an acre of ground and one of the two buildings have been deeded to
a board of colored trustees representing the local Baptist associations. The so pupils are in nine grades.
Twenty-one were boarders. In addition to the principal there &e three colored teachers. The principal is the local storekeeper and postmaster and farmssoo acres of land. The income amounted to
approximately ii.soo, of which about $spoo was from students and .3600 from the Baptist Association.
Scetwommendations In summary chapter, p. re.
I Miss Hopkins Is principal d the public school, whida uses vitriol the private OW.
660
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Of the expenditures $70o was salaries and $800 for other expenses. The plant, estimated value $1,400,
consists of an acre of land, an old building, and equipment valued at Esc..
Recommendation.That effort be made to have the county authorities take over this needed work.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
NANSEMOND COUNTYSUFFOLK.
NANSEMOND COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE.
President: J. A. Harrell.
An elementary school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. It was founded in 19o5 by the
local Baptiit association apd is owned and controlled by the association. The 64 pupils in attendance
were in 12 grades. An "academic" or college course was claimed, but only one pupil was in attendance. There were six colored teachers, of whom four were male. Much emphasis was placed on Latin'
and Greek. The instruction was unsuited to the needs of the pupils. The income was approximately
$50o, of which $310 was from tuition and Ergo from church collections. Of this $230 was expended for
feel and supplies, $2oo for salaries, $50 for repairs, and $20 for printing and advertising. The plant,
estimated value $4, 4ob, consists of 39 lots, two frame buildings, and a little classroom furniture. The
premises are neglected and no use is 'ade of the land about the school.
Recommendation.That the institution be made a county training school with a course of instruction including teacher training. theory and practice of gardening and simple industrial training.'
Data of visit: April 1, 1915.
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
Besides the two'large Catholic schools described under Powhatan County, there are
five Catholic parish schools in Virginia. These schools are listed below. The religious
interest is strong in all of these schools.
County.
Town.
School.
St. Katherine's School.
St. Joseph's School.
Norfolk..
Cartersville.
Columbia.
Richmond.
Norfolk.
Sussex.
Jarratt.
Cumberland.
Fluvanna.
Henrico.
Attendance.
Van de Vyver College.
St. Joseph's School.,
St. Francis' School.
PRESBYTERIAN SCHOOLS.
Teachers.
17
Income.
$350
28
1
35o
28o
it)
4,000
5
1,000
i
475
227
35
.%
,
The Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen reports 22 schools in Virginia.
T*o of these were considered important enough to be discussed in the county summaries. Nine others Vire visited and are descrited below. The remaining 1 i are listed
at the end of this summary. The schools described are small parochial institutions of
minor importance, generally taught in the church byrthe local pastor. Several of them
are located in rural districts, where their meager facilities are needed to supplement
inadequate public school., To insure more efficient work, effort 'should be made to
merge these 'Schools with the '114144c-01pol system or secure increased private aid.
AMELIA COUNTYAMELIA COURTHOUSE.
.PRIAYTERIAN PAROCHIAL.
r__ILMontouth.
An elementary day school with 59 pupils, all below the fifth grade. The reported enrollment for
the year was 74. The school has three teachers, two pf whom are women. The plant consists of
_
I See reoantmendationa in sansmary chapter, p. u.
VIRG& IA.
661
acres of land and a seven-room frame house used for classrooms and principal's residence. The income
is $320, of which $150 is from Amelia County, $120 from the Presbyterian Board, and $50 from the school
patrons.
Date of visit: November,IP4 Facts verified, 19[6.
AMELIA COUNTY CHULA.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: C. E. Archer.
II. two-teacher public school aided by the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen. There
were 67 pupils present in the six grades on date of visit. The school building is owned by Amelia'
County. The school term is five months.
The income amounted to $192, of whiek.$ 25 was from the county, and $67 from the Presbyterian
Board.
The school plant consists of a four-room frame building and three acres of land. Two rooms of the
building arc in use; the other rooms have not been finished. In erecting the building the county
contributed 8500, and the school patrons raised $765. There is a debt of $335 on the building.
Date of visit: November, 1914.
Facts verified,°1916.
AM E L IA. COUNT YJ ETERSY ILLE.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL.
Teacher: Evaline Bowler.
A one-teacher school with 33 elementary pupils. The Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen
contributes $150 a year toward maintenance.
Date of visit: November, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
HALIFAX COUNTYSOUTH BOSTON.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: A. Kendrick.
'
A school with 6a elementary pupils, all below the fifth grade. The reported enrollment for the
year was zoo. The school has three teachers, two of whom arc women.
The principal is the local
pastor. The school is taught in a new building next to the church. The length of the term is six
months. The income is $44o, of which $390 is from the Presbyterian Board, $30 from the local church,
and $20 from the school patrons. The existence of this school is justified as lung as the public school
facilities are inadequate. The.school term should be lengthened.
Date of visit. November, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
HENRY COUNTYMARTINSVILLE.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL.
Principal: G. P. Watkins.
A school with 67 elementary pupils in seven grades. The reported enrollment
e year was:38.
The school is taught in the basement of the churchby the pastor and three women.
school term is
six months. The income was $358, of which $2 .to
was froinVie Presbyterian Board and di ififrom tuition.
gecommendation.In view of the plan of the county to erect a school building here, it is recommended that the Presbyterian Board discontinue this school or combine it with the public school.
Date of visit: November. 1914. Facts verified, 1956.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
662
HENRY COUNTYRIDGEWAY.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Teacher: Mrs. S. J. Dillard.
eA one-teacher school with 4$ elementary pupils, taught in a church.
contributes Sloe a year toward support. The school term is five months.
The Presbyterian Board
PATRICK COUNTY STUART.
PRESBYTER LAN
AN PA R OCH I A L.
Teacher: Mrs. E. G. Dickson.
A one-teacher school with 62 elementary pupils. It is taught in a private house. The session is
five months. The Presbyterian Board contributes Sr io each year toward the support of this school.
Recommendation.In view of the fact that there isno public school for Negroes in Stuart it is recommended that an appeal for aid be made to the county authorities.
PITTSYLVANIA COUNTYCHATHAM.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL.
1
Principal: Annie Clark.
A one-teacher parochial school held in a church, about a mile from Chatham.
on the day of visit were all;lementary.
The io pupils present
The reported eprollment for the year was 35. The school
session is seven months. Its income is $70, of which $50 is from the Presbyterian Board of Missions for
Freedmen and ito from the school patrons.
Date of visit: November, 1914. Facts verified, 1916,
WARWICK COUNTYNEWPORT NEWS.
PRESBYTERIAN PAROCHIAL.
Principal: G. T. Jones.
A one-teacher school with 23 elementary pupils taught in a wretched building behind the church.
The school should 1- continued only so long as the public school facilities for colored children are
inadequate.
OTHER PRESBYTERIAN SCHOOLS.
In addition the following schcll were reported by the Presbyterian Board, but
evidence indicates that they are hardly worthy of consideration in this report :
county.
Amelia.
Amelia.
Charlotte.
Charlotte.
Dinwiddie.
Halifax../
Town.
Amelia.
Mannbotn.
Charlotte.
Charlotte.
Petersburg.
Clarkton
County.
Henry.
Henry.
Mecklenburg.
Town.
Nottoway.
Ridgeway.
Ridgeway.
Bracy.
Nottaway.
Pittsylvania.
Hope.
-
a
MISCELLANEOUS SCHOOLS.
Besides the schools described above there are five small denominational schools in
the State. Four of. these are supported by the Episcopal Board of Missions and the
American Church Institute for Negroes and one by the Universalist Church. The
--existence oCthree of the Episcopal schools was verified by correspondence. The other
a
6
N
VIRGINIA.
663
Episcopal school and the Universalist school were visited and are described herewith.
The three schools not visited are.small mission schools taught iu connection with churches
and aided by the Episcopal Board of Missions.
NANSEMOND COUNTYSUFFOLK.
SUFFOLK NORMAL TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: J. F. Jordan.
An elementary school Aith 56 pupils in attendance on the day of visit. Lessons in simple sewing
are given to the older girls. The teaching force consists of the principal, his wife, and daughter. The
principal has been appointed probation effi/cer and effort is being made to do neighborhood work.
The school was founded by the principal, a colored minister in the Universalist Church. The
church owns the property and aid is granted through the church,educational board.
Financial, 1913-14.The income amounted to $1,2oo, of which $800 was from the Universalist
denomination, $200 from donations, and $200 from tuition and fees. The expenditures included $doo
for salaries and $2 to for repairs:
Plant. Estimated value, $3,5oo. The plant consists of a large city lot, a two-story frame building
with eight rooms, and limited equipment. The classrooms were clean, though equipped only
rough benches for scats.
Recommendalion.That duplication of public-school work he avoided and the institution devoted
to social-settlement activities.
November, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
P I TTS YL VA 11 A COUNTYCHATHAM.
Si. LUKE'S PAROCHIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: Mrs. M. J. Lewis.
A small three-teacher Episcopal parochial school with an eight months' term. All the teachers are
colored women. Only two teachers were present on the day the school was visited. There were Nit
pupils present, all elementary.
Financial. The school's income is $28o, of which $200 is from the Episcopal Board of Missions and
$8o from the patrons. The pupils are supposed to pay =t a month tuition. The income is all expended
for teachers' salaries.
tw
Mont.Estimated value, $1,200. The school plant consists of a small lot, a five-room house, and
meager equipment. Only three rooms are used by the school. The building is in poor repair.
Recommendation.That the school be conducted in cooperation with the Chatham public school,
for which a new building has been erected.
Diue of visit: November 25, two.
OTHER SCHOOLS.
The three schools whose existence was verified by correspondence are-as follows:
county.
Campbell.
Lunenburg,
Mecklenburg.
'town.
CA
Lynchburg.
Lumnburg.
Union Level.
School.
Good Shepherd.
St. James'.
St. Paul's.
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS:
Besides the schools described in the county summaries above, there are 7 inde-
pendent schools-in Virginia. One so-Called school at Petersburg has neither pupils nor
plant. These schools were founded in some cases to supplement inadequate public
school facilities, but as they are dependent for support on individual initiative and as
S
664
NEGRO EDUCATION.
their supervision is limited, they are doubtful enterprises 'for outside philanthropy.
Where there appears to be a real need for these schools effort should be'made to merge
them with the public-school system. In no case should they endeavor to extend their
activities beyond the needs of their inmmediate community. In order that efficient use
of the money may be assured, donations should big made,through the public authorities
or through an agency acquainted with the educational needs of the,community The
ventures at Ne'wport News, Alexandria, Clifton Forge, Claremont, Staunton, Falls
Church, Petersburg, and Luray should not receive support in their present condition.
ALEXANDRIA COUNALMANDRIA.
ROBERT GOULD SHAW NORMAL AND 111cUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
. Organizers and solicitors: M. L. and
. Robinson.
4.
From 1894 to 1901 this so-called sch
was known as the John Hay Normal and Industrial School.
When Secretary Hay protested against the use of his name the organizers renamed the institution
the William McKinley Normal an industrial School. In 1914 some of the contributors to the school
became suspicious and the na of the school was again changed. The present name, like the two
former ones, was selected i rder to attract donations. The chief aim of the organizers seems to have
been the collection of money for themselves. At one time a National Finance Bureau of Washington "
was organized by the solicitors to facilitate the collection of funds.
When the school was visited there were 16 pupils, taught by Mrs. R. B. Robinson and a volunteer
worker. The children can be better cared for in the public schools. The plant, said to be valued at
$3.000, consists of three city lots, two frame buildings, and meager equipments', Only one room is used
for school work.
RecommendationsThat all donations be withheld.,
ALLEGHANY couNrvCLIFTON FORGE.
CLIFTON FORGE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
President: D. W. Hill.
A poorly managed elementary school with an attendance of 18 on day of visit. The reported annual
enrollment was 33, of whom 14 were boarders. The teaching is done by the principal and three colored
women. The work covers the eight elementary grades, with some instrucffon in sewing. The
-colored populiation of the community is small. The reported income for 1914-15 was $1,478. Of this,
$607 was from students, $380 from church collections and entertainments, $374 from donations, 5117 from
other sources. The expenditures amounted to $1,659, of which $.448 was for salaries, $13o for traveling
expenses, $117 payment on the indebtedness, and $964 for other purposes. The indebtedness amounted
to $7,880, secured by a mortgage on-the plant. The plant, estimated value $8,o00, consists of 1 acres of
land, a two-story frame building, a cottage, and equipment valued at 85oo.
Recommendation.In view of the condition of this school it can not be recommended as worthy
of aid.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
Facts verified, 1916.
AUGUSTA COUNTYSTAUNTON.
LANGSTON-DOUGLASS ACADEMY.
Principal: David N. Kinney.
An elementary day school privately conducted' It was founded in 1906 by the principal. There
is no board of trustees.
Attendancf.Total, 76; all in the eight elementary grades. The first six grades are called the
"grammar school," the seventh and eighth the academy. There were three teachers, all colored.
The income amounted to approximately $600, all of which is from tuition and is used for salaries.
.04
VIRGINIA.
665
Recommendation.The school is wholly private and should not expect donations.
Date of visit: December, 1914.
DINWIDDIE COUNTYPETERSBURG.
HOFFMAN HALL SOUTHERN INDUSTRIAL TRAINING SCHOOL.
Solicitor: John T. Cheshire.
President R. H. Cooley.
An enterprise which, as yet, has done no educational work. The chief aim of the organizers seems
to have been that of raising funds. Although no property is owned and no teaching done, a financial
agent is maintained in the North.
Recommendation. That all donations be withheld.
Date of visit: November, 1914.
FAIRFAX COUNTYFALLS CHURCH.
PROVIDENCE HEIGHTS INDUSTRIALSCHOOL.
President: E. A. Lott.
A school in name only. The property, valued at $400, consists of a town lot and the framework of
a small building. It is owned by a board of trustees. The president of the school is a Government
employee. who is endeavoring to secure funds to build a boarding and industrial schoo1.
Recommendation.In view of the conditions this school can not be recommended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: November, 1914.
PAGE COUNTYLURAY.
VALLEY COLLEGE.
President: J. H. Reed,
A public elementary school with 13 pupils and I colored teacher.
is is taught in the house of
the principal, who spends some of his time soliciting money. The teacher is paid $15o a year by the
comity.
Recommendatton.In view of the condition of this school it can not be recommended as worthy,
of aid.
Date of visit: 'May, 1915.
SURRY COUNTYCLAREMONT.
SMALI HOOD MEMORIAL INSTITUTE.
Acting President : J. R. Pollard.
A school of elementary grade with good plant. Through bad management a large indebtedness
has been accumulated and the property is heavily mortgaged.
The school was founded in 1892 by J. J. Smallwood. Though the institute had a nominal boardof trustees, the principal held title to the property and it was inherited by his wife and daughter upon
his death. For two years the property was involved in a controversy between the
owner and the trustees.
Receivers were appointed by the chancery court in \March, 1913, in order to satisfy the claims of the
trustees and creditors. Upon several occasions when effort was made to meet the indebtedness the
trustees brought in so many additional claims that efforts to ,save the plant were defeated.
Attendance. Total, 63. Fifteen of the pupils were in'.a "hormal" course, which included some
secondary subjects. The industrial work was confined to a little cooking and sewing. Only one hour
a week in theory and one hour in practice or agriculture were reported.
Teachers.Total, 7; all colored; male 2, female 5.
Financial, Igt 3r 4,--The financial management was so uncertain that accurate facts of income and
expenditure could not be obtained either from the workers at the school or from those in Richmond
who were interested in the institution.
Indebtedness
Value of plant.
Cm, 000
65, coo
I See cecommendations in summary chapter, p. as.
6
NEGRO EDUCATION.
666
Indebtedness: The indebtedness was variously estimated from Sis,000 to $4o,0o0. About half of
the indebtedness is due on the original farm. The other indebtedness consists of bills due for current
expenses, sums due the widow of the former principal, lawyer's expenses, and court costs.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $15,000. The land comprises 172 acres, beautifully located on a
height overlooking the James River.
Buildings: Estimated value, $so,coo. A large three -story' building is used for school purposes.
There are two large frame structures used for dormitories, a pavilion, a power house of brick, and four
neat cottages. The buildings are lighted by the school's electric plant and the larger buildings are
heated by steam. In addition to these the school owns the wharf, valued at $3,o0o.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $10,000. Of this, Ss,000 was in electrical plant and machinery, about $3,000 in dormitory and classroom furniture, and $2,000 in farm implements and live
stock.
Recommendation. That donations be withheld until the board of trustees is reorgattized, the
indebtedness definitely determined, and title to the property made clear.
Date of visit: December. 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
WARWICK COUNTYNEWPORT NEWS.
NEWPORT NEWS TRAINING SCHOOL.
President and field agent: Sherman S. Purr.
An elementary day school with a few pupils in secondary subjects. The president spends most of
his time soliciting funds.
The school was founded by the president. Title to the property is vested in a board of directors.
The board exercises practically no supervision over the school work, so that the entire management is in
the hands of the president.
Attendance.Total, 75; elementary 68, in secondary subjects 7. The reported enrollment for the
year was 9o.
Teachers and workers. Total, 7; all colored; male 1, female 6. The teachers were trained in good
schools, but their work lacks thoroughness.
Organization. The course consists of the regular elementary work and a few secondary subjects.
The industrirtl work comprises a little basketry, chair caning, and sewing.
poor that the work is of little value.
The equipment is so
Financial, 1913 -14. Practically do financial records arc kept. As far as could be determined from
the statements of the principal the more important items were:
,,,,,,
Income.
Expenditures... .
Indebtedness
$3,443
3,352
386
1, 500
Value of plant
Sourcesof income: General donations, $3,150; tuition and fees, $284.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, ix ,o80. No other items of expenditure could be given.
PlantTlie plant consists of a large city lot of about half an acre and a four-mom frame building,
valued at $1,5oo. The desks used by the school are borrowed from the county. Two small buildings
used for school purposes are rented. The industrial equipment was valued at $20. The buildings
were clean, but badly in need of repair.
Recommendation. In view of the condition and management of this school it can not be recoin.
mended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: November, 1914. Pacts verified, 1015.
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS.
In addition to the schools described above there are six special institutions for
colored people in Virginia Two are reform schools, operated by the State; two claim
to do neighborhdod work and work for juvenile delinquents; one is a nurse-training
school; and one an orphanage. Thesenstitutions are described herewith:
VIRGINIA.
667
HANOVER COUNTYHANOVER,
NEGRO REFORMATORY FOR BOYS.
President: T. J. Edwards.
A web-managed reform sc_hootfor boys. The work is organized and conducted according to progressive methods of correction. Boys between 8 and 17 years of age are committed by the State courts,
the State paying a fee for each boy. A placing-out officer, who works in connection with the State
departments of charities and correction, has charge of the parole system.
The institution was founded in r000 and is owned and controlled by an incorporated board of trustees of prominent white and colored men of the State.
Attendance. Total, 177 ; all elementary. In addition there were about so boys out on parole.
Teachers and workers.Total, 21; all colored, male is, female 6; classroom 3, boys' industries 2,
farm workers 5, other workers IT.
Organization. A majority of boys attend school half a day and work half a day. Those who work
on the farm attend night school. The instruction is all elementary.
Industrial: Blacksmithing, carpentry, and wheelw righting are taught and the plans include the
introduction of broommaking and shoemaking.
Agriculture: A well-equipped farm isowned and practical work in agriculture is done. The instruction includes gardening and the care of field crops and animals.
Financial, 1914-15.The income arnoUnted to $15.754, of which $15,345 was from the State and
UN from sale of farm products and other sources. Of the income $6,190 was expended fOr salaries and
wages, $2.650 for provisions and groceries, $1,898 for clothing. it .613 for farm supplies, and $3,403 for all
other purposes.
Plant Estimated value, $57,5oo. The plant consists of 1,600 acres of land, a large frame building
used for trades, a three-room school building, a church. thrfe dormitory cottages, and several small
structures, togfther with shop, farm, and dormitory equipment valued at $7, Soo. The plant is well kept
and the premises are neat in appearance.
Recommendation.That the equipment and support for this work be increased.
Date of visit: August, rels.
HANOVER COUNTYPEAKE.
INDUSTRIAL HOME SCHOOL FOR COLORED GIRLS.
Principal. Mrs. Harris Barrett.
A well-managed home school for colored girls committed to the institution by the State courts.
The school was chartered in lois and is owned by a board of trustees of influential white and colored
persons. The State appropriated $6,000 toward the establishment of the institution; the colored women
of Virginia raised nearly $6,000, and white friends contributed over $2,000.
A ltendance.Total, 15. The school has opened recently and the number of girls is increasing as
rapidly as accommodations can be supplied.
Workers. Total, 5, all colored; male 2. female 3; classroom teachers z. agriculture 1, industry 1,
and the principal.
Organization.The work combines industry, home training, and class instruction.
Financial, 1914-15.A statement of income and expenditures could not be given, as the school had
not been in operation a full year. The cost of maintenance will be approximately ts,000, a part of which
will come from the State, as a certain'amount is to be allowed for each girl committed to the institution
by the courts.
Plant. Estimated value, $26,006. The plant consists of 147 acresof land, a new Sio,000 building,
several small structures, and equipment valued at $1,5oo. The premises are well kept.
Reconotterdation.That liberal support be provided for this needed institution.
Date of visit; August, roz*.
449 7° Bull. 39-17--43
NEGRO EDUCATION.
WARWICK COUNTYNEWPORT NEWS.
CHRISTIAN MORAL AND INDUSTRIAL TRAINING SCHOOL AND RESCUE HOME
FOR ERRING GIRLS.
Organizer: S. A. Howell.
An institution which oxists in name only. The organizer solicits funds, and it is reported that he
has purchased slot in Newport News, which he claims is the site of the school. The man who is named
as "secretary" of the so-called institution in the advertisements stated that be had no connection with
the institution and could give no information concerning it.
Recommendation. That donations be withheld.
Date of visit: June, 1915.
ELIZABETH CITY COUNTYHAMPTON.
HAMPTON TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES.
Superintendent: Dr. Esther Morgan.'
A three-year nurse-training school maintained in connection with Dixie Hospital and open to young
women of the Negro and Indian races. The-course is thorough. Hospital facilities are provided for both
white and colored patients. About 700 patients were admitted in 1914-15 and a large number of outside
patients were attended by the nurses.
The sehoarand hospital are owned by an independent board of trustees and supported mainly by
donors interested in Hampton Institute.
Attendance. Nurses in training, 33.
-,.Residence staff.Total, z; the white superintendent and colored head nurse. In addition two
Other workers give part time to teaching.
Financial, 1914-15.The income of the school and hospital amounted to $17,091, of which $9,751
was from "hospital earnings." 14,008 from donations, $2,805 from "nurses' earnings," and $527 from
other sources. There was a balance of $184 from the previous year. The expenditures amounted to
$17,27$, of which $5.704 was for " subsistence, $3.070 for salaries and wages, $1.793 for drugs and surgical
supplies, $5,389 for light and fuel, $1,416 for nurses' wages, and $6,973 for other kurposes.
Plant. Estimated value, $75,000. The plant consists of a well-built four-story brick building and
equipment valued at $5,000. The building is practically new and well adapted to its purpose.
Recommendation.That this worthy institution receive increasing suppart.
THE WEAVER ORPHAN HOME.
Superintendent: W. B. Weavei..
A small orphan home doing good work with limited equipment. The devotion and energy of the
superintendent largely explain the success of the home. It was founded in 1904 and is owned and controlled by the Tidewater Orphan Association, an incorporated organization.
Attendance.Average, 32. The average age of the children is 9 years. Some of them are received
wholly on a charity basis; others pay a small amount for board.
Workers.Total, 3; all colored.
Organization.The children have six grades of elementary instruction and a kindergarten! The
,
Manual work consists of corkini sewing, wood work, and gardening.
Financial, 79h4 -r5.-1.1odincome of about $1,zoo is derived front donations and board paid by teletives of the orphans. The expenditure is chiefly for maintenance. About $400 worth of produce
raised on the farm is used by the boarding department.
Plant. Estimated value, $50,000. The plant consists of r5 acres of land and a large frame building.
Recommendation. Tbat this work be encouraged and adequate funds be provided for its mainte
mince.
White.
XX. WEST VIRGINIA.
SCHOOL FACILITIES IN THE STATE.
There are 64,173 colored people in West Virginia. They form only 5.5 per cent of the
total population, but their number is rapidly increasing as a result of the developnient
of the mineral resources of the State. The increase in population between 1900 and
1910 was 20,674, or 47.5 per cent. Negroes constitute 1.6 per cent of all persons engaged
in agricultural pursuits in the State. As farmers, renting and owning land, they have
charge of 34,520 acres, while as farm laborers they undoubtedly cultivate a larger area.
The United States census indicates that illiterates are still 20.3 per cent of the colored
people zo years of age and over and 6.4 per cent of the children ro to 14 years of age, and
the death rate is high. These statistics indicate that though the number of Negroefit
is relatively small it needs to be considered a vital part of the population of the State.
Public appropriations.Public-school expenditure.. could not be obtained separately
for the white and colored schools of West Virginia. In view of the scattering Negro population and the expense of furnishing sclools for small groups of colored people, the
public-school facilities are fairly good. Iniddition to the expenditures for public schools,
the State appropriated $218,770 to maintain s7x normal schools and one college for white
people and $48,000 to maintain the West Virginia Collegiate and Industrial Institute and
the Bluefield Colored Institute for Negroes. The former school also receives the Federal
appropriation for agricultural and mechanical education.
Private aid.In addition to the two State schools there is one private school in
West Virginia, with an annual income of $17,581, a property valuation of $222,178, and
an attendance of 110 pupils, of whom 91 dflt secondary. This school is supported by
the Baptists of the State and aided by the American Baptist Home Mission societies.
Attendance. The United States census reports 10,404 colored children 6 to 14 years
of age, of whom 7,927, or 76.2 per cent, are attending school. Over 6o per cent of these
children are in the counties of Fayette, Jefferson, Kanawa, Mercer, and McDowell. Several of the cities provide public high schools for colored people. The State high school
inspector classes the colored high,schools as follows: Standard four-year, Charleston and
Parkersburg; second -class four-year, Clarksburg, Huntington, and Wheeling; two-year,
Hilltop and Kimball. Both of the State schools maintain industrial and teachertraining courses, but the course at the Bluefield Colored Institute is in need of reorganization. The only provision .or instruction in agriculture is at the State school.
SUMMARY OP EDUCATIONAL, NEEDS.
I. Increase in teacher-training facilities. The courses at the two State schools
should be strengthened.
2. More provision for instruction in gardening, household arts, and simple industries.
669
.
670
NEGRO EDUCATION.
PRIVATE AND HIGHER SCHOOLS.
The private and higher schools are herewith described. Counties and cities in which
the more important institutions are located are presented as a background for the dis
cussion of the individual schools. The counties are arranged in alphgbetical order.
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
Population, i9lo
Children 6 to 14 years of age
Percentage Illiterate
..
%Pte.
12,390
3,499
2, 170
4.4
19 5
Negro,
773
The rural population is 83.2 per c tt of the total. The colored population is small
both in number and per cent of the tot I population. Of the colored children 6 to 14
years of age 68.6 per cent were attending school.'
HARPERS FERRY.
STORER COLLEGE.
President: Henry T. McDonald)
A school of secondary grade with small elementary enrollment. The teachers are
above the average in preparation but the curriculum is somewhat complicated.
The school was founded in 1867 on Camp Hill, famous as the army headquarters
during the Civil War, by the Free Baptist denomination. It has an independent board
of trustees and receives aid and supervision from the American Baptist Home Mission
Society.
Attendance.Total, I ro; elementary 19, secondary 91; male 4o, female 7o; boarders,
88. Of the pupils reporting home address, 3 were from Harpers Ferry, 6r from other
parts of the State, and 46 from othe tates. There were 20 pupils from farm
homes. The reported enrollment for
r was 165.
Teathers and workers.,Total, 2
e 12, colored II; male 8, female 15; academic i2, music 2, industry 3, gardening r, commercial r, other workers 4Orgamixatios.Elementary: A preparatory class in elementary subjects is provided
for pupils below secondary grade. Some of the subjects in the first yearf the secondary and "normal" courses are also elementary.
Secondary: Secondary work is given in the academic course, enrolling 2r pupils, and
in the"normal" course, enr 'ling 7o pupils. Most of the pupils take the following
course: English, 4 years; mathematics, 3; history, I ; elementary science, 1; music,
drawing, X. At the time the school was visited, 45 pupils had elected Latin; 3o, history; 14, Preach; 2 r, zoology; 2 1, astronomy; 15, physical geography ; 14, mathematics;
52, physics; 9, terinsur; 8, psychology. In the "normal" course provision is made for
teacher training, including methods of teaching history of education and review of the
common - school branches. The emphasis on %reign languages is rather excessive.
Industrial; Manual training in wood is effectively taught. Good instruction in
sewing and cooking is provided. A course in gardening is given in connection with the
raising of vegetables forithe school.
White.
WEST VIRGINIA.
671
Faancia/, 1973-14.The books are carefully kept and the business management
economical.
The more iniportant items for the year were:
Inconie,txcluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less nonediu ktional receipt
Value of property
,
$17, 581
17,-237
212, 178
Sources of income: Free Baptist Women's Mission Society, $3,075; American Baptist Home Mission Society, $3,000; interest on investments, $2,870; State board of control, $2,793; tuition and fees, $1,639; bond matured, $1,000; rents, $881; contributions,
$607; receipts from mortgage $420; scholarships, $215; miscellaneous, $1,o81. The
noneducational receipts amounted to $9,16o, of which $6464 was from the boarding
department, $1,174 from the farm, $978 from heat, light, and power sold, $362 from
students' deposits, and $182 from the domestic-science building.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $7,987; supplies for boarding department, $6,144;
heat, light, and power, $1,950; purchase of real estate, $1,938; labor and supplies for
farm and garden, $1,390; educational supplies, )1Ci ,317; "matriculation and music bills,"
$1,292; repairs and improvements, $843; maintenance of building and grounds, $742;
insurance, $502; repayments of deposits and loans, $46o; printing and postage, $458;
scholarships, $230; library supplies, $118; other purposes, $1;o26.
'School property: Of the property $117,500 is in the plant, $72,678 in endowment
funds invested in stocks and securities, and $32,000 in real estate outside of schOol plant.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $6,000. The school owns about 4o acres of land,
of which 8 are in the campus. A large part of the remaining land is in the school
farm and garden. The school grounds are attractive and are frequently visited because
.
of the historic interest that attaches to Harpers Ferry.
Buildings: Estimated value, $roa,roo. Most of the buildings are substantial
structures. The boys' dormitory and the two industrial buildings are of stone. The
recitation building, the church, and the three girls' dormitories are of brick. The president's home and Sinclair Cottage are frame structures. John Brown's Fort, a brick
buildirk, is used as a museum. The large barn has connected with it a silo and a
slaughterhouse. Some of the buildings are old. Closer supervision is needed for all the
buildings and especially for the boys' dormitories.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $9,400. Of the movable equipment, $3,500
is in library book's and fixtures, $2,000 in furniture, &s loop in farm equipment and live
.
stock, $1,000 in scientific apparatus, and $9oo in shop equipment.
Recommendations. -1. That the course of study be simplified and emphasis placed
on teacher-training subjects.
2. That the time given to foreign langkages be not allowed to interfere with 'dementary science, physiology and social studies.
3. That theory and practice of gardening receive more emphasis in the regular
course.
4
That supervision of boys' rooms be made more effe.
Date of visit: November, 1914.
Facts verified, 1916.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
KANAWI-IA COUNTY.
'White.
Population, 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of tge
Percentage illiterate
.
Negro.
74,966
15,568
. 6, 476
1,067
9. 3
14. 7
The rural population is 71.8 per cent 01 the total. The colored population is small.
The public-school facilities are fairly good; of .the colored children 6 to 14 years of age,
83 per cent were attending school.
INSTITUTE.
WEST VIRGIN -IA COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE.
President: Byrd Pri Herman.
A secondary school with an elementary department enrolling about a third of the
The academic organization is complicated. Adequate equipment is provided
for the industries, but the time for this work is short. Gardening is effectively taught.
The school is owned by the State; it is supported partly by State appropriation
and partly by the Federal funds for agricultural and mechanical education. The legislature chartered the school in 1891. Financial control is vested in the State board of
control aitl the educational activities are supervised by the :state hoard of regents.
A tlance.--Total, 2 34 ; elementary 72, secondary 162; male 92, female 142;
boarders, 202. Of those reporting home address, 183 were from West Virginia and 47
from other States. Fifty were from farm homes. The reported enrollment fof the
pupils:
year was 345.
Teachers and workers.Total, 29; all colored; male 2o, iemale 9; academic 6, boys'
industries 6, girls' industries 4, agricultural 2, commercial r, music and other workers W.
Nine 4orkers who do not teach include a physician, a matron, five laborers, and two
clerks.
Organization.The complicated organization feliVides .three courses: The "English" course, largely elementary, for trade pupils who wish only an English education;
the "normal"' course, a combination of elementary and secondary subjects with some
attention to teacher training; and the "academic" course, which includes the usual
college preparatory subjects. These three courses involve a confusing duplication of
subjects and class namei. The real work is classified in the following statement:
Elementary: Elementary work is done in the "English" course and in the "subfresh en" divisions.
dary: The "normal" course, in which 94 pupils are enrolled, is made up of a
well-selected group of studies, with proper emphasis on elementary science, gardening,
and teacher training. The college preparatory course, enrolling. 53 pupils, includes 5
units of foreign language, 3 of mathematics, and ample provision for the elementary
sciences. The history in both courses is insufficient. Eleven pupils are Specializing in
a two-year commercial course.
Industrial: Though the-time allowed is insufficient to train skilled workers, the
trades building is well equipped and good industrial work is .ne. The average time
per week is 12% hours.
Each pupil is required to do industrial work before graduating.
The trades taught are carpentry, which had 22 pupils at the time the school was visited;
painting, with 13 pupils; blackstnithing,, i8; masonry, 1 2 ; and printing, 12.
41111.1101--
WEST VIRGINIA.
673
The-courses in sewing and. cooking are fairly well taught.
Agriculture: Two teachers and two farm helpers give agricultural instruction. The
department has two greenhouses,'the necessary farm and garden tools, and 4o acres of
1
land under cultivation. The theory and practice of gardening are well taught, an
unusually large proportion of the pupils taking this work. Twelve pupils specializing
in agriculture devote 12 and 15 hours a -wek to the subject.
Financial, 1913-14.An excellent system of accounting is in operation at the school
and the books are carefully kept. The financial management is under the supervision
of the State board of control and an annual statement is published by that board.
According to the report for the year the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditure less nonedu&itional receipts.......?.
$46, 499
48, 481
Value of plant
216,449
Sources of income: State airpropriations, $35,000 (for salaries, $2o,000; current
expenses, $7,500; repairs. S7,500); Federal funds,. Sio,000: tuition and music fees,
$673; miscellaneous sources, $826. In addition the State appropriated $16,00o for
d and buildings. The noneducational receipts amounted to $17,234, of which $13,094
from the boarding .house and laundry, $2,083 from sales of uniforms, $1,397 from
medical, athletic, and breakage fees, and $68o from sale of books..
1
xva,
_
1.
Items of expenditlire: Salaries, $27,131; repairs and additions to buildings and
equipment, $12,705; groceries and food supplies,"$10,050; heat, light, and water, $3,164;
dormitory furniture and supplies, $2,338; academic and musical supplies, $2,066; uni-
forms for students, $2,045; industrial and domestic-science supplies, $1,433; agricultural supplies and feed, $1,194; text books and maps, $939; office and traveling expenses,
$786; refund for breakage, $496; live stock, $463; athletic supplies, $448, library; $391,
publication, exercises, and advertising, $226; medical supplies, $u)°, labor, freight, and
miscellaneous expenses, less discounts, $240
Plant Land : Estimated value, $12,030. The school land comprises 8o acres,
with 40 acres under cultivation and about to acres used for school campus. The campus
is well kept and neat in appearance.
.
Buildings: Estimated value, $101,424. There are six large brick buildings and
seveltill smaller structures. The buildings are of simple; substantial construction and
in good repair. Most of them are only two stories higha commendable characteristic in view of the tendency to erect high and dangerous buildings. All of the buildings
have steam heat, electric light, and sanitary toilet facilities.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $102,975. Of this, $99,396 was in scientificapparatus, farm implements, machinery, and furniture, $2,186 in live stock, and $1,393,
in Ii rary books.
Recommendations. -1. That the course of study be simplified and emphasis° placed
on secondary subjects adapted to training teachers.
2. That the work in gardening be extended and more students encouraged to
specialize in agriculture.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
674
3. That the boarding department and dormitories -be administered in close correlation with -"the work in household arts.
Date of visit: April, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
MERCER COL NTY.
Population; 1910
Children 6 to 14 years of age in county
Percentage illiterate, 191o.
yl.
.
..
.
Whitt.
Negro.
32,406.
5.96o
6, 828
962
22. 7
7. 5
The rural population is 63 per cent of the total. The colored population is small.
Although the public-school fdcilities for colored people are fairly good, the percentage
of illiteracy is high. Of the colored children 6 to 14 years of age, 79.3 per cent were
attending school.
13LljEFI ELD.
BLUEFIELD COLORED INSTITUTE.
Principal: R. P. Sims.
A secondary school with a few elementary pupils and no industrial work for boys.
The school was founded in 1895 by the State. It is owned and controlled jointly
by the State board of regents and the State board of control.
Attendance.Total, 148; elementary 20, secondary 128; male 48, female too;
Of those reporting home address, 35 were from Bluefield, 69 from other
places in West Virginia, and 42 from other States. There were 41 from farm homes.
The reported enrollment for the year was 243.
Teachers and workers.Total, I 2 ; all colored; male 5, female 7; academic teachers 8,
girls' industries 2, other workers 2.
Organization.Elementary: Elementary work is done in a "preparatory" class.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the four-year "normal" cgurse. The
libjects are English, Latin, German, history, mathematics, elementary science, and
the theory of agriculture. The girls have four hours a week of sewing and four of
boarders, 85.
cOOking.
Financial, 1913-14.The financial records are kept in accordance with the requirements of the State board of control. According to the report of the board the more
important financial items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts....
Value of plant
$13, 774
11,286
59, 000
of3ources of income: State appropriation, $ri,000; tuition and fees, $611; miscellaneous sources, $163. The noneducational receipts were from the boarging department and amounted to $5,556.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $7,710; maintenance of boarding department,
$5,503; heat, light, and- water, $1,376; supplies and equipment for academic department, $943; furniture and scientific apparatus, $554; domestic-science supplies, $310;
office supplies, $171; labor, $59; traveling expenses, $52; farm and shop supplies, $4o;
other expenses, less disCounts received, $124. The unexpended balance at the end of
the year amounted to $2,448.
-
WEST VIRGINIA.
675
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $fo,000. The grounds comprise/8', acres of land
at the base of a high mountain. Because of the poverty of the AO none of it is used
for agricultural purposes.
The campus is fairly well kept.
Buildings: Esmated value, $4o,000. There are three main buildingS and three
small eottages'on the grounds. Mahood Hall, a two-story brick structure with' basement, is the principal building and is used for administration and classrooms; Lewis Hall,
a fom-story frame structure, containing 70 rooms, is used as the girls' dormitory; West
Hall, a two-story frame structure, with capacity for go, is used as the bows' dormitory.
The buildings were in good repair at the time the school was visited. The girls' dormitories were fairly well kept ; the boys' rooms were not in satisfactory condition and
appeared to lack supervision.
Movable ecOpment : Estimated value, $9,000. The movable equipment consists
of furniture for classrooms and dormitories.
Rccolnrie' ndations.-1. That the school center its efforts on' the training of teachers.
2. That provision be made for theory and practice of gardening and manual training
for boys.
3. That supervision of the dormitories be improved.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
r
S
1
XXI. NORTHERN STATES.
Private and higher schools for colored people are located in nine of the Northern
and Western States, as follows: Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Ohio, New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. Although the Negroes form a relatively
small proportion of the population of these States, they are found in large groups in such
cities as Columbus (Ohio), New York, Philadelphia., Chicago, Pittsburgh, Indianapolis,
nd Cincinnati. The total Negro population in the nine States is 765,150, of whom
300,088 are in the seven cities just named. The increase in the Negro population of
the nine States between 1900 and 1910 was 136,108, or 21 per cent.
Public-school facilities.None of these States maintain separate school systems for
Negroes, although in some of the larger cities the two races by common consent attend
separate elementary schools. In general the facilities furnished in these schools are
the same as those for white pupils. Separate public high schools are found in a number
of the cities. State schools are maintained as follows: Kansas 2, Ohio 1, and New
Jersey 1. In Pennsylvania one of the private schools is supported in large part by
appropriations from the State.
Private schools.Besides the State schoolb there are 25 colored private schools in the
Northern States. Of these, 7 were considered important enough to discuss in the State
summaries which follow and the remaining 18 are described in summaries of small,
Catholic and small independent schools at the end of the State summaries. The nine
orphanages and hospitals and nurse-training staols are discussed in the summary of
special institutions at the end of the chapter.
These private schools have a property valuation of $2,417,549, an annual income of
$178,818, and an attendance of 2,517 pupils, of whom 2,017 are in elemeltaty grades.
The State schools have a property valuation of $862,747, an incorhe of $15$,733, and an
attendance of 512.
ILLINOIS.
There are 109,049 colored people in Illinois, of whom 44,103 are in the city of
The colored population, increased 28.2 per cent between 1900 Enid 191o.
Although Illinois has no law governing the separation of races in the public schools,
Chicago.
separate high schools are maintained by common consent in the southern portion of the
State. Colored high schools are reported at Cairo, Duquoin, East St. Louis, Metropolis,
Mound City, and Mounds. In addition about 675 colored pupils are enrolled with white
pupils in the various high schools of the State. There are no large priVate schools.
The two Catholic parish schools and the special institutions in Chicago are described
in the summaries at the end of the chapter.
INDIANA.
There are 60,320 colored people in Indiana. The colored population increased 4.9
per cent between 1900 and 1910. The State law provides that where the trustees of a
township or city maintain separate schools for Negroes the colored school must be as
677
678
NEGRO EDUCATION.
good as the white school of the district. In Indianapolis separate elementary schools
are maintained, but both races attend the high schools. Separate high schools-are maintained in Evansville,'Madison, Mount Vernon, New Albany, and Princeton. According
to the State report there are about 300 colored students in he other high schools. The
only private, school is the correspondence school of doubtful management located at
.Princeton. This school is described in the summary of independent schools at the
end of the chapter.
KANSAS.
There are 54,030 colored people in Kansas. The colored population increased 3.9
per cent between 1900 and 19ro. According to the State law, boards of education in
cities of 15,000 population and over may maintain separate elementary schools for
Negroes. The only city in the State which may maintain a separate high school is
Kansas City. This high school and the two schools receiving considerable State aid
are described below.
TOPEKA.
INDUSTRIAL AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: William R. Carter.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with provision for manual training
and agricultural instruction.
,
The school was founded in 1895 as a kindergarten and sewing school by two colored
workers. In 190o the work was placed under a board of trustees and in 1907 the State
agricultural and industrial department was created and appropriations made for the
erections of buildings. The school is now under the control of the State board of
regents appointed by the governor. An independent board of trustees acts in an
advisory capacity.
Attendance. Total, 82; elementary 45, secpndary 37; male 33, female 49; all
boarders; from Topeka, 10; from other places in Kansas, 39; from other States, 33.
The reported enrollment for the year was 105.
Teachers and workas.Total, 14; all colored; male to; female 4; academic 4,
music 3, agriculture r, girls' industries 2, boys' industries 2, matron, and librarian.
Organization.--LElementary: Only a few special pupils are admitted below the seventh grade. Most of the elementary pupils are in the two "preparatory" years; which
correspond to the seventh and eighth grades.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the four-year "normal" course. The
course includes English, 3 years; Latin, 2; mathematics,. elementary science, 33; history, 23; sociology, 3; economics, 3; education, 3; philosophy, x ; physiology, 3 ; and
agricUlture, 4.
Industrial: Instruction in cooking and sewing is provided for the girls, and tailoring,
woodworking, and printing for the boys,
Agriculture: A genuine effort is made ta'give instrtiction in agriculture. All pupils
below the senior class are required to pursue the full course in market gardening and
poultry raising.
NORTHERN STATES.
679
Financial, z9z2-13.The fur ices are under the supervision of the State board of
regents and the treasurer makes annual report to that board. / According to the treasurer's report for the year the more important items were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of plant
$15, 830
20,433
131,34!
Sources of income: State appropriations, ,$12,000; tuition and fees, $1,359;, donations, $1,351; special fund receipts, $408; miscellaneous, $712. The noneducational
receipts amounted to $6,630, of which $4,641 was from the boarding department;
$792 from sales of the industrial department, $6o1 from sale of uniforms, and $596
from the sale of live stock.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $8,356; supplies for boarding department, $3,911;
repairs and additions to buildings, $3,469; equipment, $3,000; farm supplies and live
stock, $I ,200 ; fuel, $1,200; light and power, $1,062; industrial department supplies,$662;
musical department, including pianos and music, $647; uniforms, $5o6; extension work,
$485; student aid, $400; temporary loan, $258; carpentry department, $220; supplies
for domestic science and art, $235; administration, $r31; tailoring department, $106;
printing department supplies, $87; supplies for academic department, $7511 library expenses, $67; advertising, $3o; incidental expenses and supplies, $998.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $21,000. The land comprises '105 acres on an
elevation some two miles from Topeka. Of this 8o acres are under cultivation,
acres are in pasture, and so acres are used for campus. The campus is well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $101,400. There are five well-built stone structures,
three cottages, and a stone barn. The girls' dormitory, the boys' dormitory and the
boys' industrial buildings are three stories high; the administrtilion and classroom building and the girls' trades buildings are two stories high. The cottages are used for houses
of principal and teachers. The school has its own water works. All of the stone for
buildings was quarried on the grounds, largely with student labor. The buildings are
well constructed and attractive.
Movable equipment: Estimated value: $8,995. Of this, $3,450 is in furniture,
$2,445 in farm equipment and live stock, $1,700 in shop equipment, $1,000 in library
books, and $400 in scientific apparatus.
Date of visit : April, 1914. Facts verified, 1916.
QUI NDARO.
WESTERN UNIVERSITY.
President : H. T. Kealing.
A school of secondary grade with elementary classes.
Extensive provision is made
for industrial training and music. Attendance is small and th,work is hampered by
elaborate organiiation.
The institution was founded during the Civil War 'by Rev. Eben Blatchley and
was operated by the African Methodist Episcopal Church until 5899. In that year
s Waterworks and electric lied equiposat, valued M Sedan were added in pas.
NEGRO -EDUCATION.
680
the State established the State Industrial Department, which is under the control of the
State board of regents. All but one of the eight buildings are owned by the State.
Only one building and 120 acres of the land are owned by the church.
Aitendance.Total, io6; elementary 27, secondary 63, theological 4, special stu4
dents 1 2 ; male 27, female 79; from Kansas, 38; from other States, 68. There .vere 78
boarders. The reported enrollment for the year was 260.
Teachers and workers.-.---Total, 26; all colored; male 17, female 9; grades and academic 9, boys' industries 5, girls' industries 2, music 4, agriculture 1, others 5.
d.Organizahon.Elementary: The elementary work is done in the three "subnormal"
years, corresponding to the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades.
Secondary: The secondary work is done in the four-year "normal" course. The
subjects are: Latin, 3 years; English, 3i; mathematics, 4; elementary science, 4i; hisThe course is weak in history and the social
tory, ; psychology, i; agriculture,
sciences and in hygiene. The " theological" course comprises secondary and theological subjects. There were also 12 students of elementary grade who were allowed to
specialize in music, industries, and commercial subjects without taking any classwork in
the academic department.
Music: A department of music is maintained. The four teachers are well trained.
The course includes instruction in piano, violin, band, and vocal music.
Commercial: Several pupils take a special course in stenography and typewriting.
Fairly good instruction is provided.
Industrial: Considerable provision is made for industrial training. The teachers
are from good schools. The courses offered include carpikatry, blacksmithing, printing,
teaching, and mechanical drawing. The number of pupils in these courses is small and
the time allowance is not sufficient for trade training.
is provided for the girls.
Instruction in cooking and sewing
Agriculture: One teacher offers classroom courses
in
animal husbandry and
agronomy.
Financial, 1914-15.--The financial management of the school is not centralized.
The church funds are handled by the nonresident treasurer; State funds are controlled
by the State department of education, and the funds and records of the boarding department are managed by the president. According to the statement of the president the
more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Indebtedness
Value of plant
138, 148A,
...
...
33, 0774/
9, 000
595.300
Sources of income: State appropriations, $28,766; tuition and fees, $5,382; African
Methodist Episcopal Church, $4,000. The noneducational receipts amounted to $7,983.
Of this $7,473 was from board and $510 from room rent.
Jtenis of expenditure: Teachers' salaries, $17,189; supplies for boarding department,
fr7,445; supplies for other departments, $3,176; equipment, $3,000; power, light, and
heat, $2,000; repairs, $1,200; printing and advertising, $50; other expenses, $6,000.
NORTHERN STAZES.,,
681
Indebtedness; The debt was incurred by the erection of a new building and is
secured by a mortgage on a part of the school property.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $6o,000. The land comprises about 153 acres.
Of this about 16 acres are owned by the State and 137 acres-by the church. About loo
acres off' the land are cultivated on a commercial basis. The campus is well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $114,500. There are eight brick buildirts on the
grounds. The girls' dormitory is valued at $3o,00o. The administration building, the
auditorium, and theological building are valued at $25,00o each. The mechanical
building is valued at $1o,000, the domestic-science building at $8,000, the storeroom and
commercial department building at $7,500, the agricultural laboratory and heating
plant building $6,000, and the laundry and gymnasium building $3,000. The buildings
are well conseructed and most of them are in good repair; they lack adequate fire protection, however. All except the theological building were built with State appropriations and are owned by the State.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $10,800. Of this $5,000 was in furniture,
$3,000 in library books and furniture, $1,200 in shop equipment, $1,200 in farm equipment
and live stock, and $400 in scientific apparatus.
Recommendations. -1. In view of the complicated administration arising from State
and chutch management, it is recommended that the State purchase the small part of
the property owned by the church.
2. That the administration and school organization he simplified.
Date of visit: April, 1914. facts verified, 1915.
KANSAS CITY.
SUMNER PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL.
Principal: J. A. Hodge.'
A public high school offering a four-year secondary course with industrial training.
Attendance.Total, 253; all secondary; male 93, female 160.
Teack;s.Total, 12 ; all colored; male 8, female 4.
Organization.The four-year secondary course includes the usual high-school subjects with liberal provisi n for industrial training.
Plant.The plant, e timated value $7o,00o, consists of a well-planned brick building and good equipment
Date of visit: April, 1914.
NEW JERSEY.
There are 87,762 colored people in New Jersey. The colorml poptilation increased
28.5 per cent between 190o and 19to. Separate schools are maintained for colored
people by common consent in sotme of the towns of the southern portion (If the State.
The State makes liberal appropriations to the school at Bordentown, which is described
below.
In addition there are two small independent schools in the State. These schools
are described in the summary of small independent schools at the end of the chapter.
lalteted mune date of visit.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
682
BORDENTOWN.
THE MANUAL TRAINING INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR COLORED YOUTHS.
Principal: W. R. Valentine.'
A school of elementary grade with a few secondary pupils. The industrial and
agricultural equipment is inadequately used. A new organization is being worked out
with a view to better adaptation of the instruction to the needs of the pupils and fuller
use of the industrial equipment.
The school was founded in 1886 by Rev. W. A. Rice and is controlled by the State
board of education.
Attendance.Total, 95; elementary 72, secondary 21; male 43, female 52 ; all
boarders. Of those reporting home address 4 were from Bordentown, 74 from other
places in New Jersey, and 14 from other States.
Teachers and workers.Total, 18; all colored; male so, female 8; grades and
academic 7, boys' industries 2, girls' industries 2, agriculture 1, farm workers 3, boarding department and office workers 3.
Organization.At the beginning of the year 1915-16 the pupils were found to be
very loosely classified. After a series of tests the pupils were divided into grotips ranging
from the second to the ninth grade. These groups are not rigid and the, pupils are
transferred from one to another as their preparation warrants. The reorganization will
be based- on the work done by these groups in the year 1915.
Industrial: Students attend academic classes half of the day and devote the other
half to industrial work. With the exception of carpentry, the industrial work is of
slight educational value.
Instruction in cooking, sewing, and laundry work is provided for girls. The pupils
in domestic science prepare the meals for the teachers' dining rooms.
Agriculture: The zoo acres of land are cultivated for the most part by farm hands
assisted by the larger boys. Some greenhouse work and gardening are done by the
girls.
Financial, 1914-r5.The finances are controlled by the State department of
education. Very meager records are kept at the school.
the more important items for the year were:.
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, lei noneducational receipts
Value of plant
AS far as could be determined
$27, 755
26, 882
99. I59
Sources of income: State appropriation, $27,755. The noneducational receipts
amounted to $6,521, of which $6,239 was from the boarding department and medical
fees and $282 from the farm.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $9,259; supplies and sundries, $8,941; repairs,
$3,636; power, light, and heat, $2,961; outside labor, $2,314; student labor, $1,823;
interest, $721; other purposes, $3,748.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $1 t,2'oo. The school owns 225 acres of land, of
which about too acres are cultivated and about so acres used for campus.
Elscted la sets.
NORTHERN STATES.
683
Buildings: Estimated value, $60,123. The buildings include five brick structures,
two frame dwellings, and several small frame structures used for shops and other purposes. Three of the brick buildings are two stories high and two are small one-story
structures. The rooms were fairly well kept, but some of the buildings were badly in
need of repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $27,836. Of this $13,246 is in furniture
and fixtures, $6,148 in farm implements and live stock, $1,554 in shop equipment and
$6,888 in other equipment.
Recommendations.-1. That the reorganization now in process be encouraged.
2. That a system of accounting suited to the needs of the school be installed.
Date of visit: May, 1915.
NEW YORK.
There are 120,029 colo'red people in New York, 91,709 of who are in New York
The colored population increased 35.2 per cent between isoo and 191o. No
separate public schools are maintained for colored people. Two unimportant independent schools are located at Binghamton and there is one Catholic parish school for
Negroes in New York City. These schools are described in the summaries of small
schools at the end of the chapter.
OHIO.
City.
There are 109,643 color& people in Ohio. The colored population increased 15 per
the separation
cent between 19oo and 1910. Although the laws do
races in public schools, separate schools are maintained by "common consent " in some
general the facilities in these schools are the same as for white
of the larger cities.
pupils. The State appropriates money to the Combined Normal and Industrial Department of Wilberforce University. One independent school of importance is maintained
in Cincinnati. In addition there are two unimportant independent schools and two
Cathojic parish schools for Negroes in the State. These schools are described in the
summary of smaller schools.
XENIA.
WILBERFORCE UNIVERSITY.'
President: W. S. Scarborough.
A school of secondary and collegiate grade with a theological department. Owing
to church politics the institution has been badly managed and its organization is not
effective.
Tl?e institution traces its history to 1847, when the Ohio Conference of the African
Methodist Episcopal Church opened Union Seminary, 12 miles west of Columbus. The
present site of Wilberforce University was purchased in 1856 by the Ohio Conference
of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The conferences of the Methodist Episcop0 and
the African Methodist Episcopal churches then formed a corporation and appoir...ed a
board of trustees for the new institution. Botti.schools were closed by the war. In
1863 Bishop Payne, of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, purchased the Wilberwubedeece university consists of three institutions, Wilberforce University. Paine Theoloemi Sesherr. and the
Combined Normal tad Industrial Department. each having its own board of testes. The "C. N. end L" receive Its support
from the State of Ohio and is so nearly an independent organisation that it is described separately.
46927 ° Bull. 39-17---44
684
NEGRO EDUCATION.
force property; the Union Seminary property was sold and the two schools combined.
In 1870 an appropriation of $26,000 was made to the institution by the United States
Congress and legacies were bequeathed by Chief Justice Chase and the Avery estcte.
The institution is managed by a large, unwieldy board of trustees elected by the church
conference. The number of trustees could not be ascertained from the officers of the
school. In 1889 the Ohio Legislature passed a law establishing the "Combined Norma.
and Industrial Department." This department is practically a separate institution)
Payne Theological Seminary was founded in 1891 with a separate board of directors.
Attendance.Total, 193; elementary 13, secondary 85, college 65, theological 3o;
male 116, female 77. Practically all of the students board at the school.
Teachers and workers.Total, 19; all colored; male 16, female 3; academic 9, theological 4, executive 3, others 3.
Organization. The pupils of the preparatory and collegiate departments of the
university are not required to take industrial courses in the "C. N. and I." department,
and those electing such courses receive no credit for these electives toward graduation
in the university proper.
Elementary: Classes in elementary subjects are provided for the few pupils not
prepared for the secondary classes.
Secondary.: The secondary course covers four years. The following subjects are
taken by all: English, Latin, elementary sciences, mathematics, and history. The electives include Latin, French, German, Greek, history, mathematics, chemistry, and physics.
College: The college, subjects and attendance on the day of visit were:
matics, 28 students; t nglish, 24; Latin, 3o; Greek, i7; German, 8; French, 17; Spanish, 4;
biology, 12; chemistry, 8),. physics, 18; history, 12; philosophy, 16. Other subjects
elected by a few pupils are school law, methods, practice teaching, biology, chemistry,
and physics. It is apparent that languages and mathematics receive greater emphasis
than the other courses. The ages and previous preparation reported by some of the
pupils indicati that the entrance requirements are not strictly enforced.
Payne Theological Seminary: Whie the theological seminary has a separate board
of directors, it is' upported by the African Methodist Episcopal Church and its management is closely related to that of the university. It offers two three-year courses
in theological subjects. The "regular" course includes the usual theological subjects,
with Greek and Hebrevi. The "Eng14" course omits the languages.
Discipline: The girls' dormitory .carefully supervised, but the dormitories for
young,men, both in the theological and academic departments, are not looked after
satisfactorily.
Financial, I9r3i4.--Fot many years the financial management has been uncertain
and the bookkeeping system imperfect. At the time the school was visited a movement was under way to centralize the management and install an adequate system of
accounting. The more important items, exclusive of the boarding department; which
is conducted privately, were as follows:
11setene.
Expenditures
Indebtedness
Value of property.
$28, 314
27, 760
...
32,988
1571037
NORTHERN STATES.
685
Sources of income: Church conferences, $9,764; tuition and fees, $6,530; State
appropriation, $3,500; general donations, $1,954; other sources, $6,566.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $10,872; repairs, $2,084; supplies and sundries,
$1,775; equipment, $1,222; power, light, and heat, $1,425; interest on debt, $1,141;
student labor, $88o; outside labor, $581; 'other purposes, $7,780.
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness, $25,790 was in notes payable, $4,228 in cdrrent
bills, and $2,970 in back salaries due teachers.
School property: The property consists of $125,900 in school plant and $31,137 in
endowment. r
.
Plant.Land: Estimated value, $14,500. Most of the land is used for school
campus.
Buildings: Estimated value, $9',2oo. There are four large brick buildings and one
frame structure. Emery Hall, the girls' dormitory, is a three-story building in good repair. The rooms are clean and well kept. Shorter Hall, the boys' dormitory, is a four-
,story building badly in need of repair; the rooms were dirty and seemed to be without
supervision. The theological building is a large two-story residence used for classes and
dormitories. The Carnegie Library is a neat brick building.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $14,200. Of this, St 1,45o is in classroom
and dormitory furniture, $2,050 in library books, and $700 in scientific apparatus.
!Recommendations. -1. That the administration be freed from the influence of church
politics.
2. That the pupils be encouraged to take advantage of courses offered by the C. N.
and I. Department and full credit be giver. these courses toward graduation.
3. That emphasis on languages and mathematics be not allowed to limit instruction
in social and physical sciences and teacher training.
4. That the theological course include a study of sanitation and urban and rural
conditions.
5. That a trained bookkeeper be employed, a system of accounting `suite
to'the
needs of the school installed, and the books audited annually by an a
edited
accountant.
6. That, the present unwieldy board of trustees of Wilberforce University be
replaced by a small, active, and effective board. The control would be simplified if
both the university and Payne Theological Seminary. were under one bt:lard.
Dates of visits: April, 1915; October, 1915.
COMBINED NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT.1 .
1 Superintendent : W. A. Joiner.
A school of secondary grade, providing teacher training of c2llegiate grade and
industrial courses. The institution is well equipped and the managetent is progressive.
The institution was established in 1889 at Wilberforce Univ.eisity by the Ohio Legislature. In 1896 the General Assembly of the State voted a permanent tax levy for the
support of the work. The institution is controlled by a board of nine trustees, five of
whom are appointed by the governor of the State and four by the university trustees.
Wilberforce University is described separately.. See note to p 663.
686
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Attendance. Total,' 231; secondary 191, college 4o; male So, female 151. A:1
pupils except those in the teacher-training course are of Secondary grade. Practically
all'board at the school.
Teachers and workers.Total, 29; all colored ; male 17, female r 2; teacher training 6,
boys' industries 7, girls' industries 4, commercial 2, tatrons 3, executive 2, others 5.
Organization. Some of the pupils take studies at the university. The seventh and
eighth grades, which enroll a few pupils, are used as a practice school. All the regular
pupils are required to devote 5 hours a week to a vocational subject.
Teacher training: The two Courses offered are the "normal preparatory," and the
".normal teachers' course." the "normal preparatory," enrolling 56 pupils in 1915-16,
is a four-years' course of secondary subjects. It differs from the college preparatory
course of the university in the %mission of a part of the foreign language work and the
inclusion of manual training. No teacher training is included. The " normal teachers'
course," enrolling 4o pupils, covers two years of study and is open to pupils who have
completed two years of the "normal:Preparatory " subjects. A brief period is spent in
observation and practice teaching. Some pupils speciallee in the teaching of industrial
subjects.
Commercial: The commercial course includes two years of study a,,d practice in
business methods. The work is well done. About 3o pupils were enrolled.
Industrial: The equipment and teaching force for the industrial courses are ample.
A small number of boys receive manual training in carpentry, printing, plumbing, shoemaking, and engineering. Some instruction in agriculture is provided.
The industrial course for girls includes sewing, cooking, millinery, and nurse
training.
Financial, r9r3-4.The accounts of the Combined Normal and Industrial Departments are directly under the supervision of the State authorities. The more important
items for the year, excluding the boarding department, which is conducted privately, were
as follows:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
V ?lue of plant
$77, 000
,
76, 157
. 436,893
Sources of income: The entir, income is from...State appropriation. Special a4ropriations included $15,000 for equipment, $2,500 for machinery, and $2,000 for buildThe noneducational receipts were from the shops and amounteddo $1,312.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $33,000; equipment and machinery, $17,529; material and supplies, $6,7o9; power, light,and heat, $5,972; labor, $5,480; other purposes,
ings.
$8,779.
Plant. band: Estimated value, $22,500. The campus comprises 35 acrekof land and
the farm 96 acres. The campus is well kept. Most of the farm is used 'for practical
instruction in agriculture.
Buildings: Estimated value, $351,968. There are eight large brick buildings and
rveral teachers. cottages. Most of the buildings are comparatively new. They are
m good repair and well kept throughout. Three of the buildings are dormitories, one
_
40 Eight other university students taking courses in the "De partment" are not included.
NORTHERN STATES.
687
is the general trades building, one is used fOr carpentry and printing, and one for the
laundry. The power plant has conduits to the various buildings and the armory is used
for gymnasium and other' purposes.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $62,425. Of this, $31,460 is in furniture,
$25,265 in shop tools and machinery, $4,20o in farm equipment and live stock, and
$1,500 in library books.
That the administration othis institution be separated from
ecommcndations
that of Wilberforce University, the appointment of its trustees by the university board
disebntinued, and the. power of appointment vested in the Ohio State department pf
public instruction.
2. That a plan for exchanging courses between the two institutions be determined
upon by a committee of Ohio State University professors in cooperation with representatives of the two institutions.
3. That the courses be rearranged with a view to making larger educational use of
the shops and farm.
Dates of visits: April; 1915; October, 19-15..
CINCINNATI.
TIlt COLORED INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL OF CINCINNATI.
Superintendent: W. L. Ricks.
An ndustrial
i
school doing very little academic v)ork. Admission is limited to colored
people of Cincinnati, Ohio. The school wad founded in 144 by the will of Mrs. S. J.
McCall, who left a part of her estate to the Colored Industrial School Corporatioy. Its
management is vested in a bOard of trustees, prominent white citizens of Cincinnati.
-A tkildance . Total, 8.
Teochcrc.Total, 8; all colored; male 5, fens le 3; boys' industries 3, girls'.industries 3, others 2.
Organization. The only. instruction in regular grade studies is that provided for
pupils below the sixth grade, Instruction is offered in brick masonry/carpentry, automobile repairing, cooling, sewing, and millinery.
Financial, 19r 3- 1. 4.The income amounted to approximately ,25o, all from
endowment. Of this, $6,000 was spent ford salaries, legal services aa other purposes.
There was a cash balance of $17,397 from the previous year, available for the expenses
of the school.
"Property: Estimated value, $400,000. A large part of the property is in valuable
real estate and stocks, which, in accordance with the will of Mrs. McCall, will constitute
a permanent endowment for the maintenance of the school. The plant consists of a
large four-story building and a large city lot. Plans were being made to purchase the
necessary industrial eqtiipment. Ample funds are available for this purpose.
Recommenclatsons.-1. That duplication of the work of the public schools be avoided.
2. That industrial training be provided for men and women already employed.
3. That neighborhood contact of social settlement character be developed.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
688
NEGRO EDUCATION.
PENNSYLVANIA.
There are 190,738 colored people in°Pennsylvania. Between 1900 and 1910 the
colored population.increased 23.6 per cent. Although the State law does not mention
the separation of the races di public schools, some separate elementary schools are main-
tained in Philadelphia by common consent. There is also a separate high school at
Carlisle. The State appropriates $io,000 a year to the Downingtown Industrial and
Agricultural School, but the work of the institution has not proved satisfactory. ;The
other large schools of the State are maintained by the Presbyterians at Lincoln will by
the Friends at Cheyney. The former is a school of secondary and college grade and the
latter a teacher-training school. The small independent schools in Pittsburgh and the
three Catholic parish schools for colored children are of minor educational importance.
These schools, together with the Jumonville enterprise are described in the summaries
'of small schools at the end of the chapter.
PITTSBURGH.
a
AVERY COLLEGE TRAINING SCHOOL.
Superinendent : J. D. Mahoney.
i
..
A libergly endowed institution with 18 pupils. The endowment and plant arc
very ineffectively used. The school was founded in 449 I Charles Avery of Philapperty from which the endow!,e1phia, who donated the plant and at his death left property
ent of $80,000 was realized. It is owned by a board of trustees of white and colored
men of Pittsburgh. The pupils were in elementary grades. A few of the girls do a little
sewing: Of the five colored teachers reported only one was present on day of visit. The
superintendent spends much of his time away from thefschool.
Financial, 19r3-14.--As far as could be determined the income amounted to approximately $6,000, practically all of which was from endowment. No statement of
expenditures could be obtained, but it was reported that the entire income was used
for paying salaries and running the school.
Property: Estimated value, $i8o,000. Of this, $too,000 is in the plant and $8o,000
in endowment. The plant consists of a city lot, a Iltrge brick building, and equipnient
valued at $2,000. The plant is poorly located for work among colored people.
Recommendalion.That the management be strengthened and plans made to use
the endowment more effectively.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
DOWNINGTOWN.
DOWNINGTOWN INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL.
Principal: William A. Creditt.
A school of elementary grade with a few pupils in secondary subjects. Some
tndustrial training is provided. The educational activities are not commensurate
with the income and plant.
The school was founded in 1905 by John,S. Trower and William A. Creditt. The
property was paid for by John S. Ttower. While title is now vested in the school, his
heirs hold a mortgage on the property for practically the entire purchase price.
NORTHERN STATES.
689
Ailendance.Total, 86; elementary 69, secondary 17.
Teachers and workers.Total, 17; all colored; male to, female 7.
Organization. The arrangement of classes indicates lack of system and a disregard
of educational methods. There are three " prit,lary" classes and four classes known as
" first," "second," "junior," and "senior." Limited instruction is given in sewing,
cooking, woodworking, commercial subjects, and farming. Night classes are provided
for pupils working all day.
Financial, 1973-14.--Since the institution receives State aid the financial and
business management receives Some supervision from State authprities., The more
important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, le'Ss noneducational receipts
Indebtediiess
Value of plant
$14, 158
14,916
33, 141
62, zoo
Sources'of income; State appropriation, $Io,000; general donations, $2,666; music
fees, $892; loan'to school, $600. The noneducational receipts amounted to $9,o82, of
which $8,686 was from the boarding department, and $396 from sale of books.
Items of expenditure: Supplies for boarding department, 14,583; salaries, $4,345;
agricultural supplies, $2,188; repairs, $2,097; outside labor, $1,546; power, light, and
heat, $1,508; interest, $1,175; furniture for boarding department, $1,15i ; educational
supplies and sundries, $1,o85; hardware and agricultural equipment, $978; advertising
and soliciting, $6r8; other expenses, $2,724.1
Indebtedness: Of the indebtedness $29,680 was in mortgages on the plant and
$3,461 in accounts payable for equipment and supplies.
Plant.tand: Estimated value, $8,250. The land comprises r ro acres, of which
about roo acres are cultivatedas the school farm and'io acres used for campus.
Buildings: fEst. t ated valare, $44,85o. There are two large stone buildings used
for dormito?tes, administration and classrooms; two small stone buildings; two small
frame buildings used for shops and other purposes, and a'stone barn. The boys' dormitory was poorly kept, but the other buildings were in fairly good'condition.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $9,000. Of this $6,5oo is in shop and farm
equipment, and $2,500 in dormitory and classroom equipment.
Rccommendation.---In view of the large indebtedness on the property and the inefficient management it can not be recommended as worthy.of aid;
Date of visit : May, 1915.
LINCOLN UNIVERSITY.
LINCOLN UNIVERSITY.
President: John B. Rendall.'
A schoO
liege and secondary grade with a theological department. The
emphasis of the course
ely classical and literary. The school is located in a rural
community not far from Phil
.690
..
1.23EGItti EDUCITION.
The institution was founded by the Rev. John Miller Dickey a Presbyterian minister of Oxford, Pa. Its first charter was granted in 1854 under the title of Ashmun
Institute. The school was opened in 1857. In 1866 the charter was amended'and the
present name adopted. A self-perpetuating board of trustees is in control. The trus-
tees are all white me; and a majority are prominent ministers in the Presbyterian
Church. The theological seminary has been placed under the control of the Presbyterian General Assembly.
Attendance.-Total, 216; secondary and college 162, theological 54. All board
at the school. The geographical distribution of the larger groups of students is as
follows: Georgia 26, Pennsylvania 25, Virginia 25, West Indies 23, North Carolina 22,
South Carolina 19, Maryland 16, New Jersey 12. The remaining students come from
14 States and 3 foreign countries.
Teachers.-Total, 14; white 12, colored 2; all male; college 8, theological 6.
Organisation.- Secondary: The pupils of secondary grade comprise those as yet
"unclacsified" owing to inadequate preparation for college work, and " theological '
students who have not completed a high school course.
College: The distribution of students according to subjects in the four-year course
was as follows: Bible 118, English 104, Latin 96, Greek 69, mathematics 69, physics 49,
history 45, German 41, geology 37, psychology and philosophy 34, chemistry 28, biology
23, Spanish 13, teaching methods 11, hygiene and sanitation 6, and practice teaching 2.
Logic and ethics are offered in alternate years in interchange with psychology and
philosophy.
The number of years in school reported by the students indicates that a higher quali-
fication was required of the members of the present Freshman class than that required
of those previously admitted. Some of the members of the upper classes seemed to
have been admitted, in former years, without adequate preparation. The catalogue
still indicates recognition of some schools that do not give the full high-school course.
Theological: The,theological department offers a " regular " and au" English " course,
both covering three years. The " regular" course is open to college graduates and to
those ,whosititrepsuation is sufficient to enable them to pursue the full course. The
subjects are: Biblical archaeology, theology, sacred geography, ecclesiasttcal Latin,
English Bible, Hebrew, Aramaic, exegesis, homiletics, church history,, apologetics, and
church government. The English or "partial" course is for pupils who are not prepared
to study the languages.
Financial, r913-14.---The books are kept on a simple cash basis and a clear analysis
of the accounts can not be obtained without considerable difficulty. As far as could be
determined the more important items for the year were:
t_
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
Value of property.
$48, 063
42, 238
1, 041, 412
Sources of income: Endowment funds, $31,993; donations and legacies, $11,176;
tuition and fees, $2,394; Presbyterian Board of Education, $2,5oo. The noneducational receipts were from the boarding department and amounted to $4,00o.
NORTHERN STATES.
691
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $17,414; maintenance of boarding department,
$12,462; repairs and improvements, $6,474; power, light, and heat, $5,988; advertising
and soliciting, $1 ,991; supplies and sundries, $1,826; other expenses, $83. The balance
of $5,825 was applied to the endowment and building funds.
School property: The property consists a $707,o62 in endowment funds and
$334,350 in plant.
PlantLand: Estimated value, $27,800. The school owns 132 acres of land, of
which about 5o acres are cultivated. The campus is shaded with many large trees.
Buildings: Estimated value, $283,250. There are on the campus nine substantial
brick buildings, a central heating and lighting plant, and To residences for professors.
The buildings are in fairly good repair.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $23,300. Of this $8,00o is in library books
and fixtures, $7,4900 in furniture, $6,500 in scientific apparatus, and $1,800 in farm
implements Ind live stock.
Recommendations.--1. That in view of the isolation of the institution from contact
with the colored population of the country, the teachers become better acquainted
with the actual conditions and needs of the people by frequent visits to colored schools
in the South.
2. That in the effort to raise the standards of admission to college special care be
exercised that there shall be no neglect of secondary subjects.
3. That the time given to foreign languages be not allowed to limit the time for
4. That rural economics, including theory and practice of gardening, be made a
part of the regular course for college and theological students.'
5. That the dormitory and dining room be so supervised as to develop sound ideas
of home life.
Dateoi visit: May, 1915.
cHEYNEY.
CHEYNEY TRAINING SCHOOL FOR TEACHERS.
Principal: Leslie P Hill.
A school of secondary grade offering well-planned courses in teacher training,
household arts, and manual training. Because of limited dormitory facilities the attendance is small.
The school was founded and encywed by the ,Friends of Pennsylvania in 1837.
The first $to,000 was given by Richard Humphreys to found an institution "having for
its object the benevolent design of instructing descendants of the African race in school
learning, in the various branches of the mechanic arts and trades and in agriculture, in
order to prepare, fit, and qualify them to act as teachers." In 1851 it was moved to
Philadelphia, where it was an academic day school. On the advice of Hugh M. Browne,
the former principal, the institution was moved in 1902 to its present location, in a rural
section, and a new policy adopted. The trustees are capable persons of the Society of
Frieirds.
See recommendatkes In stuataary chapter. p. 21
692
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Attendance.Totai, 87; all secondary; male 2 2 , female 65. Twenty-two of the
pupils were from Pennsylvania.
Teachers and workers.Total, 14; colored 13, white I; male 5, female 9; academic
4, household arts 4, manual training z, agriculture 1, others 3. The teachers are well
trained.
Organization.The pupils are in two groups" preparatory and "normal."
Those in the preparatory classes are completing the two years of high-school work necessary to enter the normal department. The subjects.inclhde English, algebra, history,
civics, physiology, nature study, and some industrial training.
In the normal classes the pupils specialize in household arts, manual training, or
teacher training for elementary schools. The special courses are well planned and
provide practice in the subjects selected. All courses include civics, teaching methods,
gymnastics, and singing. A course in agriculture is being developed, but as yet it is
largely classroom study with some laboratory work.
Extension: The summer school has attracted teachers from many Southern States.
Effort has been made to carry on neighborhood work among the colored people of
West Chester, a town 5 miles away.
Financial, 1912-13.The financial records are well kept. The more important
items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational receipts.
Zipenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of property.
$23, 438
22,525
275, 000
Sources of income: Endowment 'fund principal used for rrent expenses, $7,231;
income from endowment, $7,151; donations and su.
, $4.174; summer-school
donations, $1,790; State appropriations, $3,o92. The noneducational receipts were
from the boarding department and amoanted to $4,836.
Items of expenditure: "Salaries, household labor, supplies, and current expenses,"
$22,564; heat and light, $1,714; maintenance of farm, $1,660; repairs and additions,
$739; equipment, $65G; other expenses, $34.
Property: Of the school property $17-5,000 is in endowment and $ioo,000 in the
school plant.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $ti,000. The school owns 116 acres ofjand, of
which about 6o acres are used for the school farm. The campus is clean and well kept.
Buildings: Estimated value, $8o,000. Most of the buildings are well-built stone
structures. The administration building, girls' dormitory, industrial building, and the
Carnegie Library are the main buildings. In addition there are three cottages, a farmhouse, barn, poultry house, and dairy. The buildings are in good repair and the rooms
are well kept.
Movable equipment : Estimated value, $9,000. A large part of the equipment
Consists of farm and shop tools. The chemical and physical laboratory is fairly well
equipped.
Recommendations.-1. That the school be encouraged in the plan to make larger
pr'o,;ision for teacher training,l courses in household arts, manual training, and gardeni Stow data of visit the Shelter for Colored Orphans has been moved to Cheyney and is used as model practke school in he
taieber-traiabig dew.
$ ass mosemadatioss in uutunars chanter.
NORTHERN STATES.
693
2. That theory and practice of gardening be made an important hart of the regular
course.'
3. That the policy of using the principal of endowment funds for current expenses
be aban,'oned.
Dates of visits: December, 1914; May, 1915.
,
PHILADELPHIA.
BEREAN MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL.
Principal: Matthew Anderson.
An industrial night school maintained in close connection with the Berean Presbyterian Church, of which the principal is pastor. A shirtwaist-making department with
i electric power machines furnishes employment, as well as instruction, to a class of
young women throughout the day.
The school was founded in 1899 by Dr. Anderson, the principal, whose work and
influence in Philadelphia have been noteworthy. It is owned by a private board of
management composed of white and colored men. For a number of years the school
received an appropriation if $7,500 from the State, but it is now supported largely by
private contributions.
A ttendancc.Total, 128; night school, 114; shirtwaist-making class, 14. The
reported enrollment for the year was 15o.
Teachers and workefs.Total, 14; white 6, colored 8; teachers II, other workers 3.
The teachers give two or three evenings a week to the school and are otherwise employed during the day. The other workers are the principal, a "general assistant," and
the principal's secretary.
Organization. The courses offered and the number of pupils in each were as follows:
Dressmaking and millinery, 38; shirtwaist-making class, 14; commercial course> 6;
English or academic, 4; plumbing, 3; carpentry, 2; upholstery, 2; printing, r. Fairly
good work is done in dressmaking, millinery, and in the commercial course.
Financial, 1913-14.----According to the printed financial statement the more important items were:
Income..
Expenditures.
Indebtedness....
Value of plant
$9. 757
15,828
20,000
58, ow
Sources of income: Contributions, $6,125; tuition, $2,067; loans, $948; rents, $414;
entertainments, $153; other sources, $50.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, $5,456; light, fuel, and power, tr372; payment on
loans, $1,148; groceries, meats, and provisions, $1,135; office expenses and telephone,
$1,048; school supplies, $969; rents, $900; interest, $750; jani
d dormitory serv-
ice, $387; repairs and construction, $210; advertising and print'
water rent, $141; laundry, $77; insurance, $55; equipment, $9.
I See recommeadations in summary chapter. p. u.
$170; taxes and
694
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness of $20,000 was incurred through loans for building
and other purposes and is secured by a mortgage on all the property of the school.
Plant. Land: Estimated value, $1o,000. The land comprises about one-fifth of
a city biock.
Buildings: Estimated value, $4o,00o. The school owns three large brick residences
and a four-story brick building in which the industrial classes are held.
One of the
residence buildings is rented out.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $8,000. A large part of the equipment
consists of machines for shirtwaist making awl for woodworking.
Recommendation.In view of the small attendance, the indebtedness on the plant,
and the inadequate income for current expenses, it is recommended that effort be made
to have the pupils take advantage of the facilities offeresl by the public schools and thus
leave the institution free to select other lines of influence more needed in the city.
Dates of visits: December, 1914; May, 1915; June, 1916.
RHODE ISLAND.
'Mere are 9,529 colored people in Rhode Island. They have access to the same
public schools as white pupils. The Watchman Industrial School, maintained at Providence, is of doubtful management and of no educational value. This school is described
in the summary of small independent schools.
WISCONSIN.
There are 2,900 colored people in Wisconsin. They have access to the same public
schools as white pupils. The small Catholic parish school in Milwaukee is listed in the
summary of Catholic parish schools.
CATHOLIC PARISH SCHOOLS.
There are nine Catholic schools in Northern States. Of these two are in Illinois,
three in Pennsylvania, and one each in New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The schools
in`New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia, are large parish schools taught in connection
with convents. The religious interest is strong in all of these schools. The principal
facts reported concerning them areas follows:
State.
: :Illinois.
Illinois.
New York.
City.
Chicago.
School.
..r
Attencla.,ce. Teachers. Income.
262
6
$1,30,2
R. Monica's School.
Prairie du Amber. Parish School.
New York.
St. Mark's School.
Ohio.
Columbus.
St. Cypriari's School.
Ohio.
Cincinnati.
Mother Drexel's School.
"'Pennsylvania. Carlisle..
St. Katherine's Hall:
Pennsylvania. Philadelphia.
Our Lady of the Bleteed Sacrament.
Pennsylvania. Philadelphia.
St. Peter Claver's School.
Wisconsin.
Milwaukee.
St. Benedict the Moors' School.
to
1
400
4
no
120
6o
5
5
3
r, 000
1,000
2,294
2, 000
1.000
148
213
4
7
1, 000
2, 000
64
3
3.500
NORTHERN STATES.
695
INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.
Besides the important schools described in the foregoing States there are nine small
independent schools or school vultures in Northern States. These schools are of
slight educational value to their communities. They are described as follows:
INDIANAVINCENNES.
THE PRINCETON NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY.
President: H. F. Smith.
A correspondence school offering impossible courses. The catalogue and literature outline so
courses with varying fees, some of which are as follows: "Progressive theology," $25; " chiropody, " $60;
"Ph. D. course," $30; "Ph. D. Greek and Hebrew," $25; "Law," Soo; "drawing," $10; "agriculture,"
$20. There is only one teachei. All the work is done by mail.
Financial, 1913-14.The principal stated that the income was about $1,200, derived from tuition
paid by correspondence pupils..
Plant.Estimated valuellr000. The plant consists of about 5 acres of land, a two2siory brick
building, and fairly good office furniture.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
--
NEW JERSEYNEW BRUNSWICK.
THE RICE INDUSTRIAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTE.
Superintendent: Mrs. Ella Al. Rice.
A small elementary school with practically all of its pupils boarding. The school was founded as
a private enterprise by the husband of the superintendent, who now owns and controls the institution.
Attendance. Total, 46; all elementary.
Teachers and workers.Total, 4; all colored; male 2, female a. In addition there were six parttime teachers, some of whom are students in Rutgers College.
Organization.The eight grades are well taught. Instruction in sewing is provided for the girls.
Financial, 1913-14.As far as could be determined the income amounted to approximately $2,5co.
of which $1,500 was from tuition and net proceeds from the boarding department and $1,000 from donations, entertainments, and other sources. Of the income about $2 ,coo was expended for salaries and
$5oo for other purposes.
Plant. Estimated value, $9,000, of which $1,000 is in land, $7,0oo in buildings, and $1,000 in
furniture and domestic-science equipment. The land comprises four city lots. There are two frame
buildings in fairly good repair and neatly kept.
Recommendation.As a school with local support, it does not need to ask outside aid.
Date of visit: May, 1915.
NEW JERSEYKENILWORTH.
ALPHA INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: Page M. Beverly.
A small elementary school with a few ministers taking night courses.
It was fbunded in 1910
through the gift of the property by a resident of New York City. Title appears to be held by a board of
ii New Jersey ministers who control the institution.
A ttendance.Total, 17; all in lower elementary grades. In addition i6 ministers take irregular night
courses. The grades are taught,iira woman teacher, who gives all of her time to the school. Two ministers teach night classes on a part-time basis.
Financial, 1913-1e.The income amounted to $752, of which $507 was from church col-
lections, $iso from donations, and $95 from tuition. All of the income was expended for salaries and
-wining expenses. The plant, estimated value $2,000, consists of a large town lot, an eight-mom frame
building, and equipment valued at $350.
Reconinsendation.There seems to be but little need for this school.
Date of visit: May, tips.
696
NEGRO EDUCATION.
NEW YOkKBINGHAMTON.
4
THE PARLOR CITY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Principal: J. C. Roberts.
A commercial enterprise of doubtful management, practically owned by the principal. It is nominally owned by an incorporated board of trustees. Two wcrkers are employed and from one to four boys
at a time are given instruction in repairing furniture. The income, amounting to approximately $1,800,
was said to come entirely from the work done in the shops.
Date of visit: November, rota.
THE BINGHAMTON NORMAL INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE.
Principal: F. C. Hazel.
A small elementary school with a few boarding pupils. It is located on a farm 2; miles from Binghamton. The school was founded by the principal and is owned by an incorporated board of trustees. '
Attendance.Total, ro; all elementary. Some instruction is given in carpentry, upholstery, dressmaking; and cooking. A few of the pupils assist in the farm work.
Teachers.Total, 3; all colored; male x, female 2. They arc well trained.
Financial, 1913-1 4. The income amounted to approximately $1,cioo, of which 81, Too was from cash
donations and SSoo from other sources. Practically all of the income was expended for salaries and
expenses. In addition about Soo° was received and expended in the boarding department.
Plant Estimated value, Si,000. The plant consists of 105 acres of land about 2 miles from Binghamton, an old residence building, several small outbuildings, some movable equipment, and live
stock valued at $1,200.
Recommendation.In view of the good public-school facilities in the State there seems to be little
need for this school.
Date of visit: November, 1914.
OHIOURBANA.
CURRY NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.
President: E. W. B. Curry.
.
A school of elementary and secondary grade with To pupils and a colored women teachers. The
president does not teach. The pupils have a little instruction in cooking and s.
.
Financial, 1913-1 4. As far as could be determined tne income amounted to approximately 57, coo,
of which about $6,000 was from donations and $1,000 from tuition and other sources. No statement of
expenditures could be obtained.
.Plant. Land: Estimated value, $25,000. The land consists of eight city lots where the school is
located and x8 acres a mile from town. The present building is a two-story brick residence in need of
repair. A new brick building in course of erection on the 18-acre tract is to oe the future location. The
equipment is valued at $1,000.
Recommendation. In view of the ample public and private schools for colored people in Ohio and
neighboring States there seems to be little need for this institution.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
OHIOCOLUMBUS.
LINCQLN-OHIO INDUSTRIAL TRAINING SCHOOL FOR COLORED YOUTH.
President: P. W. Chavers.
A commercial enterprise with a few young women learning to make articles for the market. These
articles include caps, aprons, and uniforms for barbers and butchers. No academic work is done. There
are no organized classes or courses of study for the trades claimed. The enterprise was started in roog
by the president, who aolicits funds on the claim that it is an educational institution.
Date of- visit: April, 1915.
1
NORTHERN STATES.
697
PENNSYLVANIA JUMONVILLE.
DUNBAR CAMP AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL, AynCHANICAL SCHOOL.
Solicitor: G. W. Kinkaid.
No such school exists, but the solicitor, who claims to be 'le founder, has conducted an extensive
advertising campaign. The visit to Jumonville in July,
lots, disclosed the fact that the property
claimed does not belong to him. At one time a purchase of the
,tool for orphan children of soldiers
and sai:irs was considered. The president used the photographs ,f
these buildings and grounds as
those of his "school." Among his claims are "good foundation for departments of agriculture,
livestock raising, dressmaking, millinery, and other departments." The amount of money that has been
raised in the name of the school could not be ascertained. A few years ago the State' legislature
made
an appropriation of Sio,000 on condition that an equal sum be raised by the school.
While much money
was raised the conditions were not fully met and the appropriation never became available.
Recommendation. That all donations be withheld.
Date of visit. July, 1915.
RHODE ISLANDPROVIDENCE.
WATCHMAN INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
As
I riocipal: W. S. Holland.
A small elementary school of very doubtful management. The industrial work is negligible.
The
school was founded in 1908 by the principal and has a nominal board of trustees.
Though claims of an
enrollment as high as r8o have been made, very few pupils attend. Eight workers are reported.
Financial, 1913-14.-71e income reported by the principal amounted to $2,992, of which $1.980
was from donations, $547 from tuition, and $865 from other sources. Of the income, Si ,a6o was expended
for salaries, $393 for light and fuel, $163 for Interest, and E1,176 for other purposes.
Indebtedness: The indebtedness amotmtedto $8,5oo, of which $3,000 was secured by
mortgage on
the property, $3,000 was amount due for work on building, and $2,5oo was in miscellaneous bills for
supplies and sundries.
Plant. Estimated value, $10,000. Of this $1,5 is in land, $7,000 in buildings, and
$1,5oo in
furniture and other equipment. The land is a city lot (,ox 8o, almost entirely
covered by the buildings.
The main building is a four-story frame structure, the other a poorly-built two-story brick
structure.
Recommendation. In view of the condition and management of this school, it can not be
recommended as worthy of aid.
Date of visit: May, 1915.
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS.
Besides the schools described above there are nine special institutions in Northern
States. These institutions include two reform schools
and a nurse-training school in
Chicago, Ill.; two orphanages and a nurse-training school in New York City;
two small
schools doing social settlement work, and a nurse-training school in Philadelphia.
,
ILLINOISCHICAGO.
AMANDA SMITH INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
Superintendent: Mrs. E. Austin.
An institution receiving delinquents and orphans from the courts. An elementary school is main,
tained. The institution was founded in 1899 by Mrs. Amanda Smith, evangelist, who gave her property
for the work. The q1 girls are taught. by three regular workers and
three volunteers.
eight elementary-grades are well taught. Good work in sewing is done. There were Is childrenThe
under school
age in the school. The institution is supported by an allowance of $x
5 per month for the care of each
child and by donations. The plant, estimated value $25,000, consists of
16 city lots, a brick building,
a frame building, and equipment valued at $5oo.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
NEGRO EDUCATION.
698
TI1E LOUISE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR COLORED BOYS.
Superintendent: Mrs. E. McDonald.
A school receiving juvenile delinquents and orphans from the courts. The 43 boys board at the
superintendent's house and receive elementary instruction. The school is maintained by an allowance
from the court of $I° per month for each child committed to the institution.
Date of visit: April, 1915.
PROVIDENT HOSPITAL AND NURSE TRAINING SCHOOL.
Superintendent: Miss Lulu G. Warlick.
-r
.
A nurse-training school operated in connection with a well-equipped hospital which accommodates
about 65 patients. It is owned and controlled by an independent board of trustees.
Attendance. Total, ao; all colored young women.
Staff officers.Total, a; both colored women. In addition a 14-ge number of physicians constitute
the consultation and attendance staff.
Organization. Nurses have a modern three-year course. This institution is open to women between
the ages of 20 and 3o who have the equivalent of one yeas of high-school training.
Financial, 19.u-sq.The income of the hospital and nurse-training school amounted to $15:726,41
of which about $17,955 was from patients, $3,487 from donations, $2,308 from endowment, and $1,976
from other sources. Of the income, $7,943 was expended for salaries, $6,836 for provisions, and $9,424
for sundries and other expenses.
Plant. The plant, estimated value $loo.000, consists of a large city lot, a three-story brick building, and equipment valued at $10,000. There is also an endowment of appmxlmately $5o,000.
NEW YORK -NEW YORK.
LINCOLN HOSPITAL TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES.
Superintendent: Mrs. iclia A. Hall.'
A well-managed school, maintained in connection with I,incoln Hospita and Home. The institutions are liberally supported.
The school was begun in 1899 as a part of the hospital and home. The hospital contains about 185
patients, almost all of whom are white. The home is occupied by about iflo aged colored people. The
three departments are owned and managed by a board of capable trustees.
Attendance.Total, 65; is nurses are on salaries and 54 in training. , All but two are colored. Admission is by New Yorlc Board of Regents examination, requiring the equivalent of one year's work in a
New York high school.
Staff officers.The superintendent is white. The day supervisor and nurst, in charge are colored.
The staff physicians and hospital internes are all white.
Financial, 1913-14.The income of the hospital amounted to $147,009, of which $63,140 was from
and
donations, subscriptions and legacies, $56,373 from the city of New York, $14,280 from
$13,31.6 from other sources. The expenditures amounted to $139545, of which $43,914 1 is for salaries
and wages, $42,002' for food supplies, $24,659 for medical and other supplies, $9,543 for repai and renewh purposes.
other
als, $4,o45 interest on loans,an_
and 15,3-2
Property: Estimated value, $853,748. Of this $494,121 is in land, building, and fixed equipment,
$261,391 in stocks and bonds, $40,167 in movable equipment, $33,60o in mortgage loans, $13,335 in
accounts receivable, and $11,134 in cash and supplies on hand and other current adets.
Date of visit: June, 1915.
1WIalte.
e
NORTHERN STATES
699
NEW YORKMOUNT ST. VINCENT
COLORED ORPHAN ASYLUM.
Superintendent: Mason Pitman.'
A well-endowed orphans' home established on the cottage system, with an excellent plant and
a
large force of workers. The children attend a public school maintained
in the institution by the
New York Cie), Board of Education.
The association known as the Colored Orphan Aspiin and Associaton fOi: the
Benefit of Colored
Children was formed in 1836 and incorporated in 1838
The orphans' home was founded in Manhattan
add recently moved to its present site. It is supported by endowment and
by public allowances for
children committed by the courts.
The Verbank Farm School is a branch of this institution located in Dutchess
County. This has
accommodations for 22 boys. There were 12 present on the date of visit. The boys
spend 3 hours a
day in sci...)ol and the remainder of the day in practical farming.
Attendance. Total, 252; male 157, female 95; )clow school age, 3o; in school,
222.
.
Teache,s and workers. Total, 61; white 21, colored 4o; male i1, female 5c:. ,
grade teachers 9,
executive workers 8, matrons 2, cottage mothers 7, nursery mothers 6,
relief mothers 2, nurses 3, farm
and garden 3, engineering department
4, laundresses 5, seamstresses 4, laborers 8.
Organization.Orphans are admitted after investigation of their condition by officers of the institution. They are also committed by the
county and city courts and commissioner of charities.
The older children live in cottages under the direction of cottage mothers.
The smaller children
are in the large nurseries under the nursery mothers
The rooms are clean and cheerful.
The 3ethildren ander school age attend kindergarten. All the others are in elementary grakles
taught by teachers appointed and supervised by the New York City Board of Education.
Manual training is taught in several of these grades. The play is supervised by "social
secretaries,"
who
also direct
simple industrial activities, such as sewing, cooking, laundry and fancy work for the
girls
and gardening and manual training for the
boys.
The system of placing out children is carefully organized.
Visitors are engaged in extensive study
of possible homes for the children and also in supervising thos: already placed.
Financial. 1913- 14. As far as could be determined from the printed annual report the
more important items for the year were:
Income, excluding noneducational recei
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts.
Value of property.
$69,766
75,563
1, oi8, 000
Sources of income: City of New York for "care and support" of children committed
counties and towns, $37,038; interest and dividends op investments, $32,210; membership by the city,
ciation, $422; donations, $96. The noneducational receipts amounted to $1,625, of whichdues in asso$1,575 was
from sale of farm produce and $5o from other salt.;.
funds for speciatopurp7remounted to
$3,719.
Items of expenditure: Salaries, wages and labor, $23,261; provisions, $17,964;.deficit
year, $14,407; fuel and light, $6,959: clothing and bedding. $4,405; educational, medical,of previous
supplies, $3,264; repairs and renewals, $2,968; forage and care of animals, $1,468; printing, and other
stationery,
postage, and telephone, $6o6; taxes and insurance, $66o; other expenses, $1,226.
Property: The property consists of $65o,000 in endowment, $358,000 in the plant,
and $1o,000 in
merchandise and supplies on hand.
Plant Land: Estimated value, $8o,000. The main site comillises 19 acres, while the farm, which
is some distance away, comprises 140 acres.
Buildings: Estimated value, $270,000. The main building is a large three-story
brick structure.
In addition there are six brick cottages on the main site and several houses
and a barn on the farm.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $8,0oo. The equipment consists mainly of
household and
classroom furniture. There are also some farm implements and
live stock.
I. White.
46927*Bull.90-17-45
700
NEGRO EDUCATION.
Recommendation. That cooperation with the Howard Orphanage be developed so that the children
may be divided according to age and Condition._
Date of visit: June, 1915.
NEW YORKKING'S PARK.
HOWARD ORPHANAGE AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Superintendent: J. H. N. Waring.'
An orphan's home providing elementary and simple industrial training. It is maintained on the
cottage plan.
The institution was founTed in 1866. A board of managers was appointed and incorporated in
1868. The original location was in Brooklyn. In 1911 the institution was moved to its present site.
It is supported by public appropriations for the care of children committed by New York courts and by
donations. The grade teachers arouppointed and paid by the New York City Board of Education.
Attendance.Total, 261; male 138, female 123; all boarders.
Teachers and workers.Total;-33; all colored; male 5, female 28; grade teachers 8, boys' industries 3,
girls' industries 2, matrons and dormitory workers 12, boarding department workers 3, superintendent,
clerk, music teacher, nurse, and farm manager.
Organization.The children are divided among the cottages under the personal supervision of a
house moth.. Not more than 3o persons live in a cottage. Children who are large enough assist in
cooking, housekeeping, and laundering. Three domestic-science teachers give all their time to classes
in cooking, laundry work,'and sewing. The boys have manual training in wood, iron, painting, and
shoe repairing. They also help on the farm.
The class work covers the regular eight elementtry grades. The teachers are appointed and supervised by the New York City Board of Education.
Financial, 1914-15.--The more important items for the year were:
$48, 088
Income, excluding noneducational receipts
Expenditures, less noneducational receipts
46, 882
56,748
Indebtedness
187, 000
Value of plant
Sources of income: New York City and other towns and villages, $34,199; membership fees, $4,214;
ltlew York State, $2,918; Suffolk,and West Chester Counties, $2,772; entertainments, $1,813: donations,
$1.363; relatives and friends of inmates, for support, $453; other sources, $336. The noneducational
receipts were from the farrii and amounted to $634. In addition to the income for current expenses
about $13,003 was raised during the year to pay off the floating indebtedness.
Items of expenditure: Wages and labor, $12,444; provisions, $9,036; farm and garden expenses,
$4,973; power, light, and heat, $3,450; scho01 supplies and equipment, $3,o65; interest on debt, $2,560;
clothing, $2,451; office expenses, $2,141; household furnishing and equipment, $1,789; instance and
taxes, $1,575; repairs and additions to buildings, $2,002; traveling expenses, $743; medical supplies,
$452; rent, $220; other expenses, $615.
Plant.lband: Estimated value, $103,0oo. The land comprises 572 acres, of which about 20o are
under cultivation.
Buildings: Estimated value, $77,000. There are nine 2-story frame cottages, three barns, and
several small frame structures. The cottages are well built and neat in appearance. Each of the cottages accommodates about 3o and has a dining mote and kitchen. Four of the cottages are used for
boys, three for girls, and two for teachers. The buildings are well kept.
Movable equipment: Estimated value, $10,00o. A large amount of the equipment consists of household furniture. There is considerable farm equipment, but much of it is in bad condition and not used.
The shop equipnient is ina lequate.
Recommendations. -1. That cooperation be developed between this institution and the Colored
Orphans' Asylum at Mount St. Vincent, so that the orphans may be grouped according to age and development.
9. That theory and practice of gardening be made a part of the regular course and manual training
taught with more educational emphasis.
Date of visit: May, 1915.
Elected since date of v
NORTHERN STATES.
701
PENNSYLVAN IAPHI LA DELPHIATHE ANTHONY BENEZET SCHOOL.
Principal: Miss Sarah J. Kennard)
A small school with a kindergarten and three primary. grades.
It is attended by children of the
unfortunate classes living in the surrounding alleys and crowded streets.
A tlendance . Total, so, enrollinvt, O3.
Teachers .Tot:Fi, 4; white principal and 3 colored assistants.
Organization. The first four regular grades are well taught.
In addition there is elementary paper
cutting and basketry. Bathing facilities are furnished and
lunches
are sold to the children at t cent
each
Financial, 1943 -14. The institution has an endowment of Eso,000.
The income, amounting to
$2,400, is derived from the endowment and from contributions raised by the Monthly
Meeting of Friends
at Fourth and Arch Streets, Philadelphia.
Plant. Estimated value. $2o,000. The plant consists of one large brick
building on a small alley
lot. The rooms are spacious, but some are nut well lighted.
The schoolroom equipment is fairly good.
There is one bathtub and some kitchen equipment.
Recommendatioti . In view of the fact that the school is next door to
an Episcopal social settlement
and near another small Friends' school, it is recommended that the Friends'
schools combine in doing
swial.srt dement work.
FRIENDS' WESTERN DISTRICT ACADEMY.
Principal: Miss M. F. Hinton.'
A small school with five primary grades doing some sewing and basketry work with
a little instruction in shoemaking. The school is attended by children of the unfortunate
classes living in the
surrounding alleys and crowded streets.
A llendance.--Total. 112.
Financial, 79r3 -74.The institution has an endowment of tiocionoo.
income, amounting to
84,2oo, is derived from the endowment and from contributions raised byThe
the Monthly Meeting of
Friends on TweKth Street, Philadelphia.
Plant. Estimated value, Ets,000. It consists of one large brick building on a lot
the rear of a
building used for other mission work by the Friends.
The equipment includes good des and bathing
facilities.
Recommendation . In view of the small attendance and proximity to another Friends'
school
it is recommended that the two institutions combine to do social-settlement
work.
Date of visit: May, 1915.
FREDERICK DOUGLASS HOSPITAL NURSE-TRAINING SCHOOL.
Superintendent: Miss E. M. Browne.
A nurse-training school maintained in connection with the Frederick Douglass
Hospital. It was
founded in 1896 by the colored people.of Philadelphia.
Attendance. Fifteen nurses in training and 4 graduate nurses. High-school graduati
s required
for entrance. The course covers two years and three months.
Financial, 191,E -14. The total budget amounted to about 815,000, of which Sto,000
was rom the
State and $5,000 from donations.
Plant. Estimated value, Si t8,000. The plant consists of a city lot and a modern and well equipped
bonding. There was an indebtedness of $31,000 on the property.
Recomnundation.That gie present support of the work be continued.
Dateof visit. May, 1915'Pr
MERCY HOSPITAL AND NURSE- TRAINING SCHOOL.
Head physician: A. B. Jackson.
A nurse-training school maintained in connection with a small hospital.
Arect a new building and purchase a suburban site for convalescents.
Date of
May, 1915.
' White.
Plans
ve been made to
APPENDIX-CARDS USED IN THE STUDY.
, Tot
STUDENT'S CARD
1. School
Place
State
a. Pupil
Age
3. Home post office
4. Years in this school
5. Class
Sex
State
.
.
In other school%
.
Department
Hours per week in trade scntik
6. Trade
7. Days per week in day school
8. Hours per week in night school
9. Intended occupation
to. Parents' or guardian 's home: Owned.
al. Monthly expenses, E. .
Paid cash,
12. How and where are vacations spent)
Farm
.
Labor
City
hool, $
a
Q
Student's cardFront
(OVER)
STUDENT'S DAILY PROGRAM
SUBJECT
Periods per week Number of weeks
Kind of work
,
..
Remarks:
Student's cardBack
(Ovitia)
703
Bs.
704
METHODS AND SCOPE OF STUDY.
,
191..
TEACHER'S CARD
(ALL PACTS GIVEN WILL BE TREATED AS STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL)
i. School
2. Teacher
3. Sex
Place
State
Race
Marital o"clition
TEACHER'S DAILY PROGRAM
SUBJECT
Grade or Class
Periods per Week Pupils inClass
Remarks.
Teacher's CardFront
(OvaR)
TEACHER'S EDUCATION
SCHOOLS ATTENDED
YEARS
COURSES
Pursued
I
Completed
.
a
.
.
.
14
.
I
PREVIOUS OCCUPATION OF TEACHER
HOW4IMPLOYED
NA/AE OP EMPLOYER
DURING PERIOD
.
r
.
.
.
.
-
Teacher's CardBeck
s
(Ovu)
INDEX.
A.
Alice Lee Elliot Memorial School, Okla., 466-467.,
Abbeville, S. C., 522.
All Saints Mission School, N. C., 452.
Aberdeen, Fla., :83.
Allen, B. F., 381.
Aberdeen, N. C., 455
Allen Green Normal and Industrial School, La.,
Abner, David J., 602.
310.
Academy of Athens, Tenn., 563.
Allen Industrial Home and School, N. C., 393-394.
Accounts and records, 24-25.
Allen Memorial Mission School, Ga., 252.
Adams, C. P., 314.
Normal School, Ga.s 243-245.
Adeline Smith Home of Philander Smith College, Allen
Allen University, S. C., 505-506.
Ark., 131-132.
Allendale. S. C., 519
African Methodist Episcopal Zion school, N. C., Allison,
A. P., 52o.
457.
Allyn, ltouise H., 56.
Agard, I. M., 596.
Almira, Ark., 113-114.
Agricultural education, .19-20; Alabama, 32-33; Alpha
Industrial Institute, N. J,., 695.
Arkansas, 112; Florida, 163 -164; Kentucky, 263; Alter, Robert L., 38.
Louisiana, 287; Maryland, 319; Mississippi, 338; Amanda Smith Industrial School for Girls, Ill.,
North Carolina, 92; South Carolina, 475-476;
Tennessee, 532; Virginia, 612.
Amelia, Va., 663.
Aiken, S. C., 477-479
Courthouse, Va., 661-663.
Alabama, Baptist schools, small, 96 -zoo; Catholic Amelia
Ga., 242-243, lig.
school, parish, 100; independent schools, small, Americus,
Institute, Ga., 242-343.
101-104; Methodist Episcopal schools, small Americus
Tex., 6ot.
colored, loo -1o1; private and higher schools, Ames,
D. H., 279.
34-105; school facilities, 27-33; special institu- Anderson,
Anderson, L. C., 593.
tions, 1o4-1o5; summary of educational needs, 33. Anderson, Matthew, 693.
Alabama (cities and towns). See under names of 'Anderson, S. C., 518.
cities and towns.
Alabama (counties), Bibb, 34-35; Bullock, 35-36; Anderson High School, Tex. See Denison Public
High School, Tex.
Butler, 36-38. Calhoun, 38-39, Colbert, 39-40; Andrew
Robertson Institute, S. C., 478-479.
Coosa, 4o-41; Dallas, 41-43; Elmore, 43-49
Ala., 89-9o.
Jefferson, 49-54; Lauderdale, 54 -55: Limestone, Annamaine,
Ala., 38, 97.
55-57; Low-rides, 57-6o; Macon. 61-67; Madison, Anniston,
Anniston Normal and Industrial College, Ala., 97.
67 -71; Mobile, 72-74; Montgomery, 74-79; Perry, Ansler, C. W., 552.
79-81; Pickens, 8i-82; Sumter, 82-86; Tusca- Anthony Bepezet School, Pa., 701.
loosa, 86-87; Walker, 87-89; Wilcox, 89.
Mu: E.. 546.
Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College, Apperson,
Appropriations, Alabama, 27-30; Arkansas, togAla., 69-71.
' to; Delaware, 139; Florida, 159-162; Kentucky,
Alabama Christian Institute, Ala.. 60-61.
259-261; Louisiana, 283-286; Maryland, ,117-319;
Alabama Refordl School for juvenile Negro Law
Mississippi, 333-338: Missouri, 379; Norlh,CaroBre_akers, Ala., 104-105.
lina, 387-39o; Oklahoma, 461-462; public, 9-11;
Alameda Gardner Girls' Industrial School, Miss.,
South Carolina, 471-473; Tennessee, 527-535;
369-370.
Virginia. 607-610; West Virginia, 669.
Albany, Ga., 208-210.
Albany Bible and Manual Training School, Ga., Arcadia, Ga., 252-253.
Archbishop Ryan 'Memorial School, Ga., 2$z.
208-21o.
Archer, C. E., 662.
Albany Normal School, Ga., 210.
Archer, H. E. 45.
Albemarle, N. C., 453.
Albemarle County Training School, Va. See Archery, Ga.,'257
Arvnta, Ark., 126-128.
Union Ridge Training School, Va.
Arkadelphia, k., 117, 134Albemarle Training School, N. C., 448.
Arkadelphia Btist Academy, Ark., 134.
Albion Academy, N. C., 407-408Arkansas, agricultural education, 111; appropriaAlcolu, S. C., 522.
tions, ro7-1io; attendance, 11o; Baptist school!,
Alcorn, Miss, 344-346.
Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College, Miss.,
small, 134-135; Catholic schools, parish,- 136;
industrial education, 112; Presbyterian schools,
344-346.
small, 136-138; private and higher schools, 113Alexandria, La., 30.4-305. 311-312.
Alexandria, Va., 663.
138; school facilities, 107-112; summary of educaAlexandria Baptist School, La., 311.
tional needs, 112; supervision, 112; teacher trainAlice Brown Academy, Ga,, 255.
lug,
706
INDEX.
Arkansas (cities and towns). See ands, wows of Baptist schools (small), Arkansas, z3 -135; Florida,
cities and tow.
179-180: Georgia, 247-25o; Kentletky., 277-278;
Arkansas (counties), Arkansas, 113-114; Bradley,
Louisiana, 3087323; Maryland, 327; Mississippi,
124-215; Chicot, 115-116; Clark, 116-117; Gar372-375; North Carolina, 447-451; South Carolina,
land, 17-118; Hempstead, 118-119; Jefferson,
515-516; Texas, 600 -602; Virginia, 656 -660.
I 9-121; Lie, 121-122; Monroe, 122-123; flna- Barber Memorial Seminary, Ala., 38.
chits, 123-124; Phillips, 124-126; Pulaski, 126- Barbour, Miss R., 365.
132; Sebastian, 132-133; Woodruff, 233-134.
Bardstown, Ky., 278.
Arkansas Baptist College, Ark., 128-130.
Barnesville, Ga., 234.
Arlington Literary and Industrial School, Ala., Barnwell, H. S., 174.
Barrett, A. 1,1.2_457.
Arm89-9o.
strong,
Samuel C., 62.
Barrett, Mrs. Harris, 667.
Armstrong Agricultural and Industrial Institute, Barrett Collegiate and Industrial Institute, N. C.,
Ala., rot.
457.
Armstrong Manual Training School, D. C., 147 -148.. Bartlett Agricultural and Industrial School, Mo.,
Armstrong Public High School, Va., 634.
38o-381.
Arnatidville, La., 312.
Arter, J. T., 89.
Ashford, T. P., zoo.
Asheville, N. C., 393-394, 454
Athens, Ala., 56-57.
Athens, Ga., 202-205, 255, 258.
Athens, Tenn., 563.
Athens Colored High School, Ga., 203.
Atkins, D. E., 238.
Atkins, S. G., 405, 434.
Atkinson Literary and Industrial Institute, Ky.,
269-270.
Atlanta, Ga., 212-224, 248, 235, 253, 255 -256.
Atlanta Normal and Industrial Institute, Ca., 255.
Atlanta University, Ga., 213-215.
Atlantic and North Carolina School; N. C., 452.
A. Henry, 333.
Attendance, 14-2 x ; Alabama, 3o;; Arkansas, Ito;
Delaware, 139-141; Florida, :62; Kentucky,
261-263; Louisiana, 284-286; Maryland, 319;
Mississippi, 336; Missouri 3 79-38o ; North Caro-
ling, 39o; Oklahoma, 462; South Carolina, 473475; Tennessee, 531; Texas, 571; Virginia, 61o;
Wnt Virginia, 669.
Augusta, Ga., 236-240.
Austin, Mr:. B., 697.
Austin, Tex., s93--597.
Austin Public High School, Tex., 593.
Avery College Training School, Pa., 688.
Avery Institute, S. C., 486-487.
AVinger, Tcx,, 602.
Awinger Industrial Training School, Tex., 602.
B.
Badger, Miss A. D., 256.
Bader School, Ga. , 256.
W, Robert, 517.
el;1!11. W., 625.
Bailey View Academy, S. C., 516.
Banbridge, Ga., 247.
Baldwin, La., 307,
Baldwin, Viola,
Normal School, Ga., 193-194.
Bert= Manual Training School, Pa., 693-694.
Berg, F., 416.
Bertie Academy, N. C., 448.
Bertranville, La., 312.
Bethlehem Parochial School, S. C., 521.
Bettis Academy, S. C., 492.
Beverly, J. W., 78.
Beverly, P. M., 695.
Biddle University, N. C., 424.-425.
Billingslee Academy, N. C., 455
Binford, H. C., 68.
Binghamton, N. Y., 696.
Binghamton Normal Industrial and Agricultural
Institute, N. Y., 696.
Bletisante City", 321-323, 327-328.
Baltimore Co
Normal School, lid ., 322.
Baltbarre Nigh School, Md., 325-322.
Bank156441.14., 1131.
Bea11,111. 81, 389.
Balptiat Iadiabial AO School, M
Baptist Nonnal Institute, Miss., 37
Baptist Reformatory, Ga.; 20.
Bastrop, La., 297.
Bates, J. M., 2.79.
Baton Rouge, La . , 294-295, 309, 315.
Baton Rouge College, La., tog.
Battle, Miss B. E., 258.
Battle, Wallace A., 342,
Bay City, Tex., 6oz.
Bay St. Louis, Miss., 376.
Beach Institute, Ga., 197-198.
Beach Island, S. C., 516.
Beard, Margaret, 77.
Beaufort, N. C., 396-397.
Beaufort, S. C., 481-482, 522.
Beaumont, Tex., 6or, 605.
Beaumont Public High School, Tex., 6o5.
Becker, Miss M. E., 365.
Belcamp, Md., 328.
Belmont, N. C., 451.
Beloit, Ala., 42.
Belle Alliance, La., 288-289.
Ben ni/LCounty Training School, Ga., 192-193.
Benedict College, S. C., 507-508.
Benefactions, colored schools, z
Sec OLIO
Appropriations.
Bennett College, N. C., 412-413.
Bennettsville, S. C., 526.
) 350.
Birchmore, S. B., 325.
Birmingham, Ma.; 49-54, too.
Birmingham Public High School, Ala., 5o.
Bishop College, Tex., 580-581.
Training School for Ministers,
Bishop
S. C., 522-523.
Bishop Payne Divinity School, Va., 622-623.
Bivms, S. T.; 328.
Black, N. L., 257.
Black Belt Normal School, Ala., '203.
Blacksburg, S. C., 522.
INDEX.
Blackstock, S. C. 522.
Blackstone, Va., 648.
Blackville, S. C., 516-519.
Bleach, H. A., 225.
Blocker, Isaiah, 165.
Blount. J. H., 124.
Bluefield, W. Va., 674-675.
Bluefield Colored Institute, W. Vs., 674 -675.
Bluestone Mission, Va., 639.
Blundon, Mrs. F. L., 315.
Blundon's School (Mrs.), La., 3 1 5-316.
Bobo, E. E., 514.
Boggs Academy, Ga., 195-197.
Bogue, H. P. V., 584.
Boley, M. C., 525.
Boley, Okla., 467-468.
Boley Public High School, Okla., 468.
Bonner, I. H., 92.
Booker, J. A., 228.
,,
707
Bryan, C. B., 62vs
Bryan, W. H., 44o.
Bryant, C. B. 46g.
Bryant Preparatory Institute, Ga., 2411.
Bryantown, Md., 328.
Bruce, N. C., 380.
Brunswick, Ga., 225 -226, 258.
Brunswick Naval and .lndustriti School, Ga., 258.
Buchanan, G. H., 620.
Buchanan, W. S., 69.
Buckingham Smith Fund, Fla., 182.
Buildings and grounds, supervision, 25.
Buller, J. C., 374
Bundy, W.D., 603.
Bunkie, La., 308.
Bunkie Academy, La., 306.
Burdett, . R., r6.
Burgan , I. M., 587.
Burgaw, N. C., 449 -450.
Booker T. Washington and Franklin Normal, Burgaw Normal and Industrial Institute, N. C.,
Academic and Industrial School, Va., 659.
Bodne, C. H., 278.
Bordentown, N. J.. 682.
-
BoulWafC, R. J. 513.
Bourbon County Training School, Ky., 264-265.
Bowden, Miss A., 574
Bowen, Cornelia, 76.
Bowie, Md., 324:325.
Bowling Green, Ky., 276-277.
Bowling Green, Va., 62o.
Bowling Green Academy, Ky., 276-277.
'
Boyd, C. J., 68.
Boyd, T. C., 137.
Boyd Institute, Tex., boo.
Boydton Institute, Va., 639-640.
Boylan Home and Industrial Training School,
Fla., 165-06.
Bracy, Va., 663.
Bradley District Academy, Arks .135.
Bragg, P. F., 329.
Brainerd Institute, S. C., 489.
Branch Normal College, Ark., 120-121.
Braxton, Louise, 254.
Braxton, kliss., 367-368.
Breaux Bridge, La., 312.
Brenham, Tex., 600-boi.
449-450.
_-
Burkhardt, ryertrude, 583.
Burksville, Va., 648-649.
Burrell Normal School, Ala., 55.
Burroughs, Nannie E., 154.
Burton, S. C
Bush DOme
'cultural, and Industrial Institute, Md.,
Byrd, lohn, 421.
Byrd, William, 226.
C.
Cabin Creek High School, Ga., 241.
Cadiz, Ky., 278.
Cadiz Normal and Theological School, Ky., 278.
Calcasieu Parish Training School, La., 291.
Caldwell, William A., 73.
Calhoun, Ala., 58-6o.
Calhoun Colored. School, Ala., 58-6o.
Calhoun Fails, S. C., 522.
Camden, Ala., 9o-91.
Camden, Ark., 124, 135, 138.
Camden, S. C., 494'495
Camden Academy, Ala., 9o-9z.
Camp Nelson, Ky., 271.
Campbell, G. R., 304.
Brenham Normal and Industrial College, Tex., Campbell, L. L., 6o6.
600 bor.
Campbell College, Miss., 353-355.
Brewer Normal, Industrial and Agricultural Insti: Campti, La., 322.
toe, S. C., 493-494
Canfield, Ark., 238.
Bricks, N. C., 403-404.
Canfield Normal and Industrial School, Ark., 138.
Carlton Bend, Ala., 91-92.
Bridgeford, E. M. 451.
Bridges, B. J. 258.
Canton Bend Mission School, Ala., 91-92.
Brinkley, Ark., 122-123, 137.
Cappahosic, Va., 632-633.
Bristol, Tenn., 562, 564.
Carl sle, Pa., 694.
Bristol Normal Institute, Tenn., 564.
Carlisle, S. C., 521.
Brodie, F. L., 454.
Caroline County Training School, Va., 6ao,
Brooks, C. W., 52.
Cart, Clarence F., 603.
Brown, Alice, 255.
Carrington, P. M. P., 252.
Brown, C.'E.,_618..
Carroll, W. H., 466.
Brown, MIS. C. H., 419.
Carrollton, Ala., 81-82.
Brown, r. S.,
Carry, George W., 464.
Brown, E. M., 42.
Carry, M. P., 128.
Brown, J. H., 203.
Carter, William R., 678.
Browne, Miss E. M., pm.
Cartersville, Va., 66o.
Browning Industrial Home and Mather Academy,
N. C., 455.
S. C., 4-495.
L., 563.
Brownsville, 'Tenn., 551.
Catholic School for Colored Boys, Fla., do.
708.
INDEX.
Catholic schools, Delaware, 145; District of Columbia, 155; Florida, 18o, Georgia, 250-252.
Catholic schools (parish), Arkansas 136; Kenttleg, 278; LOWsialla, 412; Mississippi, 376;
Claflin College, S. C., 500-502.
Claremont, Va., 665 -666.
Clarendon County Training School, S. C., 491..
Clark, A. S., 207.
North Carolina, 451; Northern States, 694; Ok- Clark, Annie, 663.
lahoma, 467; South Carolina, 517; Tennessee,1 Clark, C. C., 450.
-
561; Texas, 60i-602; Virginia, 66o.
Cauthornville, Va., 659-66o.
Centerville, Ala., 34.
Central Alabama Institute, Ala., 53-54
Central Christian Institute, Ky., 278.
Central City College, Ga., 194-195.
Central Louisiana Academy, La., 311..
Central Mississippi College, Miss., 372-373.
Clark, j. S., 294.
Clark, L. S., 204.
Clark University, Ga., 215 -217.
Clarke, Mrs. A. R., 158.
Clarke, J. F., 122.
Clarke, S. H., 644.
Clarke's Training School and Employment Bureau, D. C., 158.
Central Park Normal and Industrial School, Ga., Clarkson, E. B., 562.
Clarkton, N. C., 457.
r98-19.
Central TexaSC011er, Tex., 586-587.
Clarkton, Va., 663.
Centreville Industrial School, Ala., 34-35.
Clayton, Del., 143
Clayton, J. E., 593
Chadbourn, N. C., 454.
Chandler Normal School, Ky., 266-267.
Clayton Industrial High School, Tex., $93.
Charenton, La., 312.
Clayton Williams University, Md., 327.,
Charity, Ala., 57-58.
Cleppeater, L. L., 56o.
Charleston, S. C. 48j-487, 522-526.
Cleveland,. C., 97.
Charleston Industrial School, S. C., 486.
Cleveland, Term., 563
Charleston Normal and Industrial School, S. C., 523. Cleveland Academy, in., 563.
Clifton Forge, Va., 664.
Charlotte, N. C., 424-426, 453.
Charlotte, Va., 663.
Clifton Forge Normal tuvl Industrial Institute,
Charlottesville, Va., 613-614.
Va.,. 664.
Charlton, T. J., 605.
Clinton, Miss., 3 5r .
Chastang, Ala., zoo.
Clinton, N. C., 437Chatham, Va., 661, 663.
Clinton College,
C., 513-54.
Clinton Street High School, Ky. See Frankfort
C.hattahooehee Institute, Ga., 247.
Chattanooga, Tenn., 547-548.'
Public High School, Ky.
Chattanooga Public High School, Tenn., 547-548. Cobb, Mrs. Helena B., 234.
Chavers, P. W., 696.
Cochran, A. M., 426.
Cheltenham, Md., 330'331.
Cocoanut Grove, Fla., 181.
Cheneyville, La., 312.
Coleman, 0. L., 289.
Cheraw, S. C., 49o.
Coleman College, La., 289-290.
Cheriton, Va., 647.
College work, 16-17.
Cherokee Normal and Industrial Institute, S. C., Colleges and universities. See Private and higher
schools. Sec also under names of Stales-school
Cheshire, Anne, 253.
facilities.
Chester, S. C., 489.
Collier. N. W , 169.
Chesterfield, S. C., 319.
Collins, M. L 309.
Chesterfield Parochial School, S. C., 519.
Colored Agricultural and Normal University,
Cheyney, Pa. 6cli-69t,
Okla., 464-466.
Cheyney Training Sc ool for Teachers, Pa., 691- Colored High School, Miss., 372.
6.
Colored Industrial Home and School, La., 298 -299.
Colored Industrial School of Cincinnati, Ohio, 687.
Colored Methodist Episcopal schools. See Methodist Episcopal schools, colored.
China, Ala., rol.
Colored Orphan Asylum, N. Y., 699-700.
Chisholm, E. A., 175,
Columbia, S. C., 504-509.
Christian, Mrs., 102.
Columbia, Va., 66o.
Christian Church, small schools, Texas, 601-603.
Columbus, Ga., 233-234. 256-257.
Christian College, N. C., 408 -409.
Columbus, Ohio, 694, 696.
Christian Moral and Industrial Training School Columbus Colored Industrial Si:1,w', Ga., 233-2 3 4.
and Rescue Home for Erring Girls, Va., 668.
Combined Normal and Industrial Department,
Christian Theological and Industrial College, Tex.,
Ohio, 685-687.
601-602.
Concord, N. C., 395-396, 453.
Christian's Private School (Mrs.), Ala., mi.
Connelly, J. R. P., 524.
Cliristiansburg Industrial Institute, Va., 642-643.
Conroe, Tex., P02-603.
Christ's Missionary and industrial College, Miss., Conroe Normal and Industrial College, Tex.,
Ill., 694, 697-698.
Chicot County- Training_ School, Ark., 115-116.
Children's Temporary Home, D. C., 157-158.
Chica93go,
377
Christ's Temple Piu'ochie School, Miw., 377.
Chula, Va., 662.
Cincinnati, Ohio, 687, 694.
6o2 -6o3.
Consolidated White River Academy, Ark., 122-123.
Converse, La" 306.
Cookman Institute, Fla., 166.
,r2
INDEX.
Cooley, Miss R. B., 483.
_.,Cooper, A. B., 235.
Cooper, Mrs. Alice L., 103.
Cooper, J. H., 182.
Cooper Graded School, Ala., 103.
Coosa County Training School, Ala., 41.
Cordele, Ga., 207-208.
Corey Memorial Institute, Va., 646-647.
Corona, Ala., 88-89.
Corona Normal and Industrial School, Ala., 88-89.
Cottage Grove, Ala., 41.
Cotton, J. A., 439
Cotton, J. N., 92.
Cotton Plant, Ark., 133-134
Cotton Plant Academy, Ark., '33-134.
Cotton Valley School, Ala., 61-67.
Coulter Memorial Academy, S. C., 490.
Courtland, Ala., 98.
Cowart, William R., 183.
Cowpens, S. C., 525
Cox, B. F. 486.
Coxi,viJ. M., 13o.
Crawford, B. T., 138.
Crecy, W. L., 429.
Credttt, William A 688.
Crockett, Tex., 584-585.
Croome, Md., 328.
Croome Settlement School, Md., 328.
Crowley, La., 312.
Cunningham, M. A., 516.
Curry, E. W. B., 696.
Curry Normal and Industrial Institute, Ohio, 696.
Curti?, C. B.. 42.
Cuthbert, Ga., 235-236.
709
Delaware (counties), Kent, x41-143; New Castle,
143-144.
Delaware Orphans' Home and Industrial School,
Del., 144.
Delcambre, La., 312.
Demopolis, Ala., 103.
Denbey. E. T., '565.
Denison, Ter., 604.
Denison Public High School, Tex., 604.
Denmark, S. C., 479-481. ,
Denominational . schools (small) Florida, 182;
Georgia, 253; Kentucky, 278-279; Mississippi,
376 -377; North Carolina, 456-457; South
iina, 522-523; Tennessee, 564-566. See also
Baptist schools; Catholic shoots; Christian
Church schools; Episcopal schools; Lutheran
schools; Methodist schools; and Presbyterian
schools.
Dennott. Ark., 115-116, 138.
Dickerson, Thomas, 311.
Dickson, Mrs. E. G., 663.
Diggs, J. R. L. 327.
Dillard, Mrs. S. J., 663.
Dingus, J. A., 48.
Dinkins, Mrs. M. J., 253.
Dinwiddie, Va., 621.
Dinwiddie Agricultural and Industrial Rhool,
Va., 621.
District of Columbia, private and higher schools,
Dahlent, Father, 25.,
Dallas, Tex., 601, 603.
Dallas Public High School, Tex., 603-634.
147-158; school facilities, 147.
District of Columbia (citie4 and towns). See under
names of cities and tetras.
Dixon, S. J., 605.
Dixon Gordon's Orphanage, Tex., 605-606.
Dockery. J. C., 455
Dc an, M. W., 581.
Dole, Alsie B., 393.
Donelson, Mrs. M. L., 413.
Dorchester Academy, Ga., 23o-231.
Dalton, Mo., 386-381.
Daly, Mrs. Rachel S., 105.
Daly Reformatory, Ala., los.
Douglas Academy, N. C., 4577
D.
Daniel Hand Fund, Tenn., 537.
Daniels, James S., 517.
Daniels, John V., 258.
Dothan, Ala., 97
Dothan.Normal and Industrial Institute, Ala., 97.
Douglas High School, Ky. See Henderson Public
High School, Ky.
Dover, Del., 141-143.
Downer, S. A., ific.
Danville, Va., 650-65 1 .
Danville Industrial High School, Va., 650-651.
Downingtown, Pa., 688-689.
Danville Public High School, Va., 65o.
Downingtown Industrial and Agricultural College,
Pa., 688-689.
Dart, J. L , 523.
Downsville, La., 312.
Davage, M. S. 361.
Davidson, H. D., 34.
Dublin, Ga., 253.
Dudley,
414.
Davis, F. R., 102.
Dunbar, J. W., 648.
Davis, J. D., 509.
'
Dunbar
mp Agricultural, Industrial, and MeDavis, J. H., 86.
chanical School, Pa., 60j.
Dawkins, John S., 518.
Dunbar High School, D.
148.
Day, A. E., 251.
Dttnton, L. M., goo.
Dayton Academy, N. C., 455
Daytona, Fla., 178-179.
Dupree Academy, Ark., 138.
Daytona Education Industrial Training School for Durham, N. C., 401-403.
Negro rirls, Fla.t 178-179.
Dusenbury, C. B., 454, 562.
De Berr.., W. C., t58.
a., eig.
Debnam,
B.
De Castro, J. F., 23o.
Earle, I. Newton, 294
Decatur, Ga., 252.
Delaware, appropriations, 139; private and higher East Alabama High School, Ala., 98.
schools, 141 -145; school facilities in the State, East Carroll Normal and Industrial Institute, LC,
134-141; summary of educational needs, tar.
304-310.
,
'
710
INDEX.
East Texas Normal and Industrial Academy, Tex.,
1?,,.
astern North Carolina Industrial School, N. C.,
588-589
99-40o.
Ea3stover, S. C., 528.
Eatonville, Fla., 175-176.
Ebenezer Parochial School, Ga., 253.
Economic and social §tatus, Negroes, 9-ri.
Edenton, N. G. 397-398, 448, 452.
Edenton Normal and Industrial Institute,. N. C.,
Th91.::388e-orge
A., 44.
E71.76 Island, S. C., 522.
Educational facilities, summary, 9-26.
Edward Waters College, Fla., 167-169.
Faunsdale Union Academy, Ala., 203.
Faver High School, Okla., 464.
Fayette County Training School, Tenn., 544.
Fayetteville, N. C., 400-401, 453.
Feaster, W. D., 117.
Fee Memorial Institute, Ky., 271.
Ferguson and Williams Normal and Polytechnic
Institute,.S. C., 522.
Fernandina, Fla., 180.
Fessenden, Fla., 174-175-
Fessenden Academy and Industrial School, Fla.,
174-175.
Field work, 4.
Fields, J. D., 422.
Financial aid to schools, private. See AppropriaEdwards, Mrs. E. E., 57
tions.
Edwards, Miss., 351-353.
Fisher, Mrs. E. W., 301.
Edwards, T. J., 667.
Fisk University, Tenn., 536-538..
Edwards, W. J, 94.
Flegler High School, S C., 523.
Eicher
r, J.J W., 114.
Fletcher. F. W., 428.
Elder, T. 3., 245
Flint-Goodridge Hospital and Nurse Training
Elementary schools, r.t-25, at. See 12130 -under
School, La., 316.
Stater-xchool facilities; Private and higher Florence, Ala., 55.
schools.
Florida, appropriations, 159-162; attendance, i62;
Eleventh District Normal and Industrial School,
Baptist schools, small, 179-18o; Catholic schools,
La. b3 to.
small, 18o; denominational schools, small, 183;
Elite Dee Industrial
e of Samuel Huston
Episcopal schools, small, 18o-18i; industrial
College, Tex., 594. 5
education, 163; Presbyterian schools, small,
Elizabeth City, N. C.,
32, 449.
181-181; private and higher schools, 164-183;
Elizabeth Ir. Rust He,
of Rust University,
school facilities, 159-164; summary of educaMiss., 365-366.
tional needs, 164; supervision, 164; teacher
Elizabethtown, N. C., 456.
training. 162.
Ellerson, L. B., 52.
Florida (cities
See under names of
Ellicott City, Md., 329.
cities and founts.
Elliot, J. F., 182.
Florida (counties), Duval, 164-170; Leon, 170-173;
Elliott, George M., 137.
Marion, 173 -175; Orange, 175-176; Suwanee,
Elliott, T. M., 93.
176-178; Volusia, 178-179.
Ellis, W. C. 144.
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College for
Ellison, I. 1. 374.
Negroes, Fla., 171.
Ellison, T. F., 181.
Florida Baptist Academy, Fla 169.
Fay, D. M., 98.
Florida Institute, Fla., 177 -s78.
Emerson Industrial Institute, S. C.
C., 519.
Fordyce, Ark., 135.
Emerson Normal and Industrial
Ala., Forsythe, Ga., 232-233.
7,3-74
Epiphany Mission, S. C., 517-518.
Episcopal Parochial School, N. C., 452.
Forsyth Normal and Industrial Institute, Ga.,
232-231.
Fort Davis, Ala., 6i-62.
Episcopal schools' (smal 1 ) , Florida, 18o- 18x ; Geor- Fort Gaines, Gs 247.
gia, 25x--252; North Carolina, 4$2; South Caro- Fort Mot te, S. C., 525.
fina,5 x1-518; Virginia, 66o.
Fort Smith, Ark., 132-133.
Essex High School, N. C., 451.
Fort Smith Public High School, Ark., 132-133.
Etheridge, W. S.,_441.
Fort Valley, Ga., 229-230.
Europe, Mrs. A. E., 103.
Fort Valley High and Industrial School, Ga.,
Evans, George, 364.
229-230.
BY111111, 'UAW J. 145.
Fort Worth, Tex., $91-592.
Fairford, Ala., xoo.
Fairport, N. C., 456.
Faison, J. R., 447
Faison, N. C., 448.
F.
Fort Worth Industrial and Mechanical College,
Tex., 592.
Fort Worth Public High School, Tex., 591.
Foster, J. P., 512.
Foster, M. G., 3 to.
Foster, R. E. F., 519.
Pal= Educational and Industrial Institute, N. C., Foster, P. H., 124.
Fountain, W. A., 221.
4484
Faith Memorial School, S. C., 518.
Fourteenth District Normal and Industrial School,
Falls Church, Va., 665.
La. See Minden Academy, La.
Farmers' Improvement Society Agricultural Col- Fouse, W. H., 265.
lege, TeX., 375.
Fatmulale, Ala., 103.
Frankfort, Ky., 267-269.
,Frankfort Public High School, Ky., 267.
INDEX.
711
Georgia (counties), Berl Hill, 192; Bibb, 193-195;
Franklin, I. C., 6o.
Clarke,
Burke, 195-197; Chatham, 19
Franklin, Va., 656.
, 207-208;
201-205; Coweta, 20_5-206;
Franklin, W. H., 549
Doughterty, 208-210; Floyd, 21I; ulton, 212Franklin Normal and Industrial Institute,Va., 656.
224; Glynn, 224-226; Greene, 226-227; Han
Franklinton, N. C., 407-409, 448.
cock, 227428; Houston, 228-230; Liberty, 23oFraser, J. H., 171.
231 ; Monroe, 232 -233 ; Muscogee, 24-234; Pike,
Frauds among Negro schools, 1.
234-235; Randolph, 235-236; Richmond, 236
Frazer, P. T., 277.
24o; Spalding, 240-341; Sumter, 241-P43;
Frazier, J. W., 594.
Thomas, 243-244; Washington, 245-246; Wilkes,
Frederick, N. J., 505.
246.
See
SherFrederick Douglasa High School, Tex.
Georgia Colored Industrial and Orphans' Home,
man Public HighSchool, Tex.
Ga., 258.
Frederick Douglass Hospital Nurse Training
Georgia State Industrial College, Ga., 200 -201.
School, Pa., 701.
Gibbons tligh School. See Paris Public High
Fredericksburg, Va., 657
School, Tex.
Fredericksburg Normal and Industrial Institute,
Gibbs High School. See Little Rock Public High
Va., 657.
School, Ark.
Freedmen's Hospital Nurse Training School, D. C.,
Gibsland, La., 289--290.
156.
Gibson, J. R., 604.
Freelands, Mrs., 562.
Gilbert Academy and Industrial School, La.,
Freeman, Maggie L.. 264.
307-308.
Friends' Western District Academy, Pa., 701.
Friendship Normal and Industrial College, S. C., Gillespie Normal School, Ga., 207.
Gillmore, LeRoy, 659.
514-515.
Girls' Training school, N. C., 448.
FnerscRi, A. U., 518.
Glancy, .ohn A., 145.
Fiissell, H. B., 62c.
Gloster, MISS., 375.
Frogmore (St. He as Island), 483-485.
Gloucester Agricultural and Industrial School, Va.,
Frost, T. B., 6o1.
632-03_1.
Fuller, H. L., 454.1
Glover, E. M., 524.
Fuller, R. T., 316.
Good
Shepherd Parochial School, Ga., 251.
Fuller, T. 0., 559.
Good Shepherd Parochial School, N. C., 452.
Furman, Ala., 103-104.
Good Shepherd School, Ga., 252.
Furr, Sherman S., 666.
Good Shepherd School, Va., 661.
Goode, A. J., 658.
G.
Goode, G. W., 651.
Goode, George E., 515.
Gadson, J. H., 211.
Goodloe, D. S. S., 324.
Gaffney, S. C , 515, 522.
Goodwill Parochial School, S. C., 5o9-51o.
Gainesville, Fla., 179-I80, 182.
Goold, Edgar H., 443.
Gainesville, Ga., 248.
Gould Academy, N. C.. 4$4.
Galveston, Tex., 601. 604.
Graham, N. C., 456.
Galveston Public High School, Tex., 604.
Grambling, La.. 310. 314.
Gammon Theological Seminary, Ga., 217-219.
Grand Coteau, La., 312.
Gandy, J. M., 623.
Grassy, W. F., 65o.
Garysburg High School, N. C., 451.
Gratian, Brother, 652.
Gastonia, N. C., 451.
Graves. C. F., 449.
Gaudet, Afrs. F. J., 298.
Gray, S. S., 311.
General Education Board, 3, '13, i8, 2o, 21; Ala- Green, M. N., 396.
bama, 30, 32, 33, 57.66, 81; Arkansas, 109, 110, Greensboro, Ala., roo, 102.
112, 118, 121, 123; Georgia, 188, 19o, 191, 192, Greensboro, N. C., 4 I.2- 417.
223, 245; Kentucky, 261, 263, 264; Louisiana, Greenville, Ala., 37, 96.
281, 287, 296; Mississippi, 338; North Carolina, Greenville, Miss., 3
392, 421, 423, 430,436; South Carolina, 475. Greenville, N. C., o.
491; Tennessee, 531, 532, 533, 544, 550, 557; Greenville
C.,
Texas, 571; Virginia, 609, 612, 620, 629, 648, 658. Greenville,
64.
George R. Smith College, Mo., 385-386.
Greenville In
al College, Miss. See ICoeGeorgia, Bapti,t schools, small, 247-249; Catholic
ciusko Industrial College, Miss.
small,
Episcopal
schools,
250-252;
schools,
Greenville College, Tenn., 569.
251-252; independent schools, small, 254-257; Gteenwood, Miss., 375.
Presbyterism ae.ls, small, 252-253; private and Greenwood, S. C., 493-404.
higher schools, 192-258; school facilities, 185- Greenwood Seminary, Miss., 375.
192; small schools of miscellaneous denomina- Greer, S. C., 516.
tions, 253; summary of educational needs, 191- Gregg, John A.. 167.
192.
Gregg, N. J., 52x.
Georgia (cities and towns). See under names of Gregory Normal Institute. N. C., 428-429.
Grenada and Zion College, Miss., 375.
tikes and towns.
712
INDEX.
Gretna, La., 312.
Gretna, Va., 651-652
Griffin, A. J., 417.
Griffin, Ga., 242.
Griffin, H. D , 566.
Griffin, M. H., 88.
Gross, F. W.,578.
Guadeloupe t:011ege, Tex., p6-577.
Gulley, Elizabeth, 8 t .
Guthrie, A. 0., 280.
Guthrie, Okla., 464.
Guy, H. L., 486.
Guyton, Ga., 247.
H.
Haight, Miss S. L., 477
Haines Normal and Industrial School, Ga., 236-237.
Hale, W. J., 541.
Halifax Institute, Va., 659.
Hall, Mrs. Amelia A., 698.
Hall, G. W., 375
Hall, M. P., 514.
Hamilton, G. P., 558.
Hampton, Va., 625-631, 668.
Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Va.,
625 -632.
Hampton Training School for Nurses, Va., 668.
Hancock, G. B., 449.
Hanover, Va., 667.
Harbison College, S. C., 497-498.
Harfean Academy, S. C., 519.
Herper,a; B.,
Harper liege, Mise., 375.
Harper's Ferry, W. Va., 67o-671.
Harrell, J.A., 66o.
Harriet Holsey Industrial School, Ga., 253.
Harris, Mrs. J. C., 202.
Harris, J. R., 246.
Harris, S. F.,_203.
Harristown, Miss., 376.
Harrodsburg, Ky., 278 -279.
Harry, H. R., 520.
Hart-, I. Alva, 4e9.
Hartman, J. H., 639.
Hartshorn Memorial College, Va., 634-635.
Haven and Speedwell Home, Ga., 199-200.
Haven Institute, Miss., 361-362.
Illakins, Mason A., 321.
Hawkins, S. P., 458.
Hawkins, Tex., 601.
Hawthorne, L.. 96.
Hayden, Mrs. D. I., 656.
Hayes, R. B. 385.
Haynes, Charles H., 97
Haynesvi e, La., 312.
Hayswood, J. H., 455
Haywood County Training School, Tenn., 55r.
, Heard, J. Thomas, 255.
Hearne, Tex., Got.
Heick, P. R., 355.
Helena, Ark., 224-125.
Helena B. Cobb Home and School, Ga., 234-235:
Reknit Public High School, Ark., 124-125.
Hempstead County Training School, Ark.,
Henderson, Archdeaco*, 251.
Henderson,
Henderson, James M., 458.
Henderson, Ky., 280.
Henderson, N. C., 439-440.
Henderson Normal Institute, N. C., 439-440.
Henderson Public High School, Ky., 280.
Hendersonville, N. C., 456.
Henry, N. E., 101.
Hernando, Miss., 35o.
Herritage, W. J. 452.
Hewitt, A. A., 182.
Hickory Grove Academy, N. C., 451.
Higgs Memorial Institute, N. C., 449.
High, S. H., 451.
High Educational College of Glory, Del., 246.
High Point, N. C., 417-418.
High Point Normal and Industrial School for Colored Students, N. C., 427-418.
High School "A," Tex. Sec Fort V.'orth Public
High School, Tex.
High Schools. See Secondary schools.
Hill, D. W., 664.
Hill, J. D., 60o.
Hill, J. S., 545
Hill, Leslie P., 691.
Hill, Miss Zeno, 44.
Hinton, Miss M. F., 7o1.
Hodge Academy, Ga., 246.
Hodges, Miss B. D., 369.
Hodges Normal School, N. C., 4$ T .
Hoffman St. Marys Industrial Institute, Tenn..
565.
Holland, W. S., 697.
Holley, J. W., 208.
Holly Springs, Miss., 362-366, 375.
Holmes, B. R., 256.
Holmes, W. E., 194.
Holmes, W. T., 357.
Holmes Industrial Institute, Ga., 256.
Holsey Normal and Industrial Institute, Ga.,
207-208.
Holston, Mrs., 377.
Holtzclaw, W. H., 348.
Holy Family School, Okla., 467.
Holy Ghost Catholic School, Miss 355.
Holy Redeemer School, Tex., 60i.
Holy Rosary School, Tex., 601.
Home of the National Association for Destitute
Colored Women and Children, D. C., 156.
Homer, La., 292, 309.
Homer College, La., 292.
Homer Normal Industrial and Bible Training
School, La., 309.
Hooper, Robert, 523.
Hope, Ark., 218 -119.
Hope, ,Irohn, 219.
Hope, a., 663.
Hopewell Rural Manual Training School, Ala.,
103-104.
Hopkins, Miss M., 659.
Hopkinsville, Ky., 277, 280.
Hopkinsville Male and Female College, Ky., 277.
Hopkinsville Public High School, Ky., 280.
Hortman, La., 315.
Horton, J. Z., 448.
Hot Spnrigs, Ark., 118, 137.
Hot Springs Normal and Industrial School, Ark.,
1.37.
Houma, La., 32i.
Houma Academy, La., 312.
INDEX
713
House of Reformation for Colored Boys, Md., 33V- Industrial Home for Colored Girls, Md., 329-330.
Industrial Home School for Colored Children,
331.
D. C., 156.
Industrial Horne School for Colored Girls, Va., 667.
Industrial Missionary Association School, Ala.,42.
Houston, E. A., 252.
Houston, S. W., 597
Houston, Tex., 577-579.
Houston, Va., 659.
Houston College, Tex., 578-579.
Industrial Union Institute Training School and
Orphanage, N. C., 458.
Houston Industrial and Training School, Tex., Ingleside ,Seminary, Va., 648 -649.
IngrahamN.,. S., 228.
Institute, W. Va., 672-674.
Irmo, S. C., 497-.198-
-598-
lio5us97ton Public High School, Tex:, 577.
Hovey, George R., 635.
Howard, Gen. 0. O.. 149.
Howard High School, Del., 144.
Ish., J. G., Jr., 120.
Isle Brevelle, La., 312.
Howard Orphanage and Industrial School, N. Y., Israel Academy, La., 288-289.
Howard Public High School, S. C ,
Howard University, D. C., 149-1$4.
Howe Institute, La., 296.
505.
J. K. Brick Agricultural, Industrial, and Normal
Hoe Institute, Tenn., 559.
Hkwell, S. A., 668.
PlAvland, Miss A. B., 243
Hubbard, G. W., 538.
Hubbard, W. N., 232-233
Hubert, Z. T., 355
Hudson, J. H., 452.
'
Hughes, D. W., 122.
Hull, D. J. 576.
L,-..,
97, 339.
Hunt, B.
Hunt, Carrie A., 481.
Hunter, A. B., 443.
Hunter, Charles N., 442.
Hunter, . W., 31..
Hurter, ames M.,_248.
Huntsvil e, Ala., 68-69, 102-103.
Huntsville, Tex., 597-598.
Huntsville Public High School, Ala., 68.
Hurd, B. J., 31r.
Hurdle, I. S. Q., 60,.
Hutton, D. R., 313.
Hyde, R. L., 276.
Hyde Park Station, Tenn., 548-549
Hyman Liana Home, Ga., 258.
Hyman, Misr N. N., 258.
I.
Illinois, 677; special institutions, 69
., i
Intmaculate Conception School,
Immaculate Conception Sch , . C., 517.
enn., 561.
Immaculate Mother's Schoo
Immanuel Institute, Ark., 113.
Immanuel Lutheran College, N. e., 416-417.
Inborden, T. S. 403.
Independent schools (small), Alabama, 101; Delaware, 144-145; Florida, 183; Georgia, 254-257;
KentuckY, 279; Louisiana, 313-315; Maryland,
328-329; North Carolina, 457-459; Northern
States, 695-697; South Carolina, 523-525; Vir-
School, N. C., 403-405
J. Thomas Heard University'', Ga., 255.
Jackson, A. B., 701.
ackson College, Miss., 355-356.
Jackson, James E., 478.
jactson, miSS., 353-356, 377.
Jackson, Tenn., 555-557.
Jacksonville, Ala., 101.
Jacksonville, Fla., 165-170, 181.
acobs, R. E., 306.
Jao3x, D. A., 644.
Jakes, LS., 516.
James, William, 254.
ames City, N. C., 457
James City Primary School, N. C., 457.
Jarratt, Va., 66o.
Jarvis Christian Institute, Tex., 601.
ason, William C., 141.
Jeanes Fund, 3, 13, 20, 21; Alabama, 29, 33, 38, 40,
49, 57, 72, 75, 8o, 81, 86; Arkansas, 109, 112, 113,
115, 117, 128, 219, 226; Florida, 16,, 164, 17o,
173, 174; Georgia, 88, 191, 229, 234, 241, 245;
Louisiana, 285, 287, 294;
Kentucky, 261 2
298, 305, 314; itlary and, 319; Mississippi, 336,
338, 344, 359, 360, 37o; Missouri, 380; North
Carolina, 389, 392, 393. 412, 421, 454; South
Carolina, 473, 476, 477, 491, 5o0; Teruessee, 531,
52, 533; Texar, 569, 572, 575, 576, 597; Virerit 6c015,11416.2,03,86247383.
Ieffersou City, Tenn., 552-552.
enkins, D. J., 525.
Jenkins Orphanage and Greenwood Industrial
F£11113 and Reformatory, S. C., 525-526.
Jersey Graded School, S. C., 524-525:
Jeruel Academy, Ga., 03-2.34.
Jetersville, Va., 662.
John Hay Normal and Indilstrial School, Va. See
Robert Gould Shaw Normal and Industrial
School, Va.
In6diana, 677-678, 695; small independent schools, Johns Island, S. C., 522.
iohnson, A. I:, 257.
ohnson, E. ., 346
Indiv5.idual schools, report, ,5..
Industrial Agricultural College for Negroes, Miss., ohnson, J. E., 99.
ohnson, J. E., 352.
374.
Industrial education, i8.-2o; Alabama, 32; Arkan- ohnson, James, 311.
sas, 112; Florida, 163 ,Kentucky, 263; Louisiana ohnson, .A., 592.
287; Maryland, 3s2.; Mississippi, 338; North CAM- ohnson, S. ., 467.
Una, 392; South Carolina, 475; Tennessee, 532; ohnson, W. G., 258.
ohnson City, Tenn., 562.
Texas, 572; Virginia, 612.
ginia,?663-666.
,
J
700.
.
INDEX.
714
-
ohnson High School, N. C., 4$1.
ohnson Home-Industrial College, Ca., 257.
ohnston County Training School, N. C , 421-422.
diner, W. A., 685.
ones, G. T., 663.
ones, H. F., 280.
534.
ones,
M. ,_247.
, ones, J. Mones, rs. L. E., 182.
ones, Lawrence C., 367.
ones, Letitia, 377.
ones, litr.t.Mi.,1111., 5.21.
ones, U. S., 103.
onesboro, Tenh , 566.
ordan, J. F., 66o.
ordan, S. A., 179.
oseph, Philomene, 289.
umonville, Pa., 697.
lk
Kirk, J. A., 585.
Kirkpatrick, A. J. 604.
Kittrell, N. C., 440-442.
Iiittrell College, N. C., 440-442.
Klotzville, La., *12.
Knox Academy, Ala., 44.
Knox Institute, Ga., 204-205.
Knoxville, Tenn., 552 -555.
Knoxville College. Tenn., 553-55.1.
Knoxville Public High School, Tenn., 552.
Knuckles, W. H., 433
Kosciusko, Miss., 372-373.
Kosciusko Industrial College, Miss., 373.
Kowaliga, Ala., 48-49.
Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute, Ala ,
48.
Kruse, Edwina B., 144.
K.
Kansas, 678-681.
4,
Kansas City, Kans., 681.
Kansas City, Mo., 386.
Kansas City Public High School, Mo., 386.
Kealing, H. T., 679.
Kealing, Tenn., 562, 565.
Keane, David H., 525.
Kelsey, A. Z., 241.
Kendall Institute, N. C., 511.
Kendrick, A., 662.
Kenilworth, N. J., 695.
Kennard, Sarah J., 701.
Kennedy, H. Y., 520.
Kent Home of Bennett College, N. C., 413-414
Kentucky, appropriations, 259-261; Baptist
schogls, local, 277-278; Catholic schools, 278;
industrial education, 263; miscellaneous denominational'. schools, 278-279; private and higher
schools, 264-281; public high schools, 079-28o;
school facilities, 259-264; small ndependent
L.
Lackey, Va., 658.
Ladonia, Tex., 575.
La Fayette, La., 312.
Laing Normal and Industrial School, S. C., 487-488.
Lake Charles, La., 313-314.
Lake Providence, La., 309-310.
Lake Street High School, Ala. See 'troy Academic
and Industrial Academy, Ala.
`%.
Lamar, S. C., 524.
Lamar Normal and Industrial School, S. C., 524.
Lamkins, S. J., 329.
Lampton Literary and Industrial College, La.,
304-305.
,...,
Lancaster, S. c ., 496. 516.
Lancaster Normal and Industrial School, S. C., 4e4.
Lane, J. F., 555.
Lane College, Tenn., 555-557.
Laney, Lucy, 236.
Langrum, A. M. D., 292.
Langston, Okla., 464,466-467.
Langston-Douglass Academy, Va., 664-665.
Langston High School, Ark., 118.
schools, 279;special institutions, 281; summary of Language study, 23.
educational needs, 264; supervision, 263; teacher Lanier, M. B., 272.
Latex°, Tex., 6ox.
training, 263.
Kentucky (cities and towns). See under names of Latta, M. L., 459
Latta University, N. C. 459
cities and towns.
Kentucky (counties), Bourbon, 264-265: Fayette, Laura Street Parochial School, Fla., 18r.
265-267'; Franklin, 267-269; Hopkins, 269-270; Laurelhill, Miss., 376.
Jessamine, 270-271; Jefferson, 271-274; Shelby, Laurens, S. C., 516, 520, 524-525.
Laurinburg, N. C., 437-438.
274-276: Warren, 276-277.
Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute, Ky., Laurinburg Normal and Industrial Institute,
N. C., 437-438.
267-269.
Law schos, rt.
Kershaw, S. C., 516.
LawndaleIN. C 457.
Key West, Fla., 280.
Lawrenceville, Va., 614 -616.
Keys, Va., 658-659.
Lebanon Parochial School, S. C., 519.
Kerrville, Ga., 195-197.
Le Conte, Italy, 226.
Keysville Mission School, Va., 658-659
Lee.: J. R. E., 386.
Klatt, Thomas H., 325.
Lee, M. D., 496.
King, Clara, 595.
Lee and Hayes University, Ind., 327.
_
King, Harry A., 215.
Lee County Training School, Ark., 122.
King and Queen High School, Va., 659-66o.
King Industrial Home of Wiley College, Tex. Lehman, J. El, 351.
Leland University, La., 299-300.
*583.-584Le Moyne Institute, Tenn., 56o-56i.
r&ings Mountain, N. C., 409-41o.
Lenoir, N. C., 456.
King's Park, N. Y., 700.
Lequey, L. J., 603.
Kinkaid, G. W., 697.
Lewis, Mrs. M. 1., 66t,
Kinney, David N., 664.
Lewis, Mrs. Kos., 541r,
Kinston, N. C., 422, 449.
Lexington, Ky., 265-267, 278.
Kinston College, N. C., 422-423.
INDEX..
Lexington Public High School, Ky., 265-266.
Lillie La., 312.
Limerick, ca., 253.
715
Lum, Ala., 6o-6}.
Lum High School, Ala. See Alabarha Christian
Institute, Ala.
A
Lincoln Academy, N. C. 409
- -410.
Lumberton, N. C., 433, 455-456.
Lincoln High and Graded Sc oo Fla., 171.
Lumpkin, H. T., 256.
.
Lincoln Hospital "::iinitig School for Nurses, N. Y., bumpkin Academy, Ga., 256.
. 68.
Luther College, La. 313.
Lincoln Institute, Mo., 381-383.
Lutheran parochial schools, La., 313.
Lincoln Institute of Kentucky, Ky., 274-276.
[ Lutheran' schools, small, Louisiana, 3 T2-313.
Lincoln Normal School, Ala., 80-81.
Lynchburg, Va., 617-619, 66z-662.
Lincoln-Ohio Industrial Training School for Col- Lynchburg Public High School, Va., 617.
ored Youth, Ohio, 696.
Lynk, M. V., 565.
Lincoln Public High School, Tenn'., 548-549.
Lincoln Ridge, Ky., 274-276.
M.
Lincoln Uniyersity, Pa., 689-691.
Little Rock, Ark., 128-i32, 136, 138.
Sic Bennett, M. N., 180.
Little Rock, Ky.
Ky., 2_4-2_5.
A
A
McClellan, J. V., 588.
Little Rock Public High School, Ark., i.28.
McClellan, W. H., 575
Littleton, N. C., 4_54*
McClellan Academy, Ga., 206-207.
Littleton Missiot School, N. C., 452.
NIcConnellsville, S. C., 521.
Live Oak, Fla., 177-178.
McCorkle, Mrs. E. A., 454.
Live Oak School, La., 315.
McCorkle, G. W., 397.
Livingston, Ala., 82-83.
McCormick, S. C., 515.
Livingstone College, N. C., 434-436.
McCormick Industrial Institute," S. C., 515.
Livingston Colored Normal and Industrial Insti- McCoy, L. M., 617.
tute, Ala., 82-83.
McCrory, H. L., 424.
Lockerman, J. H. 322.
McDaniel Normal and Industrial Institute, N. C.,
Lomax, Mrs. A. L., 457
449.
Lomax-Hannon High and Industrial School, Ala., McDonald, Mrs. E.,_698.
McDonald, Henry T., 670.
37-38.
Lonestar, S. C., 522.
McDonald, V., 138.
Long, E. A., 642.
McDuflie, E. M.,
Long; F. C., 118:,
McGranahan, R. W.,
W., 553
4.ong, G. W..
MacHale, Laura R., 156.
.
tong; H. E., 408.
Long, J. W., 183.
Long Normal and Industrial School, Fla., 183.
Losee, Bertha E., 165.
Lott, E. A., 665.
Louisburg, N. C., 452; 454, 458.
Louisburg Normal and Industrial Training School,
N.
458.
Louik Training School for Colored Boys, III., 698.
Louisiana, agricultural education, 287; appropriations, 283-286; attendance, -283-286; Baptist,
schools, small, 3o8-312; Catholic scia)ols, parish,
312; independent schools, 31,3-315; industrial
education, 287; Lutheran schools, small, 3'12-313 ;
private and higher schools, 288-316; school facilities, 283-288; special institutions, 315-316:
supervision, 287; summary of educational needs,
288; teacher training, 283-286.
Louisiana (cities and towns). See under names of
cities and towns.
Louisiana (parishes), Assumption, 288 -289: Bienville, 289-290; Calcasieu, 29o-29_1; Claiborne,
McKay, M. J. M.,
519.
McKay, Mrs. S. S., 562.
McKenzie, F. A., 536.
McKinney, Ky., 179.
McKinney Polytechnic Institute, Ky. 279.
McKirahan, W., 645.
McMinn, Miss M. L., 551.
McNair, H. W.,_271.
McRae, Ga., 248.
McRidley, W. H., 278.
Macon, Ga., 193-195, 250, 254, 258.
Macon, Mo., 383-384.
Macon Industrial School, Ga., 254.
Madisonville, Ky., 269-270.
Madisonville, La., 312.
Mahoney, J. D., 688.
Maloy: P. F., 45o.
Manassas, Va., 6$4-635!
Manassas Industrial School, Va., 654-6 55.
Mance, R. W. 5o5.
Mandeville, La., 312.
Mannboni, Va., 662.
291-292; De Soto, 293; East Baton Rouge, Manning, S. C., 491, 522.
294-295; Iberia, 295-296; Morehouse, 296-297; Manor, Tex. 593.
Orleans, 297-304; kapides, 309-305; Sabine, Mansfield, 14:a., 293.
3o.,5-4r; St. Mary, 306-308.
Mansfield Baptist Academy, La., 293.
140111SY1 le, Ky., 272-274, 278, 281.
Mansura, La. , 12.
Louisville, Tenn., 562.
Manual Training Industrial School for Colored
Louisville Colored Normal School., Ky., 272.
Youths, N. J., 682-683.
Louisville Public High School, Ky., 272.
Marianna, Ark., 122.
Lovelace, W. F.,134.
Marianna, FM., 183.
Lowndes County Trainitig School, Ala., 57-58.
Marianna Industrial School, Fla., 183.
Lowry Institute, S. C., 525.
Lucinda Williams School, Ga., 257.
Lucy R. F. D., Tenn., 557-358-
Marion, Ala., 80-81., 99.
Marion, S. C., 523.
Marion Baptist Academy, Ala., 99.
a
INDEX.
7.1 6
Mar ess, J. M., 464.
M
uis, J. S., 489.
, T. P., 93.
Marshall, D. B., 113.
Marshall, Tex., 579-583.
Marshall, W. E., 371.
Marshall Public High School, Tex., 579.
.hiltrtin, J. H., 103.
Martin County Training School, N. C., 423-424.
Martinsville, Va., 662-663.
Martinsville Christian Institute, Va., 638-639.
584-585
Mary Allen Seminary,
Mary Holmes Seminary, Miss:, 346-347.
Mary Potter Memorial School. N. C., 411 -412.
Maryland, agricultural education, 319, appropriations, 317-319; attendance, 3 z 9, Baptist schools,
small, 327; independent schools, 328-329; industrial education, 319; private and high schools,
321-331; school facilities, 317-32 ; special institutions, 3 331; supervision, 321.
Maryland (cities and towns). See under names of
and
Miller's Ferry Normal and Industrial School
92-93
Milwaukee, Pa., 694.
Minden, La., 311.
Minden Academy, La., 311.
Ministerial Institute and College, Miss., 374.
Mississippi, agricultural education, 338; appropriations, 333-338; attendance,, 336; Baptist schools,
small, 372-375; Cathblic parish schools, 376;
denominational schools, small, 376-377; industrial education, 338; private and higher schools,
339-377; school iacilities, 333 -330; summary of
educational needs, 338-339; supervision, 338;
teacher training, 338.
Mississippi (cities and towns). See Alder names of
cities and towns.
Mississippi (counties), Adams, 330-340; Bolivar,
340-341; Chickasaw, 342-343; Claiborne, 343-46;
Clay County. 346-347; Copiah, 347-349; De Soto,
349-358; Jefferson Davis, 359-360; Lauderdale,
36o-362; Marshall, 362-366; Panola, 366-367;
Simpson, 67-3(28; Sunflower, 36c-370; Warren,
370-371; Yazoo, 372.
Mississippi Industrial College, Miss., 362-364.
Missouri,
appropriations, 379; attendance, 379-380;
Maryland Home for Friendless Colored Children,
summary of educational needs, 38o; private and ,
Md., 329.
higher schools, 380-386; public high schools,
Maryland Normal and Industrial School, Md.,
386; school facilities, 379-386.
324-325.
Missouri (counties), Charitan, 380-381; Cole, 381Masonic Orphan's Home, Ga., 258.
383; Macon, 383-384; Pettis, 384-386.
Mather Industrial School, S. C., 481-482.
Mitchell, A. W., lot.
Matthews,. E. Z., 98.
Mitchell, E. A., 138.
Matthews, W. B., 272.
Mitchell, Flora, 217.
Maxon, C. H., 580.
Mobile, Ala., 72-74, 100,103.
Maxwell, John W. 198.
Mobile County' Training School, Ala., 7:.
Maxwell, Mrs. L. J., 524.
Mobile Public High School, Ala., 73.
Mayer, Mrs. F. C: 555
Model and Training School, Ga., 102,203.
Mayer's Industrial School, Tenn., 555.
Monroe,
310.
Mayesville, S. C., 5N-5i a, 525.
Mon oe Normal School, La., 10.
Mayesville Industrial Institute, S. C., 510-511.
Mo
ville, Ala., 98-99.
Mayfield, H. D., 309.
Mon
ville Baptist Industrial College, Ala.,
Mebane, Mrs. C. S., 137'.
98-90.
Mebane, N. C., 453. 456.
Montgo cry, Ala., 77-79.
Medical schools, 17.
Montgo ry Industrial School for Girls, 77-78.
Megginson, A. L., 98.
Montgomery Institute, Ala., 99.
Meharry Medical College, Tenn., 538-539.,
Montgomery R. F. D., Ala., 75.
Meldon, C. M., 300.
Monticello, Ark., 136.
Melvale, Md., 329-330.
Monticello Academy, Ark., 136.
Memphis, Tenn., 558-561;565.
Montouth, T. E., 661.
Memphis Public High School, Tenn.:558.
Mercy Hospital and Nurse Training School, Pa., Moore, P. W., ;431.
Moorhead, Miss., 369 -370.
701.
Morehouse College, Ga., 219-220.
Meridian, Miss., 360-362,-375.
Morehouse Parish Training School, La., 297.
Meridian Baptist Seminary, Miss..; 375.1
Morgan, E. B., 315.
Merrill High School, rk., 120.
Morgan, Esther, 668.
'deserve, Quarles F., 445.
Morgan City, La. 314-315.
_ Method, N. C., 442.
Methodist Episcopal schools .(colored), small, Morgan City Academy, La., 314:
Morgan College, Md., 32.-323.
Alabama, iso; Oklahoma, 4677469;
Morganton, N. C., 454
MC'hods and scope of the study, 2-8.,
M01119 Brown University a., 221-222,
Meyzeek, A. E., 272.
Morris College, .
2.
Miami, Fla.; 281.
Middle Ground Institute, N. C. See Higgs Memorial Morrison, Mrs. L. E.,
Morristown, Tenn., 562.
Institute.
Morristown Normal and Industrial College, Tenn.,
Middleton, R. 11._t 471.
545-546...
Midway Mission School, Ala., 93.
Mutton, Fred D., 654.
Milledgeville, Oa., 252.
Mostly,
G. G., 377.
Mier, J. M., "sic).
Matti, Lucy E., 248.
Miller Memorial School, 5a.
Mother Drexel's School, Ohio, 694.
Mules Ferry, Ala, 9s-93
Maryland (counties), Baltimore City, 321-323;
Prince George, 323-325; Somerset, 325-327.
1)
,
INDEX.
717
Moron, Robert. R., 6a.
Mound Bayou, Miss., 341, 374.
Mount Bayou Baptist College, Miss., 374.
New York, 683, 696; small independent schools,
696; specialinstitutions, 6987700.
New York, N. Y., 683-694. 698.
Mound Bayou liprmal and Industrial Institute, Newbern, N. C., 399 -400, 451, 456.
Miss., 341.
Newberry, Fla., 182.
Hermon
ermon Public High School, Va., 644.
Newberry, S. C.; 52o.
Mount Hermon Seminary, Miss., 351.
Newberry Institute, Fla., 182.
Mount Meigs, Ala., 75-76, 104-105.
Newman, A. C.,.147.
Mount Meigs Colored Institute, 76-77.
Newman, Stephen M., 149.
Mount Pleasant, S. C., 487-488.
Newnan, Ga., 206.
Mount St. Vincent, N. Y., 699-700.
Newport News, Va., 663, 666, 668.
,
Mower, Mrs. H. E.. 494
Newport News Training School, Va., 666.
Mrs. A. E. Europe's School, Ala., 103.
Newton Grove, N. C., 451.
M Street High School, D. C., 148.
Newton Normal School, Tenn, 548.
Muir, James, 269.
Nicholson, A. W., 492.
Murdock, E. J., mi.
Norfolk, Va 66o.
Murry, William J., 135.
Norfolk Mission College, 111511545-646.
Muskogee, Okla., 468.
Norfolk Publki High School, Va%644-645..
Muskogee Manual Training 141t School, Okla., Norlina, Ny., 4$1.
468.
Normal, Ala., 69-7r.
Myers, I. M. A .
Normal Training Collegiate Institute, Fla., t797 180.
Myrtilla Miner Normal School, D. C., 148-149.
Novel College. S. C., 520.
North Alabama Baptist Academy, Ala., 98.
N.
North Carolina, agricultural education, 392; appro-
priations, 387-39o; attendance, 39c; Baptist
'
Nansemond Collegiate Institute, Va., 66o.
schools, small, 447-4$i; denominational schools,
small, 456-457; independent schools, small,
Nashville, Tenn.,. 535-544, 561.
Nashville Public High School, Tenn., 535.
457-459; industrial education, 392; private and
Nasmyth, Mrs. H. M., 131.
higher schools. 393-459: school facilities. 387Natchez, Miss., 339-340, 376.
393; summary of educational needs, 393; supervision, 392; teacher training, 39o-392.
Natchez College, Miss., 339-341.
Natchitoches,
North Carolina (cities and town See wider
names of cities and towns.
National Religious Training School, N.
401-403.
National
C. See National North Carolina (counties), Buncombe, a93-391;
c:Nu-nis, 39,396; Carteret, 394-397; Chowan,
Religious Training School, N. C.
National Training School for Boys. D. C., 157.
397-398; Craven, 398-40o; Cumberland, 400-401;
Durham, 401-40_3; Edgecomte, 40.3-406;. ForNational Training School for Girls, D. C., 157.
syth, 405-406; Franklin, 406-409; Gaston,' 409National Training School for Women and Girls,
D. C., 154-155.
410; Granville, 410-4,2; Guilford, 412-419;.'
Nazareth, N. C., 451
hertiord, 419-421; Johnston, 421; Lenoir, 422;
Martin, 423; Mecklenburg, 424-426; MontgomNazareth Parochial School, S. C., 520.
ery, 426-4:7; New Hanover, 427-429; NorthNeal, W. L.. 437.
ampton, 429-430; Pamlico, 43o-4.31; PasquoNeenah. Alai. 104.
tank , 431-432; Robeson, 432-433; Rowan, 434Negro Agricultural and Technical College, N. C.,
436; Sampson, 436-437; Scotland, 437-438;
414-416.
Vance. 439-442; Wake, 442-447.
Negro Normal and Industrial School, Ga., 249.
North Carolina State Colored Normal School, N. C.,
Negro Refotmatory for Boys. Va., 667.
Negroes, economic and social status, 9-11.
431-432.
No
Louisiana
isiana Agricultural and Industrial InstiNelson, M. J., 562.
tute, La., 314.
Nelson, S. P.,.134.
Northeast
Industrial Theological College. Sot
Nelson-Mary College, Tenn., 551-552.
Christian Theological and Industrial College, Tex.
Nettleton, Miss., 375.
Northern States, Catholic parish schools, 694; eduNettleton High School, Miss., 375.
cational facilities, 677-701; small independent
Neuse River Institute, N. C.. 4511
New Albany, Miss., 375.
e schools, 695-697.
Northwestern Normal and Industrial School, Ga.,
New Albany High School, Miss. 375.
248.
New Brunswick, N. J., 695.
Nottaway, Va., 063.
New Castle, Del., 144-14$.
Nottaway County Training School, Va., 648.
New Iberia, La., 296.
Nyles, S. C., 523.
New Hope, Ky., 278.
New Jersey, 681-683; 695; small independent
schools, 695.
0.
New Jersey Home of Morristown Normal and In- Oakwood, Tex., boo.
dustrial College, Tenn.. 546-547.
Oakwood Manual Training School, Ala., 68-69,
New Orleans, La.. 297-30.4, 312- 313,316.
O'Connell, John, 143.
New Orleans College, La., 300-301.
Oglethorpe, Ga., 256.
718,
ff
INDEX.
Ohio, 683-687, *696; independent schools, small, Payne University, Ala. , 4S.
Peabody Academy, N. C., 426-427.
Ore ily, C. G., 440.
Peake, Va., 667.
Oklahoma, appropriations, 461-46i; attendance, Pease, Emma, L., 523.
462; Catholic schools, rnsh, 467; educational Peck Home of New Orleans University, La., 3oineds, 462: Methodist Episcopal schools, small,
303.
colored, 467 -469; private and higher schools, Pee Dee, N. C., 457
. 462-469; school acilities, 461-462.
Pee Dee Institute, N. C., 4$1.
Oklahoma (counties), Iogan, 462-466; McCurtain, Pengelley, A. L., 522.
466.467; Muskogee, 468; Okfuskee, 468; Okla- Penn Normal, Industrial and Agridultural School,
homa, 469; Tulsa, 469.
S. C., 483-485.
Oklahoma City, Okla., 469.
Pennington, J. C., 98.
Oklahoma City Public High School, Okla., 469..
Penning, ,Affs. J. C., 329.
Oklahoma Normal and Industrial Institute, Okla., Pennsylvania. 688-694, 697; small independent
schools, 6r; special institutions, 701.
467-058.
Okolona, Miss., 342.
Okolona Industrial School, Miss., 342-343.
Old Fort Plantation School, S. C., 523.
Pensacola, Fla., 18o,
People's Normal and Industrial School, La., 313
3t4. *
People's Village School, Ala., 75-76.
Perry, S. C., 516.
Perry, W. A., 225.
Petersburg, Va., 622-624,663,665.
Petersburg Public High School, %'a., 622.
O'Neil, Antoinette, 487.
Opelika, Ala., 98.
Opelousas, La., 311-312.
Opelousas Academy, La., 3t1.
Orangeburg, S. C., 500-504.
Organization of schools, 23-26.
Phelps-Stokes Fund, 13, 20, 21 ; Alabama, 85.
Orlando, Fla., az.
Orphan and Industrial School, S. C.,.525.
Ouachita County Training School, Ark., 124.
Ouachita Industrial Academy, Ark., 135.
Our Lady of Lake School, La., 312.
Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament, Pa., 694.
Ousley, B. F., 341.
Owens, S. A., 177.
Owen Academy, Ala. Set Mobile Public High
School, Ala.
Owens, S. H. C., 339
Owensboro, Ky., 280.
Owensboro Public High School, Ky., 280.
Oxford, N. C., 411-412.
Ozena, Va., 631 -632.
1
P.
Louisiana, 302.
Philadelphia, Pa., 693-694. 701
Philander Smith College, Ark., 13o-131.
Phillips, C. W. F., 207.
Phillips, M. E., 80.
Phillips University, Tex., 589-59o.
Phelps, John L., 195.
Physic, Charles E., 35o.
Pickens County Training School, Ala., 81-82.
Pickensville, Ala., too. -
Pilgrim Baptist Normal Industrial Institute, Ga.,
247.
Pine Bluff, Ark., H9-121,136-137.
Piney Woods Country Life School, Miss., 367-368.
Pitman, Mason, 699-700.
Pittsburgh, Pa., 688.
Pittsylvania Industrial Normal and Collegiate
Institute, Va., 651-652.
Plaquemine, La., 312.
Plateau, Ala., 72.
Pleasant Hill, La., 312.
65o.
Page,
Pleasanton Collegiate Agricultural and Industrial
Paine College, Ga., 238-239.
Institute, La., 315.
Palatka, Fla., rat.
Plump, A. S., 82.
Palestine, Tex., 601 -603.
Point Lookout, Miss., 376.
Palestine Public High School, Tex., 603.
Pollard, George C., 452.
Palmer Memorial Institute, N. C., 419-420.
Pollard, J. R., 665.
Pamlico County Training School, N. C., 43o-431. Pollard, R. I., 46.
Paris, Ky., 265.
Pollard. R. T., 46.
Paris, Tex., 6o5.
Population, colored, 9; white, 9.
Public High School, Ky., 265.
Port Royal, S. C., 523
Public High School, Tex., 6o5.
Port Royal Agricultural and Industrial School,
Paducah, Ky. 270-280.
Paducah Public High School, Ky., 280.
Page, Inman E. , 383.
.
With School, Ky., 278.
Psdner, A. H., 5o.
Parlor City Industrial School, N. Y., 696.
Patmele, N. C., 423,449.
Parmele Industrial Institute, N. C., See Martin
County Training School, N. C. Parr, Mrs. Mary, 551.
Pam Chiledsn,
g76.
Prilcagaireger Yei. 07-588.
Payne College,
235-2' 36.
S..C., 482-483.
Porter, D.,,,.600.
Portsmouth, Va., 646.
Powell, I. S., 310.
Powell, I.. H., 449
Prairie, Ala., 93-95.
Prairie Baptist School, Ala., 99-too.
Prairie du Rocher, Ill., 694.
Prairie du Rocher Parish Scho61, Ill., 694.
Prairie Institute, V., 93-94.
Pra ,e View, Tti.,598-63o.
INDEX.
Prairie View Normal and Industrial College, Tex.,
598-600.
Prather, J. B. F., 280.
Prentiss, Miss., 359-360.
Prentiss Normal and Industrial Institute, Miss.,
719
Reid, d.,
Kendall, John B., 689.
Reynolds, J. R., 307.
Rhode Island, 694, 697; small independent,schools,
97
359-360.
Ri6ce, A. W., 39
Presbyterian Academy, Ark., r
Rice, Ella M., 695. .
Presbyterian colored missions, Ky., 281.
Riceville, Term., 563.
Presbyterian parochial schools, 181-182; Alabama, Rice Industrial and Literary Institute,
N. J., 695.
39; Arkansas, 137-138; Georgia, 252; North Caro- Rich Square, N. C.,
429-430.
lina, 4$4.; South Carolina, 5ao-521; Tennessee,
Rich
Square
Academy,
N.
C.,
429-430.
562; Virginia, 661-663.,
Allen Institute, Ark., 137.
Presbytenan schools (small): Arkansas, 136-138; Richard
Florida, 181-182; Georgia, 252-253; North Caro- Richardson, James 11., 376.
Ala., 42-43.
lina, 453-456; South Carolina, 518-522; Tennes- Richmond,
Richmond, Va., 633-637,660.
see, 561-564; Virginia, 661-663.
Ricks,
W.
687.
Price, T. S., 256.
Riddock, Sarah C., 449
Price, William G., 632.
Price Normal and Industrial School, Ga., 256-257. Ridgeland, S. C., 524.
Ridgeland Normal and Industrial Institute, S. C.,
Prillerman, Byrd, 672.
524.
Primo, L. E., 253.
Ridgeway, S. C., 519.
Princess Anne, Md., 325-327.
Ridgeway, Va., 663.
Princess Anne Academy, Md., 325-3.2j.
Gwrge W., 634.
Princeton Normal and Industrial University, Ind., Rigler,
Roanoke,
Ala., lop.
678, 695.
Roanoke Collegiate Institute, N. C., 449.
Pritchard, Ala., loo.
Gould Shaw Normal and Industrial School,
Private and higher schools, Alabama, 34-103; Robert
Va., 664.
Arkansas, 113-138; Delaware, 141 -145; Florida,
Hungerford Normal and Industrial School,
164-1#3; Georgia, 192-2 58 ; Kentucky, 264-281; Robert
Fla.. 175-176.
Louisiana, 288 -316; Maryland, 321-331; Missis- Roberts, J. C., 696.
sippi, 339-377; Missouri, 380 -386; North Caro- Robinson, M. L., 664.
lina , 393-459; Oklahoma, 462-469; South CaroR. B., 664.
lina, 476 -526; Tennessee, 533-566; Texas, $72- Robinson,
Robinson, W. E., 6r.
606; Virginia, 613-668; West Virginia, 67o-675. Robinzine, Mrs. Eliza,
138.
Private financial aid, colored schools, ii-14..
Rock Castle, Va., 652-653.
Private schools, Northern States, 677; recommenda- Rock Hill, S. C., 513-515, 518,
521.
tions, 22-26.
Rockingham, N. C., 458-459
Professional education, 17-18.
Rockingham Normal and Industrial Training
Profile Farm School, Ala., rot.
School, N. C.. 458-459.
Providepce, R. I., 697.
Rocky Mount, N. , 4513, o559.
Providence Heights Industrial School, Va., 665.
Rocky Mount Industrial High School, N. C., 458.
Providence Normal and Industrial Institute,
Roger Williams University, Tenn., 539-540.
Rogers,
Frank H., 362.
Providsat Hospital and Training School, Ill.. 698. Rogersville,
Tenn., 549-550.
Public high schools, Texas, 603-605.
Roman Catholic Colored School, Ua. , 250.
Public school system, needs, 1-2 2 .
Roman Catholic schools. Set Catholic schools.
Pyles, John B., 330.
Rome, Ga., 211.
Rome High and Industrial School, Ga., 21t.
Q.
Rosa Smith Normal and Night School, Ga., 255.
Queensland, Ga., 192.
Rosebud Industrial Institute, Ala., 104.
Quindaro, Kans., 679-681.
Rosedale, Miss., 374.
Rosedale Normal School, hitis.. 474.
R.
Rosenwald Rural School Building Fund, 13. 20,
21 ; Alabama, 30, 33, 37, 6i, 75; Arkansas, 109,
Raiford, A. R., 249.
112, 129 ; Georgia, 188, 191 ; Mississippi, .136 ;
Raleigh, N. C., 443-447, 459
North Carolina, 392; South Carolina,
473; TenRankin, W. 1. 455.
nessee,_53i, 532, 533.
Ransome, W. L., 657.
Ron, D. F., 310.
Rappahannock Industrial Academy, Va., 631-632. Ross, S. B., 366.
Ratliff, William, 526.
Ross, S. D., 366.
Ravenels, S. C., 522.
Rowan; L. J.,..344.
RaYwick. gy., 278.
0
Rowland, L. M., 197.
Reddick, M. W., 242.
Ruffin, J. R., 659.
Redstone Academy, N. C.. 455-456.
Rush, Mrs. J. A., 256.
Reed, George E., 647
Rush Day and Night School, Gas, a56.
Reed, J. Ef., 665.
Russell, G. P., 262.
Reedy Creek Institute, N. C., 451.
Russell, I. H., 455
Reese, G. M., 375.
Russell, J. S., 614.
,
a
720
INDEX,
School, Fla., z80.
Russell High School, Ky. Sr. Lexington Public St.
St.
School, La., 312.
High School, Ky.
St. oseph's
)Joseph'sSchool, Miss., 376.
Rust College, Miss., 364-365.
ph's School, N. C., 451.
St.
Ruston, La., 3ro.
St. oseph's School, Va., 66o.
Rutherfordton, N. C., 450.
therine's Hall, Pa., 694.
St.
Ryan, J. D., 577.
St. Katherine's School, Va., 66o.
S:
St. Lawrence, Father, 75.
Sabine Normal and Industrial Institute, La.,306. St. Lou's, Mo.,386.
St. Louis Public High School, Mo., 386.
Sacred Heart School, La., 312.
St. Luke's Episcopal Mission School, S. C., 517.
Sacred Heart School, Miss., 376.
St. Luke's-Parochial School, Va., 66i.
Sacred Heart School, N. C., 451.
St. Luke's School, N. C., 452.
Sacred Heart School, Tex., 601.
St. Mark's Academic and Industrial Institute,
St. Athanasius' Parochial School, Ga., 225-226.
Ala., 52.
St. Anthony's School, Ala., too.
St. Mark's School, N. Y., 694.
St. Anthony's School, La., 312.
St. Mary, Ky., 278.
St. Anthony's School, Miss., 376.
St. Mary's Commercial College, MisS:, 370-371
St. Anthony's School, Tenn., 561.
St. Mary's Parochial School, S. C., 5o8-509.
St. Augustine, Fla., 18o-181.
St. Mary's. School, Fla., 181.
St. Augustine's Parochial School, Fla., iSo.
St. Mary's School, La., 312.
St. Augustine's School, D. C., 155
St. Mary's School, Md., 328.
St. Augustine's School, Ga., 252.
St. Mary's School; Miss., 376.
St. Augustine's School, La., 312.
St. Mary's School, N. C., 4$1.
St. Augustine's School, N. C., 443-445
St. Matthias' Episcopal School, Ga., 251.
St. Barnabas' School, Ga., 252.
St. Maurice's School, La., 312.
St. Barnabas' School, Md., 328.
St. Michael's and All Angels' Parochial School,
St. Bartholomew's School, Ark., 136.
Fla., 181.
St. Benedict's School, Fla., tflo.
St. Michael's School, La., 312.
St. Benedict's School, La., 312.
St. MiChael's Training and Industrial School,
St. Benedict's School, N. C., 451.
N. C., 426.
St. Benedict the Moor's School, Fla., z80.
St. Monica's School, Ill., 694.
St. Benedict the Moor's School, Wis., 694.
St. Monica's School, Ky., 278.
St. Bernard's School, Ala., too.
St. Nicholas' School, Tex., 601.
St. Catherine's School, La., 312.
St. Paul Normal and Industrial School, Va., 614'Se. Catherine's School, Okla., 467.
616.
qt. Catherine's School, Tex., 6oi.
St. Paul's Parish Training and Industrial School,
St. Charles' School, K.y., 278.
Ga., 251.
St. Cyprian's School, D. C., 155.
St. Paul's School, La., 312.
St. Cyprian's School, Ga., 252.
St. Paul's School, S. C., 518.
St. Cypriares-School, Md., 328.
St. Paul's School, Va., 661.
St, Cyprian's School, Ohio, 694.
St, Peter Claver's School, Ala., too.
St. Dominic's School, La., 312.
St. Emma Industrial and Agricultural College, St. Peter Claver's School, Fla., 180.
St. Peter Claver's School, Ky., 278.
Va., 6p,
St. Peter Claver's School, La., 312.
St. Francs De Sales Institute, Va., 653.
St. Peter Claver's School, Pa., 694.
St. Francis' Mission, Ark., 136.
St. Peter Claver's School, Tex., 6ot.
St. Francis' School, Miss., 376.
St. Peter's.School, Ala., too.
St. Francis' School, Va., 66o.
St. Peter's School, Ark., 136.
St. Francis' School, N. C., 46z.
St.
Peter's School, Miss., 376. s .
St. Francis Xavier's School, Fla., nio.
St. Peter's School, S. C., 517.
St. Francis Xavier's School, Ky., 278.
St. Philip's Normal and Industrial School, TeX.,
St. Francis Xavier's School, La.s 312.
574.
St. amts' Parochial' School, Ga., 252.
St. Philomena's School, Miss., 376.
St. ames School, Ala., zoo.
St.
Rose of Lima's School, Miss., 376.
St. ames' School, La., 312.
St. Stephen's School, Ala., zoo.
St. ames' School, S. C., 517.
St. Thomas' Episcopal School, S. C., 518.
St. ames' School, Va., 661.
Salem Parochial School, S. C., 5z8.
St. ohn Baptist School, Ala., zoo.
Salisbury, N. C., 434-436, 453.*
Evangelist School, Fla., (81).
St.
Saluda, S. C., 5z6.
St. ohn Francis-Regis School, La., 312.
St. John's Industrial Institute and Orphanage, Sampson County Training School, N. C., 437
Samuel Houston College, Tex., 594-595
Tex., 606.
Sad Antonio, Tex., 574-574, W t.
St. John'. School, Ga., 252.
San Antonio Public High School, Tex., 573.
St. aleph'. College, Ma., 75.
Sanderlin, A. J'., 565
St. oseph's Convent School, La., 3t2.
St. Joseph's Home for Catholic Colored Orphan Sanderlin Academy, Tenn., 565-566.
Sandersville, Ga.; 245-246, 249.
B00, Del., 445.
Sandy Creek, Miss., 376.
St, Joseph's Industrial College, La., 312.
Sandy Ridge, N. C., 453
's Industrial School, Del., 143,
INDEX.
San+ Lincoln Academy, N. C., 455.
Sardis, Miss., 366-367.
Sardis Industrial College, Miss., 366.
Savage, John A., 407.
Savannah, Ga., 197-201, 250-251, 2S5.
Sawyer, M. F:1_457.
Scarborough, W. S., 683.
Scherrer, M., 25i.
721
Slater Industrial and State Normal School, N. C.,
405-406.
Smallwood Memorial Institute, Va., 665-666.
Smith, Anne, 255.
Smith, E. E., 400.
Smith, Mrs. E, H., 156.
Smith, F. G., 535
Smith, H. F., 695.
Smith, I. C., 247.
Schmidt, R. E., 313.
Schofield Normal and industrial School, S. C., Smith, J H. L., 36.
Smith-Lever Fund, Ala., 41, 7o.
477-478.
School boards and officers, cooperation, 3
Smithfield, N. C., 4.2r.
School organization, 23-26.
Snow Hill Ala., 94-96.
Scofield Parochial School, S. C. See Norrel Col- Snow Hill Northal and Industrial Institute, Ala.,
lege, S. C.
9416.
Scotia Seminary, N. C., 395-396.
SociCircle, Ga., 249.
Scott, Afiss E. A., 662.
Somerville, Term., 544.
Scotts Institute and Industrial School, Fla., 182. South Alabama Baptist College, Ala., 96.
Secondary schools, 15-16. See also under States
South Boston, Va., 662.
school facilities; Private and higher schools.
South Carolina, agricultural education, 475-476;
Sedalia, Mo., 386-387.
appropriations, 471-473; Baptist schools, small,
Sedalia, N. C., 419.
515 -516; Catholic schools, parish, 517; denomiSelden Normal School, Ga., 225.
national schools, small, 522-523; Episcopal
Selma, Ala., 43-48.
schools, small, 517 -518; independent schools,
Selma University, Ala., 46.
small, 523; industrial education, 475;-PresbySeneca, S. C., 499, 520-521.
terian schools, small, 5i8 -5x2; private' and
Seneca Institute, S. C., 499.
higher schools, 476-526; school facilities, 471Sequin, Tex., 576-577.
476; special institutions, 525-526; summary of
Seventh-Day Adventist Mission School, Ga., 253.
.educational needs, 476; teacher training, 475Seventh-Day Adventist School, Miss., 377.
South Carolina (cities and towns). See under names
Shank 1n, J. S., 482.
of cities and towns.
Shaw, G. C., 41i.
South Carolina (counties), Aiken, 476-479; BamShaw, J. B. F., 53.
berg, 479-481; Beaufort, 481-485; Charleston,
Shaw University, N. C., 445-447.
485-488; Chester, 488-490; Clarendon, 490-491;
Shelby, Miss., 374.
Edgeteld, 4191-492; Greenwood. 493-494; KerShelbyville, Tenn., 534-535.
shaw, 494-495; Lancaster, 495-496; Lexington,
Shelton, J. G., 613.
497-498; Oconee, 498-499; Orangeburg, 500-504:
Shepard, James E., 401.
s Richland, 504-509; Sumter, 509-512; York,
Sherman, Tex., 604-605.
513-5.15.
Sherman Industrial Institute, Ala., rm.
South Georgia Industrial College, Ga., 257.
Sherman Public High School, Tex., 604-605.
Southeast Baptist Academy, Ark., 116.
Shields, James E., 622.
Southern Christian Institute, Miss., 351-353.
Shiloh Academy, Ga., 249.
Southern Pines, N. C., 453, 458.
Shiloh Institute, N. C., 451.
Southern University, La., 294-295.
Shorter College, Atk., 126-128.
Southland, Ark., 125 126.
Shreveport, La., 309.
Southland College, Ark., 125-126.
Simison, Miss R. 1., 351.
Sparta, Ga., 228.
Simms, A., 104.
Simms, Nannie E., 256.
Simms School, Ga., 256.
Simpson, J. T., 374.
Sims, F. .,46.
Sims, R.
Singleton, W. A., 372.
Singleton, W. H., 547.
Sister Mary of the Visitation, 653.
Slater Fund, 3, 13, ,8, 20, al; Alabama, 29, 32,
33. 41, 57, 58, 66, 72, 8z, 82, 85; Arkansas, 109,
10, 112, 115, 118, 121, 123, 124, 129; Georgia,
188, 190, 191, 192, 214, 223,228, 229, 245: Kentucky, 26i, 263, 264, 265; Louisiana, 285, 287,
291, 296, 297. 303, 305, 306; Mississippi, 348. 357.
358. 360, 363; North Carolina, 389, 392, 401. 406,
421, 42_3, 430, 432, 435. 44.6, 437. 442,444, 446;
South Carolina, 473. 475. 484, 491, 492, 501, 502;
531, 532, 537, 544, 550, 551. 556. 557,
5$8, 56r;'Texas, 569, 571, 575, 5m, 597; virginia, 609, 6r2, 620, 629, 643, 648, 658.
Tenn,
Sparta Agricultural and Industrial School, Ga.., 228.
Spartanbtug, S. C., 517.
Special institutions, Alabama, 104; Delaware, 145;
District of Columbia, 155-158; Georgia, 258;
Louisiana, 3.15-316; Maryland, 329-331; New
York, 698 -loo; Northern States, 697-701; Pennsylvania, 701; South Carolina, 525-526; Texas,
605-606; Virginia, 666-668.
Speight, J. 180.
Spellman Seminary, Ga., 222-234.
Spencer, John 0., 322.
Spencer, W. l., 233.
Spring, Tex., 605-606.
Starks, J. J.
State Baptist University, Ky., 272-274.
State College for Colored Students, Del'141 -143.
State Colored Normal Industrial, Agricultural and
Mechanical College, S. C., 502-504.
State Colored Normal School, N. C., 400 -401.
.
State Street High School, Ky. See Bowling
Green Public High School, Ky.
722
INDEX.
State Normal Schoql for Colored Students, Ala.,
7&-79-
Statesboro, Ga., 254Statesboro Normal and Industrial School, Ga., 2$4.
Statesville, N. C., 254.
Staunton, Va., 664-665.
Staunton High School, Fla., x65.
Stein, P. G., 376.
Steinhauer, G. G., 37o.
Stephens, H. W., 493
Steptoe, R. G., 297.
Stevens, E. M., 302.
Stevens, F. B., 486.
Stevens, Frank B., 73.
Stillman Institute, Ala., 86-87.
Stinson, H. M., 133.
Stinson, R. D., 255.
Stokes, A. J., 99.
Stone, G. B., i66.
Stonewall, N. C., 430-431.
Storer College, W. Va., 67o-67 .
Straight College, La., 302 -304.
Stratman, U. S., 99.
Street Manual Training school, Ala., 42.
Strong, J. W., 586.
Stuart, Va., 663.
Student's card, 703.
Suffolk, Va., 660-661.
Suffolk Normal Training School, Va., 66o -66x.
Suggs, D. C., 434
Summerville, S. C., 518.
Sunnier, F. A., 83.
Sumacs Public High School, Kans., 68x.
Sumter S. C., 5i2-522.
Su
, 20-21; Alabama, 33; Arkansas, 112;
'da, 164; Kentucky, 263; Louisiana, 287;
Maryland, 321; Mississippi, 338; North Carolina,
.392; Tennessee, 532-533; Virginia, 612-613.
Sutton, SI., 573
Sutton, W. liam, 399.
Swift Memorial College, Tenn., 549-55o.
higher schools, 533-566; school facilities, 527533; summary of educational needs, 533; super
vision, 532 -533: teacher training, 532.
Tennessee (cities and towns). See under namer of
citier and towns.
Tennessee (counties), Bedford, 533-535; Davidson,
535-544; FaYette, 544; Hamblen, 545 -547;
Hamilton, 547-549; Hawkins, 549-550; Haywood, 550-55x; Jefferson, 352-552; Knox,
552-555; Madison, 555-557; Shelby, 557-561.
Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State Nor-
mal-Sebtol , Tenn., 541-542.
Tennessee Christian Institute, Tenn., 566.
Terrell, I. M., 598.
Texas, appropriations, 567 -571: Baptist schools,
small, 600 -602; Catholic schools, parish, 601 -602;
Christian Church schools, 601 -6o2; independent
schools, small, 602-603; industrial education,
572; private and higher schools, 572-606; public
high schools, 603-605; school facilities, 567-572;
special institutions, 6o5-6o6; summary of educational needs, 572; teacher training, 571-572.
Texas (counties), Bexar, 573; Fannin, 574-575;
Guadalupe, 576-577; Harris. 577-579; Harrison,
Houston, 584-585; McLennan, 585-588;
Smith. 588-590; Tarrant, 59z-592 ; Travis, 592W9-584;
596; Walker, 597-598; Waller, 598 -boo.
Texas College, Tex.
See
Phillips University,
Tex.
Thayer Home of Clark University, Ga., 2/7.
Thebes, Ga., 23o-23i.
Theological schools, 17.
Thirteenth District Normal and Collegiate Institute, La., 309.
Thomas, E. G., 248.
Thomas, G. C., 192.
Thomas, H., 638.
Thomas, J. P., 103.
Thomas, ease 0., 479
Thomaston, Ala., 98.
Thomaston Colored Institute, Ala., 98.
Thomasville, Ala., 97, loo.
T.
Thomasville, Ga., 243-244,251-252,257.
Tabb, T. H., 59i.
Thomasville High School, Ala., zoo-aol.
Talifero, H. F., 548.
Thomasville Normal School, Ala , 97
Talladega, Ala., 83-86.
Thompson, A. E., 274.
Thompson, H. M., 275.
Talladega College, Ala., 32,83-86.
Thompson, P. H., 373.
Tallahassee, Fla., i71-r73, 18x.
Thompson, P. M., 21o.
Tampa, Fla., x80.
Thompson Institute, N. C., 433-434
Taphy, Lucy Hale, 222.
Thorn, Charlotte R.. 58.
Tar River Institute, N. C., 45o.
Tarboro, N. C., 452.
Thyne Institute, Va., 64o-641.
Taylor, R. W., 41.
Tidewater Inst.j.ttne, Va., 647.
Teacher training, Alabama, 31; Arkansas, no; Tillett, J. E., 448.
Florida, 162; Kentucky, 263 ;-Louisiana, 283-286; Tillotson College, Tex., 596-597.
Maryland, 3'9; Mississippi, 338; North Carolina, Topeka, Kans., 678-679.
39o-392; South Carolina, 475; Tennessee, 532; Topeka Industrial and Educational Institute,
Texas, 571-572.
Kans., 62_8-679.
Teacher training courses, 22.
Tougaloo, Miss., 357-358.
Teacher 'a card, 7.
357.
Tougaloo College,
Temple, Tex., 6o3.
Tougaloo University, Miss., 338.
Temple Public High School, Tex., 603.
539.
Townsend, A.
Tennessee, agricultural education, 531; appro. Townsend, William, 120.
Catholic
priations, 507-531; attendance, 531:
Travis County 'halving School, Tex. See Clayton
schools, parish, 561; denominational schools,
Industrial High School, Tex'.
small, 564-566:. industrial education, 532; Pres- Trenholm, G. M., 4o.
byterian schools, small, 561-564; private and Trent, E. 0., 132.
INDEX.
Trenton, S. C., 492.
.rrg,&, Frank, 412.
Trinity, Tex., 601.
Trinity School, Ala., 56-57
Troy, Ala., 99.
Troy, N. C., 426-427.
Troy Academic and Industrial Academy, Ala., 99.
Trustees and ownership of schools, 25-46.,
Tuggle, Mrs. C. A., 102.
Tuggle Institute,- Ala., 102.
Tulsa; Okla., 469.
Tulsa Public High School, Okla., 469.
Tumbling Shoals Baptist High School, S. C , 516.
Turner, E. L., 249.
Turner, S. D. 634.
Turner High School, Tenn., 534-535.
Toccaloosa, Ala., 86-87,105
Tuscumbia, Ala., 40.
Tuscumbia Colored High School, Ala., 4o.
Tuskegee, Ala., 62-67.
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, 62-67.
Tuxedo, Md., 329.
Tuxedo Industrial Institute, Md., 329.
Twin City Seminary, Ga., 248.
Tyler, Tex., 588-590.
723
613; special institutions, 666-668; summary of
educational needs, 613; supervision, 612-613;
teacher training, 610 -612.
Virginia (cities and towns). See wider names of
cities and lowly.
Virginia (counties), Albemarle, 613-614; Brunswick,. 614-616; Campbell, 617-619; (lanoline,
619-620; Dinwiddie, 620-624; Elizabeth City,
624-631; Essex, 631-632; Gloucester, 632-633;
Henrico, 633-637; Henry, 637-639; Mecklenburg, 639-641; Montgomery, 641-643; Norfolk,
643-646; Northampton, 647; Nottoway, 648-649;
Pittsylvania, 649-652; Powhatan, 652-653;
Prince William, 653-655; Southampton, 655-656;
Spotsylvania, 657-658.
Virginia Collegiate and Industrial Institute, Va.,
617-618.
Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute, Va., 623624.
Virginia Theological Seminary and College, Va.,
618-619.
Virginia Union University, Va., 635-637.
Von Tobel, R. C., 193.
Vorhees Industrial School, S. C., 479-481.
W.
U.
Waccamaw, S. C., 5x8.
Waco, Tex., 58-588.
Union Agricultural Institute, Ala., 101-102.
Waco Public 'High School, Tex., 585-5$6 r?'
Union Institute, S: C., 516.
Wadesboro, N. C. 447, 454Union Level, Va., 661.
Wadipalaw Island, S. C., 522.
Union Point, Ga., a26-127.
Wake County Training School, N. C., 442-443.
Union Point Normal and Industiial School, Ga., Wake Forest, N. C., 456.
226-227.
.
Wake Forest Normal and Industrial School, N. C.,
Union Ridge Training School, Va., 613-614.
456.
Union Springs, Ala., 36.
Wakefield, N. C., 451.
Union Springs Normal School, Ala., 36.
Walden College, Tenn., 543-544
United Presbyterian schools, small, Tennessee, Walker, J. H., 516.
563-564.
Walker, S. C., 239.
United States Rescue and Industrial Home, S. C., Walker Baptist Institute, Ga., 239-24o.
526.
Wallace, 0. C., x36.
Universities. See Colleges and universities.
Wallace Grammar School, Tenn., 563-564
University of West Tennessee, Tenn., 565.
Walterboro, S. C., 522.
Urbana, Ohio, 696.
Walters Institute, k., 114-115.
Urquhart, Helen D., 617.
Waltersville, Miss., 376.
sei
Utica Normal and Industrial Institute4ii.ss., 348- Ward, Myrtle H.,.
349.
Ward Academy, Miss.,
Miss., 376-377.
Ware, Edward T., 113.
V.
Ware, W. P_.1544, 563.
Valentine, B. W., 507.
Waring, J. H. N., loo.
Valentine, W. R., 682.
Warlick, Lula G., 698.
Valley College, Va., 665.
Warren, Ark.. 114-115.
Valliant, Okla., 466-467.
Warrenton, N. C., 452.
Van de Vy vet College, Va , 66o.
Warrington, Fla., z80.
Verner, A. W., 395
Wash, M. T., 521.
Vernon, W. T., 353
Washburn, E. L., 3io.
Vickers, J. H., 115.
Washburn Seminary, N. C., 396-397.
Vicksburg, Miss., 47O-373,377.
Washington, D. C., 147-158.
Vicksbugg Industrial School, Miss., 371.
Washington, Ga., 246,249-250.
Vincennes, Ind., 695.
Washington, Booker T., 26, 62. See also Tuskegee
Virginia, agricultural education, 612; appropria-
Normal and Industrial Institute.
tions, 607-610; attendance, 61o; Baptist schools, Washington, D. C. See District of Columbia.
small, 658-660; Catholic schools, parish, 66o; Washington, Georgia, 71.
Epismpal schools, small, 66o; independent Washington County Training School, Ca., 245-246.
schools, 663-666; industrial education, 612; -Washington Institute, Ga., 24
Presbyterian schools, small, 665-663; private and Watchman Industrial School, R. I., 697.
higher schools, 613-668; school facilities, 6o7- Waters Normal School, N. C., 420-421.
724
INDEX.
Willis, A. J., 308.
Watkins, G. P., 662.
Wilmington, Del., 144-145.
Watson, E. M., 468.
Wetters, P. M., 217.
Wilmington, N. C., 427-429, 451, 453.
Wilsion, C. H., 563.
Watts, R. P., 648.
Wilson, A. A., 252.
Waugh Ala., 76-77.
Wilson, EmmaJ., sio.
Wayman Institute, Ky., 278-279.
Wilson, F. W., 640.
Weaver, W. P., 668.
Weaver Orphan Home for Colored Children, Va., Wilson, J. E., 309.
Wilson, W. G., 9o.
668.
Windsor, N. C., 448.
Webber, I; H., 372.
Winkfield, J. R., 37.
Wendel, . J., 362.
Winn, W. R., 604.
Werking, F. J., 266.
Winnsboro, La., 314.
West Butler, Ala., loo.
Winnsboro, S. C., 520.
West Florida Baptist Academy, Fla., 180.
Winnsboro Colored Industrial High School, La.,
West Guthrie, Okla., 467;
West Kentucky Industrial College, Ky., 279.
314.
Winona, Miss., 375.
West Lake, La., 29x.
Winston-Salem, N. C., 405-406.456.
West Point, Miss., 346-347, 374.
Winton, N. C., 420 -421.
West Tampa, Fla., r8r.
West Virginia, attendance, 669, appropriations, Winton, Willis J., 327.
669; private and higher schools, 67o-675; school Wisconsin, 694.
facilities, 669; summary of educational needs, 66g. Wolford, H. C., 125.
West Virginia (cities and towns). See under names Wood, F. W., 265.
of cities and towns.
West Virginia (counties), Jefferson, 67o -671; Kanawha, 672-674; Mercer, 674-675.
West Virginia Institute, W. Va., 672-674.
Western College and Industrial Institute, Mo., 383384.
Western Union Academy, N. C., 450.
Western University, Kans., 679-681.
Wethingtoni W. A., 430.
Whaley, J. H., 293.
Wheeler, F. W., 602.
White, Alice, 77.
White, E. A.. 543.
White, George N., 55.
White Station, Tenn., 565-566.
Whitley, I. J., 72.
Wilberforce University, Ohio, 683-685.
Wiley College, Tex., 58r-583.
Wilkinson, G. C., 148.
Wilkinson, R. S., 502.
Willes, Susie, 328.
Willett, E. S., 508.
William McKinley Normal and Industrilft School,
Va. See Robert Gould Shaw Normal amid Indus-
trial School, Va.
Williams, E. W., 522.
Williams, F. L., 386.
Williams,
S.,520.
Williams, John T.. 249.
Williams, ucinda, 257.
Williams, R. P., 639.
Williamson, J. M., 374
Woodfink, F. W., 564.
Woods, E. W., 469.
Woods, Robert C., 6z8.
Woodyard, W. E., 621.
Woolridge, J. P., 2 52 .
Wright, J: Early, 646.
Wright, R. R , 200.
Wynn, Ark., 134-135.
Wynne Normal and Industrial Institute, Ark., r34135.
X.
Xenia, Ohio, 4.687.
Y.
Yadkin Academy, N. C 453.
Yadkin Valley High School, N. C., 45i.
Yates, J. H., 291.
Yazoo, Miss., 372.
Ybor City, Fla., r80.
Verger, H. C., 118.
York County Training School, Va., 658.
Young, A. L., 456.
Young, C. M 497
Young, Nathan 13., r 7 I .
Young, Rosa J., 104.
Z.
Zebulon, N. C., 451Zebulon Baptist School, N. C., 4$1.
Zion Academy, N. C., 447.
0
V