Dirt Don’t Burn

Colored schools often had to struggle for the most basic of services. While white children rode buses and wagons, “colored” were relegated to foot traffic until 1941. At Bull Run, every morning each boy brought a lump of coal to the classroom, because coal wasn’t provided by the school system, and others walked to a nearby stream to bring buckets of water for the children to drink.

One day in the early 1950’s at Wellsville school in far western Loudoun, instructor Ethel Smith, tired of not having any wood or coal, wrote to the Superintendent to complain that dirt didn’t burn. In the vernacular “dirt don’t burn” has become a vivid statement about the inequity of resources provided Blacks. In honor of her brave statement, our written report, which will emerge in 2022 published by Georgetown University Press is called Dirt Don’t Burn.

References from the book

Front Matter

[1] Many interviews of former Black and white school bus drivers and passengers were conducted for this study. They are all reproduced in full on the project website at EWP: 12.8 Interviews, https://edwinwashingtonproject.org/catalogue/transportation/12-9-transportation-interviews/. The website also holds many videos on transportation and maintains a YouTube channel and a Facebook site.

Introduction

[1] EWP 4.2.A: Yr. October 11–12, 1917, White Teacher Institute.

Chapter Three

[1] Opening questions in EWP: 3.3.1 AY 1889/90,Loudoun County Superintendent Annual Report.

[1] Table 9 in EWP: 3.3.1 AY 1891–92, Loudoun County Superintendent Annual Report. The school in question has not been determined.

[1] The Edwin Washington Project has been developing a chart to show for the first time all the public schools developed before 1968 [AU: Should this be 1868?] and many private schools developed prior to 1870. This is an especially difficult task because in the early days of public education, few street addresses existed. EWP: 9.2 Yr. 2019, School-Building-Map-Study.

[1] EWP: 6.6 Black Student Enrollment Cards.

[1] EWP: 6.6 Black Student Enrollment Cards.

[1] EWP: 2.2 County School Board, Yr. 1918–1952, Report of Survey Committee on Long Range Planning for Loudoun County, January 1940.

[1] Circular No. 380 of September 4, 1882, in EWP: 2.4.2 Yr. 1882–1921, District and Census Reports.

[1] EWP: 3.3.1. Loudoun County Superintendent Annual Reports 1887/88–1890/91.

[1] EWP: 3.3.1. Loudoun County Superintendent Annual Reports 1891/92–1893/94.

[1] Second Annual Report of the Superintendent, 66.

[1] EWP: 3.3.1. Loudoun County Superintendent Annual Report for the Year Ending July 31, 1889.

[1] Supplementary Report in EWP: 3.3.1, Yr. 1891. Loudoun County Superintendent Annual Report.

[1] Supplementary Report in EWP: 3.3.1, Yr. 1891. Loudoun County Superintendent Annual Report.

[1] EWP: 4.5 Lists and Teacher Cards.

[1] Table 3 in EWP: 3.3.1 Yr. 1892–1893, Loudoun County Superintendent Annual Reports.

[1] EWP: 5.2 Yr. 1898, Curriculum, Round Hill Colored.

Chapter Four

[1] EWP: 2.5B Lincoln-Purcellville-Dispute-1926.

[1] EWP: 2.2 Yr. 1919, April 1. Professionalism Recommendations to County School Board by Oscar Emerick.

[1] Private Contributions and Notable Events in EWP: 3.3 Yr. 1916/17, Superintendent Annual Report.

[1] EWP: Yr. 1919 Emerick Annual Report, Pg. 2.

[1] Notable Events in EWP: 3.3 Yr. 1917/18 Superintendent Annual Report.

[1] Front section in EWP: 3.3 Superintendent Annual Reports for 1911–12.

[1] EWP: 4.1 Yr. 1946–47 Rules and Regulations for Loudoun County Teachers. For a history of the common dipper, see Michael J. McGuire “100 Years of Outlawing the Common Cup,” safedrinkingwaterdotcom (blog), October 29, 2012, https://safedrinkingwaterdotcom.wordpress.com/2012/10/29/100-years-of-outlawing-the-common-cup/.

[1] Notable Events in EWP: 3.3. Superintendent Annual Reports for 1915–16.

[1] Notable Events and Table 6 in EWP: 3.3 Superintendent Annual Reports for 1914–15.

[1] EWP: 7.4. National Negro Health Week. The program lasted from 1915 to 1951, when it was ended by the Public Health Service in an effort toward integration by closing the Office of Negro Health. Also see Sandra Crouse Quinn and Stephen B. Thomas, “The National Negro Health Week, 1915 to 1951: A Descriptive Account,” Minority Health Today 2, no. 3 (March–April 2001): 44–49.

[1] EWP: 7.1.4 Yr. 1955 Emerick on Vaccinations.

[1] EWP: 6.1 Yr. 1886–1892 Register for Clark’s Gap and Round Hill Colored in Loudoun.

[1] In 1918, of the 354 people who died in Loudoun, 90 perished due to influenza and 18 due to pneumonia. EWP: 3.1 Daybook by Oscar Emerick.

[1] EWP: 7.8 AY. February 28, 1919. Report on Sanitary Conditions of Schools. Only one colored school (Bluemont) was studied that year.

[1] EWP: 3.3 AY. 1888, Superintendent Annual Report, Table 2. The records do not indicate which schools with outhouses were Black and which were white.

[1] Reports for AY 1888 and AY 1890 in EWP: 3.3 Superintendent Annual Reports 1887–1918, Table 8. There is no breakdown of white versus Black schools.

[1] Notable Events in EWP: 3.3 Yr. 1914, Superintendent Annual School Report.

[1] Notable Events and Table 6 “remarks” in EWP: 3.3 Superintendent Annual Report June 30, 1915.

[1] EWP: 7.3. Yr. 1913/14, Health Galas and Clinics.

[1] See Notable Events in EWP: 3.3. Superintendent Annual Report for June 30, 1914.

[1] EWP: 4.2.A Yr. 1916, October 12–13, White Teacher Institute.

[1] EWP: 7.5 Yr. 1916, February, County Nurse Work.

[1] EWP: 7.6.4. Yr. 1921 Physical Exams, Pg. 1.

[1] 1905–6 Table 3; 1906–7 Table 3; 1910–11 Table 5 in EWP: 3.3 Superintendent Annual Reports for the appropriate Academic Year.

[1] EWP: 3.3 AY 1907–8, Table 10. Superintendent Annual Reports.

Chapter Five

[1] EWP: 4.5 “Christine Allen” in Colored Teacher Cards.

[1] EWP: 5.1, Yr. 1926, Oscar Emerick on the Purpose of Education.

[1] EWP: 6.3.3 AY 1920/1923, Term reports for Hughesville Colored. Edith Blackwell White was a high school graduate who also went to normal school in Washington, DC, and instructed grades 1–7 at Hughesville from 1914 to 1923. By 1940 she had acquired two years of college. See EWP: 4.5 Colored Teacher Cards.

[1] EWP: 6.3.3 AY 1920/1923 and AY 1924/26, Term reports for Purcellville Colored. See also EWP: 4.5 Colored Teacher Cards.

[1] EWP: 6.3.3 AY 1920/1921 Term report for Waterford Colored. Anna Bell Ferrell instructed higher-branch coursework for 1.5 hours a day.

[1] EWP: 6.3.3 AY 1923/1924, Term report for Bluemont Colored.

[1] EWP: 6.3.3 Term Reports for AY 1924/25 and 1925/26 for Sycoline Colored School.

[1] EWP: 6.3.3 Term Reports for AY 1925/26 for Sycoline Colored School.

[1] EWP: 6.3.3, AY 1921/1922 and 1922/1923, Term reports for Leesburg Colored Graded School A.

[1] EWP: 2.5B Yr. 1926, September 6. Request to change direction of Edge Grove School Wagon route from Ebenezer Compher’s gate in Hillsboro to Round Hill.

[1] EWP: 2.5B Yr. 1924, February 9. Request to transport children from Bluemont to Round Hill High School. Names of children are provided.

[1] EWP: 2.5B Yr. September 9, 1927 . . . permitted to leave school early to catch the 3:18 train going east and the 3:43 going west.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1929, October 4. The Greggsville community requested that a school be opened for their students. In 1927 and 1928, the Black community asked to reopen their school. EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1928, June 28, and 2.5.A Yr. 1927, October 24, Hughesville EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1928, June 28. On hiring teachers, see EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1924, May 5, Howard Clark of Hamilton PTA asked for a Female Teacher and New School.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1924, June 13, Conklin John Ryan supports keeping Conklin Colored School Open.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1924, June 13.

[1] According to the term report for 1920–21, that year only a small flag hung from the front window. See question 27 in EWP: 6.3.3 AY 1920/21. Term Report for Leesburg, AY 1920/21, note by John C. Walker, May 5, 1921. Mention was confirmed by report by Annie E. B. Harris.

[1] EWP: 4.2A Yr. September 11, 1928, White Teacher Institute, Leesburg High School.

[1] EWP: 4.2A White Teacher Institute, September 12–13, 1921, Leesburg School House.

[1] EWP: 4.2A White Teacher Institute, September 6–7, 1923, Leesburg High School, Superintendent O. L. Emerick, Presiding.

[1] EWP: 4.1 Rules and Regulations for Loudoun County Teachers, 1924–25.

[1] EWP: 7.6.4. Yr. 1921 Physical Exams, p. 1.

[1] EWP: 7.6.4 Inspections and the Five Point Standard Health Program.

[1] EWP: 4.5 White Teacher Cards.

[1] EWP: 4.4 Superintendent of Schools, 1946; Superintendent’s Record of Teacher’s Certificates, 1915–1946. See also EWP: 5.1 Curriculum: 1929, Five Point Star.

[1] EWP: 4.2b Colored Teachers Institute, September 23, 1929.

[1] EWP: 7.3.1 Letter from Fred Drummond, Principal of Banneker Colored School to Oscar Emerick, Principal.

[1] EWP: 3.1 Yr. 1932 Some Random Facts about Our Schools. See also “Normal Professional,” in Regulations Governing Certification of Teachers in Virginia, Bulletin of the State Board of Education (Richmond, Division of Purchase and Printing, January 1931), 7.

[1] EWP: 7.6 Physical Exams about 1921, Report by Oscar Emerick.

[1] EWP: 7.6 Physical Exams about 1921, Report by Oscar Emerick.

Chapter Six

<NTEXT>[1] See EWP: 1.1.2A Yr. 1940 Various Petitions for Equal Salaries. The Loudoun County Teachers Association was an unincorporated association of Black school teachers.

[1] EWP: 4.5 White Teacher Cards.

[1] EWP: 1.1.1 Yr. 1944 Emerick on Resource Equality.

[1] EWP: 3.1.1 Yr. 1933, June 23, Emerick on Funding School and Tension with Road Construction.

[1] EWP: 2.5A Yr. 1941 Mr. Dean of Conklin Wants School to stay open.

[1] EWP: 3.1 Yr. 1949 Status of Loudoun County Schools, p. 2.

[1] EWP: 3.1 Yr. Post WWII, Memo by Oscar Emerick.

[1] EWP: 9.3 Yr. 1940 Report of Survey Committee on Long-Range Planning, p. 10.

[1] EWP: 9.3 Yr. 1940 Report of Survey Committee on Long-Range Planning, p. 25.

[1] EWP: 9.3 Yr. 1940 Report of Survey Committee on Long-Range Planning, p. 28.

[1] EWP: 9.3 Yr. 1940 Report of Survey Committee on Long-Range Planning, p. 26–27.

[1] Written undated recollections of Barbara Evans Scott, received 2017, EWP Archives; confirmed by interview with Larry Roeder, March 4, 2021.

[1] EWP: 2.2 Yr. 1930 “Sanitary Systems in Schools Here Are Found Faulty,” Loudoun Times-Mirror, October 14, 1930, p. 1.

[1] EWP: 3.1 Yr. 1927 Emerick Study on school conditions.

[1] EWP: 7.1 Yr. 1936 to 1937 Public Health Nurse Reports.

[1] EWP: 3.1 Yr. 1937, March 16. [AU: Title for this?]

[1] EWP: 7.1 Yr. 1938 to 1939 Annual Health Report.

[1] EWP: 4.8C Yr. 1943 Memos to Teachers by Ruby Vaughn Kelly.

[1] EWP: 7.1.1 Yr. 1945 Tuberculosis Control in Virginia.

[1] EWP: 7.5 Yr. 1938–39, Nurse Reports.

[1] Reports for July 1937–June 30, 1938, in EWP: 7.5 Yr. 1935/37, Nurse Reports.

[1] EWP: 7.3 Yr. 1935–41, Nurse Reports.

[1] EWP: 7.5 Yr. 1938–39, Nurse Reports.

[1] EWP: 7.5 Yr. 1943, Helen Einstein Report.

[1] EWP: 7.2 Yr. 1952, Alice Cady Visiting Teacher memo to Principals.

[1] State Board of Education, “The Manassas State Vocational School,” Bulletin of Information 1, no. 1 (Alexandria, VA: George Washington High School, October 1945), 13–14. See also EWP: 4.11 Visiting Teacher Folder; and EWP: 9.9 Manassas State Industrial School. (Not Jennie Dean’s Manassas Industrial School for Blacks.)

[1] Statistics on the program are reported in the annual Virginia Teacher’s Term Reports in EWP: 6.3.2. In addition, personal evaluations of students appear in the annual Term Reports in EWP: 6.3.1.

[1] EWP: 6.2.3 Yr. 1938/39 Marble Quarry, p. 3.

[1] Poem crafted by an anonymous Black citizen in Loudoun in 1934; and EWP: 5.2 Yr. 1934 April, Mildred Weadon Report on Hot Lunches.

[1] Written undated recollections of Barbara Evans Scott, received 2017, EWP Archives.

[1] EWP: 9.4.1 Yr. Civil Works Administration Folder, created November 9, 1933, by Executive Order No. 6420B.

[1] EWP: 5.2 Yr. 1934, April, Mildred Weadon Report Home Econ and Hot Lunches.

[1] EWP: 7.3 Yr. 1935/41 Nurse and Dental Reports.

[1] EWP: 5.4 Yr. 1937–39 Home Economics.

[1] EWP: 7 Yr. 1937 to 1939 Public Health Nurse Reports. The home is now known as Oatlands House and Gardens.

[1] EWP: 2.1 Memo 3431 Dealt with the School Lunch Program.

[1] EWP: 5.2 Yr. 1942–43 Report for Douglass (part II narrative, p. 1, item 2).

[1] EWP: 5.2 Yr. 1943–44 Report for Douglass (part II narrative, p. 2, item 6).

[1] EWP: 2.5A Yr. 1930, May, Leesburg wants HS and Normal School Graduate.

[1] EWP: 4.3 Yr. 1931 Role of Petitions in Hiring.

[1] EWP: 2.5A Yr. 1931 Edythe Harris Requests more resources.

[1] EWP: 9.4.1 Yr. 1935 Addition to Leesburg Colored.

[1] In 1938–39 John Walker complained that he did not have access to a large dictionary or encyclopedia, and although he had a case of maps, they were outdated. See EWP: 6.3.2 Virginia Teacher’s Term Report for 1938/39 for “Leesburg Negro.”

[1] EWP: 4.2 Yr. 1916 Loudoun Mirror, March 10, 1916, p. 8. On February 26. Colored Teacher Institute. Paper was presented by Miss Erline Fox and discussed by C. L. Murray, Reverend Haines, and J. C. Walker, who was President.” [AU: Is this last part an additional citation or a quote? There is a closing quotation mark but no opening mark. Or is this the title of the Loudon Mirror article?]

[1] EWP: 9.2.3 1938, February, Draft article by Oscar Emerick, “Additional Physical Needs of Our Schools.”

[1] EWP: 6.3.3 Loudoun County Training Center, Preliminary Annual High School Report for September 23, 1936.

[1] EWP: 1.1.1 Yr. 1944, Emerick on Resource Equality.

[1] EWP: 6.3.3 Yr. 1940, Report of Progress for Virginia Accredited High Schools, notes by G. William Liverpool, Principal of Loudoun County Training Center. Note was also made in the same report of the effort to purchase a large plat of ground (for Douglass) described as “a new and adequate school plant.”

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1932, May 18, Leesburg Supports Annie Harris and Waters.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1935, June 9. Leesburg supports Mamie R. Waters.

[1] EWP: 9.3 Yr. 1940 Construction and Pop Study, p. 21.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1930s Petition No. 28 Req for Buses to Transport Pupils to Training Center.

[1] EWP: 2.5A Yr. 1932 St. Louis Road Needs Improvement. Inscriptions of names are sometimes hard to transcribe exactly.

[1] EWP: 2.5A Yr. 1934 Bluemont Needs Transport to Rock Hill.

[1] EWP: 2.5A Yr. 1934 Paeonian Springs wants a school.

[1] EWP: 2.5A Yr. 1938 Lucketts and Mt. Pleasant.

[1] Undated recollections of Barbara Evans Scott, received 2017, EWP Archives.

[1] EWP 6.6 Yr. 1917 to 1947 Middleburg Colored, Grades 1–7.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1944, November 16, Raby Complains about Transportation and Overcrowding at Grant. See also EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1945 Grant Expansion Petitions. The Blacks in Middleburg considered Emerick condescending and said that the County-Wide League did not speak for them.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1946, February 6, Middleburg Propose Maxville for new school.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1945, February 12, Grant Site Proposal. See also EWP: 2.5A Yr. 1946, February 6, Middleburg PTA notifies Emerick that Edmead is Chair of site Committee.

[1] EWP: 1.7 October 2, 1939 Distribution of Negro Children of School Age.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1937 Hughesville Requests Miss Esther V. Randolph.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1932, July 6, Waterford wants removal of instructor.

[1] EWP: 1.1.1 Yr. 1940, March 18, McKJackson to Emerick

[1] EWP: 3.1 Yr. 1936, March 2, Cost of Personal Services, p. 2. This source is about white teachers but is informative. See also EWP: 3.1 Yr. 1936 The Problem with Reducing Teacher Salaries.

[1] EWP: 8.1 Yr. 1941–42.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1938, January, LPTA wants salary increase.

[1] EWP: 1.1.2A Yr. 1940, December 11, Problem Funding Equal Salaries.

[1] EWP: 1.1.2D Norfolk Case June 18, 1940, US Circuit Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit. No. 4623.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1937, January 9, Loudoun PTA wants a Jeanes Slater Fund Supervisor.

[1] EWP: 3.1 Yr. 1938, February, School Need More Resources.

[1] School leagues were eventually called PTAs. See EWP: 15.26 1978 NOS Interview No 1, Lorenzo White.

[1] EWP: 1.5 Yr.1943, May 26, Memo to coworkers from Ruby Vaughan, Supervisor of Colored Teachers.

[1] EWP: 1.5 Yr. 1938 November 2. First Meeting of County Wide League of Loudoun.

[1] The exact date is unknown. See EWP: 5.2 Yr. 1941 Cavalcade of Negroana.

[1] EWP: 6.3.3 Yr. 1940 G. William Liverpool, Report of Progress for Virginia Accredited High Schools, Principal of Loudoun County Training Center.

[1] EWP: 9.2.3 Yr. 1919–1952.

[1] EWP: 1.1.1 Yr. 1944 Emerick on Resource Equality.

[1] EWP 1.1.1 Equal Education re Transportation: March 31, 1940, letter to Emerick from parent Annie Wyatt requesting reimbursement for Transportation costs. Ruth Elizabeth Williams would have been required to sit in the rear of the railway car.

[1] EWP: 1.1.1 Yr. 1940, March 12, Complaint by County Wide League. See also EWP: 1.1.1 Yr. 1940, March 27, Daisy Allen to Emerick on Transportation Reimbursement.

[1] EWP: 15.18 Charles Houston Papers.

[1] EWP: 9.1 Yr. 1883, June, Copy of deed for Leesburg Colored.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1940 Training Center Called Fire Trap; and Letter from Charles Houston to the Fire Chief of the Fire Department, Loudoun County, March 12, 1940, Archives of George Mason University. [AU: Please give full information on where the material is found in this archive.]

[1] EWP: 1.1.3 Yr. 1939, December, Richardson Recommendations on Douglass.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Undated Petition Asking for an Accredited High School.

[1] EWP: 1.1.3 Yr. 1940, April 8, Letter from Lewis Rector and George A. Brown to William T. Smith.

[1] EWP: 1.1.3 Yr. 1940, April 8, Purcellville Option.

[1] EWP: 1.1.3 Yr. 1940, December 4, Meeting of County-Wide League to Transfer Title. See also letter from K. Monroe Allen and Daisy L. Allen to Charles H. Houston, March 7, 1940, Archives of George Mason University. [AU: Please give full information on where the material is found in this archive.]

[1] EWP: 9.2.3 Yr. 1941–42 Douglass HS.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1951 Douglass and County-Wide League Say Repairs Needed.

[1] EWP: 2.2 Yr. 1953, August 25, Construction Decisions on Douglass and Leesburg HS; EWP: 2.2 Yr 1954, April 12 [AU: Any title with this citation?]; and EWP: 4.2 Yr. 1958, March 6, Negro Consolidation Plan program.

[1] EWP: 5.2 Yr. 1943 Douglass HS War Effort Model Planes.

[1] EWP: 1.1.1 March 8, 1940, Houston to Emerick on Equalization. Announces appointment by the County-Wide League.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1941, January 18, Conklin Wants to Stay Open.

[1] EWP: 15.18 NAACP Charles Houston Papers.

[1] On arguing over tactics, see EWP: 15.18 Yr.1940, March 21, Houston to Emerick on local dissent.

[1] EWP: 1.1.3 Yr. 1940, March 16, Houston to Emerick.

[1] EWP: 1.1.1 Yr. 1940, May 5, Houston to Emerick, Expressing Dismay at BOS Decision.

[1] EWP: 3.1 Yr. 1949 Oscar Emerick, Status of Loudoun County Schools.

Chapter Seven

[1] EWP: 6.6 Yr. 1918–1931, Airmont W Grade 1–7.

[1] EWP: 2.5.B Yr. 1931, September, Airmont Opposition to Colored Using School Room.

[1] Hannah Natanson, “A Lost History, Recovered: Faded Records Tell the Story of School Segregation in Virginia,” Washington Post, February 20, 2020, p. 1. See also EWP: 2.5A Yr. 1956 Ashburn Coal Request.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1951, May, Toilets, and the NAACP.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1951 NAACP on Toilets.

[1] EWP: 6.3.3 Yr. 1939/40, Term Report for Lincoln Colored.

[1] EWP: 1.4.3 Yr. 1955 “Phillips Favors Gray Commission,” Blue Ridge Herald, November 24, 1955.

[1] EWP: 1.4.3 Yr. 1955, December 29, Baptist Pastors Oppose Amendment.

[1] EWP: 1.4.4 Yr. 1956, December 29, Power of Placement Now in Pupil Placement Board, telegram to Oscar Emerick, Under provisions of Chapter 70, Acts of Assembly, Extra Session of 1956, effective December 29, 1956. See also EWP: 1.4.4 Yr. 1963 5-2 Legal Challenge to Loudoun Pupil Placement Board.

[1] EWP: 3.1.3 Personal Files of Oscar Emerick on High Schools.

[1] On the unfairness of the dual system, see EWP: 1.1.1 Yr. 1944 Emerick on Resource Equality.

[1] EWP: 1.4.4 Yr. Notes on Gray Commission, Supreme Court and Amendment.

[1] EWP: 1.4.3 Yr. 1955, December 19, Emerick on Segregation.

[1] EWP: 1.4.3 Yr. 1955, December 13, State Board of Educ on Constitutional Convention; and EWP: 1.4.3 Yr. 1955, December 14, State Superintendent’s Advisory Committee.

[1] EWP: 1.4.3 Yr. 1955, December 22, Former PTA President Sees Amendment as Futile.

[1] EWP: 1.4.3 Yr. 1956, January 1, Emerick to Senator Byrd Supports Amendment.

[1] EWP: 1.4.1 Yr. 1956, September 4, Emerick Denies Authority of Supreme Court.

[1] Black Petitions are found in the Edwin Washington Project in the 2.5.A section. White Petitions are found in the Edwin Washington Project in the 2.5.B section.

[1] EWP: 2.5.A Yr. 1951 CWL on Douglass HS Repairs.

[1] EWP: 9.4 Yr. 1956, January 23, Segregationist Construction Strategy.

[1] EWP: 1.4.4 Yr. 1956, January 28, County-Wide League Rejects Segregation Decision.

Epilogue

[1] EWP: 4.5 Colored Teacher Cards.

[1] See chapter 5; and EWP: 3.1 Yr. 1927 Emerick Study on school conditions.

[1] This link between extoling basic education and Christian values was a constant theme in Virginia education for many decades, despite the fact that the enslaved had their own faiths and despite the fact that practices under “Christian values” permitted enslavement, racial prejudice, and segregation. As an example, in 1938 Emerick said “no teacher can do wrong in modeling her teaching after that greatest of all teachers Jesus, the Nazarene.” See EWP 3.1 Yr. 1938 Purpose of Education Including Jesus. Little doubt that those teachers are of great values; but what if the student was of a different faith, an agnostic or atheist. Those options were pushed aside.

[1] EWP: 2.9 Literary Fund.

[1] EWP: 2.9 Yr. 1820 Literary Fund and the Poor.

[1] EWP: 2.9 Yr. 1820 Literary Fund and the Poor.